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Tammone Santos A, Riva E, Condorí WE, Fernández V, Rodriguez MG, Rivero MA, Faraco M, Aguirre P, Loyza L, Caselli AE, Uhart MM, Estein SM. Trichinella Infection in Culled Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) from El Palmar National Park, Argentina, and Exposure Risk in Humans and Dogs Consuming Wild Boar Meat. J Wildl Dis 2024; 60:401-412. [PMID: 38314854 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-23-00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Trichinellosis is a foodborne disease caused by ingestion of raw or undercooked meat containing Trichinella spp. larvae. Consumption of wild boar (Sus scrofa) meat represents an important source of human trichinellosis worldwide. In El Palmar National Park (EPNP), Argentina, invasive alien wild boars are controlled and meat from culled animals is released for public consumption following on-site artificial digestion (AD) testing. Meat trimmings and offal from the control program are often used as food for dogs (Canis familiaris). We evaluated infection and exposure to Trichinella spp. in wild boars from EPNP, as well as exposure to Trichinella spp. and associated risk factors in dogs and human consumers of wild boar meat. Trichinella spp. larvae were detected in muscle samples from 5/49 wild boars by AD (10.2%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.8%-23%), with a mean burden of 0.24 larvae per gram (lpg; range, 0.06-0.95 lpg). Anti-Trichinella antibodies were not detected in wild boar serum samples (n=42). In dogs, 12/34 were seropositive to Trichinella spp. (35.29%; 95%, CI, 20.3%-53.5%). Immunoglobulin (Ig) G antibodies were not detected in human serum samples (n=63). Our results reveal the presence, albeit at low prevalence, of Trichinella spp. in wild boars and exposure in dogs fed game offal. These findings suggest that the low prevalence and parasitic load in wild boars, together with the best practices applied by EPNP culling program personnel, contribute to keeping the risk of infection in people low. The dog results highlight that the parasite is circulating in the area, and therefore the risk of infection is not negligible. We recommend the implementation of an animal surveillance strategy in order to monitor the evolution of this zoonosis in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agostina Tammone Santos
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil, Campus Universitario, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, Tandil, 7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Programa de Conservación Comunitaria del Territorio, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Campus Universitario, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, Tandil, 7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eliana Riva
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil, Campus Universitario, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, Tandil, 7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Área de Parasitología y Enfermedades Parasitarias, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Campus Universitario, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, Tandil, 7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Walter E Condorí
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil, Campus Universitario, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, Tandil, 7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Programa de Conservación Comunitaria del Territorio, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Campus Universitario, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, Tandil, 7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Valentina Fernández
- Programa de Conservación Comunitaria del Territorio, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Campus Universitario, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, Tandil, 7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcelo G Rodriguez
- Área de Epidemiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Campus Universitario, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, Tandil, 7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana A Rivero
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil, Campus Universitario, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, Tandil, 7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Área de Epidemiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Campus Universitario, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, Tandil, 7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Matias Faraco
- Programa de Conservación Comunitaria del Territorio, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Campus Universitario, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, Tandil, 7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo Aguirre
- Departamento de Zoonosis Rurales, Ministerio de Salud de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, España 770, Azul, 7300, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lorena Loyza
- Programa de Conservación Comunitaria del Territorio, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Campus Universitario, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, Tandil, 7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Administración de Parques Nacionales, Av. Rivadavia 1475, C1009ABM, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea E Caselli
