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Fruhauf S, Pühringer D, Thamhesl M, Fajtl P, Kunz-Vekiru E, Höbartner-Gussl A, Schatzmayr G, Adam G, Damborsky J, Djinovic-Carugo K, Prokop Z, Moll WD. Bacterial Lactonases ZenA with Noncanonical Structural Features Hydrolyze the Mycotoxin Zearalenone. ACS Catal 2024; 14:3392-3410. [PMID: 38449531 PMCID: PMC10913051 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.4c00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) is a mycoestrogenic polyketide produced by Fusarium graminearum and other phytopathogenic members of the genus Fusarium. Contamination of cereals with ZEN is frequent, and hydrolytic detoxification with fungal lactonases has been explored. Here, we report the isolation of a bacterial strain, Rhodococcus erythropolis PFA D8-1, with ZEN hydrolyzing activity, cloning of the gene encoding α/β hydrolase ZenA encoded on the linear megaplasmid pSFRL1, and biochemical characterization of nine homologues. Furthermore, we report site-directed mutagenesis as well as structural analysis of the dimeric ZenARe of R. erythropolis and the more thermostable, tetrameric ZenAScfl of Streptomyces coelicoflavus with and without bound ligands. The X-ray crystal structures not only revealed canonical features of α/β hydrolases with a cap domain including a Ser-His-Asp catalytic triad but also unusual features including an uncommon oxyanion hole motif and a peripheral, short antiparallel β-sheet involved in tetramer interactions. Presteady-state kinetic analyses for ZenARe and ZenAScfl identified balanced rate-limiting steps of the reaction cycle, which can change depending on temperature. Some new bacterial ZEN lactonases have lower KM and higher kcat than the known fungal ZEN lactonases and may lend themselves to enzyme technology development for the degradation of ZEN in feed or food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Fruhauf
- dsm-firmenich
Animal Nutrition and Health R&D Center Tulln, Technopark 1, Tulln 3430, Austria
| | - Dominic Pühringer
- Department
for Structural and Computational Biology, Max Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Campus Vienna Biocenter 5, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Michaela Thamhesl
- dsm-firmenich
Animal Nutrition and Health R&D Center Tulln, Technopark 1, Tulln 3430, Austria
| | - Patricia Fajtl
- dsm-firmenich
Animal Nutrition and Health R&D Center Tulln, Technopark 1, Tulln 3430, Austria
| | - Elisavet Kunz-Vekiru
- Institute
of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology
IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources
and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 20, Tulln 3430, Austria
| | - Andreas Höbartner-Gussl
- dsm-firmenich
Animal Nutrition and Health R&D Center Tulln, Technopark 1, Tulln 3430, Austria
| | - Gerd Schatzmayr
- dsm-firmenich
Animal Nutrition and Health R&D Center Tulln, Technopark 1, Tulln 3430, Austria
| | - Gerhard Adam
- Institute
of Microbial Genetics, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences
Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Straße
24, Tulln 3430, Austria
| | - Jiri Damborsky
- Loschmidt
Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty
of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Bld. A13, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
- International
Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s
University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, Brno 656
91, Czech Republic
| | - Kristina Djinovic-Carugo
- Department
for Structural and Computational Biology, Max Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Campus Vienna Biocenter 5, Vienna 1030, Austria
- Department
of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
- European
Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Grenoble, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Zbynek Prokop
- Loschmidt
Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty
of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Bld. A13, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
- International
Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s
University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, Brno 656
91, Czech Republic
| | - Wulf-Dieter Moll
- dsm-firmenich
Animal Nutrition and Health R&D Center Tulln, Technopark 1, Tulln 3430, Austria
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Tasdemir D, Scarpato S, Utermann-Thüsing C, Jensen T, Blümel M, Wenzel-Storjohann A, Welsch C, Echelmeyer VA. Epiphytic and endophytic microbiome of the seagrass Zostera marina: Do they contribute to pathogen reduction in seawater? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 908:168422. [PMID: 37956849 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Seagrass meadows provide crucial ecosystem services for coastal environments and were shown to reduce the abundance of waterborne pathogens linked to infections in humans and marine organisms in their vicinity. Among potential drivers, seagrass phenolics released into seawater have been linked to pathogen suppression, but the potential involvement of the seagrass microbiome has not been investigated. We hypothesized that the microbiome of the eelgrass Zostera marina, especially the leaf epiphytes that are at direct interface between the seagrass host and the surrounding seawater, inhibit waterborne pathogens thereby contributing to their removal. Using a culture-dependent approach, we isolated 88 bacteria and fungi associated with the surfaces and inner tissues of the eelgrass leaves (healthy and decaying) and the roots. We assessed the antibiotic activity of microbial extracts against a large panel of common aquatic, human (fecal) and plant pathogens, and mined the metabolome of the most active extracts. The healthy leaf epibiotic bacteria, particularly Streptomyces sp. strain 131, displayed broad-spectrum antibiotic activity superior to some control drugs. Gram-negative bacteria abundant on healthy leaf surfaces, and few endosphere-associated bacteria and fungi also displayed remarkable activities. UPLC-MS/MS-based untargeted metabolomics analyses showed rich specialized metabolite repertoires with low annotation rates, indicating the presence of many undescribed antimicrobials in the extracts. This study contributes to our understanding on microbial and chemical ecology of seagrasses, implying potential involvement of the seagrass microbiome in suppression of pathogens in seawater. Such effect is beneficial for the health of ocean and human, especially in the context of climate change that is expected to exacerbate all infectious diseases. It may also assist future seagrass conservation and management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Tasdemir
- GEOMAR Centre for Marine Biotechnology (GEOMAR-Biotech), Research Unit Marine Natural Products Chemistry, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel 24106, Germany; Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Kiel University, Kiel 24118, Germany.
| | - Silvia Scarpato
- GEOMAR Centre for Marine Biotechnology (GEOMAR-Biotech), Research Unit Marine Natural Products Chemistry, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel 24106, Germany
| | - Caroline Utermann-Thüsing
- GEOMAR Centre for Marine Biotechnology (GEOMAR-Biotech), Research Unit Marine Natural Products Chemistry, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel 24106, Germany
| | - Timo Jensen
- GEOMAR Centre for Marine Biotechnology (GEOMAR-Biotech), Research Unit Marine Natural Products Chemistry, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel 24106, Germany
| | - Martina Blümel
- GEOMAR Centre for Marine Biotechnology (GEOMAR-Biotech), Research Unit Marine Natural Products Chemistry, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel 24106, Germany
| | - Arlette Wenzel-Storjohann
- GEOMAR Centre for Marine Biotechnology (GEOMAR-Biotech), Research Unit Marine Natural Products Chemistry, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel 24106, Germany
| | - Claudia Welsch
- GEOMAR Centre for Marine Biotechnology (GEOMAR-Biotech), Research Unit Marine Natural Products Chemistry, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel 24106, Germany
| | - Vivien Anne Echelmeyer
- GEOMAR Centre for Marine Biotechnology (GEOMAR-Biotech), Research Unit Marine Natural Products Chemistry, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel 24106, Germany
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Sherif M, Kirsch N, Splivallo R, Pfohl K, Karlovsky P. The Role of Mycotoxins in Interactions between Fusarium graminearum and F. verticillioides Growing in Saprophytic Cultures and Co-Infecting Maize Plants. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:575. [PMID: 37756001 PMCID: PMC10538043 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15090575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum (FG) and Fusarium verticillioides (FV) co-occur in infected plants and plant residues. In maize ears, the growth of FV is stimulated while FG is suppressed. To elucidate the role of mycotoxins in these effects, we used FG mutants with disrupted synthesis of nivalenol (NIV) and deoxynivalenol (DON) and a FV mutant with disrupted synthesis of fumonisins to monitor fungal growth in mixed cultures in vitro and in co-infected plants by real-time PCR. In autoclaved grains as well as in maize ears, the growth of FV was stimulated by FG regardless of the production of DON or NIV by the latter, whereas the growth of FG was suppressed. In autoclaved grains, fumonisin-producing FV suppressed FG more strongly than a fumonisin-nonproducing strain, indicating that fumonisins act as interference competition agents. In co-infected maize ears, FG suppression was independent of fumonisin production by FV, likely due to heterogeneous infection and a lower level of fumonisins in planta. We conclude that (i) fumonisins are agents of interference competition of FV, and (ii) trichothecenes play no role in the interaction between FG and FV. We hypothesize the following: (i) In vitro, FG stimulates the FV growth by secreting hydrolases that mobilize nutrients. In planta, suppression of plant defense by FG may additionally play a role. (ii) The biological function of fumonisin production in planta is to protect kernels shed on the ground by accumulating protective metabolites before competitors become established. Therefore, to decipher the biological function of mycotoxins, the entire life history of mycotoxin producers must be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Sherif
- Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Phytopathology Unit, Plant Protection Department, Desert Research Center, Cairo 11753, Egypt
| | - Nadine Kirsch
- Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Institute for National and International Plant Health, Julius Kühn-Institut, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Richard Splivallo
- Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Nectariss Grasse SAS, 06130 Grasse, France
| | - Katharina Pfohl
- Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Institute for National and International Plant Health, Julius Kühn-Institut, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Petr Karlovsky
- Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Han J, Zhang J, Meng J, Cai Y, Cheng M, Wu S, Li Z. Characterization of modified rice straw biochar in immobilizing Bacillus subtilis 168 and evaluation on its role as a novel agent for zearalenone-removal delivery. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 453:131424. [PMID: 37080028 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Microbial remediation of environmental pollutants can be advanced by carrier based cells immobilization. Whereas the effects of microorganisms immobilized on biochar for removal of zearalenone (ZEN) still remain unknown. Herein, this work presented the characterization of rice straw biochar (RSB) around modification in immobilizing Bacillus subtilis 168 and the role in fighting ZEN in vitro. Specifically, 10% of RSB with pH 5 condition were optimal for bearing cells, where majority of cells loaded inside the pore and minority on surface with agglomeration or scattering status. Octadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride-inclusion RSB showed better performances including over 93% of ZEN detoxification rate (32.48% in free cells), cells preservation, and stability of detoxification in simulated gastrointestinal environment. RSB treated with sulphuric acid made nutrients adsorption generally less than 6.5%. No residues of α-ZEL and α-ZAL were found in ZEN biotransformation process whether by free cells or composites. Mechanism discussion implied that predominant monolayer chemisorption by RSB and subsequent biodegradation by extracellular enzymes from microorganism involved in ZEN-removal process. Collectively, these findings contribute to provide an applying strategy for coordination of biochar and microorganisms as potentially mycotoxin detoxifying agent in agricultural feed bioremediation and environmental decontamination processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Han
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Jiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Jun Meng
- National Biochar Institute of Shenyang Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Biochar and Soil Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Yuanqi Cai
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Mo Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Siyu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Zeming Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
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Zhang J, Tang X, Cai Y, Zhou WW. Mycotoxin Contamination Status of Cereals in China and Potential Microbial Decontamination Methods. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13040551. [PMID: 37110209 PMCID: PMC10143121 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13040551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of mycotoxins in cereals can pose a significant health risk to animals and humans. China is one of the countries that is facing cereal contamination by mycotoxins. Treating mycotoxin-contaminated cereals with established physical and chemical methods can lead to negative effects, such as the loss of nutrients, chemical residues, and high energy consumption. Therefore, microbial detoxification techniques are being considered for reducing and treating mycotoxins in cereals. This paper reviews the contamination of aflatoxins, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, fumonisins, and ochratoxin A in major cereals (rice, wheat, and maize). Our discussion is based on 8700 samples from 30 provincial areas in China between 2005 and 2021. Previous research suggests that the temperature and humidity in the highly contaminated Chinese cereal-growing regions match the growth conditions of potential antagonists. Therefore, this review takes biological detoxification as the starting point and summarizes the methods of microbial detoxification, microbial active substance detoxification, and other microbial inhibition methods for treating contaminated cereals. Furthermore, their respective mechanisms are systematically analyzed, and a series of strategies for combining the above methods with the treatment of contaminated cereals in China are proposed. It is hoped that this review will provide a reference for subsequent solutions to cereal contamination problems and for the development of safer and more efficient methods of biological detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Xi Tang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yifan Cai
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wen-Wen Zhou
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Gan M, Hu J, Wan K, Liu X, Chen P, Zeng R, Wang F, Zhao Y. Isolation and Characterization of Lactobacillus paracasei 85 and Lactobacillus buchneri 93 to Absorb and Biotransform Zearalenone. TOXICS 2022; 10:680. [PMID: 36355971 PMCID: PMC9695132 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10110680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As one of the most prevalent estrogenic mycotoxins in cereals and animal feed, zearalenone (ZEN) can cause serious reproductive disorders. ZEN control in food and feed commodities has been an imperative area of research. In this study, 87 lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were isolated from pickles and their ZEN (5 mg/L) removal abilities ranged from 0% to 68.4%. Then, five strains with potent ZEN removal ability (>50%) were identified: Lactobacillus plantarum 22, L. plantarum 37, L. plantarum 47, L. paracasei 85, and L. buchneri 93. Under optimization conditions (48 h, pH 4.0, 37 °C, and 5 mg/L), the highest ZEN removal abilities of L. paracasei 85 and L. buchneri 93 reached 77.7% and 72.8%, respectively. Moreover, the two lactic acid bacteria decreased the toxicity of ZEN, because the levels of β-zearalenol (β-ZOL) transformed from ZEN were more than two-fold higher than α-zearalenol (α-ZOL). Additionally, cell free supernatant and pellet biotransformation of ZEN to α-ZOL and β-ZOL in LAB were detected for the first time. Furthermore, chemical and enzymatical treatments combined with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis indicated that exopolysaccharides, proteins, and lipids on the cell wall could bond to ZEN through hydrophobic interactions. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that cell structure damage occurred during the ZEN clearance to L. buchneri 93, but it did not with L. paracasei 85. In addition, various organic acids, alcohols, and esters of the two LAB participated in ZEN removal. Hence, L. paracasei 85 and L. buchneri 93 can be considered as potential detoxification agents for ZEN removal for food and feedstuff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Gan
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-Products of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jian Hu
- Tangshan Food and Drug Comprehensive Testing Center, Tangshan 063000, China
| | - Kai Wan
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-Products of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiangxiang Liu
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-Products of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Peirong Chen
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-Products of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Rui Zeng
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-Products of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Fuhua Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-Products of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yarong Zhao
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-Products of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Ji J, Yu J, Ye Y, Sheng L, Fang J, Yang Y, Sun X. Biodegradation methods and product analysis of zearalenone and its future development trend: A review. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Isolation and Mechanistic Characterization of a Novel Zearalenone-Degrading Enzyme. Foods 2022; 11:foods11182908. [PMID: 36141036 PMCID: PMC9498698 DOI: 10.3390/foods11182908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) and its derivatives pose a serious threat to global food quality and animal health. The use of enzymes to degrade mycotoxins has become a popular method to counter this threat. In this study, Aspergillus niger ZEN-S-FS10 extracellular enzyme solution with ZEN-degrading effect was separated and purified to prepare the biological enzyme, FSZ, that can degrade ZEN. The degradation rate of FSZ to ZEN was 75−80% (pH = 7.0, 28 °C). FSZ can function in a temperature range of 28−38 °C and pH range of 2.0−7.0 and can also degrade ZEN derivatives (α-ZAL, β-ZOL, and ZAN). According to the enzyme kinetics fitting, ZEN has a high degradation rate. FSZ can degrade ZEN in real samples of corn flour. FSZ can be obtained stably and repeatedly from the original strain. One ZEN degradation product was isolated: FSZ−P(C18H26O4), with a relative molecular weight of 306.18 g/mol. Amino-acid-sequencing analysis revealed that FSZ is a novel enzyme (homology < 10%). According to the results of molecular docking, ZEN and ZAN can utilize their end-terminal carbonyl groups to bind FSZ residues PHE307, THR55, and GLU129 for a high-degradation rate. However, α-ZAL and β-ZOL instead contain hydroxyl groups that would prevent binding to GLU129; thus, the degradation rate is low for these derivatives.
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Biocontrol Methods in Avoidance and Downsizing of Mycotoxin Contamination of Food Crops. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10040655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
By increasing the resistance of seeds against abiotic and biotic stress, the possibility of cereal mold contamination and hence the occurrence of secondary mold metabolites mycotoxins decreases. The use of biological methods of seed treatment represents a complementary strategy, which can be implemented as an environmental-friendlier approach to increase the agricultural sustainability. Whereas the use of resistant cultivars helps to reduce mold growth and mycotoxin contamination at the very beginning of the production chain, biological detoxification of cereals provides additional weapons against fungal pathogens in the later stage. Most efficient techniques can be selected and combined on an industrial scale to reduce losses and boost crop yields and agriculture sustainability, increasing at the same time food and feed safety. This paper strives to emphasize the possibility of implementation of biocontrol methods in the production of resistant seeds and the prevention and reduction in cereal mycotoxin contamination.
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Fusaric acid detoxification: a strategy of Gliocladium roseum involved in its antagonism against Fusarium verticillioides. Mycotoxin Res 2022; 38:13-25. [PMID: 35023019 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-021-00448-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Fungal co-culture has several biotechnological applications including the discovery or the enhanced production of secondary metabolites. It is also a powerful tool aiding to elucidate the involvement of secondary metabolism in fungus-fungus interactions. The aim of this work was to investigate secondary metabolites produced when Fusarium verticillioides is co-cultured with Gliocladium roseum. Secreted metabolites were analyzed by HPLC-MS, and fusaric acid (FA) was quantified by HPLC-DAD. Four FA derivatives were identified only in the F. verticillioides-G. roseum co-culture. Mass spectrometry and one- and two-dimensional NMR spectra indicated that they were 5-butylpyridine-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester (5B2CAM), 4-(5-butylpicolinamido) butanoic acid (45BBA), methyl 4-(5-butylpicolinamido) butanoate (M45BBA), and bis(5-butyl-2-pyridinecarboxylate-N1,O2)-copper (B52P). 45BBA and M45BBA are reported for the first time and were FA biotransformation products generated by G. roseum. The antifungal activity of 5B2CAM, 45BBA, and M45BBA was evaluated in vitro against Botrytis cinerea and Aspergillus niger. They were less fungitoxic than FA, with 45BBA as the least toxic. Our results suggest that the effective antagonism exerted by G. roseum against F. verticillioides is due, at least in part, to its detoxifying ability against FA.
