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Sen A, Tanguy G, Galand PE, Andersen AC, Hourdez S. Bacterial symbiont diversity in Arctic seep Oligobrachia siboglinids. Anim Microbiome 2023; 5:30. [PMID: 37264469 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-023-00251-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High latitude seeps are dominated by Oligobrachia siboglinid worms. Since these worms are often the sole chemosymbiotrophic taxon present (they host chemosynthetic bacteria within the trophosome organ in their trunk region), a key question in the study of high latitude seep ecology has been whether they harbor methanotrophic symbionts. This debate has manifested due to the mismatch between stable carbon isotope signatures of the worms (lower than -50‰ and usually indicative of methanotrophic symbioses) and the lack of molecular or microscopic evidence for methanotrophic symbionts. Two hypotheses have circulated to explain this paradox: (1) the uptake of sediment carbon compounds with depleted δC13 values from the seep environment, and (2) a small, but significant and difficult to detect population of methanotrophic symbionts. We conducted 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing of the V3-V4 regions on two species of northern seep Oligobrachia (Oligobrachia webbi and Oligobrachia sp. CPL-clade), from four different high latitude sites, to investigate the latter hypothesis. We also visually checked the worms' symbiotic bacteria within the symbiont-hosting organ, the trophosome, through transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS The vast majority of the obtained reads corresponded to sulfide-oxidizers and only a very small proportion of the reads pertained to methane-oxidizers, which suggests a lack of methanotrophic symbionts. A number of sulfur oxidizing bacterial strains were recovered from the different worms, however, host individuals tended to possess a single strain, or sometimes two closely-related strains. However, strains did not correspond specifically with either of the two Oligobrachia species we investigated. Water depth could play a role in determining local sediment bacterial communities that were opportunistically taken up by the worms. Bacteria were abundant in non-trophosome (and thereby symbiont-free) tissue and are likely epibiotic or tube bacterial communities. CONCLUSIONS The absence of methanotrophic bacterial sequences in the trophosome of Arctic and north Atlantic seep Oligobrachia likely indicates a lack of methanotrophic symbionts in these worms, which suggests that nutrition is sulfur-based. This is turn implies that sediment carbon uptake is responsible for the low δ13C values of these animals. Furthermore, endosymbiotic partners could be locally determined, and possibly only represent a fraction of all bacterial sequences obtained from tissues of these (and other) species of frenulates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunima Sen
- Department of Arctic Biology, The University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), Longyearbyen, Norway.
- Faculty of Bioscience and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway.
| | - Gwenn Tanguy
- FR2424 Sorbonne Université-CNRS, Genomer, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
| | - Pierre E Galand
- UMR8222 Laboratoire d'Ecogéochimie des Environnements Benthiques (LECOB), CNRS-Sorbonne Université, Observatoire Océanologique, Banyuls-Sur-Mer, France
| | - Ann C Andersen
- UMR7144 Laboratoire Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin (AD2M), Sorbonne Université-CNRS, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
| | - Stéphane Hourdez
- UMR8222 Laboratoire d'Ecogéochimie des Environnements Benthiques (LECOB), CNRS-Sorbonne Université, Observatoire Océanologique, Banyuls-Sur-Mer, France
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2
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Bacteria Associated with Benthic Invertebrates from Extreme Marine Environments: Promising but Underexplored Sources of Biotechnologically Relevant Molecules. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20100617. [DOI: 10.3390/md20100617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbe–invertebrate associations, commonly occurring in nature, play a fundamental role in the life of symbionts, even in hostile habitats, assuming a key importance for both ecological and evolutionary studies and relevance in biotechnology. Extreme environments have emerged as a new frontier in natural product chemistry in the search for novel chemotypes of microbial origin with significant biological activities. However, to date, the main focus has been microbes from sediment and seawater, whereas those associated with biota have received significantly less attention. This review has been therefore conceived to summarize the main information on invertebrate–bacteria associations that are established in extreme marine environments. After a brief overview of currently known extreme marine environments and their main characteristics, a report on the associations between extremophilic microorganisms and macrobenthic organisms in such hostile habitats is provided. The second part of the review deals with biotechnologically relevant bioactive molecules involved in establishing and maintaining symbiotic associations.
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Hui M, Wang A, Cheng J, Sha Z. Full-length 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing reveals the variation of epibiotic microbiota associated with two shrimp species of Alvinocarididae: possibly co-determined by environmental heterogeneity and specific recognition of hosts. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13758. [PMID: 35966925 PMCID: PMC9368993 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Shrimps of the family Alvinocarididae, endemic species to deep sea chemosynthetic ecosystems, harbor epibiotic microbes on gills which probably play important roles in the survival of the shrimps. Among them, Alvinocaris longirostris and Shinkaicaris leurokolos occupy different ecological niches within the same hydrothermal vent in Okinawa Trough, and A. longirostris also exists in a methane seep of the South China Sea. In this study, full-length 16S rRNA sequences of the gill associated bacteria of two alvinocaridid species from different chemosynthetically ecological niches were first captured by single-molecule real-time sequencing. Totally, 120,792 optimized circular consensus sequences with ∼1,450 bp in length were obtained and clustered into 578 operational taxonomic units. Alpha diversity analysis showed seep A. longirostris had the highest species richness and evenness (average Chao1 = 213.68, Shannon = 3.39). Beta diversity analysis revealed that all samples were clearly divided into three groups, and microbial community of A. longirostris from seep and vent were more related than the other comparisons. By permutational multivariate analysis of variance, the most significant community compositional variance was detected between seep A. longirostris and vent S. leurokolos (R 2 = 0.731, P = 0.001). The taxon tags were further classified into 21 phyla, 40 classes, 89 orders, 124 families and 135 genera. Overall, the microbial communities were dominated by Campylobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria. Alphaproteobacteria, Bacteroidia, Verrucomicrobiae, Bacilli and other minor groups were also detected at lower abundance. Taxonomic groups recovered from the vent S. leurokolos samples were only dominated by Sulfurovaceae (94.06%). In comparison, gill-associated microbiota of vent A. longirostris consisted of more diverse sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, including Sulfurovaceae (69.21%), Thiotrichaceae (6.77%) and a putative novel Gammaproteobacteria group (14.37%), while in seep A. longirostris, Gammaproteobacteria un-group (44.01%) constituted the major component, following the methane-oxidizing bacteria Methylomonadaceae (19.38%), and Sulfurovaceae (18.66%). Therefore, the gill associated bacteria composition and abundance of alvinocaridid shrimps are closely related to the habitat heterogeneity and the selection of microbiota by the host. However, the interaction between these alvinocaridid shrimps and the epibiotic communities requires further study based on metagenome sequencing and fluorescence in situ hybridization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Hui
- Department of Marine Organism Taxonomy & Phylogeny, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China,,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Aiyang Wang
- Department of Marine Organism Taxonomy & Phylogeny, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China,,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China,,Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China,,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiao Cheng
- Department of Marine Organism Taxonomy & Phylogeny, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China,,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhongli Sha
- Department of Marine Organism Taxonomy & Phylogeny, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China,,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China,,Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China,,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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4
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Isobe N, Chen C, Daicho K, Saito T, Bissessur D, Takai K, Okada S. Uniaxial orientation of β-chitin nanofibres used as an organic framework in the scales of a hot vent snail. J R Soc Interface 2022; 19:20220120. [PMID: 35642424 PMCID: PMC9156901 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2022.0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Organisms use various forms and orientations of chitin nanofibres to make structures with a wide range of functions, from insect wings to mussel shells. Lophotrochozoan animals such as snails and annelid worms possess an ancient ‘biomineralization toolkit’, enabling them to flexibly and rapidly evolve unique hard parts. The scaly-foot snail is a gastropod endemic to deep-sea hydrothermal vents, unique in producing dermal sclerites used as sites of sulfur detoxification. Once considered to be strictly proteinaceous, recent data pointed to the presence of chitin in these sclerites, but direct evidence is still lacking. Here, we show that β-chitin fibres (approx. 5% of native weight) are indeed the building framework, through a combination of solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, wide-angle X-ray diffraction, and electron microscopy. The fibres are uniaxially oriented, likely forming a structural basis for column-like channels into which the scaly-foot snail is known to actively secrete sulfur waste—expanding the known function of chitinous hard parts in animals. Our results add to the existing evidence that animals are capable of modifying and co-opting chitin synthesis pathways flexibly and rapidly, in order to serve novel functions during their evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Isobe
- Biogeochemistry Research Center, Research Institute for Marine Resources Utilization (MRU), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan
| | - Chong Chen
- Institute for Extra-cutting-edge Science and Technology Avant-garde Research (X-STAR), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan
| | - Kazuho Daicho
- Department of Biomaterial Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Tsuguyuki Saito
- Department of Biomaterial Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Dass Bissessur
- Department for Continental Shelf, Maritime Zones Administration and Exploration, Prime Minister's Office, 2nd Floor, Belmont House, 12 Intendance Street, Port Louis 11328, Mauritius
| | - Ken Takai
- Institute for Extra-cutting-edge Science and Technology Avant-garde Research (X-STAR), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan
| | - Satoshi Okada
- Institute for Extra-cutting-edge Science and Technology Avant-garde Research (X-STAR), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan
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New Record of Hydrothermal Vent Squat Lobster (Munidopsis lauensis) Provides Evidence of a Dispersal Corridor between the Pacific and Indian Oceans. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse10030400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hydrothermal vents are chemosynthetically driven ecosystems and one of the most extreme environments on Earth. Vent communities exhibit remarkable taxonomic novelty at the species and supra-species levels, and over 80% of vent species are endemic. Here, we used mitochondrial DNA to identify the biogeographic distribution of Munidopsis lauensis and the heme-binding regions of A1-type COX1 from six species (including M. lauensis) to investigate whether genetic variation in the protein structure affects oxygen-binding ability. We verified the identity of Indian Ocean specimens by comparing sequences from the barcoding gene mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI) with known M. lauensis sequences from the NCBI database. The data show that these are the first recorded specimens of M. lauensis in the Indian Ocean; previously, this species had been reported only in the southwest Pacific. Our findings support the hypothesis that vent fauna in the Pacific and Indian Oceans can interact via active ridges. In the case of the mitochondrial DNA-binding site, the arrangement of heme-binding ligands and type A1 motif of M. lauensis was identical to that in other species. Moreover, our findings suggest that the mechanism of oxygen binding is well conserved among species from terrestrial organisms to hydrothermal extremophiles. Overall, dispersal of the same species to geologically separated hydrothermal vents and conserved heme-binding regions in mitochondrial proteins suggest that hydrothermal species might have evolved from shallow sea organisms and became distributed geographically using a dispersion corridor.