- Programa de Conservación Comunitaria del Territorio, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Campus Universitario, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, Tandil, 7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcela M Uhart
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr., VM3B ground floor, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Silvia M Estein
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil, Campus Universitario, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, Tandil, 7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Campus Universitario, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, Tandil, 7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Han LL, Lu QQ, Li YL, Zheng WW, Ren P, Liu RD, Cui J, Wang ZQ. Application of a recombinant novel trypsin from Trichinella spiralis for serodiagnosis of trichinellosis. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:9. [PMID: 38178167 PMCID: PMC10768479 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-06067-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The excretory/secretory (ES) antigen of Trichinella spiralis muscle larvae (ML) is currently the most widely used diagnostic antigen to detect T. spiralis infection. However, this antigen has certain drawbacks, such as a complicated ES antigen preparation process and lower sensitivity during the early phase of infection. The aim of this study was to investigate the features of a novel T. spiralis trypsin (TsTryp) and evaluate its potential diagnostic value for trichinellosis. METHODS The TsTryp gene was cloned and recombinant TsTryp (rTsTryp) expressed. Western blotting and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were performed to confirm the antigenicity of rTsTryp. The expression pattern and distribution signature of TsTryp at various life-cycle stages of T. spiralis were analyzed by quantitative PCR, western blotting and the immunofluorescence test. An ELISA with rTsTryp and ML ES antigens was used to detect immunoglobulins G and M (IgG, IgM) in serum samples of infected mice, swine and humans. The seropositive results were further confirmed by western blot with rTsTryp and ML ES antigens. RESULTS TsTryp expression was observed in diverse T. spiralis life-cycle phases, with particularly high expression in the early developmental phase (intestinal infectious larvae and adults), with distribution observed mainly at the nematode outer cuticle and stichosome. rTsTryp was identified by T. spiralis-infected mouse sera and anti-rTsTryp sera. Natural TsTryp protease was detected in somatic soluble and ES antigens of the nematode. In mice infected with 200 T. spiralis ML, serum-specific IgG was first detected by rTsTryp-ELISA at 8 days post-infection (dpi), reaching 100% positivity at 12 dpi, and first detected by ES-ELISA at 10 dpi, reaching 100% positivity at 14 dpi. Specific IgG was detected by rTsTryp 2 days earlier than by ES antigens. When specific IgG was determined in serum samples from trichinellosis patients, the sensitivity of rTsTryp-ELISA and ES antigens-ELISA was 98.1% (51/52 samples) and 94.2% (49/52 samples), respectively (P = 0.308), but the specificity of rTsTryp was significantly higher than that of ES antigens (98.7% vs. 95.4%; P = 0.030). Additionally, rTsTryp conferred a lower cross-reaction, with only three serum samples in total testing positive from 11 clonorchiasis, 20 cysticercosis and 24 echinococcosis patients (1 sample from each patient group). CONCLUSIONS TsTryp was shown to be an early and highly expressed antigen at intestinal T. spiralis stages, indicating that rTsTryp represents a valuable diagnostic antigen for the serodiagnosis of early Trichinella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Lu Han
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Qi Qi Lu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yang Li Li
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Wen Wen Zheng
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Pian Ren
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Ruo Dan Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Jing Cui
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Zhong Quan Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
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Grzelak S, Bień-Kalinowska J, Stachyra A. Trichinella britovi recombinant proteins produced in Pichia pastoris expression system for specific IgG antibody detection in the sera of mice and pigs infected with Trichinella spp. Exp Parasitol 2022; 242:108386. [PMID: 36179852 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Trichinellosis, a disease caused by infection with Trichinella spp, poses an economic problem in the animal sector and a recurrent health problem for humans. Discovering the new diagnostic tests may be achieved by identification and production of species- and stage-specific recombinant proteins of Trichinella genus which are recognized by the host antibodies after infection. In this study the T. britovi proteins identified earlier in excretory-secretory (ES) products: CTRL, ES21 and HSP20, were cloned and produced using a eukaryotic Pichia pastoris system. Their immunodiagnostic properties were verified by measuring the abundance of specific IgG antibodies in sera from mice and pigs experimentally infected with T. britovi or T. spiralis. The rTbCTRL and the rTbES21 proteins were more effectively produced and stable than rTbHSP20. The most sensitive protein for serodiagnostic purposes occurred to be CTRL; anti-rTbCTRL IgG level increased at 41 days post infection (dpi) in pigs infected with T. britovi and 45 dpi for those infected with T. spiralis. The rTbES21 protein was the most specific for the T. britovi species, as no antibody titers were observed in pigs infected with T. spiralis. Following the multiple-antigen strategy, the combination of rTbCTRL + rTbES21 was applied in ELISA, but no significant difference in IgG level was detected in the tested conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Grzelak