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Tang Y, Liu C, Yang J, Peng X. A novel enzyme synthesized by Acinetobacter sp. SM04 is responsible for zearalenone biodegradation. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 86:209-216. [PMID: 34864831 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbab204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA), a non-steroidal estrogenic mycotoxin produced by multiple Fusarium species, contaminates cereals and threatens the health of both humans and animals by inducing hepatotoxicity, immunotoxicity, and genotoxicity. A new alkali tolerant enzyme named Ase, capable of degrading ZEA without H2O2, was derived from Acinetobacter sp. SM04 in this study. The Ase gene shares 97% sequence identity with hypothetical proteins from Acinetobacter pittii strain WCHAP 100004 and YMC 2010/8/T346 and Acinetobacter calcoaceticus PHEA-2, respectively. Based on the Acinetobacter genus database, the gene encoding Ase was cloned and extracellularly expressed in E. coli BL21. After degrading 88.4% of ZEA (20 μg/mL), it was confirmed through MCF-7 cell proliferation assays that Ase can transform ZEA into a non-estrogenic toxic metabolite. Recombinant Ase (molecular weight: 28 kDa), produced by E. coli BL21/pET32a(+)-His-Ase, was identified as an oxygen-utilizing and cytochrome-related enzyme with optimal activity at 60 °C and pH 9.0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqian Tang
- South China Institute of Collabrative Innovation, Dongguan, Guangdong,523808, P.R. China
| | - Chendi Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wu Shan, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jiguo Yang
- South China Institute of Collabrative Innovation, Dongguan, Guangdong,523808, P.R. China
| | - Xian Peng
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wu Shan, Guangzhou, P.R. China
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12
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Piotrowska M. Microbiological Decontamination of Mycotoxins: Opportunities and Limitations. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13110819. [PMID: 34822603 PMCID: PMC8619243 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13110819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The contamination of food and feeds with mycotoxins poses a global health risk to humans and animals, with major economic consequences. Good agricultural and manufacturing practices can help control mycotoxin contamination. Since these actions are not always effective, several methods of decontamination have also been developed, including physical, chemical, and biological methods. Biological decontamination using microorganisms has revealed new opportunities. However, these biological methods require legal regulations and more research before they can be used in food production. Currently, only selected biological methods are acceptable for the decontamination of feed. This review discusses the literature on the use of microorganisms to remove mycotoxins and presents their possible mechanisms of action. Special attention is given to Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast and lactic acid bacteria, and the use of yeast cell wall derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Piotrowska
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Lodz University of Technology, Wólczańska 171/173, 90-530 Lodz, Poland
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13
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Geng H, Tan X, Zhao M, Ma Y, Li Y. Proteomic analysis of zearalenone toxicity on mouse thymic epithelial cells. J Appl Toxicol 2021; 42:660-670. [PMID: 34716709 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA) is one of the most major food contaminants in cereal crops worldwide, risking health of both livestock and humans. This study aimed to assess the cytotoxicity and the underlying mechanism of ZEA on thymic epithelial cells. By using proteomics analysis, we identified 596 differentially expressed proteins in MTEC1 cells upon zearalenone exposure, of which 245 were upregulated and 351 were downregulated. Gene ontology (GO) analysis suggested that differentially expressed proteins were participated in protein synthesis, oxidative phosphorylation, and ATP binding. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that differentially expressed proteins were mainly related to mitochndrial metabolism, such as citrate cycle (TCA cycle) and oxidative phosphorylation. We demonstrated that ZEA treatment was able to increase the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, to decrease ΔΨm, ATP level, and the copy number of mtDNA, leading to necrotic cell death. Moreover, we showed that ZEA treatment inhibited cell proliferation and induced G2/M phase arrest by downregulation of proliferation-associated proteins ERK, p-ERK, CDK1, and p-CHK1. Taken together, we found that the toxicity of ZEA on thymic epithelial cells is mainly caused by the inhibition of mitochondrial dysfunction and cell proliferation. Our study might open new avenues for treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongrui Geng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaotong Tan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Miao Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongjiang Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yugu Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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14
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Evolution of Fusarium Head Blight Management in Wheat: Scientific Perspectives on Biological Control Agents and Crop Genotypes Protocooperation. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11198960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Over the past century, the economically devastating Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) disease has persistently ravished small grain cereal crops worldwide. Annually, losses globally are in the billions of United States dollars (USD), with common bread wheat and durum wheat accounting for a major portion of these losses. Since the unforgettable FHB epidemics of the 1990s and early 2000s in North America, different management strategies have been employed to treat this disease. However, even with some of the best practices including chemical fungicides and innovative breeding technological advances that have given rise to a spectrum of moderately resistant cultivars, FHB still remains an obstinate problem in cereal farms globally. This is in part due to several constraints such as the Fusarium complex of species and the struggle to develop and employ methods that can effectively combat more than one pathogenic line or species simultaneously. This review highlights the last 100 years of major FHB epidemics in the US and Canada, as well as the evolution of different management strategies, and recent progress in resistance and cultivar development. It also takes a look at protocooperation between specific biocontrol agents and cereal genotypes as a promising tool for combatting FHB.
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15
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Nešić K, Habschied K, Mastanjević K. Possibilities for the Biological Control of Mycotoxins in Food and Feed. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:198. [PMID: 33801997 PMCID: PMC8001018 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13030198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Seeking useful biological agents for mycotoxin detoxification has achieved success in the last twenty years thanks to the participation of many multidisciplinary teams. We have recently witnessed discoveries in the fields of bacterial genetics (inclusive of next-generation sequencing), protein encoding, and bioinformatics that have helped to shape the latest perception of how microorganisms/mycotoxins/environmental factors intertwine and interact, so the road is opened for new breakthroughs. Analysis of literature data related to the biological control of mycotoxins indicates the ability of yeast, bacteria, fungi and enzymes to degrade or adsorb mycotoxins, which increases the safety and quality of susceptible crops, animal feed and, ultimately, food of animal origin (milk, meat and eggs) by preventing the presence of residues. Microbial detoxification (transformation and adsorption) is becoming a trustworthy strategy that leaves no or less toxic compounds and contributes to food security. This review summarizes the data and highlights the importance and prospects of these methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenija Nešić
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine of Serbia, Food and Feed Department, Autoput 3, 11070 Beograd, Serbia
| | - Kristina Habschied
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, F. Kuhača 20, 31000 Osijek, Croatia;
| | - Krešimir Mastanjević
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, F. Kuhača 20, 31000 Osijek, Croatia;
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16
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Hoffmann A, Lischeid G, Koch M, Lentzsch P, Sommerfeld T, Müller MEH. Co-Cultivation of Fusarium, Alternaria, and Pseudomonas on Wheat-Ears Affects Microbial Growth and Mycotoxin Production. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9020443. [PMID: 33672702 PMCID: PMC7924320 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxigenic fungal pathogens Fusarium and Alternaria are a leading cause of loss in cereal production. On wheat-ears, they are confronted by bacterial antagonists such as pseudomonads. Studies on these groups’ interactions often neglect the infection process’s temporal aspects and the associated priority effects. In the present study, the focus was on how the first colonizer affects the subsequent ones. In a climate chamber experiment, wheat-ears were successively inoculated with two different strains (Alternaria tenuissima At625, Fusarium graminearum Fg23, or Pseudomonas simiae Ps9). Over three weeks, microbial abundances and mycotoxin concentrations were analyzed and visualized via Self Organizing Maps with Sammon Mapping (SOM-SM). All three strains revealed different characteristics and strategies to deal with co-inoculation: Fg23, as the first colonizer, suppressed the establishment of At625 and Ps9. Nevertheless, primary inoculation of At625 reduced all of the Fusarium toxins and stopped Ps9 from establishing. Ps9 showed priority effects in delaying and blocking the production of the fungal mycotoxins. The SOM-SM analysis visualized the competitive strengths: Fg23 ranked first, At625 second, Ps9 third. Our findings of species-specific priority effects in a natural environment and the role of the mycotoxins involved are relevant for developing biocontrol strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Hoffmann
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), 15374 Müncheberg, Germany; (G.L.); (P.L.); (M.E.H.M.)
- Institute for Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Gunnar Lischeid
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), 15374 Müncheberg, Germany; (G.L.); (P.L.); (M.E.H.M.)
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Environmental Sciences and Geography, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Matthias Koch
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), 12205 Berlin, Germany; (M.K.); (T.S.)
| | - Peter Lentzsch
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), 15374 Müncheberg, Germany; (G.L.); (P.L.); (M.E.H.M.)
| | - Thomas Sommerfeld
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), 12205 Berlin, Germany; (M.K.); (T.S.)
| | - Marina E. H. Müller
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), 15374 Müncheberg, Germany; (G.L.); (P.L.); (M.E.H.M.)
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), 14195 Berlin, Germany
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17
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Recent advances in detoxification strategies for zearalenone contamination in food and feed. Chin J Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2020.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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18
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Broberg M, Dubey M, Iqbal M, Gudmundssson M, Ihrmark K, Schroers H, Funck Jensen D, Brandström Durling M, Karlsson M. Comparative genomics highlights the importance of drug efflux transporters during evolution of mycoparasitism in Clonostachys subgenus Bionectria (Fungi, Ascomycota, Hypocreales). Evol Appl 2021; 14:476-497. [PMID: 33664789 PMCID: PMC7896725 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Various strains of the mycoparasitic fungal species Clonostachys rosea are used commercially as biological control agents for the control of fungal plant diseases in agricultural crop production. Further improvements of the use and efficacy of C. rosea in biocontrol require a mechanistic understanding of the factors that determines the outcome of the interaction between C. rosea and plant pathogenic fungi. Here, we determined the genome sequences of 11 Clonostachys strains, representing five species in Clonostachys subgenus Bionectria, and performed a comparative genomic analysis with the aim to identify gene families evolving under selection for gene gains or losses. Several gene families predicted to encode proteins involved in biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, including polyketide synthases, nonribosomal peptide syntethases and cytochrome P450s, evolved under selection for gene gains (p ≤ .05) in the Bionectria subgenus lineage. This was accompanied with gene copy number increases (p ≤ .05) in ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters and major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters predicted to contribute to drug efflux. Most Clonostachys species were also characterized by high numbers of auxiliary activity (AA) family 9 lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases, AA3 glucose-methanol-choline oxidoreductases and additional carbohydrate-active enzyme gene families with putative activity (or binding) towards xylan and rhamnose/pectin substrates. Particular features of the C. rosea genome included expansions (p ≤ .05) of the ABC-B4 multidrug resistance transporters, the ABC-C5 multidrug resistance-related transporters and the 2.A.1.3 drug:H + antiporter-2 MFS drug resistance transporters. The ABC-G1 pleiotropic drug resistance transporter gene abcG6 in C. rosea was induced (p ≤ .009) by exposure to the antifungal Fusarium mycotoxin zearalenone (1121-fold) and various fungicides. Deletion of abcG6 resulted in mutants with reduced (p < .001) growth rates on media containing the fungicides boscalid, fenhexamid and iprodione. Our results emphasize the role of biosynthesis of, and protection against, secondary metabolites in Clonostachys subgenus Bionectria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Broberg
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant PathologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - Mukesh Dubey
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant PathologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - Mudassir Iqbal
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant PathologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - Mikael Gudmundssson
- Department of Molecular SciencesSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - Katarina Ihrmark
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant PathologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | | | - Dan Funck Jensen
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant PathologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - Mikael Brandström Durling
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant PathologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - Magnus Karlsson
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant PathologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
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19
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Almeida ACDA, Pontes JGDM, Alvarenga GR, Finocchio H, Fill TP. The sustainable cycle of a new cacao-based bioplastic: from manufacturing to exploitable biodegradation products. RSC Adv 2021; 11:29976-29985. [PMID: 35480269 PMCID: PMC9040866 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04432j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The exponential growth of plastic consumption in the last decade became a large economic and ecological issue; therefore, strategies have been used to mitigate the environmental impacts, including the manufacture of biodegradable bio-based plastics and biodegradation strategies. Herein, a new bio-based plastic was developed consisting of a polymeric recyclable matrix (polyethylene or polypropylene) with a vegetal polymeric material from cocoa husk. Mechanical and rheological properties were evaluated and the new material showed interesting tensile strength compared to completely non-biodegradable plastics. The new polymeric material was submitted to biodegradation processes using different fungi species. The biodegradation caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Xylaria sp. and Fusarium graminearum in the new polymeric material was analyzed through scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and tensile tests. Furthermore, ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) and mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) were applied to identify metabolites produced in consequence to the biodegradation process. Interestingly, some compounds produced present high economic value. The exponential growth of plastic consumption in the last decade became a large economic and ecological issue; therefore, strategies have been used to mitigate the environmental impacts, including the manufacture of biodegradable bio-based plastics.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Calmont de Andrade Almeida
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Organic Chemistry, Laboratório de Biologia Química Microbiana (LABIOQUIMI), P. O. Box 6154, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - João Guilherme de Moraes Pontes
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Organic Chemistry, Laboratório de Biologia Química Microbiana (LABIOQUIMI), P. O. Box 6154, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Rodrigues Alvarenga
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Organic Chemistry, Laboratório de Biologia Química Microbiana (LABIOQUIMI), P. O. Box 6154, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | | | - Taicia Pacheco Fill
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Organic Chemistry, Laboratório de Biologia Química Microbiana (LABIOQUIMI), P. O. Box 6154, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
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20
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Utermann C, Echelmeyer VA, Oppong-Danquah E, Blümel M, Tasdemir D. Diversity, Bioactivity Profiling and Untargeted Metabolomics of the Cultivable Gut Microbiota of Ciona intestinalis. Mar Drugs 2020; 19:6. [PMID: 33374243 PMCID: PMC7824411 DOI: 10.3390/md19010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that the commensal gut microbiota contributes to the health and well-being of its host. The solitary tunicate Ciona intestinalis emerges as a model organism for studying host-microbe interactions taking place in the gut, however, the potential of its gut-associated microbiota for marine biodiscovery remains unexploited. In this study, we set out to investigate the diversity, chemical space, and pharmacological potential of the gut-associated microbiota of C. intestinalis collected from the Baltic and North Seas. In a culture-based approach, we isolated 61 bacterial and 40 fungal strains affiliated to 33 different microbial genera, indicating a rich and diverse gut microbiota dominated by Gammaproteobacteria. In vitro screening of the crude microbial extracts indicated their antibacterial (64% of extracts), anticancer (22%), and/or antifungal (11%) potential. Nine microbial crude extracts were prioritized for in-depth metabolome mining by a bioactivity- and chemical diversity-based selection procedure. UPLC-MS/MS-based metabolomics combining automated (feature-based molecular networking and in silico dereplication) and manual approaches significantly improved the annotation rates. A high chemical diversity was detected where peptides and polyketides were the predominant classes. Many compounds remained unknown, including two putatively novel lipopeptides produced by a Trichoderma sp. strain. This is the first study assessing the chemical and pharmacological profile of the cultivable gut microbiota of C. intestinalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Utermann
- GEOMAR Centre for Marine Biotechnology (GEOMAR-Biotech), Research Unit Marine Natural Products Chemistry, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Am Kiel-Kanal 44, 24106 Kiel, Germany; (C.U.); (V.A.E.); (E.O.-D.); (M.B.)
