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Ladhani SN, Dowell AC, Jones S, Hicks B, Rowe C, Begum J, Wailblinger D, Wright J, Owens S, Pickering A, Shilltoe B, McMaster P, Whittaker E, Zuo J, Powell A, Amirthalingam G, Mandal S, Lopez-Bernal J, Ramsay ME, Kissane N, Bell M, Watson H, Ho D, Hallis B, Otter A, Moss P, Cohen J. Early evaluation of the safety, reactogenicity, and immune response after a single dose of modified vaccinia Ankara-Bavaria Nordic vaccine against mpox in children: a national outbreak response. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2023; 23:1042-1050. [PMID: 37336224 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(23)00270-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In response to a national mpox (formerly known as monkeypox) outbreak in England, children exposed to a confirmed mpox case were offered modified vaccinia Ankara-Bavaria Nordic (MVA-BN), a third-generation smallpox vaccine, for post-exposure prophylaxis. We aimed to assess the safety and reactogenicity and humoral and cellular immune response, following the first reported use of MVA-BN in children. METHODS This is an assessment of children receiving MVA-BN for post-exposure prophylaxis in response to a national mpox outbreak in England. All children receiving MVA-BN were asked to complete a post-vaccination questionnaire online and provide a blood sample 1 month and 3 months after vaccination. Outcome measures for the questionnaire included reactogenicity and adverse events after vaccination. Blood samples were tested for humoural, cellular, and cytokine responses and compared with unvaccinated paediatric controls who had never been exposed to mpox. FINDINGS Between June 1 and Nov 30, 2022, 87 children had one MVA-BN dose and none developed any serious adverse events or developed mpox disease after vaccination. Post-vaccination reactogenicity questionnaires were completed by 45 (52%) of 87 children. Their median age was 5 years (IQR 5-9), 25 (56%) of 45 were male, and 22 (49%) of 45 were White. 16 (36%) reported no symptoms, 18 (40%) reported local reaction only, and 11 (24%) reported systemic symptoms with or without local reactions. Seven (8%) of 87 children provided a first blood sample a median of 6 weeks (IQR 6·0-6·5) after vaccination and five (6%) provided a second blood sample at a median of 15 weeks (14-15). All children had poxvirus IgG antibodies with titres well above the assay cutoff of OD450nm 0·1926 with mean absorbances of 1·380 at six weeks and 0·9826 at 15 weeks post-vaccination. Assessment of reactivity to 27 recombinant vaccina virus and monkeypox virus proteins showed humoral antigen recognition, primarily to monkeypox virus antigens B6, B2, and vaccina virus antigen B5, with waning of humoral responses observed between the two timepoints. All children had a robust T-cell response to whole modified vaccinia Ankara virus and a select pool of conserved pan-Poxviridae peptides. A balanced CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell response was evident at 6 weeks, which was retained at 15 weeks after vaccination. INTERPRETATION A single dose of MVA-BN for post-exposure prophylaxis was well-tolerated in children and induced robust antibody and cellular immune responses up to 15 weeks after vaccination. Larger studies are needed to fully assess the safety, immunogenicity, and effectiveness of MVA-BN in children. Our findings, however, support its on-going use to prevent mpox in children as part of an emergency public health response. FUNDING UK Health Security Agency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamez N Ladhani
- Immunisation Department, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK; Paediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group, St George's University of London, London, UK.