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Justyna Bień-Kalinowska
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Stachyra
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818, Warsaw, Poland
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Shin YS, Fomina N, Johnson C, Rocznik T, Ahmad H, Staley RPA, Weller J, Lang C. Toward Rapid and Automated Immunoassays: Using a Localized Electrochemical pH Modulation Platform to Perform a Single-Step Immunoassay. Anal Chem 2022; 94:13171-13180. [PMID: 36099239 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
An electrochemical platform for generating and controlling a localized pH microenvironment on demand is proposed by employing a closed-loop control algorithm based on an iridium oxide pH sensor input. We use a combination of solution-borne quinones and galvanostatic excitation on a prepatterned indium tin oxide (ITO) working electrode to modulate pH within a very well confined, small volume of solution close to the electrode surface. We demonstrate that the rate of pH change can be controlled at up to 2 pH s-1 with an excellent repeatability (±0.004). The desired pH microenvironment can be stably maintained for longer than 2 h within ±0.0012 pH. As a high-impact application of the platform technology, we propose a single-step immunoassay and demonstrate its utility in measuring C-reactive protein (CRP), a critical inflammatory marker in various conditions such as myocardial infarction and even SARS-Cov-2. Utilizing pH modulation technology along with pH-sensitive fluorescence dye simplifies the immunoassay process into a single-step, where a mixture of all of the reagents is incubated only for 1 h without any washing steps or the need to change solution. This simplified immunoassay process minimizes the hands-on time of the end-user and thus decreases technician-driven errors. Moreover, the absence of complicated liquid-handling hardware makes it more suitable and attractive for an ultracompact platform to ultimately be used in a point-of-care diagnostic assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Shik Shin
- Robert Bosch LLC, Research & Technology Center North America, 384 Santa Trinita Avenue, Sunnyvale, California 94085, United States
| | - Nadezda Fomina
- Robert Bosch LLC, Research & Technology Center North America, 384 Santa Trinita Avenue, Sunnyvale, California 94085, United States
| | - Christopher Johnson
- Robert Bosch LLC, Research & Technology Center North America, 384 Santa Trinita Avenue, Sunnyvale, California 94085, United States
| | - Thomas Rocznik
- Robert Bosch LLC, Research & Technology Center North America, 384 Santa Trinita Avenue, Sunnyvale, California 94085, United States
| | - Habib Ahmad
- Robert Bosch LLC, Research & Technology Center North America, 384 Santa Trinita Avenue, Sunnyvale, California 94085, United States
| | - Rachel Patricia-Andrea Staley
- Robert Bosch LLC, Research & Technology Center North America, 384 Santa Trinita Avenue, Sunnyvale, California 94085, United States
| | - Juliane Weller
- Robert Bosch LLC, Research & Technology Center North America, 384 Santa Trinita Avenue, Sunnyvale, California 94085, United States
| | - Christoph Lang
- Robert Bosch LLC, Research & Technology Center North America, 384 Santa Trinita Avenue, Sunnyvale, California 94085, United States
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Serological testing for Trichinella infection in animals and man: Current status and opportunities for advancements. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2022; 27:e00165. [PMID: 35601880 PMCID: PMC9120223 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2022.e00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Mohib O, Clevenbergh P, Truyens C, Morissens M, Castro Rodriguez J. Trichinella spiralis-associated myocarditis mimicking acute myocardial infarction. Acta Clin Belg 2022; 77:147-152. [PMID: 32627690 DOI: 10.1080/17843286.2020.1790867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trichinellosis is a parasitic infection caused by nematodes of the genus Trichinella, and its principal mode of transmission is the consumption of raw or undercooked contaminated meat. Cardiac involvement in trichinellosis is unusual, yet it represents the most frequent cause of death. Here, we report a case in which Trichinella spiralis-associated myocarditis simulated a myocardial infarction. CASE PRESENTATION A 35-year-old African man with no previous medical history was admitted to the emergency department for acute substernal discomfort at rest described as a pressure with no radiation. The electrocardiogram performed upon admission showed non-specific alterations of repolarization. Blood biology revealed high levels of troponin T and predominant eosinophilic leukocytosis. A transthoracic echocardiography was carried out and found a significant left ventricular concentric hypertrophy with a preserved ejection fraction. The septal and inferior walls, as well as the endocardium were hyperechogenic. The patient was hospitalized for eosinophilic myocarditis. The cause of hypereosinophilia was investigated, and a Trichinella spiralis serology came back strongly positive. A diagnosis of Trichinella