| | - Vivien A. Echelmeyer
- GEOMAR Centre for Marine Biotechnology (GEOMAR-Biotech), Research Unit Marine Natural Products Chemistry, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Am Kiel-Kanal 44, 24106 Kiel, Germany; (C.U.); (V.A.E.); (E.O.-D.); (M.B.)
| | - Ernest Oppong-Danquah
- GEOMAR Centre for Marine Biotechnology (GEOMAR-Biotech), Research Unit Marine Natural Products Chemistry, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Am Kiel-Kanal 44, 24106 Kiel, Germany; (C.U.); (V.A.E.); (E.O.-D.); (M.B.)
| | - Martina Blümel
- GEOMAR Centre for Marine Biotechnology (GEOMAR-Biotech), Research Unit Marine Natural Products Chemistry, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Am Kiel-Kanal 44, 24106 Kiel, Germany; (C.U.); (V.A.E.); (E.O.-D.); (M.B.)
| | - Deniz Tasdemir
- GEOMAR Centre for Marine Biotechnology (GEOMAR-Biotech), Research Unit Marine Natural Products Chemistry, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Am Kiel-Kanal 44, 24106 Kiel, Germany; (C.U.); (V.A.E.); (E.O.-D.); (M.B.)
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Kiel University, Christian-Albrechts-Platz 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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21
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Abdi M, Asadi A, Maleki F, Kouhsari E, Fattahi A, Ohadi E, Lotfali E, Ahmadi A, Ghafouri Z. Microbiological Detoxification of Mycotoxins: Focus on Mechanisms and Advances. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2020; 21:339-357. [PMID: 32543365 DOI: 10.2174/1871526520666200616145150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Some fungal species of the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium secretes toxic metabolites known as mycotoxins, have become a global concern that is toxic to different species of animals and humans. Biological mycotoxins detoxification has been studied by researchers around the world as a new strategy for mycotoxin removal. Bacteria, fungi, yeast, molds, and protozoa are the main living organisms appropriate for the mycotoxin detoxification. Enzymatic and degradation sorptions are the main mechanisms involved in microbiological detoxification of mycotoxins. Regardless of the method used, proper management tools that consist of before-harvest prevention and after-harvest detoxification are required. Here, in this review, we focus on the microbiological detoxification and mechanisms involved in the decontamination of mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Abdi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arezoo Asadi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farajolah Maleki
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Ilam University of Medical sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Kouhsari
- Laboratory Sciences Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Azam Fattahi
- Center for Research and Training in Skin Disease and Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elnaz Ohadi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ensieh Lotfali
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Ahmadi
- Laboratory Sciences Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Zahra Ghafouri
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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22
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Demissie ZA, Witte T, Robinson KA, Sproule A, Foote SJ, Johnston A, Harris LJ, Overy DP, Loewen MC. Transcriptomic and Exometabolomic Profiling Reveals Antagonistic and Defensive Modes of Clonostachys rosea Action Against Fusarium graminearum. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2020; 33:842-858. [PMID: 32116115 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-11-19-0310-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The mycoparasite Clonostachys rosea ACM941 is under development as a biocontrol organism against Fusarium graminearum, the causative agent of Fusarium head blight in cereals. To identify molecular factors associated with this interaction, the transcriptomic and exometabolomic profiles of C. rosea and F. graminearum GZ3639 were compared during coculture. Prior to physical contact, the antagonistic activity of C. rosea correlated with a response heavily dominated by upregulation of polyketide synthase gene clusters, consistent with the detected accumulation of corresponding secondary metabolite products. Similarly, prior to contact, trichothecene gene clusters were upregulated in F. graminearum, while those responsible for fusarielin and fusarin biosynthesis were downregulated, correlating with an accumulation of trichothecene products in the interaction zone over time. A concomitant increase in 15-acetyl deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside in the interaction zone was also detected, with C. rosea established as the source of this detoxified mycotoxin. After hyphal contact, C. rosea was found to predominantly transcribe genes encoding cell wall-degradation enzymes, major facilitator superfamily sugar transporters, anion:cation symporters, as well as alternative carbon source utilization pathways, together indicative of a transition to necrotropism at this stage. F. graminearum notably activated the transcription of phosphate starvation pathway signature genes at this time. Overall, a number of signature molecular mechanisms likely contributing to antagonistic activity by C. rosea against F. graminearum, as well as its mycotoxin tolerance, are identified in this report, yielding several new testable hypotheses toward understanding the basis of C. rosea as a biocontrol agent for continued agronomic development and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zerihun A Demissie
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas Witte
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kelly A Robinson
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amanda Sproule
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Simon J Foote
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anne Johnston
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Linda J Harris
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - David P Overy
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michele C Loewen
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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23
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Dellafiora L, Gonaus C, Streit B, Galaverna G, Moll WD, Vogtentanz G, Schatzmayr G, Dall’Asta C, Prasad S. An In Silico Target Fishing Approach to Identify Novel Ochratoxin A Hydrolyzing Enzyme. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E258. [PMID: 32316122 PMCID: PMC7232302 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12040258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA), a mycotoxin that is of utmost concern in food and feed safety, is produced by fungal species that mainly belong to the Aspergillus and Penicillium genera. The development of mitigation strategies to reduce OTA content along the supply chains is key to ensuring safer production of food and feed. Enzyme-based strategies are among the most promising methods due to their specificity, efficacy, and multi-situ applicability. In particular, some enzymes are already known for hydrolyzing OTA into ochratoxin alpha (OTα) and phenylalanine (Phe), eventually resulting in detoxification action. Therefore, the discovery of novel OTA hydrolyzing enzymes, along with the advancement of an innovative approach for their identification, could provide a broader basis to develop more effective mitigating strategies in the future. In the present study, a hybrid in silico/in vitro workflow coupling virtual screening with enzymatic assays was applied in order to identify novel OTA hydrolyzing enzymes. Among the various hits, porcine carboxypeptidase B was identified for the first time as an effective OTA hydrolyzing enzyme. The successful experimental endorsement of findings of the workflow confirms that the presented strategy is suitable for identifying novel OTA hydrolyzing enzymes, and it might be relevant for the discovery of other mycotoxin- mitigating enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Dellafiora
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy; (G.G.); (C.D.)
| | - Christoph Gonaus
- BIOMIN Research Centre, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria; (C.G.); (B.S.); (W.-D.M.); (G.V.); (G.S.)
| | - Barbara Streit
- BIOMIN Research Centre, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria; (C.G.); (B.S.); (W.-D.M.); (G.V.); (G.S.)
| | - Gianni Galaverna
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy; (G.G.); (C.D.)
| | - Wulf-Dieter Moll
- BIOMIN Research Centre, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria; (C.G.); (B.S.); (W.-D.M.); (G.V.); (G.S.)
| | - Gudrun Vogtentanz
- BIOMIN Research Centre, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria; (C.G.); (B.S.); (W.-D.M.); (G.V.); (G.S.)
| | - Gerd Schatzmayr
- BIOMIN Research Centre, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria; (C.G.); (B.S.); (W.-D.M.); (G.V.); (G.S.)
| | - Chiara Dall’Asta
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy; (G.G.); (C.D.)
| | - Shreenath Prasad
- BIOMIN Research Centre, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria; (C.G.); (B.S.); (W.-D.M.); (G.V.); (G.S.)