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6
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Qi L, Lian CA, Zhu FC, Shi M, He LS. Comparative Analysis of Intestinal Microflora Between Two Developmental Stages of Rimicaris kairei, a Hydrothermal Shrimp From the Central Indian Ridge. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:802888. [PMID: 35242112 PMCID: PMC8886129 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.802888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite extreme physical and chemical characteristics, deep-sea hydrothermal vents provide a place for fauna survival and reproduction. The symbiotic relationship of chemotrophic microorganisms has been investigated in the gill of Rimicaris exoculata, which are endemic to the hydrothermal vents of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. However, only a few studies have examined intestinal symbiosis. Here, we studied the intestinal fauna in juvenile and adult Rimicaris kairei, another species in the Rimicaris genus that was originally discovered at the Kairei and Edmond hydrothermal vent fields in the Central Indian Ridge. The results showed that there were significant differences between juvenile and adult gut microbiota in terms of species richness, diversity, and evenness. The values of Chao1, observed species, and ASV rarefaction curves indicated almost four times the number of species in adults compared to juveniles. In juveniles, the most abundant phylum was Deferribacterota, at 80%, while in adults, Campilobacterota was the most abundant, at 49%. Beta diversity showed that the intestinal communities of juveniles and adults were clearly classified into two clusters based on the evaluations of Bray-Curtis and weighted UniFrac distance matrices. Deferribacteraceae and Sulfurovum were the main featured bacteria contributing to the difference. Moreover, functional prediction for all of the intestinal microbiota showed that the pathways related to ansamycin synthesis, branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis, lipid metabolism, and cell motility appeared highly abundant in juveniles. However, for adults, the most abundant pathways were those of sulfur transfer, carbohydrate, and biotin metabolism. Taken together, these results indicated large differences in intestinal microbial composition and potential functions between juvenile and adult vent shrimp (R. kairei), which may be related to their physiological needs at different stages of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Qi
- Institute of Deep-Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, China.,College of Earth Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chun-Ang Lian
- Institute of Deep-Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, China
| | - Fang-Chao Zhu
- Institute of Deep-Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Ecosystem and Bioresource, Fourth Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beihai, China
| | - Mengke Shi
- Institute of Deep-Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, China.,College of Earth Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Sheng He
- Institute of Deep-Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, China
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7
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Multiple bacterial partners in symbiosis with the nudibranch mollusk Rostanga alisae. Sci Rep 2022; 12:169. [PMID: 34997021 PMCID: PMC8742107 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03973-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of symbiotic associations extends our understanding of the biological diversity in the aquatic environment and their impact on the host’s ecology. Of particular interest are nudibranchs that unprotected by a shell and feed mainly on sponges. The symbiotic association of the nudibranch Rostanga alisae with bacteria was supported by ample evidence, including an analysis of cloned bacterial 16S rRNA genes and a fluorescent in situ hybridization analysis, and microscopic observations. A total of 74 clones belonging to the phyla α-, β-, γ-Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Cyanobacteria were identified. FISH confirmed that bacteriocytes were packed with Bradyrhizobium, Maritalea, Labrenzia, Bulkholderia, Achromobacter, and Stenotrophomonas mainly in the foot and notum epidermis, and also an abundance of Synechococcus cyanobacteria in the intestinal epithelium. An ultrastructural analysis showed several bacterial morphotypes of bacteria in epidermal cells, intestine epithelium, and in mucus layer covering the mollusk body. The high proportion of typical bacterial fatty acids in R. alisae indicated that symbiotic bacteria make a substantial contribution to its nutrition. Thus, the nudibranch harbors a high diversity of specific endo- and extracellular bacteria, which previously unknown as symbionts of marine invertebrates that provide the mollusk with essential nutrients. They can provide chemical defense against predators.
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Yang Y, Sun J, Chen C, Zhou Y, Van Dover CL, Wang C, Qiu JW, Qian PY. Metagenomic and metatranscriptomic analyses reveal minor-yet-crucial roles of gut microbiome in deep-sea hydrothermal vent snail. Anim Microbiome 2022; 4:3. [PMID: 34980289 PMCID: PMC8722025 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-021-00150-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Marine animals often exhibit complex symbiotic relationship with gut microbes to attain better use of the available resources. Many animals endemic to deep-sea chemosynthetic ecosystems host chemoautotrophic bacteria endocellularly, and they are thought to rely entirely on these symbionts for energy and nutrition. Numerous investigations have been conducted on the interdependence between these animal hosts and their chemoautotrophic symbionts. The provannid snail Alviniconcha marisindica from the Indian Ocean hydrothermal vent fields hosts a Campylobacterial endosymbiont in its gill. Unlike many other chemosymbiotic animals, the gut of A. marisindica is reduced but remains functional; yet the contribution of gut microbiomes and their interactions with the host remain poorly characterised. RESULTS Metagenomic and metatranscriptomic analyses showed that the gut microbiome of A. marisindica plays key nutritional and metabolic roles. The composition and relative abundance of gut microbiota of A. marisindica were different from those of snails that do not depend on endosymbiosis. The relative abundance of microbial taxa was similar amongst three individuals of A. marisindica with significant inter-taxa correlations. These correlations suggest the potential for interactions between taxa that may influence community assembly and stability. Functional profiles of the gut microbiome revealed thousands of additional genes that assist in the use of vent-supplied inorganic compounds (autotrophic energy source), digest host-ingested organics (carbon source), and recycle the metabolic waste of the host. In addition, members of five taxonomic classes have the potential to form slime capsules to protect themselves from the host immune system, thereby contributing to homeostasis. Gut microbial ecology and its interplay with the host thus contribute to the nutritional and metabolic demands of A. marisindica. CONCLUSIONS The findings advance the understanding of how deep-sea chemosymbiotic animals use available resources through contributions from gut microbiota. Gut microbiota may be critical in the survival of invertebrate hosts with autotrophic endosymbionts in extreme environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- Department of Ocean Science and Hong Kong Branch of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin Sun
- Department of Ocean Science and Hong Kong Branch of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.,Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Chong Chen
- X-STAR, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, 237-0061, Japan
| | - Yadong Zhou
- Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry, Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cindy Lee Van Dover
- Division of Marine Science and Conservation, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Beaufort, NC, USA
| | - Chunsheng Wang
- Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry, Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Wen Qiu
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China.,Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Pei-Yuan Qian
- Department of Ocean Science and Hong Kong Branch of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China. .,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China.
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9
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Abstract
Microbial communities associated with deep-sea animals are critical to the establishment of novel biological communities in unusual environments. Over the past few decades, rapid exploration of the deep sea has enabled the discovery of novel microbial communities, some of which form symbiotic relationships with animal hosts. Symbiosis in the deep sea changes host physiology, behavior, ecology, and evolution over time and space. Symbiont diversity within a host is often aligned with diverse metabolic pathways that broaden the environmental niche for the animal host. In this review, we focus on microbiomes and obligate symbionts found in different deep-sea habitats and how they facilitate survival of the organisms that live in these environments. In addition, we discuss factors that govern microbiome diversity, host specificity, and biogeography in the deep sea. Finally, we highlight the current limitations of microbiome research and draw a road map for future directions to advance our knowledge of microbiomes in the deep sea. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, Volume 10 is February 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eslam O Osman
- Biology Department, Eberly College, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, USA; .,Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.,Marine Biology Lab, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Alexis M Weinnig
- Biology Department, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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10
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Béziat NS, Duperron S, Halary S, Azede C, Gros O. Bacterial ectosymbionts colonizing gills of two Caribbean mangrove crabs. Symbiosis 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-021-00801-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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11
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Chen C, Han Y, Copley JT, Zhou Y. A new peltospirid snail (Gastropoda: Neomphalida) adds to the unique biodiversity of Longqi vent field, Southwest Indian Ridge. J NAT HIST 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2021.1923851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chong Chen
- X-STAR, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Yuru Han
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jonathan T. Copley
- Ocean & Earth Science, University of Southampton, Waterfront Campus, Southampton, UK
| | - Yadong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China
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12
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Ma L, Wang WX. Zinc source differentiation in hydrothermal vent mollusks: Insight from Zn isotope ratios. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 773:145653. [PMID: 33582336 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hydrothermal vent represents an extreme environment where metal-enriched fluids are in contact with chemosymbiotic animals. In the present study, Zn isotopic compositions were determined in multiple tissues of three dominant hydrothermal vent mollusks (the mussel Bathymodiolus marisindicus and two gastropods Chrysomallon squamiferum and Gigantopelta aegis) collected from a hydrothermal vent field (Southwest Indian Ridge in the Indian Ocean). We found approximately 1.78‰ differences in the δ66Zn values among the three vent mollusks despite of their similar range of Zn concentrations. The significant variation in the δ66Zn values was considered to be indicative of different Zn uptake sources among the three species as a result of their morphological adaptations. Zinc uptake associated with symbiotic activities may be more relevant in the vent gastropods, whereas Zn uptake from hydrothermal fluids during filter-feeding may also play a role in the vent mussels. However, no significant difference in δ66Zn values was observed among tissues of any of the mollusks, showing the absence of Zn isotope fractionation during internal Zn transport. Our results demonstrated that variable Zn uptake pathways existed among different hydrothermal vent mollusks and could be differentiated by determining the Zn isotopic compositions in their tissues. We also highlight that Zn isotope ratios can be used to track Zn sources to the vent mollusks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Ma
- School of Energy and Environment, Hong Kong Branch of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Wen-Xiong Wang
- School of Energy and Environment, Hong Kong Branch of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, 511458, China.