spiralis associated-myocarditis was made.The patient was treated with albendazole-prednisolone dual therapy with favorable clinical and biological outcomes. CONCLUSION The clinical suspicion of trichinellosis is based on suggestive epidemiology associated with the typical clinical presentation and the presence of eosinophilia. Eosinophilic myocarditis is a severe complication of trichinellosis which can result in death due to rhythm disorders. Chest pain, increase in troponins, and electrocardiographic abnormalities are all elements that can mimic a myocardial infarction and mislead clinicians.Abbreviations: ANCA: Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies; ANA: Anti-Nuclear Antibodies; ECDC: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control; ECG: Electrocardiogram; ELISA: Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay; EMF: Endomyocardial Fibrosis; ES: Excretory-Secretory; ICT: International Commission on Trichinellosis; MRI: Magnetic Resonance Imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Othmane Mohib
- Internal Medicine Department, Brugmann University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philippe Clevenbergh
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Brugmann University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Carine Truyens
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Université Libre De Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marielle Morissens
- Department of Cardiology, Brugmann University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium
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Two trichinellosis outbreaks in Serbia – challenging diagnosis due to a potential co-infection with Toxocara spp. J Helminthol 2022; 96:e83. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x22000712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In Serbia, in most cases, small family outbreaks of trichinellosis occur due to the consumption of untested infected meat from domestic pigs that are raised and slaughtered in the backyards of small individual farms. The aim of this study is to present data regarding 24 patients involved in two outbreaks that occurred in two neighbouring districts in Serbia during a closely related period of time in August 2014. The source of infection in the first outbreak was undercooked pork, while raw pork sausages caused the second outbreak. Meat samples and sausages were Trichinella spp. positive by artificial digestion. With the aim to obtain a second opinion and validate the serological findings discovered at the Public Health Institute Nis, all samples were sent to the National Reference Laboratory for Trichinellosis, INEP. Serodiagnosis showed that 21 persons were positive (87.5%) and three (12.5%) were negative for anti-Trichinella antibodies, while 15 patients fulfilled the trichinellosis case definition. Western blot analysis (using an epitope unique for the muscle larvae stage of the Trichinella genus) confirmed the diagnosis of trichinellosis in five patients. Six patients also had specific antibodies against Toxocara canis (T. canis). Due to the fact that in endemic foci in Serbia there is the presence of Trichinella spiralis and T. canis and that these two infections could be asymptomatic, we consider that trichinellosis cases were irrefutably proven. The dilemma about the existence of co-infection with T. canis remained open due to the lack of clinical findings.
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Dupouy-Camet J, Bruschi F, Pozio E. Letter to the editor discussing the article "curved tunnel' sign on MRI: a typical radiological feature in hepatic trichinellosis". Abdom Radiol (NY) 2021; 46:4521-4522. [PMID: 34028592 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-021-03117-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Thanchomnang T, Sadaow L, Sanpool O, Intapan PM, Rodpai R, Boonroumkaew P, Janwan P, Tourtip S, Maleewong W. Development of an immunochromatographic point-of-care test for detection of IgG antibody in serodiagnosis of human trichinellosis. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 111:148-153. [PMID: 34461253 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Trichinellosis is a globally distributed food-borne parasitic disease. Initially, diagnosis is usually made based on clinical signs, symptoms, and history of eating raw or undercooked meat. In the present study, an immunochromatographic test (ICT) kit was developed to diagnose trichinellosis by detecting IgG antibodies in sera of infected humans. METHODS Somatic extract from Trichinella spiralis larvae was used as the antigen for the ICT kit development. Diagnostic efficacy was evaluated using human serum samples from proven trichinellosis patients, healthy persons, and those with other parasitic infections. RESULTS The diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values and accuracy of the ICT kit were 100.0% (95%; CI 88.8 to 100.0%), 92.5% (95% CI; 86.9 to 96.2%), 73.8% (95% CI; 58.0 to 86.1%), 100.0% (95% CI; 97.3 to 100.0%) and 93.8% (95% CI; 89.2 to 96.9%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS This ICT diagnostic kit can be used as a testing tool for human trichinellosis. This test should permit rapid detection of infection to enable prompt anthelminthic treatment. It can also be used for retrospective diagnoses and field surveys based at laboratories where sophisticated equipment is lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongjit Thanchomnang
- Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44000, Thailand; Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Lakkhana Sadaow