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24
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Zhou J, Zhu L, Chen J, Wang W, Zhang R, Li Y, Zhang Q, Wang W. Degradation mechanism for Zearalenone ring-cleavage by Zearalenone hydrolase RmZHD: A QM/MM study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 709:135897. [PMID: 31887512 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The danger of zearalenone (ZEN) as an endocrine disruptor to humans and the environment has aroused increasing attention. In this study, we implemented the quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) method to investigate the degradation mechanism of ZEN hydrolase (RmZHD) toward ZEN at the atomic level. The degradation process involves two concerted reaction pathways, where the active site contains a Ser-His-Glu triplet as a proton donor. With the Boltzmann-weighted average potential barriers of 18.1 and 21.5 kcal/mol, the process undergoes proton transfer and nucleophilic-substituted ring opening to form a hydroxyl product. Non-covalent interaction analyses elucidated hydrogen bonding between key amino acids with ZEN. The electrostatic influence analysis of 16 amino acids proposes residues Asp34 and His128 as the possible mutation target for future mutation design of enzyme RmZHD. An in-depth investigation of the protein environment of RmZHD can improve the bioremediation efficiency of endocrine disrupting chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhou
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Ledong Zhu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Jinfeng Chen
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Wei Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Ruiming Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Yanwei Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Qingzhu Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China.
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
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25
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Torres Acosta JA, Michlmayr H, Shams M, Schweiger W, Wiesenberger G, Mitterbauer R, Werner U, Merz D, Hauser MT, Hametner C, Varga E, Krska R, Berthiller F, Adam G. Zearalenone and ß-Zearalenol But Not Their Glucosides Inhibit Heat Shock Protein 90 ATPase Activity. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1160. [PMID: 31680951 PMCID: PMC6813925 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEN) is produced by many plant pathogenic Fusarium species. It is well known for its estrogenic activity in humans and animals, but whether ZEN has a role in plant–pathogen interaction and which process it is targeting in planta was so far unclear. We found that treatment of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings with ZEN induced transcription of the AtHSP90.1 gene. This heat shock protein (HSP) plays an important role in plant–pathogen interaction, assisting in stability and functionality of various disease resistance gene products. Inhibition of HSP90 ATPase activity impairs functionality. Because HSP90 inhibitors are known to induce HSP90 gene expression and due to the structural similarity with the known HSP90 inhibitor radicicol (RAD), we tested whether ZEN and its phase I metabolites α- and ß-zearalenol are also HSP90 ATPase inhibitors. Indeed, AtHSP90.1 and wheat TaHSP90-2 were inhibited by ZEN and ß-zearalenol, while α-zearalenol was almost inactive. Plants can efficiently glycosylate ZEN and α/ß-zearalenol. We therefore tested whether glucosylation has an effect on the inhibitory activity of these metabolites. Expression of the A. thaliana glucosyltransferase UGT73C6 conferred RAD resistance to a sensitive yeast strain. Glucosylation of RAD, ZEN, and α/ß-zearalenol abolished the in vitro inhibitory activity with recombinant HSP90 purified from Escherichia coli. In conclusion, the mycotoxin ZEN has a very prominent target in plants, HSP90, but it can be inactivated by glycosylation. This may explain why there is little evidence for a virulence function of ZEN in host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Antonio Torres Acosta
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Herbert Michlmayr
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Mehrdad Shams
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Austria
| | - Wolfgang Schweiger
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerlinde Wiesenberger
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Rudolf Mitterbauer
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrike Werner
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - David Merz
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Marie-Theres Hauser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Hametner
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Varga
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Austria
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Austria.,Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, University Road, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Franz Berthiller
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Austria
| | - Gerhard Adam
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
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26
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Venkatesh N, Keller NP. Mycotoxins in Conversation With Bacteria and Fungi. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:403. [PMID: 30941105 PMCID: PMC6433837 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
An important goal of the mycotoxin research community is to develop comprehensive strategies for mycotoxin control and detoxification. Although significant progress has been made in devising such strategies, yet, there are barriers to overcome and gaps to fill in order to design effective mycotoxin management techniques. This is in part due to a lack of understanding of why fungi produce these toxic metabolites. Here we present cumulative evidence from the literature that indicates an important ecological role for mycotoxins, with particular focus on Fusarium mycotoxins. Further, we suggest that understanding how mycotoxin levels are regulated by microbial encounters can offer novel insights for mycotoxin control in food and feed. Microbial degradation of mycotoxins provides a wealth of chemical information that can be harnessed for large-scale mycotoxin detoxification efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandhitha Venkatesh
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Nancy P. Keller
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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27
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Fatema U, Broberg A, Jensen DF, Karlsson M, Dubey M. Functional analysis of polyketide synthase genes in the biocontrol fungus Clonostachys rosea. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15009. [PMID: 30301915 PMCID: PMC6177402 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33391-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Clonostachys rosea is a mycoparasitic fungus used for biological control of plant diseases. Its genome contains 31 genes putatively encoding for polyketide synthases (PKSs), 75% of which are arranged in biosynthetic gene clusters. Gene expression analysis during C. rosea interactions with the fungal plant pathogens Botrytis cinerea and Fusarium graminearum showed common and species-specific induction of PKS genes. Our data showed a culture media dependent correlation between PKS gene expression and degree of antagonism in C. rosea. The pks22 and pks29 genes were highly induced during fungal-fungal interactions but not during pigmentation, and gene deletion studies revealed that PKS29 was required for full antagonism against B. cinerea, and for biocontrol of fusarium foot rot on barley. Metabolite analysis revealed that Δpks29 strains has a 50% reduced production (P = 0.001) of an unknown polyketide with molecular formula C15H28O3, while Δpks22 strains lost the ability to produce four previously unknown polyketides named Clonorosein A-D. Clonorosein A and B were purified, their structures determined, and showed strong antifungal activity against B. cinerea and F. graminearum. These results show that PKS22 is required for production of antifungal polyketide Clonorosein A-D, and demonstrate the role of PKS29 in antagonism and biocontrol of fungal plant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umma Fatema
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Uppsala Biocenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7026, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, 412 Plant Science Building 1405 Veterans Drive, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546-0312, USA
| | - Anders Broberg
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7015, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dan Funck Jensen
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Uppsala Biocenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7026, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Magnus Karlsson
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Uppsala Biocenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7026, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mukesh Dubey
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Uppsala Biocenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7026, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden.
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28
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Nygren K, Dubey M, Zapparata A, Iqbal M, Tzelepis GD, Durling MB, Jensen DF, Karlsson M. The mycoparasitic fungus Clonostachys rosea responds with both common and specific gene expression during interspecific interactions with fungal prey. Evol Appl 2018; 11:931-949. [PMID: 29928301 PMCID: PMC5999205 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Clonostachys rosea is a necrotrophic mycoparasitic fungus, used for biological control of plant pathogenic fungi. A better understanding of the underlying mechanisms resulting in successful biocontrol is important for knowledge-based improvements of the application and use of biocontrol in agricultural production systems. Transcriptomic analyses revealed that C. rosea responded with both common and specific gene expression during interactions with the fungal prey species Botrytis cinerea and Fusarium graminearum. Genes predicted to encode proteins involved in membrane transport, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and carbohydrate-active enzymes were induced during the mycoparasitic attack. Predicted major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters constituted 54% of the induced genes, and detailed phylogenetic and evolutionary analyses showed that a majority of these genes belonged to MFS gene families evolving under selection for increased paralog numbers, with predicted functions in drug resistance and transport of carbohydrates and small organic compounds. Sequence analysis of MFS transporters from family 2.A.1.3.65 identified rapidly evolving loop regions forming the entry to the transport tunnel, indicating changes in substrate specificity as a target for selection. Deletion of the MFS transporter gene mfs464 resulted in mutants with increased growth inhibitory activity against F. graminearum, providing evidence for a function in interspecific fungal interactions. In summary, we show that the mycoparasite C. rosea can distinguish between fungal prey species and modulate its transcriptomic responses accordingly. Gene expression data emphasize the importance of secondary metabolites in mycoparasitic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristiina Nygren
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant PathologyUppsala BiocenterSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - Mukesh Dubey
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant PathologyUppsala BiocenterSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - Antonio Zapparata
- Department of Agriculture, Food and EnvironmentUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
| | - Mudassir Iqbal
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant PathologyUppsala BiocenterSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - Georgios D. Tzelepis
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant PathologyUppsala BiocenterSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
- Department of Plant BiologyUppsala BiocenterLinnean Centre for Plant BiologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - Mikael Brandström Durling
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant PathologyUppsala BiocenterSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - Dan Funck Jensen
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant PathologyUppsala BiocenterSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - Magnus Karlsson
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant PathologyUppsala BiocenterSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
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29
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Expression, functional analysis and mutation of a novel neutral zearalenone-degrading enzyme. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 118:1284-1292. [PMID: 29949749 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.06.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The crops and grains were often contaminated by high level of mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEN). In order to remove ZEN and keep food safe, ZEN-degrading or detoxifying enzymes are urgently needed. Here, a newly identified lactonohydrolase responsible for the detoxification of ZEN, annotated as Zhd518, was expressed and characterized. Zhd518 showed 65% amino acid identity with Zhd101, which was widely studied for its ZEN-degrading ability. A detailed activity measurement method of ZEN-degrading enzyme was provided. Biochemical analysis indicated that the purified recombinant Zhd518 from E. coli exhibited a high activity against ZEN (207.0 U/mg), with the optimal temperature and pH of 40 °C and 8.0, respectively. The Zhd518 can degrade ZEN derivatives, and the specific activities against α-Zearalenol, β-Zearalenol, α-Zearalanol and β-Zearalanol were 23.0 U/mg, 64.7 U/mg, 119.8 U/mg and 66.5 U/mg, respectively. The active sites of Zhd518 were predicted by structure modeling and determined by mutation analysis. A point mutant N156H exhibited 3.3-fold activity against α-Zearalenol comparing to Zhd518. Zhd518 is the first reported neutral and the second characterized ZEN-degrading enzyme, which provides a new and more excellent candidate for ZEN detoxifying in food and feed industry.