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13
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Chalifour B, Li J. A Review of the Molluscan Microbiome: Ecology, Methodology and Future. MALACOLOGIA 2021. [DOI: 10.4002/040.063.0208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bridget Chalifour
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, 334 UCB, Boulder, Colorado, 80309, U.S.A
| | - Jingchun Li
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, 334 UCB, Boulder, Colorado, 80309, U.S.A
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14
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Lan Y, Sun J, Chen C, Sun Y, Zhou Y, Yang Y, Zhang W, Li R, Zhou K, Wong WC, Kwan YH, Cheng A, Bougouffa S, Van Dover CL, Qiu JW, Qian PY. Hologenome analysis reveals dual symbiosis in the deep-sea hydrothermal vent snail Gigantopelta aegis. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1165. [PMID: 33608555 PMCID: PMC7895826 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21450-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Animals endemic to deep-sea hydrothermal vents often form obligatory symbioses with bacteria, maintained by intricate host-symbiont interactions. Most genomic studies on holobionts have not investigated both sides to similar depths. Here, we report dual symbiosis in the peltospirid snail Gigantopelta aegis with two gammaproteobacterial endosymbionts: a sulfur oxidiser and a methane oxidiser. We assemble high-quality genomes for all three parties, including a chromosome-level host genome. Hologenomic analyses reveal mutualism with nutritional complementarity and metabolic co-dependency, highly versatile in transporting and using chemical energy. Gigantopelta aegis likely remodels its immune system to facilitate dual symbiosis. Comparisons with Chrysomallon squamiferum, a confamilial snail with a single sulfur-oxidising gammaproteobacterial endosymbiont, show that their sulfur-oxidising endosymbionts are phylogenetically distant. This is consistent with previous findings that they evolved endosymbiosis convergently. Notably, the two sulfur-oxidisers share the same capabilities in biosynthesising nutrients lacking in the host genomes, potentially a key criterion in symbiont selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lan
- grid.24515.370000 0004 1937 1450Department of Ocean Science, Division of Life Science and Hong Kong Branch of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China ,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin Sun
- grid.24515.370000 0004 1937 1450Department of Ocean Science, Division of Life Science and Hong Kong Branch of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China ,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Chong Chen
- grid.410588.00000 0001 2191 0132X-STAR, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Kanagawa Prefecture Japan
| | - Yanan Sun
- grid.24515.370000 0004 1937 1450Department of Ocean Science, Division of Life Science and Hong Kong Branch of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yadong Zhou
- grid.473484.80000 0004 1760 0811Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Yang
- grid.24515.370000 0004 1937 1450Department of Ocean Science, Division of Life Science and Hong Kong Branch of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China ,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Weipeng Zhang
- grid.4422.00000 0001 2152 3263College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Runsheng Li
- grid.35030.350000 0004 1792 6846Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kun Zhou
- grid.24515.370000 0004 1937 1450Department of Ocean Science, Division of Life Science and Hong Kong Branch of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wai Chuen Wong
- grid.24515.370000 0004 1937 1450Department of Ocean Science, Division of Life Science and Hong Kong Branch of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China ,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Yick Hang Kwan
- grid.24515.370000 0004 1937 1450Department of Ocean Science, Division of Life Science and Hong Kong Branch of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China ,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Aifang Cheng
- grid.24515.370000 0004 1937 1450Department of Ocean Science, Division of Life Science and Hong Kong Branch of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China ,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Salim Bougouffa
- grid.45672.320000 0001 1926 5090Computational Bioscience Research Centre, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia ,grid.45672.320000 0001 1926 5090King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Core Labs, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Cindy Lee Van Dover
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Division of Marine Science and Conservation, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Beaufort, NC United States
| | - Jian-Wen Qiu
- grid.221309.b0000 0004 1764 5980Department of Biology and Hong Kong Branch of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Pei-Yuan Qian
- grid.24515.370000 0004 1937 1450Department of Ocean Science, Division of Life Science and Hong Kong Branch of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China ,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
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15
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Zeng X, Zhang Y, Meng L, Fan G, Bai J, Chen J, Song Y, Seim I, Wang C, Shao Z, Liu N, Lu H, Fu X, Wang L, Liu X, Liu S, Shao Z. Genome sequencing of deep-sea hydrothermal vent snails reveals adaptions to extreme environments. Gigascience 2020; 9:giaa139. [PMID: 33319911 PMCID: PMC7736800 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giaa139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The scaly-foot snail (Chrysomallon squamiferum) is highly adapted to deep-sea hydrothermal vents and has drawn much interest since its discovery. However, the limited information on its genome has impeded further related research and understanding of its adaptation to deep-sea hydrothermal vents. FINDINGS Here, we report the whole-genome sequencing and assembly of the scaly-foot snail and another snail (Gigantopelta aegis), which inhabits similar environments. Using Oxford Nanopore Technology, 10X Genomics, and Hi-C technologies, we obtained a chromosome-level genome of C. squamiferum with an N50 size of 20.71 Mb. By constructing a phylogenetic tree, we found that these 2 deep-sea snails evolved independently of other snails. Their divergence from each other occurred ∼66.3 million years ago. Comparative genomic analysis showed that different snails have diverse genome sizes and repeat contents. Deep-sea snails have more DNA transposons and long terminal repeats but fewer long interspersed nuclear elements than other snails. Gene family analysis revealed that deep-sea snails experienced stronger selective pressures than freshwater snails, and gene families related to the nervous system, immune system, metabolism, DNA stability, antioxidation, and biomineralization were significantly expanded in scaly-foot snails. We also found 251 H-2 Class II histocompatibility antigen, A-U α chain-like (H2-Aal) genes, which exist uniquely in the Gigantopelta aegis genome. This finding is important for investigating the evolution of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes. CONCLUSION Our study provides new insights into deep-sea snail genomes and valuable resources for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Daxue Road 178, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yaolei Zhang
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Anker Engelunds Vej 1, Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | | | - Guangyi Fan
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Jie Bai
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Jianwei Chen
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China
| | - Yue Song
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China
| | - Inge Seim
- Integrative Biology Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Wenyuan Road 1,Nanjing 210046, China
- Comparative and Endocrine Biology Laboratory, Translational Research Institute-Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba 4102, Australia
| | - Congyan Wang
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China
| | - Zenghua Shao
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China
| | - Nanxi Liu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | | | - Xiaoteng Fu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Daxue Road 178, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Liping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Daxue Road 178, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xin Liu
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China
| | - Zongze Shao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Daxue Road 178, Xiamen 361005, China
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16
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Ma L, Wang WX. Subcellular metal distribution in two deep-sea mollusks: Insight of metal adaptation and detoxification near hydrothermal vents. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 266:115303. [PMID: 32836047 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we determined the concentrations of Cu, Zn, Ni, Cd, Pb and As and their subcellular distributions within the tissues of mussels (Bathymodiolus marisindicus) and snails (Gigantopelta aegis) from two hydrothermal vent regions, i.e., Tiancheng and Longqi, at Southwest Indian Ridge. Mussels collected from the two venting regions showed comparable concentrations for Ni and Pb, but Cu, Zn, Cd and As concentrations were significantly different in mussel gills between the two vent regions. Similar ranges of metal concentrations were found in the snails as those in the mussels, but most of the metals were mainly accumulated in the viscera, except for Ni. Similar subcellular partitioning of Cu, Zn and Cd was documented in different mussel tissues, with cellular debris (50%) being the predominant fraction, followed by equivalent values in other fractions. Lead was distributed in both cellular debris and metal-rich granules (MRG) fraction, whereas Ni was predominantly distributed in MRG (90%). Arsenic was mainly partitioned in cellular debris and metallothionein-like protein. However, deep-sea snails displayed elevated subcellular partitioning of Cu in the organelles (up to 60%) and may be more susceptible to Cu stress than the mussels. Our results demonstrated the metal-specificity of detoxification strategies in these deep-sea hydrothermal vent mollusks, and the mussels may be more adaptable to high metal exposures than the snails at hydrothermal vent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Ma
- School of Energy and Environment, Hong Kong Branch of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Wen-Xiong Wang
- School of Energy and Environment, Hong Kong Branch of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, China.
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17
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Sass K, Güllert S, Streit WR, Perner M. A hydrogen-oxidizing bacterium enriched from the open ocean resembling a symbiont. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2020; 12:396-405. [PMID: 32338395 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A new autotrophic hydrogen-oxidizing Chromatiaceae bacterium, namely bacterium CTD079, was enriched from a water column sample at 1500 m water depth in the southern Pacific Ocean. Based on the phylogeny of 16S rRNA genes, it was closely related to a scaly snail endosymbiont (99.2% DNA sequence identity) whose host so far is only known to colonize hydrothermal vents along the Indian ridge. The average nucleotide identity between the genomes of CTD079 and the snail endosymbiont was 91%. The observed differences likely reflect adaptations to their specific habitats. For example, CTD079 encodes additional enzymes like the formate dehydrogenase increasing the organism's spectrum of energy generation pathways. Other additional physiological features of CTD079 included the increase of viral defence strategies, secretion systems and specific transporters for essential elements. These important genome characteristics suggest an adaptation to life in the open ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Sass
- Molecular Biology of Microbial Consortia, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Microbiology and Biotechnology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Simon Güllert
- Microbiology and Biotechnology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang R Streit
- Microbiology and Biotechnology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mirjam Perner
- Molecular Biology of Microbial Consortia, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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18
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Laming SR, Hourdez S, Cambon-Bonavita MA, Pradillon F. Classical and computed tomographic anatomical analyses in a not-so-cryptic Alviniconcha species complex from hydrothermal vents in the SW Pacific. Front Zool 2020; 17:12. [PMID: 32391066 PMCID: PMC7203863 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-020-00357-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemosymbiotic gastropod Alviniconcha (Provannidae), first described in 1988, is one of the most emblematic hydrothermal-vent taxa described from the Central Indian Ridge and the Southwest (SW) Pacific. Symbiotic bacteria found in the gill of Alviniconcha are thought to be their principal source of nutrition. In the SW Pacific, species distributions for A. kojimai, A. boucheti - and to a lesser extent A. strummeri - overlap. While Alviniconcha species do not appear to truly co-exist in these highly energetic but spatially limited habitats, certain species regularly co-occur within a single vent field and in rare instances, the same edifice. Past research suggests that SW-Pacific Alviniconcha species might aggregate around fluids with distinct geothermal profiles. These small-scale distribution patterns have been attributed to differences in their symbiont assemblages or host physiologies. However, little is known about the anatomy of most Alviniconcha species, beyond that detailed for the type species Alviniconcha hessleri, whose geographic range does not overlap with other congeners. In fact, species within this genus are currently described as cryptic, despite the absence of any comparative morphological studies to assess this. To test whether the genus is genuinely cryptic and identify any functional differences in host anatomy that might also mediate habitat partitioning in SW Pacific species, the current study examined the morphoanatomy of A. kojimai, A. boucheti and A. strummeri from the Fatu Kapa vent field, an area of hydrothermal activity recently discovered north of the Lau Basin near the Wallis and Futuna Islands and the only known example where all three species occur within adjacent vent fields. A combination of detailed dissections, histology and X-ray computed tomography demonstrate that A. kojimai, A. strummeri and A. boucheti are readily identifiable based on shell morphology and ornamentation alone, and therefore not truly cryptic. These traits provide a rapid and reliable means for species identification. However, aside from some subtle differences in radular morphology, these species of Alviniconcha exhibit conserved anatomical features, providing no evidence that functional host anatomy is implicated in habitat partitioning. This provides support for the current belief that host-species distributions are probably governed by symbiont-mediated physiological factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven R Laming
- 1Ifremer, Laboratoire Environnement Profond (REM/EEP/LEP), Plouzané, France.,2Ifremer, Univ Brest, CNRS, UMR6197, Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes (REM/EEP/LM2E), Plouzané, France.,3Current address: LEME, CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, Universidade de Aveiro, Santiago Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Stéphane Hourdez