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Oranuch Sanpool
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Pewpan M Intapan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Rutchanee Rodpai
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Patcharaporn Boonroumkaew
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Penchom Janwan
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161, Thailand
| | - Somjintana Tourtip
- Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44000, Thailand
| | - Wanchai Maleewong
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
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Liu Y, Xu N, Li Y, Tang B, Yang H, Gao W, Liu M, Liu X, Zhou Y. Recombinant cystatin-like protein-based competition ELISA for Trichinella spiralis antibody test in multihost sera. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009723. [PMID: 34432796 PMCID: PMC8423253 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Trichinella spiralis is a zoonotic parasite with a complex parasitic life cycle and exposed to animals or humans by infectious meat. To control transmissions of T. spiralis through the food chain to humans, sensitive and selective multihost sera-diagnosis is urgent needed for monitoring T. spiralis exposure. Methods A competition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) for T. spiralis infection diagnosis in multihost sera was developed based on recombinant cystatin-like protein (rCLP-cELISA) as well as monoclonal antibodies. The sensitivity and accuracy of the rCLP-cELISA were quantified using swine (n = 1316), mice (n = 189) and human (n = 157) serum samples. T. spiralis-antibody targeting test ability of the rCLP-cELISA in swine (n = 22) and human (n = 36), instead of other parasites or viruses antibodies, was evaluated. Results The rCLP-cELISA showed high agreement with commercial ELISA kits in field swine sera assessed by Cohen’s kappa value (κ = 0.7963). And it showed 100% specificity in human trichinellosis detection with sensitivity of 96.49%, no cross-reaction with other parasite or virus infections, and high positive detection rate of 87.5% in low-dose infected swine. Besides, the rCLP-cELISA exhibited potential in the detection of T. spiralis, T. nelsoni and Trichinella T8 infections. Conclusions The rCLP-cELISA can be used for T. spiralis-associated antibody test in multihost sera. Infections with T. spiralis that lives in host muscles for long periods of time are commonly difficult to diagnosis without causing a strong immune response or symptoms. The habit of eating raw/undercooked pork meat accidentally introduces humans into the exposure of T. spiralis that circulates between herds and rodents. There is an urgent need for serological antibody test of T. spiralis to monitor the infection of humans as well as hosts in the food chain, which is restricted by the mixture type of current used antigens and species-specific secondary antibodies for different hosts. We developed a novel recombinant cystatin-like protein-based competition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (rCLP-cELISA) employing monoclonal antibody. The proposed method showed considerable sensitivity and specificity in filed swine sera and human serum samples with good versatility in mice. Taking advantage of its controllable quality stability, the rCLP-cELISA had potential applications for screening of T. spiralis infections for multihost sera in one test. With the development of monoclonal antibody modification strategies and the discovery of antigenic proteins from parasitic pathogens, the proposed competition ELISA also provides useful reference for the improvement of serological assay for monitoring the exposure of zoonotic parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ning Xu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yansong Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bin Tang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hualin Yang
- College of Animal Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Weihua Gao
- College of Animal Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Mingyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaolei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,College of Animal Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
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11
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Kahsay R, Gómez-Morales MA, Rivera HN, McAuliffe I, Pozio E, Handali S. A Bead-Based Assay for the Detection of Antibodies against Trichinella spp. Infection in Humans. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2021; 104:1858-1862. [PMID: 33782208 PMCID: PMC8103447 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-1569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Human trichinellosis can be diagnosed by a combination of medical history, clinical presentation, and laboratory findings, and through detection of anti-Trichinella IgG in the patient's sera. ELISA using excretory-secretory (E/S) antigens of Trichinella spiralis larvae is currently the most used assay to detect Trichinella spp. antibodies. Bead-based assay can detect antibodies to multiple antigens concurrently; the ability to detect antibody to T. spiralis using a bead assay could be useful for diagnosis and surveillance. We developed and evaluated a bead assay to detect and quantify total IgG or IgG4 Trichinella spp. antibodies in human serum using T. spiralis E/S antigens. The sensitivity and specificity