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30
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Jabed A. Choudhury M, M. J. Trevelyan P, P. Boswell G. A mathematical model of nutrient influence on fungal competition. J Theor Biol 2018; 438:9-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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31
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Tian Y, Tan Y, Yan Z, Liao Y, Chen J, De Boevre M, De Saeger S, Wu A. Antagonistic and Detoxification Potentials of Trichoderma Isolates for Control of Zearalenone (ZEN) Producing Fusarium graminearum. Front Microbiol 2018; 8:2710. [PMID: 29403455 PMCID: PMC5778118 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi belonging to Fusarium genus can infect crops in the field and cause subsequent mycotoxin contamination, which leads to yield and quality losses of agricultural commodities. The mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEN) produced by several Fusarium species (such as F. graminearum and F. culmorum) is a commonly-detected contaminant in foodstuffs, posing a tremendous risk to food safety. Thus, different strategies have been studied to manage toxigenic pathogens and mycotoxin contamination. In recent years, biological control of toxigenic fungi is emerging as an environment-friendly strategy, while Trichoderma is a fungal genus with great antagonistic potentials for controlling mycotoxin producing pathogens. The primary objective of this study was to explore the potentials of selected Trichoderma isolates on ZEN-producing F. graminearum, and the second aim was to investigate the metabolic activity of different Trichoderma isolates on ZEN. Three tested Trichoderma isolates were proved to be potential candidates for control of ZEN producers. In addition, we reported the capacity of Trichoderma to convert ZEN into its reduced and sulfated forms for the first time, and provided evidences that the tested Trichoderma could not detoxify ZEN via glycosylation. This provides more insight in the interaction between ZEN-producing fungi and Trichoderma isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Tian
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanglan Tan
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Yan
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yucai Liao
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Resources and Environment Sciences, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Marthe De Boevre
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Aibo Wu
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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32
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Abstract
Mycoparasitism is a lifestyle where one fungus establishes parasitic interactions with other fungi. Species of the genus Trichoderma together with Clonostachys rosea are among the most studied fungal mycoparasites. They have wide host ranges comprising several plant pathogens and are used for biological control of plant diseases. Trichoderma as well as C. rosea mycoparasites efficiently overgrow and kill their fungal prey by using infection structures and by applying lytic enzymes and toxic metabolites. Most of our knowledge on the putative signals and signaling pathways involved in prey recognition and activation of the mycoparasitic response is derived from studies with Trichoderma. These fungi rely on G-protein signaling, the cAMP pathway, and mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades during growth and development as well as during mycoparasitism. The signals being recognized by the mycoparasite may include surface molecules and surface properties as well as secondary metabolites and other small molecules released from the prey. Their exact nature, however, remains elusive so far. Recent genomics-based studies of mycoparasitic fungi of the order Hypocreales, i.e., Trichoderma species, C. rosea, Tolypocladium ophioglossoides, and Escovopsis weberi, revealed not only several gene families with a mycoparasitism-related expansion of gene paralogue numbers, but also distinct differences between the different mycoparasites. We use this information to illustrate the biological principles and molecular basis of necrotrophic mycoparasitism and compare the mycoparasitic strategies of Trichoderma as a "model" mycoparasite with the behavior and special features of C. rosea, T. ophioglossoides, and E. weberi.
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33
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Wang G, Yu M, Dong F, Shi J, Xu J. Esterase activity inspired selection and characterization of zearalenone degrading bacteria Bacillus pumilus ES-21. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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34
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Karlovsky P, Suman M, Berthiller F, De Meester J, Eisenbrand G, Perrin I, Oswald IP, Speijers G, Chiodini A, Recker T, Dussort P. Impact of food processing and detoxification treatments on mycotoxin contamination. Mycotoxin Res 2016; 32:179-205. [PMID: 27554261 PMCID: PMC5063913 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-016-0257-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are fungal metabolites commonly occurring in food, which pose a health risk to the consumer. Maximum levels for major mycotoxins allowed in food have been established worldwide. Good agricultural practices, plant disease management, and adequate storage conditions limit mycotoxin levels in the food chain yet do not eliminate mycotoxins completely. Food processing can further reduce mycotoxin levels by physical removal and decontamination by chemical or enzymatic transformation of mycotoxins into less toxic products. Physical removal of mycotoxins is very efficient: manual sorting of grains, nuts, and fruits by farmers as well as automatic sorting by the industry significantly lowers the mean mycotoxin content. Further processing such as milling, steeping, and extrusion can also reduce mycotoxin content. Mycotoxins can be detoxified chemically by reacting with food components and technical aids; these reactions are facilitated by high temperature and alkaline or acidic conditions. Detoxification of mycotoxins can also be achieved enzymatically. Some enzymes able to transform mycotoxins naturally occur in food commodities or are produced during fermentation but more efficient detoxification can be achieved by deliberate introduction of purified enzymes. We recommend integrating evaluation of processing technologies for their impact on mycotoxins into risk management. Processing steps proven to mitigate mycotoxin contamination should be used whenever necessary. Development of detoxification technologies for high-risk commodities should be a priority for research. While physical techniques currently offer the most efficient post-harvest reduction of mycotoxin content in food, biotechnology possesses the largest potential for future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Karlovsky
- Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Grisebachstrasse6, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michele Suman
- Barilla G. R. F.lli SpA, Advanced Laboratory Research, via Mantova 166, 43122, Parma, Italy
| | - Franz Berthiller
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism, Department IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 20, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Johan De Meester
- Cargill R&D Center Europe, Havenstraat 84, B-1800, Vilvoorde, Belgium
| | - Gerhard Eisenbrand
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Germany (retired), University of Kaiserslautern, P.O.Box 3049, 67653, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Irène Perrin
- Nestlé Research Center, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, PO Box 44, 1000, Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle P Oswald
- INRA, UMR 1331 ToxAlim, Research Center in Food Toxicology, 180 chemin de Tournefeuille, BP93173, 31027, Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, INP, UMR1331, Toxalim, Toulouse, France
| | - Gerrit Speijers
- General Health Effects Toxicology Safety Food (GETS), Winterkoning 7, 34353 RN, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Alessandro Chiodini
- International Life Sciences Institute-ILSI Europe, Avenue E. Mounier 83, Box 6, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tobias Recker
- International Life Sciences Institute-ILSI Europe, Avenue E. Mounier 83, Box 6, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre Dussort
- International Life Sciences Institute-ILSI Europe, Avenue E. Mounier 83, Box 6, 1200, Brussels, Belgium.
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35
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Singh D, Son SY, Lee CH. Perplexing Metabolomes in Fungal-Insect Trophic Interactions: A Terra Incognita of Mycobiocontrol Mechanisms. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1678. [PMID: 27807434 PMCID: PMC5069422 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The trophic interactions of entomopathogenic fungi in different ecological niches viz., soil, plants, or insect themselves are effectively regulated by their maneuvered metabolomes and the plethora of metabotypes. In this article, we discuss a holistic framework of co-evolutionary metabolomes and metabotypes to model the interactions of biocontrol fungi especially with mycosed insects. Conventionally, the studies involving fungal biocontrol mechanisms are reported in the context of much aggrandized fungal entomotoxins while the adaptive response mechanisms of host insects are relatively overlooked. The present review asserts that the selective pressure exerted among the competing or interacting species drives alterations in their overall metabolomes which ultimately implicates in corresponding metabotypes. Quintessentially, metabolomics offers a most generic and tractable model to assess the fungal-insect antagonism in terms of interaction biomarkers, biosynthetic pathway plasticity, and their co-evolutionary defense. The fungi chiefly rely on a battery of entomotoxins viz., secondary metabolites falling in the categories of NRP's (non-ribosomal peptides), PK's (polyketides), lysine derive alkaloids, and terpenoids. On the contrary, insects overcome mycosis through employing different layers of immunity manifested as altered metabotypes (phenoloxidase activity) and overall metabolomes viz., carbohydrates, lipids, fatty acids, amino acids, and eicosanoids. Here, we discuss the recent findings within conventional premise of fungal entomotoxicity and the evolution of truculent immune response among host insect. The metabolomic frameworks for fungal-insect interaction can potentially transmogrify our current comprehensions of biocontrol mechanisms to develop the hypervirulent biocontrol strains with least environmental concerns. Moreover, the interaction metabolomics (interactome) in complementation with other -omics cascades could further be applied to address the fundamental bottlenecks of adaptive co-evolution among biological species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Digar Singh
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University Seoul, South Korea
| | - Su Y Son
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University Seoul, South Korea
| | - Choong H Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University Seoul, South Korea
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Ji C, Fan Y, Zhao L. Review on biological degradation of mycotoxins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 2:127-133. [PMID: 29767078 PMCID: PMC5941024 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The worldwide contamination of feeds and foods with mycotoxins is a significant problem. Mycotoxins pose huge health threat to animals and humans. As well, mycotoxins bring enormous economic losses in food industry and animal husbandry annually. Thus, strategies to eliminate or inactivate mycotoxins in food and feed are urgently needed. Traditional physical and chemical methods have some limitations such as limited efficacy, safety issues, losses in the nutritional value and the palatability of feeds, as well as the expensive equipment required to implement these techniques. Biological degradation of mycotoxins has shown promise because it works under mild, environmentally friendly conditions. Aflatoxin (AF), zearalenone (ZEA) and deoxynivalenol (DON) are considered the most economically important mycotoxins in terms of their high prevalence and significant negative effects on animal performance. Therefore, this review will comprehensively describe the biological degradation of AF, ZEA and DON by microorganisms (including fungi and bacteria) and specific enzymes isolated from microbial systems that can convert mycotoxins with varied efficiency to non- or less toxic products. Finally, some strategies and advices on existing difficulties of biodegradation research are also briefly proposed in this paper.