- 4UMR 8222 CNRS-Sorbonne Université, Laboratoire d'écogéochimie des environnements benthiques (LECOB), Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Marie-Anne Cambon-Bonavita
- 2Ifremer, Univ Brest, CNRS, UMR6197, Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes (REM/EEP/LM2E), Plouzané, France
| | - Florence Pradillon
- 1Ifremer, Laboratoire Environnement Profond (REM/EEP/LEP), Plouzané, France
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19
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Li J, Gu X, Gui Y. Prokaryotic Diversity and Composition of Sediments From Prydz Bay, the Antarctic Peninsula Region, and the Ross Sea, Southern Ocean. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:783. [PMID: 32411115 PMCID: PMC7198716 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The V3–V4 hypervariable regions of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene were analyzed to assess prokaryotic diversity and community compositions within 19 surface sediment samples collected from three different regions (depth: 250–3,548 m) of Prydz Bay, the Antarctic Peninsula region, and the Ross Sea. In our results, we characterized 1,079,709 clean tag sequences representing 43,227 operational taxonomic units (OTUs, 97% similarity). The prokaryotic community distribution exhibited obvious geographical differences, and the sequences formed three distinct clusters according to the samples’ origins. In general, the biodiversity of Prydz Bay was higher than those of the Antarctic Peninsula region and the Ross Sea, and there were similar prokaryotic communities in different geographic locations. The most dominant clades in the prokaryotic communities were Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Thaumarchaeota, Oxyphotobacteria, Deinococcus-Thermus, Firmicutes, Acidobacteria, Fusobacteria, and Planctomycetes, but unique prokaryotic community compositions were found in each of the sampling regions. Our results also demonstrated that the prokaryotic diversity and community distribution were mainly influenced by geographical and physicochemical factors, such as Zn, V, Na, K, water depth, and especially geographical distance (longitude variation of sample location) and Ba ion content. Moreover, geochemical factors such as nutrient contents (TC, P, and Ca) also played important roles in prokaryotic diversity and community distribution. This represents the first report that Ba ion content has an obvious effect on prokaryotic diversity and community distribution in Southern Ocean sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Li
- Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, China.,Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR) Key Lab for Science & Technology of Marine Ecosystems, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaoqian Gu
- Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, China.,Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR) Key Lab for Science & Technology of Marine Ecosystems, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuanyuan Gui
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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20
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Sun J, Chen C, Miyamoto N, Li R, Sigwart JD, Xu T, Sun Y, Wong WC, Ip JCH, Zhang W, Lan Y, Bissessur D, Watsuji TO, Watanabe HK, Takaki Y, Ikeo K, Fujii N, Yoshitake K, Qiu JW, Takai K, Qian PY. The Scaly-foot Snail genome and implications for the origins of biomineralised armour. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1657. [PMID: 32269225 PMCID: PMC7142155 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15522-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Scaly-foot Snail, Chrysomallon squamiferum, presents a combination of biomineralised features, reminiscent of enigmatic early fossil taxa with complex shells and sclerites such as sachtids, but in a recently-diverged living species which even has iron-infused hard parts. Thus the Scaly-foot Snail is an ideal model to study the genomic mechanisms underlying the evolutionary diversification of biomineralised armour. Here, we present a high-quality whole-genome assembly and tissue-specific transcriptomic data, and show that scale and shell formation in the Scaly-foot Snail employ independent subsets of 25 highly-expressed transcription factors. Comparisons with other lophotrochozoan genomes imply that this biomineralisation toolkit is ancient, though expression patterns differ across major lineages. We suggest that the ability of lophotrochozoan lineages to generate a wide range of hard parts, exemplified by the remarkable morphological disparity in Mollusca, draws on a capacity for dynamic modification of the expression and positioning of toolkit elements across the genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Sun
- Department of Ocean Science, Division of Life Science and Hong Kong Branch of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guanzhou), The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chong Chen
- X-STAR, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, 237-0061, Japan
| | - Norio Miyamoto
- X-STAR, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, 237-0061, Japan
| | - Runsheng Li
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Julia D Sigwart
- Marine Laboratory, Queen's University Belfast, Portaferry, N. Ireland
- Senckenberg Museum, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ting Xu
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yanan Sun
- Department of Ocean Science, Division of Life Science and Hong Kong Branch of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guanzhou), The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wai Chuen Wong
- Department of Ocean Science, Division of Life Science and Hong Kong Branch of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guanzhou), The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jack C H Ip
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Weipeng Zhang
- Department of Ocean Science, Division of Life Science and Hong Kong Branch of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guanzhou), The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yi Lan
- Department of Ocean Science, Division of Life Science and Hong Kong Branch of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guanzhou), The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dass Bissessur
- Department for Continental Shelf, Maritime Zones Administration & Exploration, Ministry of Defence and Rodrigues, 2nd Floor, Belmont House, 12 Intendance Street, Port-Louis, 11328, Mauritius
| | - Tomo-O Watsuji
- X-STAR, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, 237-0061, Japan
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Higashi-Chikushi Junior College, Kitakyusyu, Japan
| | - Hiromi Kayama Watanabe
- X-STAR, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, 237-0061, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Takaki
- X-STAR, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, 237-0061, Japan
| | - Kazuho Ikeo
- National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Fujii
- National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Yoshitake
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jian-Wen Qiu
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ken Takai
- X-STAR, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, 237-0061, Japan.
| | - Pei-Yuan Qian
- Department of Ocean Science, Division of Life Science and Hong Kong Branch of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guanzhou), The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.
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21
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Sun J, Zhou Y, Chen C, Kwan YH, Sun Y, Wang X, Yang L, Zhang R, Wei T, Yang Y, Qu L, Sun C, Qian PY. Nearest vent, dearest friend: biodiversity of Tiancheng vent field reveals cross-ridge similarities in the Indian Ocean. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2020; 7:200110. [PMID: 32269824 PMCID: PMC7137978 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.200110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Biodiversity of hydrothermal vents in the Indian Ocean, particularly those on the Southwest Indian Ridge (SWIR), are still relatively poorly understood. The Tiancheng field on the SWIR was initially reported with only a low-temperature diffuse flow venting area, but here we report two new active areas, including a chimney emitting high-temperature vent fluids. Biological sampling in these new sites doubled the known megafauna and macrofauna richness reported from Tiancheng. Significantly, we found several iconic species, such as the scaly-foot snail and the first Alviniconcha population on the SWIR. Tiancheng shares a high proportion of taxa with vents on the Central Indian Ridge (CIR) and lacks a number of key taxa that characterize other vents investigated so far on the SWIR. Population genetics of the scaly-foot snail confirmed this, as the Tiancheng population was clustered with populations from the CIR, showing low connectivity with the Longqi field. Unlike the previously examined populations, scales of the Tiancheng scaly-foot snail were coated in zinc sulfide, although this results only from precipitation. The close connection between Tiancheng and CIR vents indicates that the dispersal barrier for vent endemic species is not the Rodriguez Triple Junction as previously suggested but the transformation faults between Tiancheng and Longqi, warranting further studies on deep currents in this area to resolve the key barrier, which has important implications for biological conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Sun
- Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, People's Republic of China
- Department of Ocean Science, Division of Life Science and Hong Kong Branch of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yadong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chong Chen
- X-STAR, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan
| | - Yick Hang Kwan
- Department of Ocean Science, Division of Life Science and Hong Kong Branch of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Sun
- Department of Ocean Science, Division of Life Science and Hong Kong Branch of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Yang
- Marine Survey Research Center, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruiyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Wei
- Department of Ocean Science, Division of Life Science and Hong Kong Branch of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Ocean Science, Division of Life Science and Hong Kong Branch of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingyun Qu
- Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengjun Sun
- Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei-Yuan Qian
- Department of Ocean Science, Division of Life Science and Hong Kong Branch of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
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22
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Dick GJ. The microbiomes of deep-sea hydrothermal vents: distributed globally, shaped locally. Nat Rev Microbiol 2020; 17:271-283. [PMID: 30867583 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-019-0160-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of chemosynthetic ecosystems at deep-sea hydrothermal vents in 1977 changed our view of biology. Chemosynthetic bacteria and archaea form the foundation of vent ecosystems by exploiting the chemical disequilibrium between reducing hydrothermal fluids and oxidizing seawater, harnessing this energy to fix inorganic carbon into biomass. Recent research has uncovered fundamental aspects of these microbial communities, including their relationships with underlying geology and hydrothermal geochemistry, interactions with animals via symbiosis and distribution both locally in various habitats within vent fields and globally across hydrothermal systems in diverse settings. Although 'black smokers' and symbioses between microorganisms and macrofauna attract much attention owing to their novelty and the insights they provide into life under extreme conditions, habitats such as regions of diffuse flow, subseafloor aquifers and hydrothermal plumes have important roles in the global cycling of elements through hydrothermal systems. Owing to sharp contrasts in physical and chemical conditions between these various habitats and their dynamic, extreme and geographically isolated nature, hydrothermal vents provide a valuable window into the environmental and ecological forces that shape microbial communities and insights into the limits, origins and evolution of microbial life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J Dick
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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23
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The making of natural iron sulfide nanoparticles in a hot vent snail. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:20376-20381. [PMID: 31551263 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1908533116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomineralization in animals exclusively features oxygen-based minerals with a single exception of the scaly-foot gastropod Chrysomallon squamiferum, the only metazoan with an iron sulfide skeleton. This unique snail inhabits deep-sea hot vents and possesses scales infused with iron sulfide nanoparticles, including pyrite, giving it a characteristic metallic black sheen. Since the scaly-foot is capable of making iron sulfide nanoparticles in its natural habitat at a relatively low temperature (∼15 °C) and in a chemically dynamic vent environment, elucidating its biomineralization pathways is expected to have significant industrial applications for the production of metal chalcogenide nanoparticles. Nevertheless, this biomineralization has remained a mystery for decades since the snail's discovery, except that it requires the environment to be rich in iron, with a white population lacking in iron sulfide known from a naturally iron-poor locality. Here, we reveal a biologically controlled mineralization mechanism employed by the scaly-foot snail to achieve this nanoparticle biomineralization, through δ34 S measurements and detailed electron-microscopic investigations of both natural scales and scales from the white population artificially incubated in an iron-rich environment. We show that the scaly-foot snail mediates biomineralization in its scales by supplying sulfur through channel-like columns in which reaction with iron ions diffusing inward from the surrounding vent fluid mineralizes iron sulfides.
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24
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Hydrothermal chimneys host habitat-specific microbial communities: analogues for studying the possible impact of mining seafloor massive sulfide deposits. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10386. [PMID: 29991752 PMCID: PMC6039533 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28613-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
To assess the risk that mining of seafloor massive sulfides (SMS) from extinct hydrothermal vent environments has for changing the ecosystem irreversibly, we sampled SMS analogous habitats from the Kairei and the Pelagia vent fields along the Indian Ridge. In total 19.8 million 16S rRNA tags from 14 different sites were analyzed and the microbial communities were compared with each other and with publicly available data sets from other marine environments. The chimneys appear to provide habitats for microorganisms that are not found or only detectable in very low numbers in other marine habitats. The chimneys also host rare organisms and may function as a vital part of the ocean’s seed bank. Many of the reads from active and inactive chimney samples were clustered into OTUs, with low or no resemblance to known species. Since we are unaware of the chemical reactions catalyzed by these unknown organisms, the impact of this diversity loss and bio-geo-coupling is hard to predict. Given that chimney structures can be considered SMS analogues, removal of sulfide deposits from the seafloor in the Kairei and Pelagia fields will most likely alter microbial compositions and affect element cycling in the benthic regions and probably beyond.