of the assay were determined using serum from 110 subjects with a confirmed diagnosis of trichinellosis, 140 subjects with confirmed infections with other tissue-dwelling parasites, 98 human serum samples from residents of the United States with no known history of parasitic infection, and nine human serum samples from residents of Egypt with negative microscopy for intestinal parasites. Sensitivity and specificity were 93.6% and 94.3% for total IgG and 89.2% and 99.2% for IgG4, respectively. Twelve percent of sera from patients with confirmed schistosomiasis reacted with the IgG Trichinella bead assay, as did 11% of sera from patients with neurocysticercosis. The Trichinella spp. bead assay to detect IgG total antibody responses has a similar performance as the Trichinella E/S ELISA. The Trichinella spp. bead assay shows promise as a method to detect trichinellosis with a possibility to be used in multiplex applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Kahsay
- Emory College, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Hilda N. Rivera
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Isabel McAuliffe
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Edoardo Pozio
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Rome, Italy
| | - Sukwan Handali
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia,Address correspondence to Sukwan Handali, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, CDC, Roybal Campus, 1600 Clifton Rd., NE, Atlanta, GA 30329. E-mail:
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12
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Xu N, Liu Y, Li Y, Tang B, Liang X, Yang Y, Liu M, Liu X, Zhou Y. Rapid Quantum Dot Nanobead-mAb Probe-Based Immunochromatographic Assay for Antibody Monitoring of Trichinella spiralis Infection. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:2477-2486. [PMID: 33824586 PMCID: PMC8018372 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s304845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Sensitive and selective point-of-care biosensor is an urgent pursuit of serological antibody detection to control parasite pathogen. For specific, quantitative and on-site screening of Trichinella spiralis infection in livestock, a quantum dot nanobead-monoclonal antibody (QB-mAb) probe-based immunochromatographic assay (ICA) was developed by introducing a competitive sandwich strategy (QB-CICA). Methods In the QB-CICA, QB-mAb probes competed with serum antibody for a particular epitope, followed by immunocomplexes binding to capture antibody on the test line. With the accumulation of target antibody, captured probes served as signal elements for fluorescent readout in a "turn off" mode, along with the fluorescence gradually weakened. The sensitivity and standard calibration curve of the QB-CICA were quantified using swine sera as negative control (n = 200) and artificial infected swine sera (n = 80) compared with a commercial ELISA kit. Besides, Trichinella spiralis-antibody targeting test ability of the QB-CICA, instead of other parasites or viruses antibodies (n = 10), was evaluated. Results The QB-CICA exhibited a good linear range, a low detection limit of 189.92 ng mL-1 and 100% selectivity that was higher than commercial ELISA kit (90%), as well as the same serological positive rate (100%) with commercial ELISA kit in different infection dose models. Conclusion Taking advantage of its simplicity, short response time (25 min), sensitivity and specificity, the proposed QB-CICA has potential applications for parasite-related antibody monitoring in food safety and clinical diagnosis fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Xu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Yansong Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Tang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiongyan Liang
- College of Animal Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuying Yang
- College of Animal Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China.,College of Animal Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, People's Republic of China
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13
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Clinical and laboratory profile of trichinellosis from a non-endemic country. Indian J Med Microbiol 2021; 39:235-239. [PMID: 33652039 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmmb.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Trichinellosis is a zoonotic parasitic infection caused by nematodes of the genus Trichinella. Humans mostly get infected by eating raw/under-cooked pork. In India, it has been reported mostly as sporadic cases especially from North Eastern and Eastern part of country. In this study, we retrospectively analyzed the socio-demographic pattern, clinical presentation, laboratory profile and treatment response in Trichinella-infected patients visiting our tertiary care center which mainly caters to patients from North India. For this retrospective laboratory-based analysis, patients diagnosed on the basis of positive anti-Trichinella IgG antibodies between 1st June 2008, and 31st May 2019 were included. A total of 11 positive trichinellosis cases were detected, of whom majority were children who presented with history of fever, gastrointestinal symptoms, myalgia, eosinophilia along with hepatomegaly and pulmonary manifestations. No CNS involvement was seen in any of the patients although it is commonly associated with Trichinella infection. All patients recovered uneventfully after antihelminthic treatment.