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Vekiru E, Fruhauf S, Hametner C, Schatzmayr G, Krska R, Moll W, Schuhmacher R. Isolation and characterisation of enzymatic zearalenone hydrolysis reaction products. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2016. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2015.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA) is an oestrogenic mycotoxin produced by several Fusarium species, and it frequently contaminates cereals used for food or animal feed. A ZEA-lactonase of Gliocladium roseum was previously described to hydrolyse ZEA to an unstable intermediate, which spontaneously decarboxylates to non-oestrogenic, decarboxylated hydrolysed ZEA (DHZEN). We expressed a codon-optimised version of the ZEA-lactonase (ZHD101) gene of G. roseum MA 918 with a secretion leader in Pichia pastoris and purified the recombinant enzyme from culture supernatant by His-tag mediated affinity chromatography. After incubation of the enzyme with ZEA, we detected the previously elusive primary reaction product hydrolysed ZEA (HZEN) by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, purified it by preparative high-performance liquid chromatography, and confirmed its postulated structure ((E)-2,4-dihydroxy-6-(10-hydroxy-6-oxo-1-undecen-1-yl)benzoic acid) by nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. Spontaneous decarboxylation to DHZEN ((E)-1-(3,5-dihydroxy-phenyl)-10-hydroxy-1-undecen-6-one), but not to a previously reported isomer, was observed. Biomass resuspensions of G. roseum strains MA 918 and the strains used for previous work, NBRC 7063 and ATCC 8684, all converted ZEA to HZEN, DHZEN, and further unknown metabolites. We studied partitioning of HZEN and DHZEN between aqueous phases and organic solvents, and found that HZEN did not partition into chloroform as extraction solvent, under the conditions used by previous authors. In contrast, extraction with ethyl acetate at pH 2.0 was suitable for simultaneous extraction of HZEN and DHZEN. The detection of HZEN and its availability as an analytical standard may assist further work towards possible application of ZEA-lactonase (e.g. determining kinetic parameters) for detoxification of ZEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Vekiru
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Research, Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - S. Fruhauf
- Biomin Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - C. Hametner
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/163, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - G. Schatzmayr
- Biomin Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - R. Krska
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Research, Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - W.D. Moll
- Biomin Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - R. Schuhmacher
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Research, Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
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Chatterjee S, Kuang Y, Splivallo R, Chatterjee P, Karlovsky P. Interactions among filamentous fungi Aspergillus niger, Fusarium verticillioides and Clonostachys rosea: fungal biomass, diversity of secreted metabolites and fumonisin production. BMC Microbiol 2016; 16:83. [PMID: 27165654 PMCID: PMC4862089 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-016-0698-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interactions among fungi colonizing dead organic matter involve exploitation competition and interference competition. Major mechanism of interference competition is antibiosis caused by secreted secondary metabolites. The effect of competition on secondary metabolite production by fungi is however poorly understood. Fungal biomass was rarely monitored in interaction studies; it is not known whether dominance in pairwise interactions follows congruent patterns. Results Pairwise interactions of three fungal species with different life styles were studied. The saprophyte Aspergillus niger (A.n.), the plant pathogen Fusarium verticillioides (F.v.), and the mycoparasite Clonostachys rosea (C.r.) were grown in single and dual cultures in minimal medium with asparagine as nitrogen source. Competitive fitness shifted with time: in dual C.r./F.v. cultures after 10 d F.v. grew well while C.r. was suppressed; after 20 d C.r. recovered while F.v. became suppressed; and after 30 d most F.v. was destroyed. At certain time points fungal competitive fitness exhibited a rock–paper–scissors pattern: F.v. > A.n., A.n. > C.r., and C.r. > F.v. Most metabolites secreted to the medium at early stages in single and dual cultures were not found at later times. Many metabolites occurring in supernatants of single cultures were suppressed in dual cultures and many new metabolites not occurring in single cultures were found in dual cultures. A. niger showed the greatest ability to suppress the accumulation of metabolites produced by the other fungi. A. niger was also the species with the largest capacity of transforming metabolites produced by other fungi. Fumonisin production by F. verticillioides was suppressed in co-cultures with C. rosea but fumonisin B1 was not degraded by C. rosea nor did it affect the growth of C. rosea up to a concentration of 160 μg/ml. Conclusions Competitive fitness in pairwise interactions among fungi is incongruent, indicating that species-specific factors and/or effects are involved. Many metabolites secreted by fungi are catabolized by their producers at later growth stages. Diversity of metabolites accumulating in the medium is stimulated by fungus/fungus interactions. C. rosea suppresses the synthesis of fumonisins by F. verticillioides but does not degrade fumonisins. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-016-0698-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhankar Chatterjee
- Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Grisebachstrasse 6, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yi Kuang
- Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Grisebachstrasse 6, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Richard Splivallo
- Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Grisebachstrasse 6, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Paramita Chatterjee
- Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Grisebachstrasse 6, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Petr Karlovsky
- Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Grisebachstrasse 6, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
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Dellafiora L, Galaverna G, Dall'Asta C, Cozzini P. Hazard identification of cis/trans-zearalenone through the looking-glass. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 86:65-71. [PMID: 26391124 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Among the food-related health issues, the presence of contaminants has a prominent role, due to the wide range of exogenous compounds that can occur in food commodities and to their large differences in structure and biological activity. A comprehensive assessment of the related risk is thus actually demanding in terms of time and facilities involved. In this context, the use of computational strategies can be an effective choice for supporting the hazard identification procedure at the early stage. In this work, we focused on the food contaminant zearalenone by comparing the trans and cis isomers, respectively the well-known mycoestrogen and its still largely understudied isomer. We estimated the possible effects exerted by human metabolism on the xenoestrogenicity of cis-ZEN by using a validated in silico strategy based on docking simulations and rescoring procedures. Similarly, the exploitation of the most promising enzymatic detoxifying routes designed for trans-ZEN - which relies on the enzyme lactono hydrolase from Clonostachys rosea - has been assessed for the cis-isomer as well. Our results showed that both isomers can act as functional analogues with respect to xenoestrogenic activity, and several cis-ZEN metabolites with high biological potential have been identified. On the contrary, in spite of the high degree of structural analogy, the cis isomer showed a pattern of interaction with the degrading enzyme in stark contrast with that observed for trans-ZEN. For these reasons, the outcomes presented herein strongly support the inclusion of cis-ZEN in further studies of occurrence, metabolism and bioactivity assessment, and suggest the need for a dedicated handling for the cis isomer in risk assessment studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Dellafiora
- Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Gianni Galaverna
- Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Chiara Dall'Asta
- Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy.
| | - Pietro Cozzini
- Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy.
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Abstract
Fungi are widespread in nature and have conquered nearly every ecological niche. Fungi occur not only in terrestrial but also in freshwater and marine environments. Moreover, fungi are known as a rich source of secondary metabolites. Despite these facts, the ecological role of many of these metabolites is still unknown and the chemical ecology of fungi has not been investigated systematically so far. This review intends to present examples of the various chemical interactions of fungi with other fungi, plants, bacteria and animals and to give an overview of the current knowledge of fungal chemical ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Spiteller
- Institut für Organische und Analytische Chemie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Straße NW2C, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
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Mahunu GK, Zhang H, Yang Q, Li C, Zheng X. Biological Control of Patulin by Antagonistic Yeast: A case study and possible model. Crit Rev Microbiol 2015; 42:643-55. [DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2015.1009823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gustav Komla Mahunu
- Jiangsu University, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Hongyin Zhang
- Jiangsu University, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Qiya Yang
- Jiangsu University, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Chaolan Li
- Jiangsu University, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiangfeng Zheng
- Jiangsu University, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhenjiang, China
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Müller M, Urban K, Köppen R, Siegel D, Korn U, Koch M. Mycotoxins as antagonistic or supporting agents in the interaction between phytopathogenic Fusarium and Alternaria fungi. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2015. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2014.1747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The role of mycotoxins in the microbial competition in an ecosystem or on the same host plant is still unclear. Therefore, a laboratory study was conducted to evaluate the influence of mycotoxins on growth and mycotoxin production of Fusarium and Alternaria fungi. Fusarium culmorum Fc13, Fusarium graminearum Fg23 and two Alternaria tenuissima isolates (At18 and At220) were incubated on wheat kernels supplemented with alternariol (AOH), tetramic acid derivates (TeA), deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEA) in an in vitro test system. Fungal biomass was quantified by determining ergosterol content. Three Fusarium toxins (DON, nivalenol and ZEA) and three Alternaria toxins (AOH, alternariol methyl ether (AME) and altenuene) were analysed by HPLC-MS/MS. If Alternaria strains grew in wheat kernels spiked with Fusarium mycotoxins, their growth rates were moderately increased, their AOH and AME production was enhanced and they were simultaneously capable of degrading the Fusarium mycotoxins DON and ZEA. In contrast, both Fusarium strains behaved quite differently. The growth rate of Fc13 was not distinctly influenced, while Fg23 increased its growth in wheat kernels spiked with AOH. TeA depressed the ergosterol content in Fc13 as well as in Fg23. The DON production of Fc13 was slightly depressed, whereas the ZEA production was significantly increased. In contrast, Fg23 restricted its ZEA production. Both Fusarium strains were not capable of degrading the Alternaria mycotoxin AOH. Mycotoxins might play an important role in the interfungal competitive processes. They influence growth rates and mycotoxin production of the antagonistic combatants. The observed effects between phytopathogenic Alternaria and Fusarium strains and their mycotoxins aid the understanding of the complexity of microbial competitive behaviour in natural environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.E.H. Müller
- Leibniz-Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research ZALF, Institute of Landscape Biogeochemistry, Eberswalder Strasse 84, 15374 Müncheberg, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Altensteinstrasse 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - K. Urban
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Landscape Architecture, University of Applied Sciences Osnabrück, Oldenburger Landstrasse 24, 49090 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - R. Köppen
- Division 1.7 Food Analysis, BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter Strasse 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - D. Siegel
- Division 1.7 Food Analysis, BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter Strasse 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - U. Korn
- Leibniz-Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research ZALF, Institute of Landscape Biogeochemistry, Eberswalder Strasse 84, 15374 Müncheberg, Germany