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25
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Heywood JL, Chen C, Pearce DA, Linse K. Bacterial communities associated with the Southern Ocean vent gastropod, Gigantopelta chessoia: indication of horizontal symbiont transfer. Polar Biol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-017-2148-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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26
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Chen C, Uematsu K, Linse K, Sigwart JD. By more ways than one: Rapid convergence at hydrothermal vents shown by 3D anatomical reconstruction of Gigantopelta (Mollusca: Neomphalina). BMC Evol Biol 2017; 17:62. [PMID: 28249568 PMCID: PMC5333402 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-017-0917-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Extreme environments prompt the evolution of characteristic adaptations. Yet questions remain about whether radiations in extreme environments originate from a single lineage that masters a key adaptive pathway, or if the same features can arise in parallel through convergence. Species endemic to deep-sea hydrothermal vents must accommodate high temperature and low pH. The most successful vent species share a constrained pathway to successful energy exploitation: hosting symbionts. The vent-endemic gastropod genus Gigantopelta, from the Southern and Indian Oceans, shares unusual features with a co-occurring peltospirid, the ‘scaly-foot gastropod’ Chrysomallon squamiferum. Both are unusually large for the clade and share other adaptive features such as a prominent enlarged trophosome-like oesophageal gland, not found in any other vent molluscs. Results Transmission electron microscopy confirmed endosymbiont bacteria in the oesophageal gland of Gigantopelta, as also seen in Chrysomallon. They are the only known members of their phylum in vent ecosystems hosting internal endosymbionts; other vent molluscs host endosymbionts in or on their gills, or in the mantle cavity. A five-gene phylogenetic reconstruction demonstrated that Gigantopelta and Chrysomallon are not phylogenetically sister-taxa, despite their superficial similarity. Both genera have specialist adaptations to accommodate internalised endosymbionts, but with anatomical differences that indicate separate evolutionary origins. Hosting endosymbionts in an internal organ within the host means that all resources required by the bacteria must be supplied by the animal, rather than directly by the vent fluid. Unlike Chrysomallon, which has an enlarged oesophageal gland throughout post-settlement life, the oesophageal gland in Gigantopelta is proportionally much smaller in juveniles and the animals likely undergo a trophic shift during ontogeny. The circulatory system is hypertrophied in both but the overall size is smaller in Gigantopelta. In contrast with Chrysomallon, Gigantopelta possesses true ganglia and is gonochoristic. Conclusions Key anatomical differences between Gigantopelta and Chrysomallon demonstrate these two genera acquired a similar way of life through independent and convergent adaptive pathways. What appear to be the holobiont’s adaptations to an extreme environment, are driven by optimising bacteria’s access to vent nutrients. By comparing Gigantopelta and Chrysomallon, we show that metazoans are capable of rapidly and repeatedly evolving equivalent anatomical adaptations and close-knit relationships with chemoautotrophic bacteria, achieving the same end-product through parallel evolutionary trajectories. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0917-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Chen
- Marine Laboratory, Queen's University Belfast, 12-13 The Strand, Portaferry, Northern Ireland. .,Department of Subsurface Geobiological Analysis and Research (D-SUGAR), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, 237-0061, Japan.
| | - Katsuyuki Uematsu
- Marine Works Japan Ltd., 3-54-1 Oppamahigashi, Yokosuka, 237-0063, Japan
| | - Katrin Linse
- British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Cambridge, UK
| | - Julia D Sigwart
- Marine Laboratory, Queen's University Belfast, 12-13 The Strand, Portaferry, Northern Ireland.,Berkeley, Museum of Paleontology, University of California, VLSB 1101, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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27
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Ecology and biogeography of megafauna and macrofauna at the first known deep-sea hydrothermal vents on the ultraslow-spreading Southwest Indian Ridge. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39158. [PMID: 27966649 PMCID: PMC5155287 DOI: 10.1038/srep39158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Southwest Indian Ridge is the longest section of very slow to ultraslow-spreading seafloor in the global mid-ocean ridge system, but the biogeography and ecology of its hydrothermal vent fauna are previously unknown. We collected 21 macro- and megafaunal taxa during the first Remotely Operated Vehicle dives to the Longqi vent field at 37° 47′S 49° 39′E, depth 2800 m. Six species are not yet known from other vents, while six other species are known from the Central Indian Ridge, and morphological and molecular analyses show that two further polychaete species are shared with vents beyond the Indian Ocean. Multivariate analysis of vent fauna across three oceans places Longqi in an Indian Ocean province of vent biogeography. Faunal zonation with increasing distance from vents is dominated by the gastropods Chrysomallon squamiferum and Gigantopelta aegis, mussel Bathymodiolus marisindicus, and Neolepas sp. stalked barnacle. Other taxa occur at lower abundance, in some cases contrasting with abundances at other vent fields, and δ13C and δ15N isotope values of species analysed from Longqi are similar to those of shared or related species elsewhere. This study provides baseline ecological observations prior to mineral exploration activities licensed at Longqi by the United Nations.
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28
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Marziah Z, Mahdzir A, Musa MN, Jaafar AB, Azhim A, Hara H. Abundance of sulfur-degrading bacteria in a benthic bacterial community of shallow sea sediment in the off-Terengganu coast of the South China Sea. Microbiologyopen 2016; 5:967-978. [PMID: 27256005 PMCID: PMC5221450 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
This study for the first time provides insight into the bacterial community in the benthic region of the Off‐Terengganu Coastline, which is considered to be anthropogenically polluted due to heavy fishing vessel commotion. Subsurface bacteria were randomly collected from two locations at different depths and were examined using the 16S rDNA V3‐V4 marker gene on the Illumina™ Miseq platform. In addition, the physiochemical parameters of the sediment were also measured. Surprisingly, the results show a high diversity of sulfur‐oxidizing bacteria in the surveyed area, where Sulfurovum sp. was identified to predominate the overall bacterial community. The physiochemical parameters reveal insufficient evidence of hydrothermal vents in the surveyed area. However, there are traces of hydrocarbon pollutants such as gasoline, diesel, and mineral oil in this area. It is assumed that sediment accumulation in the lee of breakwater plays an important role in trapping the runoff from the nearby harbor, which includes oil spills. Based on the common knowledge, Sulvurofum sp. is a native bacterium that exists in deep hydrothermal vents and volcanic territories. Although the reason for the abundance of Sulfurovum sp. in the surveyed area is still unclear, there is a possibility that metabolic adaptation plays an important role in regulating hydrocarbon pollutants for survival. The work presented in this paper therefore has profound implications for future studies on Sulfurovum sp. versatility. However, future research is needed to strengthen the findings of this study and to provide a better evidence regarding the metabolic response of this bacterium toward hydrocarbon pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahar Marziah
- Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur, 54100, Malaysia
| | - Akbariah Mahdzir
- Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur, 54100, Malaysia.,Ocean Thermal Energy Centre (OTEC-KL), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur, 54100, Malaysia
| | - Md Nor Musa
- Ocean Thermal Energy Centre (OTEC-KL), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur, 54100, Malaysia
| | - Abu Bakar Jaafar
- Perdana School of Science, Technology and Innovation Policy, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur, 54100, Malaysia
| | - Azran Azhim
- Kuliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, 25200, Malaysia
| | - Hirofumi Hara
- Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur, 54100, Malaysia
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29
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Nakajima Y, Shinzato C, Khalturina M, Nakamura M, Watanabe H, Satoh N, Mitarai S. The mitochondrial genome sequence of a deep-sea, hydrothermal vent limpet, Lepetodrilus nux, presents a novel vetigastropod gene arrangement. Mar Genomics 2016; 28:121-126. [PMID: 27102631 DOI: 10.1016/j.margen.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
While mitochondrial (mt) genomes are used extensively for comparative and evolutionary genomics, few mt genomes of deep-sea species, including hydrothermal vent species, have been determined. The Genus Lepetodrilus is a major deep-sea gastropod taxon that occurs in various deep-sea ecosystems. Using next-generation sequencing, we determined nearly the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Lepetodrilus nux, which inhabits hydrothermal vents in the Okinawa Trough. The total length of the mitochondrial genome is 16,353bp, excluding the repeat region. It contains 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, two rRNA genes, and a control region, typical of most metazoan genomes. Compared with other vetigastropod mt genome sequences, L. nux employs a novel mt gene arrangement. Other novel arrangements have been identified in the vetigastropod, Fissurella volcano, and in Chrysomallon squamiferum, a neomphaline gastropod; however, all three gene arrangements are different, and Bayesian inference suggests that each lineage diverged independently. Our findings suggest that vetigastropod mt gene arrangements are more diverse than previously realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Nakajima
- Marine Biophysics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan.