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14
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Zhai CC, Liu XL, Bai X, Jia ZJ, Chen SH, Tian LG, Ai L, Tang B, Liu MY, Wu XP, Chen JX. Bioinformatic Prediction and Production of Four Recombinant Proteins from Different Developmental Stages of Trichinella spiralis and Testing of Their Diagnostic Sensitivity in Mice. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2021; 16:122-135. [PMID: 33786054 PMCID: PMC7988681 DOI: 10.18502/ijpa.v16i1.5531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background: Trichinellosis is a serious food-borne parasitic zoonosis, thus finding high quality antigens is the key to serodiagnosis of trichinosis. This article reports the characterization and sensitivity of four recombinant proteins expressed by four genes (Wn10, Zh68, T668, and Wm5) from different developmental stages of Trichinella spiralis for the diagnosis of trichinellosis in mice. Methods: This study was conducted in Jilin University and National Institute of Parasitic Diseases of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention in 2017–2018. The structures and functions of the proteins encoded by four genes were predicted by bioinformatics analysis. The four genes were cloned and expressed, and the recombinant proteins were purified. Anti-Trichinella IgM and IgG antibodies in the sera of mice infected with T. spiralis from 1-45 d post-infection (dpi) were evaluated by ELISA. Results: The optimal antigen epitopes of four proteins (P1, P2, P3, and P4) encoded by the four genes from T- and B-cells were predicted, and four purified recombinant proteins (r-P1, r-P2, r-P3, and r-P4) were successfully produced. For IgM, the antibody levels detected by the four recombinant antigens were approximately equal to the cut-off value. Anti-Trichinella IgG antibodies were first detected by r-P1 at 8 dpi, followed by r-P2, r-P3, and r-P4 at 10 dpi, 14 dpi, and 16 dpi, respectively, and the antibody levels remained high until 45 dpi. Conclusion: The recombinant antigens r-P1, r-P2, r-P3, and r-P4 could be antigens that react with antibodies, they showed high sensitivity in the detection of anti-Trichinella IgG antibodies in mice. Among these proteins, r-P1 may be a candidate antigen for the detection of anti-Trichinella IgG antibodies in the early infection phase and exhibited the best sensitivity among the antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Cheng Zhai
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Shanghai 200025, China.,Editorial Department of Chinese Journal of Clinical Medicine, Department of Research, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiao-Lei Liu
- Key Laboratory for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonoses, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Xue Bai
- Key Laboratory for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonoses, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Ze-Jun Jia
- Editorial Department of Chinese Journal of Clinical Medicine, Department of Research, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shao-Hong Chen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Li-Guang Tian
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Lin Ai
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Bin Tang
- Key Laboratory for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonoses, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Ming-Yuan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonoses, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Xiu-Ping Wu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jia-Xu Chen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Shanghai 200025, China
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15
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Gómez‐Morales MA, Mazzarello G, Bondi E, Arenare L, Bisso MC, Ludovisi A, Amati M, Viscoli C, Castagnola E, Orefice G, Magnè F, Pezzotti P, Pozio E. Second outbreak of Trichinella pseudospiralis in Europe: clinical patterns, epidemiological investigation and identification of the etiological agent based on the western blot patterns of the patients' serum. Zoonoses Public Health 2021; 68:29-37. [PMID: 33164335 PMCID: PMC7894149 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Trichinellosis is a zoonotic disease due to the ingestion of raw or undercooked meat from animals infected with the larvae of nematodes belonging to the genus Trichinella. In January-February 2015, an outbreak of trichinellosis occurred in Genoa, Northern Italy. The epidemiological link was traced back to a dinner served at an agritourism farm on 31 December 2014, where a majority of the 52 guests had consumed the 'beef' steak