| | - M. Koch
- Division 1.7 Food Analysis, BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter Strasse 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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Guo Z, Döll K, Dastjerdi R, Karlovsky P, Dehne HW, Altincicek B. Effect of fungal colonization of wheat grains with Fusarium spp. on food choice, weight gain and mortality of meal beetle larvae (Tenebrio molitor). PLoS One 2014; 9:e100112. [PMID: 24932485 PMCID: PMC4059719 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Species of Fusarium have significant agro-economical and human health-related impact by infecting diverse crop plants and synthesizing diverse mycotoxins. Here, we investigated interactions of grain-feeding Tenebrio molitor larvae with four grain-colonizing Fusarium species on wheat kernels. Since numerous metabolites produced by Fusarium spp. are toxic to insects, we tested the hypothesis that the insect senses and avoids Fusarium-colonized grains. We found that only kernels colonized with F. avenaceum or Beauveria bassiana (an insect-pathogenic fungal control) were avoided by the larvae as expected. Kernels colonized with F. proliferatum, F. poae or F. culmorum attracted T. molitor larvae significantly more than control kernels. The avoidance/preference correlated with larval feeding behaviors and weight gain. Interestingly, larvae that had consumed F. proliferatum- or F. poae-colonized kernels had similar survival rates as control. Larvae fed on F. culmorum-, F. avenaceum- or B. bassiana-colonized kernels had elevated mortality rates. HPLC analyses confirmed the following mycotoxins produced by the fungal strains on the kernels: fumonisins, enniatins and beauvericin by F. proliferatum, enniatins and beauvericin by F. poae, enniatins by F. avenaceum, and deoxynivalenol and zearalenone by F. culmorum. Our results indicate that T. molitor larvae have the ability to sense potential survival threats of kernels colonized with F. avenaceum or B. bassiana, but not with F. culmorum. Volatiles potentially along with gustatory cues produced by these fungi may represent survival threat signals for the larvae resulting in their avoidance. Although F. proliferatum or F. poae produced fumonisins, enniatins and beauvericin during kernel colonization, the larvae were able to use those kernels as diet without exhibiting increased mortality. Consumption of F. avenaceum-colonized kernels, however, increased larval mortality; these kernels had higher enniatin levels than F. proliferatum or F. poae-colonized ones suggesting that T. molitor can tolerate or metabolize those toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqing Guo
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES-Phytomedicine), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Katharina Döll
- Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Raana Dastjerdi
- Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Petr Karlovsky
- Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Heinz-Wilhelm Dehne
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES-Phytomedicine), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Boran Altincicek
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES-Phytomedicine), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Popiel D, Koczyk G, Dawidziuk A, Gromadzka K, Blaszczyk L, Chelkowski J. Zearalenone lactonohydrolase activity in Hypocreales and its evolutionary relationships within the epoxide hydrolase subset of a/b-hydrolases. BMC Microbiol 2014; 14:82. [PMID: 24708405 PMCID: PMC4021089 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-14-82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Zearalenone is a mycotoxin produced by several species of Fusarium genus, most notably Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum. This resorcylic acid lactone is one of the most important toxins causing serious animal and human diseases. For over two decades it has been known that the mycoparasitic fungus Clonostachys rosea (synonym: Gliocladium roseum, teleomorph: Bionectria ochroleuca) can detoxify zearalenone, however no such attributes have been described within the Trichoderma genus. Results We screened for the presence of zearalenone lactonohydrolase homologs in isolates of Clonostachys and Trichoderma genera. We report first finding of expressed zearalenone lactonohydrolase in Trichoderma aggressivum. For three isolates (T. aggressivum, C. rosea and Clonostachys catenulatum isolates), we were able to reconstruct full coding sequence and verify the biotransformation ability potential. Additionally, we assessed progression of the detoxification process (in terms of transcript accumulation and mycotoxin decomposition in vitro). In silico, search for origins of zearalenone lactonohydrolase activity in model fungal and bacterial genomes has shown that zearalenone lactonohydrolase homologs form a monophyletic fungal clade among the a/b hydrolase superfamily representatives. We corroborated the finding of functional enzyme homologs by investigating the functional sites (active site pocket with postulated, noncanonical Ser-Glu-His catalytic triad) conserved in both multiple sequence alignment and in homology-based structural models. Conclusions Our research shows the first finding of a functional zearalenone lactonohydrolase in mycoparasitic Trichoderma aggressivum (an activity earlier characterised in the Clonostachys rosea strains). The supporting evidence for presence and activity of functional enzyme homologs is based on the chemical analyses, gene expression patterns, homology models showing conservation of key structural features and marked reduction of zearalenone content in cultured samples (containing both medium and mycelium). Our findings also show divergent strategies of zearalenone biotransformation ability (rapid induced expression and detoxification vs. gradual detoxification) present in several members of Hypocreales order (Trichoderma and Clonostachys genera). The potential for lactonhydrolase activity directed towards zearalenone and/or similar compounds is likely ancient, with homologs present in several divergent filamentous fungi among both Sordariomycetes (Bionectria sp., Trichoderma sp., Apiospora montagnei) and Leotiomycetes (Marssonina brunnea f. sp. ‘multigermtubi’).
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Affiliation(s)
- Delfina Popiel
- Institute of Plant Genetics Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
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Kosawang C, Karlsson M, Vélëz H, Rasmussen PH, Collinge DB, Jensen B, Jensen DF. Zearalenone detoxification by zearalenone hydrolase is important for the antagonistic ability of Clonostachys rosea against mycotoxigenic Fusarium graminearum. Fungal Biol 2014; 118:364-73. [PMID: 24742831 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The fungus Clonostachys rosea is antagonistic against plant pathogens, including Fusarium graminearum, which produces the oestrogenic mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEA). ZEA inhibits other fungi, and C. rosea can detoxify ZEA through the enzyme zearalenone lactonohydrolase (ZHD101). As the relevance of ZEA detoxification for biocontrol is unknown, we studied regulation and function of ZHD101 in C. rosea. Quantitative reverse-transcription PCR revealed zhd101 gene expression in all conditions studied and demonstrated dose-dependent induction by ZEA. Known inducers of the Polyketide Synthase pathway did not induce zhd101 expression, suggesting specificity of the enzyme towards ZEA. To assess the role of ZHD101 during biocontrol interactions, we generated two Δzhd101 mutants incapable of ZEA-detoxification and confirmed their defect in degrading ZEA by HPLC. The Δzhd101 mutants displayed a lower in vitro ability to inhibit growth of the ZEA-producing F. graminearum (strain 1104-14) compared to the wild type. In contrast, all three C. rosea strains equally inhibited growth of the F. graminearum mutant (ΔPKS4), which is impaired in ZEA-production. Furthermore, the Δzhd101 mutants failed to protect wheat seedlings against foot rot caused by the ZEA-producing F. graminearum. These data show that ZEA detoxification by ZHD101 is important for the biocontrol ability of C. rosea against F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chatchai Kosawang
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Uppsala Biocenter, Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Magnus Karlsson
- Uppsala Biocenter, Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Heriberto Vélëz
- AlbaNova University Center, Royal Institute of Technology, School of Biotechnology, Roslagstullsbacken 21, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Have Rasmussen
- Department of Food Chemistry, DTU-Food, Technical University of Denmark, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, DK-2860 Søborg, Denmark
| | - David B Collinge
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Birgit Jensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Dan Funck Jensen
- Uppsala Biocenter, Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Microbial metabolism of quorum-sensing molecules acyl-homoserine lactones, γ-heptalactone and other lactones. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:3401-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5518-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Kosawang C, Karlsson M, Jensen DF, Dilokpimol A, Collinge DB. Transcriptomic profiling to identify genes involved in Fusarium mycotoxin Deoxynivalenol and Zearalenone tolerance in the mycoparasitic fungus Clonostachys rosea. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:55. [PMID: 24450745 PMCID: PMC3902428 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clonostachys rosea strain IK726 is a mycoparasitic fungus capable of controlling mycotoxin-producing Fusarium species, including F. graminearum and F. culmorum, known to produce Zearalenone (ZEA) and Deoxynivalenol (DON). DON is a type B trichothecene known to interfere with protein synthesis in eukaryotes. ZEA is a estrogenic-mimicing mycotoxin that exhibits antifungal growth. C. rosea produces the enzyme zearalenone hydrolase (ZHD101), which degrades ZEA. However, the molecular basis of resistance to DON in C. rosea is not understood. We have exploited a genome-wide transcriptomic approach to identify genes induced by DON and ZEA in order to investigate the molecular basis of mycotoxin resistance C. rosea. RESULTS We generated DON- and ZEA-induced cDNA libraries based on suppression subtractive hybridization. A total of 443 and 446 sequenced clones (corresponding to 58 and 65 genes) from the DON- and ZEA-induced library, respectively, were analysed. DON-induced transcripts represented genes encoding metabolic enzymes such as cytochrome P450, cytochrome c oxidase and stress response proteins. In contrast, transcripts encoding the ZEA-detoxifying enzyme ZHD101 and those encoding a number of ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) transporter transcripts were highly frequent in the ZEA-induced library. Subsequent bioinformatics analysis predicted that all transcripts with similarity to ABC transporters could be ascribed to only 2 ABC transporters genes, and phylogenetic analysis of the predicted ABC transporters suggested that they belong to group G (pleiotropic drug transporters) of the fungal ABC transporter gene family. This is the first report suggesting involvement of ABC transporters in ZEA tolerance. Expression patterns of a selected set of DON- and ZEA-induced genes were validated by the use of quantitative RT-PCR after exposure to the toxins. The qRT-PCR results obtained confirm the expression patterns suggested from the EST redundancy data. CONCLUSION The present study identifies a number of transcripts encoding proteins that are potentially involved in conferring resistance to DON and ZEA in the mycoparasitic fungus C. rosea. Whilst metabolic readjustment is potentially the key to withstanding DON, the fungus produces ZHD101 to detoxify ZEA and ABC transporters to transport ZEA or its degradation products out from the fungal cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chatchai Kosawang
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Regulation of cytotoxic, non-estrogenic, oxidative stress-induced processes of zearalenone in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Toxicon 2013; 73:130-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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McCormick SP. Microbial detoxification of mycotoxins. J Chem Ecol 2013; 39:907-18. [PMID: 23846184 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-013-0321-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are fungal natural products that are toxic to vertebrate animals including humans. Microbes have been identified that enzymatically convert aflatoxin, zearalenone, ochratoxin, patulin, fumonisin, deoxynivalenol, and T-2 toxin to less toxic products. Mycotoxin-degrading fungi and bacteria have been isolated from agricultural soil, infested plant material, and animal digestive tracts. Biotransformation reactions include acetylation, glucosylation, ring cleavage, hydrolysis, deamination, and decarboxylation. Microbial mycotoxin degrading enzymes can be used as feed additives or to decontaminate agricultural commodities. Some detoxification genes have been expressed in plants to limit the pre-harvest mycotoxin production and to protect crop plants from the phytotoxic effects of mycotoxins. Toxin-deficient mutants may be useful in assessing the role of mycotoxins in the ecology of the microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan P McCormick
- Bacterial Foodborne Pathogens and Mycology Research Unit, USDA-ARS-NCAUR, Peoria, IL, 61604, USA.
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