| | - Chuya Shinzato
- Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Mariia Khalturina
- Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Masako Nakamura
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokai University, Shimizu, Shizuoka 424-8610, Japan
| | - Hiromi Watanabe
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Satoh
- Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Satoshi Mitarai
- Marine Biophysics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
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30
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Chen C, Linse K, Roterman CN, Copley JT, Rogers AD. A new genus of large hydrothermal vent-endemic gastropod (Neomphalina: Peltospiridae). Zool J Linn Soc 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chong Chen
- Department of Zoology; University of Oxford; Tinbergen Building South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3PS UK
| | - Katrin Linse
- British Antarctic Survey; High Cross Cambridge CB3 0ET UK
| | - Christopher N. Roterman
- Department of Zoology; University of Oxford; Tinbergen Building South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3PS UK
| | - Jonathan T. Copley
- Ocean and Earth Science; University of Southampton; European Way; Southampton SO14 3ZH UK
| | - Alex D. Rogers
- Department of Zoology; University of Oxford; Tinbergen Building South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3PS UK
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31
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Durand L, Roumagnac M, Cueff-Gauchard V, Jan C, Guri M, Tessier C, Haond M, Crassous P, Zbinden M, Arnaud-Haond S, Cambon-Bonavita MA. Biogeographical distribution of Rimicaris exoculata resident gut epibiont communities along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge hydrothermal vent sites. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2015; 91:fiv101. [PMID: 26324855 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiv101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rimicaris exoculata is a deep-sea hydrothermal vent shrimp whose enlarged gill chamber houses a complex trophic epibiotic community. Its gut harbours an autochthonous and distinct microbial community. This species dominates hydrothermal ecosystem megafauna along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, regardless of contrasting geochemical conditions prevailing in them. Here, the resident gut epibiont community at four contrasted hydrothermal vent sites (Rainbow, TAG, Logatchev and Ashadze) was analysed and compiled with previous data to evaluate the possible influence of site location, using 16S rRNA surveys and microscopic observations (transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and fluorescence in situ hybridization analyses). Filamentous epibionts inserted between the epithelial cell microvilli were observed on all examined samples. Results confirmed resident gut community affiliation to Deferribacteres, Mollicutes, Epsilonproteobacteria and to a lesser extent Gammaproteobacteria lineages. Still a single Deferribacteres phylotype was retrieved at all sites. Four Mollicutes-related operational taxonomic units were distinguished, one being only identified on Rainbow specimens. The topology of ribotype median-joining networks illustrated a community diversification possibly following demographic expansions, suggesting a more ancient evolutionary history and/or a larger effective population size at Rainbow. Finally, the gill chamber community distribution was also analysed through ribotype networks based on sequences from R. exoculata collected at the Rainbow, Snake Pit, TAG, Logatchev and Ashadze sites. Results allow the refining of hypotheses on the epibiont role and transmission pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucile Durand
- Ifremer, Centre de Brest, Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes, REM/EEP/LM2E, UMR 6197 Ifremer-CNRS-UBO, BP 70, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Marie Roumagnac
- Ifremer, Centre de Brest, Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes, REM/EEP/LM2E, UMR 6197 Ifremer-CNRS-UBO, BP 70, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Valérie Cueff-Gauchard
- Ifremer, Centre de Brest, Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes, REM/EEP/LM2E, UMR 6197 Ifremer-CNRS-UBO, BP 70, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Cyrielle Jan
- Université de Brest, Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes, UMR 6197 Ifremer-CNRS-UBO, Technopôle Iroise, 4 place Nicolas Copernic, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Mathieu Guri
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes, UMR 6197 Ifremer-CNRS-UBO, Technopôle Iroise, 4 place Nicolas Copernic, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Claire Tessier
- Ifremer, Centre de Brest, Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes, REM/EEP/LM2E, UMR 6197 Ifremer-CNRS-UBO, BP 70, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Marine Haond
- Ifremer, Centre de Brest, Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes, REM/EEP/LM2E, UMR 6197 Ifremer-CNRS-UBO, BP 70, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Philippe Crassous
- Ifremer, Centre de Brest, Laboratoire Environnements Profonds, REM/EEP/LEP, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Magali Zbinden
- UMR CNRS 7208 BOREA, Equipe aux Milieux Extrêmes, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris VI, 7 Quai Saint Bernard, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Sophie Arnaud-Haond
- Ifremer, Centre de Brest, Laboratoire Environnements Profonds, REM/EEP/LEP, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Marie-Anne Cambon-Bonavita
- Ifremer, Centre de Brest, Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes, REM/EEP/LM2E, UMR 6197 Ifremer-CNRS-UBO, BP 70, 29280 Plouzané, France
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32
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Fujiyoshi S, Tateno H, Watsuji T, Yamaguchi H, Fukushima D, Mino S, Sugimura M, Sawabe T, Takai K, Sawayama S, Nakagawa S. Effects of Hemagglutination Activity in the Serum of a Deep-Sea Vent Endemic Crab, Shinkaia Crosnieri, on Non-Symbiotic and Symbiotic Bacteria. Microbes Environ 2015. [PMID: 26212518 PMCID: PMC4567561 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me15066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In deep-sea hydrothermal environments, most invertebrates associate with dense populations of symbiotic microorganisms in order to obtain nutrition. The molecular interactions between deep-sea animals and environmental microbes, including their symbionts, have not yet been elucidated in detail. Hemagglutinins/lectins, which are carbohydrate-binding proteins, have recently been reported to play important roles in a wide array of biological processes, including the recognition and control of non-self materials. We herein assessed hemagglutination activity in the serum of a deep-sea vent endemic crab, Shinkaia crosnieri, which harbors chemosynthetic epibionts on its plumose setae. Horse and rabbit erythrocytes were agglutinated using this serum (opt. pH 7.5 and opt. temperature 15°C). Agglutinating activity was inhibited by eight kinds of sugars and several divalent cations, did not require any divalent metal ions, and remained detectable even after heating the serum at 100°C for 30 min. By using fluorescently labeled serum, we demonstrated that deep-sea crab serum components bound to the epibionts even in the presence of sugars. This study represents the first immunological assessment of a deep-sea vent endemic crab and demonstrated the possibility of a non-lectin-mediated symbiont-host interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Fujiyoshi
- Laboratory of Marine Environmental Microbiology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University
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33
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Chen C, Copley JT, Linse K, Rogers AD. Low connectivity between ‘scaly-foot gastropod’ (Mollusca: Peltospiridae) populations at hydrothermal vents on the Southwest Indian Ridge and the Central Indian Ridge. ORG DIVERS EVOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13127-015-0224-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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34
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Chen C, Copley JT, Linse K, Rogers AD, Sigwart JD. The heart of a dragon: 3D anatomical reconstruction of the 'scaly-foot gastropod' (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Neomphalina) reveals its extraordinary circulatory system. Front Zool 2015; 12:13. [PMID: 26085836 PMCID: PMC4470333 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-015-0105-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The 'scaly-foot gastropod' (Chrysomallon squamiferum Chen et al., 2015) from deep-sea hydrothermal vent ecosystems of the Indian Ocean is an active mobile gastropod occurring in locally high densities, and it is distinctive for the dermal scales covering the exterior surface of its foot. These iron-sulfide coated sclerites, and its nutritional dependence on endosymbiotic bacteria, are both noted as adaptations to the extreme environment in the flow of hydrogen sulfide. We present evidence for other adaptations of the 'scaly-foot gastropod' to life in an extreme environment, investigated through dissection and 3D tomographic reconstruction of the internal anatomy. RESULTS Our anatomical investigations of juvenile and adult specimens reveal a large unganglionated nervous system, a simple and reduced digestive system, and that the animal is a simultaneous hermaphrodite. We show that Chrysomallon squamiferum relies on endosymbiotic bacteria throughout post-larval life. Of particular interest is the circulatory system: Chrysomallon has a very large ctenidium supported by extensive blood sinuses filled with haemocoel. The ctenidium provides oxygen for the host but the circulatory system is enlarged beyond the scope of other similar vent gastropods. At the posterior of the ctenidium is a remarkably large and well-developed heart. Based on the volume of the auricle and ventricle, the heart complex represents approximately 4 % of the body volume. This proportionally giant heart primarily sucks blood through the ctenidium and supplies the highly vascularised oesophageal gland. Thus we infer the elaborate cardiovascular system most likely evolved to oxygenate the endosymbionts in an oxygen poor environment and/or to supply hydrogen sulfide to the endosymbionts. CONCLUSIONS This study exemplifies how understanding the autecology of an organism can be enhanced by detailed investigation of internal anatomy. This gastropod is a large and active species that is abundant in its hydrothermal vent field ecosystem. Yet all of its remarkable features-protective dermal sclerites, circulatory system, high fecundity-can be viewed as adaptations beneficial to its endosymbiont microbes. We interpret these results to show that, as a result of specialisation to resolve energetic needs in an extreme chemosynthetic environment, this dramatic dragon-like species has become a carrying vessel for its bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Chen
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Tinbergen Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS UK
| | - Jonathan T Copley
- Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH UK
| | - Katrin Linse
- British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Cambridge, CB3 0ET UK
| | - Alex D Rogers
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Tinbergen Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS UK
| | - Julia D Sigwart
- Queen's University Belfast, Marine Laboratory, Portaferry, BT22 1PF Northern Ireland
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35
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Flórez LV, Biedermann PHW, Engl T, Kaltenpoth M. Defensive symbioses of animals with prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms. Nat Prod Rep 2015; 32:904-36. [DOI: 10.1039/c5np00010f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Many organisms team up with symbiotic microbes for defense against predators, parasites, parasitoids, or pathogens. Here we review the known defensive symbioses in animals and the microbial secondary metabolites responsible for providing protection to the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura V. Flórez
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology
- Insect Symbiosis Research Group
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
| | - Peter H. W. Biedermann
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology
- Insect Symbiosis Research Group
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
| | - Tobias Engl
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology
- Insect Symbiosis Research Group
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
| | - Martin Kaltenpoth
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology
- Insect Symbiosis Research Group
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
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36
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Mino S, Kudo H, Arai T, Sawabe T, Takai K, Nakagawa S. Sulfurovum aggregans sp. nov., a hydrogen-oxidizing, thiosulfate-reducing chemolithoautotroph within the Epsilonproteobacteria isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney, and an emended description of the genus Sulfurovum. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2014; 64:3195-3201. [DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.065094-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel mesophilic, strictly hydrogen-oxidizing, sulfur-, nitrate- and thiosulfate-reducing bacterium, designated strain Monchim33T, was isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney at the Central Indian Ridge. The non-motile, rod-shaped cells were Gram-stain-negative and non-sporulating. Growth was observed between 15 and 37 °C (optimum 33 °C; 3.2 h doubling time) and between pH 5.4 and 8.6 (optimum pH 6.0). The isolate was a strictly anaerobic chemolithoautotroph capable of using molecular hydrogen as the sole energy source and carbon dioxide as the sole carbon source. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 42.6 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the novel isolate belonged to the genus
Sulfurovum
and was closely related to
Sulfurovum sp.
NBC37-1 and
Sulfurovum lithotrophicum
42BKT (95.6 and 95.4 % similarity, respectively). DNA–DNA hybridization demonstrated that the novel isolate could be differentiated genotypically from
Sulfurovum sp.
NBC37-1 and
Sulfurovum lithotrophicum
. On the basis of the molecular and physiological traits of the new isolate, the name Sulfurovum aggregans sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain Monchim33T ( = JCM 19824T = DSM 27205T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Mino
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minato-cho, Hakodate 041-8611, Japan
| | - Hideaki Kudo
- Laboratory of Studies on Marine Bioresources Conservation and Management, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minato-cho, Hakodate 041-8611, Japan
| | - Takayuki Arai
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minato-cho, Hakodate 041-8611, Japan
| | - Tomoo Sawabe
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minato-cho, Hakodate 041-8611, Japan
| | - Ken Takai
- Department of Subsurface Geobiology Analysis and Research (D-SUGAR), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka 237-0061, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nakagawa
- Department of Subsurface Geobiology Analysis and Research (D-SUGAR), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka 237-0061, Japan
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minato-cho, Hakodate 041-8611, Japan
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37
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Avila-Poveda OH, Torres-Ariño A, Girón-Cruz DA, Cuevas-Aguirre A. Evidence for accumulation of Synechococcus elongatus (Cyanobacteria: Cyanophyceae) in the tissues of the oyster Crassostrea gigas (Mollusca: Bivalvia). Tissue Cell 2014; 46:379-87. [PMID: 25109761 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2013] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria appear to have direct relations with mollusks in several aspects. This is the first time, distinguishing Gram-negative cyanoprokaryotic Synechococcus elongatus as bright yellow-gold autofluorescence by Lillie's and Hiss' staining methods on paraffin-embedded tissues of Crassostrea gigas. Three diets: cyanoprokaryotes, cyanoprokaryotes with microalgae, and only microalgae were evaluated. Cyanoprokaryotes were intact, densely bundled, and immersed in the cytosol of the digestive gland, connective tissue, mantle, and gonad of C. gigas, revealing an accumulation systemic without tissue damage observed by histology. Unexpectedly, cyanoprokaryotes were slightly most accumulated with microalgae diet by each of the tissues of the C. gigas than with any other diets. Cyanoprokaryotes tend to be in mean slightly higher in the digestive gland than in any other tissues respectively for each diet, although these values are closely similar to connective tissue. A possible order of exposure of the oyster tissues to accumulation of cyanoprokaryotes was digestive gland, connective tissue, mantle, and gonad. Thereby, the digestive gland could be the major target tissue for the accumulation. Our observations provide a valuable insight regarding the ability of cyanoprokaryotes to penetrate, spread, and remain inside the oyster tissues, suggesting for S. elongatus: (1) a pre-accumulation in oyster tissues from the natural environment, (2) a phagocytosis and/or endocytosis process rather than ingestion and extracellular digestion, (3) an apparent cellular division in the cytosol of oyster tissues, (4) an apparent inter-tissue movement, and (5) a possible endosymbiosis between C. gigas and S. elongatus. Hereby, it is possible that S. elongatus have a well-developed host-endobiont relationship with oysters, and thereby support future work toward a description of the escape and spreading mechanisms of S. elongatus inside the tissues of mollusks, and put forward questions as why it is there? and are the cells active or inactive?