| | - Alexander C Dowell
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Scott Jones
- Emerging Pathogen Serology, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, UK
| | - Bethany Hicks
- Emerging Pathogen Serology, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, UK
| | - Cathy Rowe
- Emerging Pathogen Serology, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, UK
| | - Jusnara Begum
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Dagmar Wailblinger
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - John Wright
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Stephen Owens
- Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ailsa Pickering
- Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Benjamin Shilltoe
- Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Paddy McMaster
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Manchester Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Elizabeth Whittaker
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK; Section of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jianmin Zuo
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Annabel Powell
- Immunisation Department, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | | | - Sema Mandal
- Immunisation Department, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | | | - Mary E Ramsay
- Immunisation Department, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - Neave Kissane
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases Department, Evelina London Childrens' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Michael Bell
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases Department, Evelina London Childrens' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Heather Watson
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases Department, Evelina London Childrens' Hospital, London, UK
| | - David Ho
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases Department, Evelina London Childrens' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Bassam Hallis
- Emerging Pathogen Serology, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, UK
| | - Ashley Otter
- Emerging Pathogen Serology, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, UK
| | - Paul Moss
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jonathan Cohen
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases Department, Evelina London Childrens' Hospital, London, UK
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Survivin Overexpression Has a Negative Effect on Feline Calicivirus Infection. Viruses 2019; 11:v11110996. [PMID: 31671627 PMCID: PMC6893618 DOI: 10.3390/v11110996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that levels of the anti-apoptotic protein survivin are reduced during Murine norovirus MNV-1 and Feline calicivirus (FCV) infection as part of the apoptosis establishment required for virus release and propagation in the host. Recently, our group has reported that overexpression of survivin causes a reduction of FCV protein synthesis and viral progeny production, suggesting that survivin may affect early steps of the replicative cycle. Using immunofluorescence assays, we observed that overexpression of survivin, resulted in the reduction of FCV infection not only in transfected but also in the neighboring nontransfected CrFK cells, thus suggesting autocrine and paracrine protective effects. Cells treated with the supernatants collected from CrFK cells overexpressing survivin showed a reduction in FCV but not MNV-1 protein production and viral yield, suggesting that FCV binding and/or entry were specifically altered. The reduced ability of FCV to bind to the surface of the cells overexpressing survivin, or treated with the supernatants collected from these cells, correlate with the reduction in the cell surface of the FCV receptor, the feline junctional adhesion molecule (fJAM) 1, while no effect was observed in the cells transfected with the pAm-Cyan vector or in cells treated with the corresponding supernatants. Moreover, the overexpression of survivin affects neither Vaccinia virus (VACV) production in CrFK cells nor MNV-1 virus production in RAW 267.4 cells, indicating that the effect is specific for FCV. All of these results taken together indicate that cells that overexpress survivin, or cell treatment with the conditioned medium from these cells, results in the reduction of the fJAM-1 molecule and, therefore, a specific reduction in FCV entry and infection.
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Cho E, Ryu EJ, Jiang F, Jeon UB, Cho M, Kim CH, Kim M, Kim ND, Hwang TH. Preclinical safety evaluation of hepatic arterial infusion of oncolytic poxvirus. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2018; 12:2467-2474. [PMID: 30122903 PMCID: PMC6087018 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s171269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Oncolytic poxvirus has shown promise in treating various solid tumors, such as liver cancer, and administration of oncolytic poxvirus via the hepatic artery may provide more survival benefits than other routes of administration. However, there is a lack of safety information to guide the application of hepatic arterial infusion (HAI) of oncolytic poxvirus in human studies. To investigate the acute and chronic toxicity of HAI administration of oncolytic poxvirus in animals and provide safety information for future human studies. Methods VVtk-, a vaccinia poxvirus with inactivated thymidine kinase gene, was administered via HAI to rabbits with normal liver function under angiography (1×108 or 1×109 pfu), and rats with N-nitrosomorpholine-induced precancerous liver cirrhosis under open surgery (1×108 pfu). Body weights and survival were monitored and blood samples were collected for hematological and biochemical tests. Distribution of A56 (a specific marker for poxvirus infection) in rabbit organs was evaluated using immunofluorescence assays. Results HAI of high doses of VVtk- did not cause any acute or chronic changes in body weight, survival or in biochemical, hematological tests in the 2 animal models, and none of the changes showed dose dependency (in rabbit study), or were influenced by liver cirrhosis (in rat study). A56 was not detected in any of the major rabbit organs. Conclusion HAI may provide a safe alternative route of oncolytic poxvirus administration for human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Euna Cho
- Department of Pharmacology and Medical Research Center (MRC), Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea, .,Department of Research and Development, Bionoxx Inc, Seongnam-si, Korea,
| | - Eun Jin Ryu
- Department of Research and Development, Bionoxx Inc, Seongnam-si, Korea, .,Department of Radiology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Fen Jiang
- Department of Research and Development, Bionoxx Inc, Seongnam-si, Korea, .,School of Pharmaceutical Science (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ung Bae Jeon
- Department of Radiology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Mong Cho
- Department of Pharmacology and Medical Research Center (MRC), Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea, .,Department of Research and Development, Bionoxx Inc, Seongnam-si, Korea,
| | - Cy Hyun Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Medical Research Center (MRC), Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea,
| | - Miyoung Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Medical Research Center (MRC), Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea,
| | - Nam Deuk Kim
- Department of Pharmacy and Pusan Cancer Research Center, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Tae-Ho Hwang
- Department of Pharmacology and Medical Research Center (MRC), Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea, .,Department of Research and Development, Bionoxx Inc, Seongnam-si, Korea,
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Meseda CA, Campbell J, Kumar A, Garcia AD, Merchlinsky M, Weir JP. Effect of the deletion of genes encoding proteins of the extracellular virion form of vaccinia virus on vaccine immunogenicity and protective effectiveness in the mouse model. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67984. [PMID: 23785523 PMCID: PMC3681963 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies to both infectious forms of vaccinia virus, the mature virion (MV) and the enveloped virion (EV), as well as cell-mediated immune response appear to be important for protection against smallpox. EV virus particles, although more labile and less numerous than MV, are important for dissemination and spread of virus in infected hosts and thus important in virus pathogenesis. The importance of the EV A33 and B5 proteins for vaccine induced immunity and protection in a murine intranasal challenge model was evaluated by deletion of both the A33R and B5R genes in a vaccine-derived strain of vaccinia virus. Deletion of either A33R or B5R resulted in viruses with a small plaque phenotype and reduced virus yields, as reported previously, whereas deletion of both EV protein-encoding genes resulted in a virus that formed small infection foci that were detectable and quantifiable only by immunostaining and an even more dramatic decrease in total virus yield in cell culture. Deletion of B5R, either as a single gene knockout or in the double EV gene knockout virus, resulted in a loss of EV neutralizing activity, but all EV gene knockout viruses still induced a robust neutralizing activity against the vaccinia MV form of the virus. The effect of elimination of A33 and/or B5 on the protection afforded by vaccination was evaluated by intranasal challenge with a lethal dose of either vaccinia virus WR or IHD-J, a strain of vaccinia virus that produces relatively higher amounts of EV virus. The results from multiple experiments, using a range of vaccination doses and virus challenge doses, and using mortality, morbidity, and virus dissemination as endpoints, indicate that the absence of A33 and B5 have little effect on the ability of a vaccinia vaccine virus to provide protection against a lethal intranasal challenge in a mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement A Meseda
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland, United States.