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alejandra Torres-Ariño
- Instituto de Industrias, Universidad del Mar (UMAR), Puerto Ángel, Oaxaca C.P. 70902, Mexico; Laboratorio de Biotecnología de Microalgas (LBM), Universidad del Mar (UMAR), Puerto Ángel, Oaxaca C.P. 70902, Mexico.
| | - Diego Ademir Girón-Cruz
- Licenciatura en Biología Marina, Universidad del Mar (UMAR), Puerto Ángel, Oaxaca C.P. 70902, Mexico
| | - Angel Cuevas-Aguirre
- Instituto de Industrias, Universidad del Mar (UMAR), Puerto Ángel, Oaxaca C.P. 70902, Mexico
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Niemann H, Linke P, Knittel K, MacPherson E, Boetius A, Brückmann W, Larvik G, Wallmann K, Schacht U, Omoregie E, Hilton D, Brown K, Rehder G. Methane-carbon flow into the benthic food web at cold seeps--a case study from the Costa Rica subduction zone. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74894. [PMID: 24116017 PMCID: PMC3792092 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cold seep ecosystems can support enormous biomasses of free-living and symbiotic chemoautotrophic organisms that get their energy from the oxidation of methane or sulfide. Most of this biomass derives from animals that are associated with bacterial symbionts, which are able to metabolize the chemical resources provided by the seeping fluids. Often these systems also harbor dense accumulations of non-symbiotic megafauna, which can be relevant in exporting chemosynthetically fixed carbon from seeps to the surrounding deep sea. Here we investigated the carbon sources of lithodid crabs (Paralomis sp.) feeding on thiotrophic bacterial mats at an active mud volcano at the Costa Rica subduction zone. To evaluate the dietary carbon source of the crabs, we compared the microbial community in stomach contents with surface sediments covered by microbial mats. The stomach content analyses revealed a dominance of epsilonproteobacterial 16S rRNA gene sequences related to the free-living and epibiotic sulfur oxidiser Sulfurovum sp. We also found Sulfurovum sp. as well as members of the genera Arcobacter and Sulfurimonas in mat-covered surface sediments where Epsilonproteobacteria were highly abundant constituting 10% of total cells. Furthermore, we detected substantial amounts of bacterial fatty acids such as i-C15∶0 and C17∶1ω6c with stable carbon isotope compositions as low as -53‰ in the stomach and muscle tissue. These results indicate that the white microbial mats at Mound 12 are comprised of Epsilonproteobacteria and that microbial mat-derived carbon provides an important contribution to the crab's nutrition. In addition, our lipid analyses also suggest that the crabs feed on other (13)C-depleted organic matter sources, possibly symbiotic megafauna as well as on photosynthetic carbon sources such as sedimentary detritus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helge Niemann
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Peter Linke
- Sonderforschungsbereich 574, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, GEOMAR, Kiel, Germany
| | - Katrin Knittel
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | | | - Antje Boetius
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
- Alfred Wegener Institute for Marine and Polar Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Warner Brückmann
- Sonderforschungsbereich 574, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, GEOMAR, Kiel, Germany
| | - Gaute Larvik
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Klaus Wallmann
- Sonderforschungsbereich 574, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, GEOMAR, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ulrike Schacht
- Sonderforschungsbereich 574, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Enoma Omoregie
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
- Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC/INTA), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial Torrejón de Ardoz, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Hilton
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, United States of America
| | - Kevin Brown
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, United States of America
| | - Gregor Rehder
- Sonderforschungsbereich 574, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde (IOW), Rostock, Germany
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39
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Goffredi SK, Gregory A, Jones WJ, Morella NM, Sakamoto RI. Ontogenetic variation in epibiont community structure in the deep-sea yeti crab, Kiwa puravida: convergence among crustaceans. Mol Ecol 2013; 23:1457-1472. [PMID: 23952239 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 06/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent investigations have demonstrated that unusually 'hairy' yeti crabs within the family Kiwaidae associate with two predominant filamentous bacterial families, the Epsilon and Gammaproteobacteria. These analyses, however, were based on samples collected from a single body region, the setae of pereopods. To more thoroughly investigate the microbiome associated with Kiwa puravida, a yeti crab species from Costa Rica, we utilized barcoded 16S rRNA amplicon pyrosequencing, as well as microscopy and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Results indicate that, indeed, the bacterial community on the pereopods is far less diverse than on the rest of the body (Shannon indices ranged from 1.30-2.02 and 2.22-2.66, respectively). Similarly, the bacterial communities associated with juveniles and adults were more complex than previously recognized, with as many as 46 bacterial families represented. Ontogenetic differences in the microbial community, from egg to juvenile to adult, included a dramatic under-representation of the Helicobacteraceae and higher abundances of both Thiotrichaceae and Methylococcaceae for the eggs, which paralleled patterns observed in another bacteria-crustacean symbiosis. The degree to which abiotic and biotic feedbacks influence the bacterial community on the crabs is still not known, but predictions suggest that both the local environment and host-derived factors influence the establishment and maintenance of microbes associated with the surfaces of aquatic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shana K Goffredi
- Biology Department, Occidental College, Los Angeles, CA, 90041, USA
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40
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Allying with armored snails: the complete genome of gammaproteobacterial endosymbiont. ISME JOURNAL 2013; 8:40-51. [PMID: 23924784 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2013.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Deep-sea vents harbor dense populations of various animals that have their specific symbiotic bacteria. Scaly-foot gastropods, which are snails with mineralized scales covering the sides of its foot, have a gammaproteobacterial endosymbiont in their enlarged esophageal glands and diverse epibionts on the surface of their scales. In this study, we report the complete genome sequencing of gammaproteobacterial endosymbiont. The endosymbiont genome displays features consistent with ongoing genome reduction such as large proportions of pseudogenes and insertion elements. The genome encodes functions commonly found in deep-sea vent chemoautotrophs such as sulfur oxidation and carbon fixation. Stable carbon isotope ((13)C)-labeling experiments confirmed the endosymbiont chemoautotrophy. The genome also includes an intact hydrogenase gene cluster that potentially has been horizontally transferred from phylogenetically distant bacteria. Notable findings include the presence and transcription of genes for flagellar assembly, through which proteins are potentially exported from bacterium to the host. Symbionts of snail individuals exhibited extreme genetic homogeneity, showing only two synonymous changes in 19 different genes (13 810 positions in total) determined for 32 individual gastropods collected from a single colony at one time. The extremely low genetic individuality in endosymbionts probably reflects that the stringent symbiont selection by host prevents the random genetic drift in the small population of horizontally transmitted symbiont. This study is the first complete genome analysis of gastropod endosymbiont and offers an opportunity to study genome evolution in a recently evolved endosymbiont.
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41
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Bauermeister J, Ramette A, Dattagupta S. Repeatedly evolved host-specific ectosymbioses between sulfur-oxidizing bacteria and amphipods living in a cave ecosystem. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50254. [PMID: 23209690 PMCID: PMC3510229 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectosymbioses between invertebrates and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria are widespread in sulfidic marine environments and have evolved independently in several invertebrate phyla. The first example from a freshwater habitat, involving Niphargus ictus amphipods and filamentous Thiothrix ectosymbionts, was recently reported from the sulfide-rich Frasassi caves in Italy. Subsequently, two new Niphargus species, N. frasassianus and N. montanarius, were discovered within Frasassi and found to co-occur with N. ictus. Using a variety of microscopic and molecular techniques, we found that all three Frasassi-dwelling Niphargus species harbor Thiothrix ectosymbionts, which belong to three distinct phylogenetic clades (named T1, T2, and T3). T1 and T3 Thiothrix dominate the N. frasassianus ectosymbiont community, whereas T2 and T3 are prevalent on N. ictus and N. montanarius. Relative distribution patterns of the three ectosymbionts are host species-specific and consistent over different sampling locations and collection years. Free-living counterparts of T1-T3 are rare or absent in Frasassi cave microbial mats, suggesting that ectosymbiont transmission among Niphargus occurs primarily through inter- or intraspecific inoculations. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that the Niphargus-Thiothrix association has evolved independently at least two times. While ectosymbioses with T1 and T2 may have been established within Frasassi, T3 ectosymbionts seem to have been introduced to the cave system by Niphargus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Bauermeister
- Geomicrobiology and Symbiosis Group, Courant Research Center Geobiology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alban Ramette
- HGF-MPG Group for Deep-Sea Ecology and Technology, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Sharmishtha Dattagupta
- Geomicrobiology and Symbiosis Group, Courant Research Center Geobiology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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42
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Watsuji TO, Nishizawa M, Morono Y, Hirayama H, Kawagucci S, Takahata N, Sano Y, Takai K. Cell-specific thioautotrophic productivity of epsilon-proteobacterial epibionts associated with Shinkaia crosnieri. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46282. [PMID: 23056274 PMCID: PMC3462759 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we report experimental evidence of the thioautotrophic activity of the epibiotic microbial community associated with the setae of Shinkaia crosnieri, a galatheid crab that is endemic to deep-sea hydrothermal systems in the Okinawa Trough in Japan. Microbial consumption of reduced sulfur compounds under in situ hydrostatic and atmospheric pressure provided evidence of sulfur-oxidizing activity by the epibiotic microbial community; the rate of sulfur oxidation was similar under in situ and decompressed conditions. Results of the microbial consumption of reduced sulfur compounds and tracer experiments using 13C-labeled bicarbonate in the presence and absence of thiosulfate (used as a thioautotrophic substrate) convincingly demonstrated that the epibiotic microbial community on S. crosnieri drove primary production via an energy metabolism that was coupled with the oxidation of reductive sulfur compounds. A combination of tracer experiments, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and nano-scale secondary ion mass spectrometry (Nano-SIMS) indicated that the filamentous cells of the genus Sulfurovum belonging to the class Epsilonproteobacteria were thioautotrophs in the epibiotic community of S. crosnieri. In conclusion, our results strongly suggest that thioautotrophic production by Sulfurovum members present as the epibiotic microbial community play a predominant role in a probable nutritional ectosymbiosis with S. crosnieri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomo-o Watsuji
- Subsurface Geobiology Advanced Research Team (SUGAR), Extremobiosphere Research Program (XBR), Institute of Biogeosciences, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan.