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Hermanson G, Chun S, Felgner J, Tan X, Pablo J, Nakajima-Sasaki R, Molina DM, Felgner PL, Liang X, Davies DH. Measurement of antibody responses to Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) and Dryvax(®) using proteome microarrays and development of recombinant protein ELISAs. Vaccine 2011; 30:614-25. [PMID: 22100890 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2011] [Revised: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) is an attenuated strain of vaccinia virus that is being considered as a safer alternative to replicating vaccinia vaccine strains such as Dryvax(®) and ACAM2000. Its excellent safety profile and large genome also make it an attractive vector for the delivery of heterologous genes from other pathogens. MVA was attenuated by prolonged passage through chick embryonic fibroblasts in vitro. In human and most mammalian cells, production of infectious progeny is aborted in the late stage of infection. Despite this, MVA provides high-level gene expression and is immunogenic in humans and other animals. A key issue for vaccine developers is the ability to be able to monitor an immune response to MVA in both vaccinia naïve and previously vaccinated individuals. To this end we have used antibody profiling by proteome microarray to compare profiles before and after MVA and Dryvax vaccination to identify candidate serodiagnostic antigens. Six antigens with diagnostic utility, comprising three membrane and three non-membrane proteins from the intracellular mature virion, were purified and evaluated in ELISAs. The membrane protein WR113/D8L provided the best sensitivity and specificity of the six antigens tested for monitoring both MVA and Dryvax vaccination, whereas the A-type inclusion protein homolog, WR148, provided the best discrimination. The ratio of responses to membrane protein WR132/A13L and core protein WR070/I1L also provided good discrimination between primary and secondary responses to Dryvax, whereas membrane protein WR101/H3L and virion assembly protein WR118/D13L together provided the best sensitivity for detecting antibody in previously vaccinated individuals. These data will aid the development novel MVA-based vaccines.
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Comparative evaluation of the immune responses and protection engendered by LC16m8 and Dryvax smallpox vaccines in a mouse model. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2009; 16:1261-71. [PMID: 19605597 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00040-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The immune response elicited by LC16m8, a candidate smallpox vaccine that was developed in Japan by cold selection during serial passage of the Lister vaccine virus in primary rabbit kidney cells, was compared to Dryvax in a mouse model. LC16m8 carries a mutation resulting in the truncation of the B5 protein, an important neutralizing target of the extracellular envelope form of vaccinia virus (EV). LC16m8 elicited a broad-spectrum immunoglobulin G (IgG) response that neutralized both EV and the intracellular mature form of vaccinia virus and provoked cell-mediated immune responses, including the activation of CD4+ and CD8+ cells, similarly to Dryvax. Mice inoculated with LC16m8 had detectable but low levels of anti-B5 IgG compared to Dryvax, but both Dryvax and LC16m8 sera neutralized vaccinia virus EV in vitro. A truncated B5 protein (approximately 8 kDa) was expressed abundantly in LC16m8-infected cells, and both murine immune sera and human vaccinia virus immunoglobulin recognized the truncated recombinant B5 protein in antigen-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. At a high-dose intranasal challenge (100 or 250 50% lethal doses), LC16m8 and Dryvax conferred similar levels of protection against vaccinia virus strain WR postvaccination. Taken together, the results extend our current understanding of the protective immune responses elicited by LC16m8 and indicate that the relative efficacy in a mouse model rivals that of previously licensed smallpox vaccines.
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