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43
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Gaudron SM, Lefebvre S, Nunes Jorge A, Gaill F, Pradillon F. Spatial and temporal variations in food web structure from newly-opened habitat at hydrothermal vents. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2012; 77:129-140. [PMID: 22503949 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
To highlight the spatio-temporal variability of the food web structure of hydrothermal vent fauna from newly-opened habitat, a series of Titanium Ring for Alvinellid Colonization devices (TRACs) was deployed at TICA site on the East Pacific Rise in 2006. This experiment was conducted for periods of 4 days, 13 days and one month and deployments were aligned along a gradient from the basaltic bottom to the vent openings. δ(13)C values of colonists revealed a narrower range of carbon sources in proximity to vent openings in Alvinella pompejana habitat than in Tevnia jerichonana habitat, separated by a distance of four meters. This was possibly due to a spatial change in available food sources with a possible higher contribution of particulate organic matter (POM) to the siboglinid habitat compared to a higher contribution of microbial primary producers such as Epsilonproteobacteria in the alvinellid habitat. Temporal variability was also observed during experimentation in the form of a shift in either δ(13)C and/or δ(15)N values for A. pompejana, Lepetodrilus elevatus, dirivultid copepods and polynoid polychaetes within a one-month window showing first of all, fast tissues turnover and secondly, a possible switch in feeding strategy or food sources. Lepidonotopodium riftense and Branchinotogluma sandersi may have to alternate between detritivorous and predatory feeding strategies. In addition, through the analysis of stable isotope composition of A. pompejana and its episymbionts, we provided evidence that these attached bacteria formed part of the worms' diet during the course of these colonization experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Marylène Gaudron
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Bâtiment A 4ème étage pièce 415, Paris VI, CNRS, UMR7138, Systématique, Adaptation, Evolution, équipe AMEX, 7 quai St Bernard, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France.
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Nakamura K, Watanabe H, Miyazaki J, Takai K, Kawagucci S, Noguchi T, Nemoto S, Watsuji TO, Matsuzaki T, Shibuya T, Okamura K, Mochizuki M, Orihashi Y, Ura T, Asada A, Marie D, Koonjul M, Singh M, Beedessee G, Bhikajee M, Tamaki K. Discovery of new hydrothermal activity and chemosynthetic fauna on the Central Indian Ridge at 18°-20° S. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32965. [PMID: 22431990 PMCID: PMC3303786 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 02/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Indian Ocean hydrothermal vents are believed to represent a novel biogeographic province, and are host to many novel genera and families of animals, potentially indigenous to Indian Ocean hydrothermal systems. In particular, since its discovery in 2001, much attention has been paid to a so-called ‘scaly-foot’ gastropod because of its unique iron-sulfide-coated dermal sclerites and the chemosynthetic symbioses in its various tissues. Despite increasing interest in the faunal assemblages at Indian Ocean hydrothermal vents, only two hydrothermal vent fields have been investigated in the Indian Ocean. Here we report two newly discovered hydrothermal vent fields, the Dodo and Solitaire fields, which are located in the Central Indian Ridge (CIR) segments 16 and 15, respectively. Chemosynthetic faunal communities at the Dodo field are emaciated in size and composition. In contrast, at the Solitaire field, we observed faunal communities that potentially contained almost all genera found at CIR hydrothermal environments to date, and even identified previously unreported taxa. Moreover, a new morphotype of ‘scaly-foot’ gastropod has been found at the Solitaire field. The newly discovered ‘scaly-foot’ gastropod has similar morphological and anatomical features to the previously reported type that inhabits the Kairei field, and both types of ‘scaly-foot’ gastropods genetically belong to the same species according to analyses of their COI gene and nuclear SSU rRNA gene sequences. However, the new morphotype completely lacks an iron-sulfide coating on the sclerites, which had been believed to be a novel feature restricted to ‘scaly-foot’ gastropods. Our new findings at the two newly discovered hydrothermal vent sites provide important insights into the biodiversity and biogeography of vent-endemic ecosystems in the Indian Ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Nakamura
- Precambrian Ecosystem Laboratory (PEL), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan.
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45
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New digestive symbiosis in the hydrothermal vent amphipoda Ventiella sulfuris. C R Biol 2012; 335:142-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Revised: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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46
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Postec A, Tapia N, Bernadac A, Joseph M, Davidson S, Wu LF, Ollivier B, Pradel N. Magnetotactic bacteria in microcosms originating from the French Mediterranean Coast subjected to oil industry activities. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2012; 63:1-11. [PMID: 21766218 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-011-9910-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) mineralize nanosized magnetite or greigite crystals within cells and thus play an important role in the biogeochemical process. Despite decades of research, knowledge of MTB distribution and ecology, notably in areas subjected to oil industry activities, is still limited. In the present study, we investigated the presence of MTB in the Gulf of Fos, French Mediterranean coast, which is subjected to intensive oil industry activities. Microcosms containing sediments/water (1:2, v/v) from several sampling sites were monitored over several weeks. The presence of MTB was revealed in five of eight sites. Diverse and numerous MTB were revealed particularly from one site (named CAR), whilst temporal variations of a homogenous magnetotactic cocci population was shown within the LAV site microcosm over a 4-month period. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that they belonged to Alphaproteobacteria, and a novel genus from the LAV site was evidenced. Among the physicochemical parameters measured, a correlation was shown between the variation of MTB abundance in microcosms and the redox state of sulphur compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Postec
- IRD, UMR_D 180, Université Aix Marseille, ESIL case 925, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13288, Marseille Cedex 9, France
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47
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Guri M, Durand L, Cueff-Gauchard V, Zbinden M, Crassous P, Shillito B, Cambon-Bonavita MA. Acquisition of epibiotic bacteria along the life cycle of the hydrothermal shrimp Rimicaris exoculata. ISME JOURNAL 2011; 6:597-609. [PMID: 21993397 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2011.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The caridean shrimp Rimicaris exoculata dominates the fauna at several Mid-Atlantic Ridge hydrothermal vent sites. This shrimp has an enlarged gill chamber, harboring a dense ectosymbiotic community of chemoautotrophic bacteria associated with mineral oxide deposits. Until now, their acquisition is not fully understood. At three hydrothermal vent sites, we analyzed the epibionts diversity at different moult stages and also in the first stages of the shrimp life (eggs, hatched eggs (with larvae) and juveniles). Hatched eggs associated with young larvae were collected for the first time directly from gravid females at the Logachev vent site during the Serpentine cruise. An approach using 16S rRNA clone libraries, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and fluorescent in situ hybridization was used. Molecular results and microscope observations indicated a switch in the composition of the bacterial community between early R. exoculata life cycle stage (egg libraries dominated by the Gammaproteobacteria) and later stages (juvenile/adult libraries dominated by the Epsilonproteobacteria). We hypothesized that the epibiotic phylotype composition could vary according to the life stage of the shrimp. Our results confirmed the occurrence of a symbiosis with Gammaproteobacteria and Epsilonproteobacteria, but more complex than previously assumed. We revealed the presence of active type-I methanotrophic bacteria colonizing the cephalothorax of shrimps from the Rainbow site. They were also present on the eggs from the Logachev site. This could be the first 'epibiotic' association between methanotrophic bacteria and hydrothermal vent crustacean. We discuss possible transmission pathways for epibionts linked to the shrimp life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Finster
- a Microbiology section, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Aarhus , Aarhus C, Denmark
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Schauer R, Røy H, Augustin N, Gennerich HH, Peters M, Wenzhoefer F, Amann R, Meyerdierks A. Bacterial sulfur cycling shapes microbial communities in surface sediments of an ultramafic hydrothermal vent field. Environ Microbiol 2011; 13:2633-48. [PMID: 21895907 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02530.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The ultramafic-hosted Logatchev hydrothermal field (LHF) is characterized by vent fluids, which are enriched in dissolved hydrogen and methane compared with fluids from basalt-hosted systems. Thick sediment layers in LHF are partly covered by characteristic white mats. In this study, these sediments were investigated in order to determine biogeochemical processes and key organisms relevant for primary production. Temperature profiling at two mat-covered sites showed a conductive heating of the sediments. Elemental sulfur was detected in the overlying mat and metal-sulfides in the upper sediment layer. Microprofiles revealed an intensive hydrogen sulfide flux from deeper sediment layers. Fluorescence in situ hybridization showed that filamentous and vibrioid, Arcobacter-related Epsilonproteobacteria dominated the overlying mats. This is in contrast to sulfidic sediments in basalt-hosted fields where mats of similar appearance are composed of large sulfur-oxidizing Gammaproteobacteria. Epsilonproteobacteria (7-21%) and Deltaproteobacteria (20-21%) were highly abundant in the surface sediment layer. The physiology of the closest cultivated relatives, revealed by comparative 16S rRNA sequence analysis, was characterized by the capability to metabolize sulfur components. High sulfate reduction rates as well as sulfide depleted in (34)S further confirmed the importance of the biogeochemical sulfur cycle. In contrast, methane was found to be of minor relevance for microbial life in mat-covered surface sediments. Our data indicate that in conductively heated surface sediments microbial sulfur cycling is the driving force for bacterial biomass production although ultramafic-hosted systems are characterized by fluids with high levels of dissolved methane and hydrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Schauer
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstr.1, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
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Bates AE, Harmer TL, Roeselers G, Cavanaugh CM. Phylogenetic characterization of episymbiotic bacteria hosted by a hydrothermal vent limpet (lepetodrilidae, vetigastropoda). THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2011; 220:118-127. [PMID: 21551448 DOI: 10.1086/bblv220n2p118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Marine invertebrates hosting chemosynthetic bacterial symbionts are known from multiple phyla and represent remarkable diversity in form and function. The deep-sea hydrothermal vent limpet Lepetodrilus fucensis from the Juan de Fuca Ridge complex hosts a gill symbiosis of particular interest because it displays a morphology unique among molluscs: filamentous bacteria are found partially embedded in the host's gill epithelium and extend into the fluids circulating across the lamellae. Our objective was to investigate the phylogenetic affiliation of the limpet's primary gill symbionts for comparison with previously characterized bacteria. Comparative 16S rRNA sequence analysis identified one γ- and three ε-Proteobacteria as candidate symbionts. We used fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to test which of these four candidates occur with the limpet's symbiotic gill bacteria. The γ-proteobacterial probes consistently hybridized to the entire area where symbiotic bacteria were found, but fluorescence signal from the ε-proteobacterial probes was generally absent. Amplification of the γ-proteobacterial 16S rRNA gene using a specific forward primer yielded a sequence similar to that of limpets collected from different ridge sections. In total, direct amplification or FISH identified a single γ-proteobacterial lineage from the gills of 23 specimens from vents separated by a distance up to about 200 km and collected over the course of 2 years, suggesting a highly specific and widespread symbiosis. Thus, we report the first filamentous γ-proteobacterial gill symbiont hosted by a mollusc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda E Bates
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.
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