tartare. The source of infection was not traced; however, it was noted that the amount of beef purchased officially for providing at the dinner did not correspond with that served, suggesting that meat of a different origin had been added to the beef to prepare the steak tartare. Clinical and laboratory data of 30 individuals out of the 52 (57.7%), of which four were hospitalized, were consistent with that of the case definition of trichinellosis. Western blot patterns of the sera from patients with confirmed trichinellosis were similar to the diagnostic pattern identified for the reference sera of Trichinella pseudospiralis but different from those of the control sera tested for patients infected with Trichinella spiralis and Trichinella britovi. Identification of T. pseudospiralis as the aetiological agent responsible for the outbreak of trichinellosis using an indirect tool represents an advancement in the epidemiological investigation of this zoonotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Angeles Gómez‐Morales
- European Union Reference Laboratory for ParasitesIstituto Superiore di SanitàRomeItaly
- Department of Infectious DiseasesIstituto Superiore di SanitàRomeItaly
| | - Giovanni Mazzarello
- Clinica Malattie InfettiveUniversity of Genoa (DISSAL)GenoaItaly
- Ospedale Policlinico San MartinoGenoaItaly
| | | | - Laura Arenare
- Public Health ServiceAzienda Sanitaria Locale 3GenoaItaly
| | | | - Alessandra Ludovisi
- European Union Reference Laboratory for ParasitesIstituto Superiore di SanitàRomeItaly
- Department of Infectious DiseasesIstituto Superiore di SanitàRomeItaly
| | - Marco Amati
- European Union Reference Laboratory for ParasitesIstituto Superiore di SanitàRomeItaly
- Department of Infectious DiseasesIstituto Superiore di SanitàRomeItaly
| | - Claudio Viscoli
- Clinica Malattie InfettiveUniversity of Genoa (DISSAL)GenoaItaly
- Ospedale Policlinico San MartinoGenoaItaly
| | - Elio Castagnola
- Pediatric Infectious Disease DivisionIRCCS GasliniGenoaItaly
| | | | - Federica Magnè
- Clinica Malattie InfettiveUniversity of Genoa (DISSAL)GenoaItaly
- Ospedale Policlinico San MartinoGenoaItaly
- Maternal and Childhood DepartmentSan Giacomo HospitalNovi LigureItaly
| | - Patrizio Pezzotti
- Department of Infectious DiseasesIstituto Superiore di SanitàRomeItaly
| | - Edoardo Pozio
- European Union Reference Laboratory for ParasitesIstituto Superiore di SanitàRomeItaly
- Department of Infectious DiseasesIstituto Superiore di SanitàRomeItaly
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16
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Grzelak S, Stachyra A, Stefaniak J, Mrówka K, Moskwa B, Bień-Kalinowska J. Immunoproteomic analysis of Trichinella spiralis and Trichinella britovi excretory-secretory muscle larvae proteins recognized by sera from humans infected with Trichinella. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241918. [PMID: 33152047 PMCID: PMC7644068 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study compares the immunogenic patterns of muscle larvae excretory-secretory proteins (ML E-S) from T. spiralis and T. britovi recognized by Trichinella-infected human sera. Samples were analyzed using two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) coupled with 2D-immunoblot and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry LC-MS/MS analysis, two ELISA procedures and a confirmatory 1D-immunoblot test. Sera were obtained from nine patients with a history of ingestion of raw or undercooked meat who presented typical clinical manifestations of trichinellosis and from eleven healthy people. Specific anti-Trichinella IgG antibodies were detected in all samples tested with the Home-ELISA kits, but in only four samples for the commercially-available kit. The 1D-immunoblot results indicated that all nine serum samples were positive for T. spiralis ML E-S antigens, expressed as the presence of specific bands. In contrast, eight of the serum samples with T. britovi E-S ML antigens were positive, with one serum sample taken from a patient at 33dpi (days post infection) being negative. To identify immunoreactive proteins that are specifically recognized by host antibodies, both species of ML E-S proteins were subjected to 2D-immunoblotting with human serum taken at 49 dpi. The sera recognized 22 protein spots for T. spiralis and 18 for T. britovi in 2D-immunoblot analysis. Their molecular weights (MW) ranged from 50 to 60 kDa. LC-MS/MS analysis identified both common and specifically-recognized immunoreactive proteins: transmembrane serine protease 9, serine protease, antigen targeted by protective antibodies and Actin-1 partial were shared for both Trichinella species; hypothetical protein T01_7775 and P49 antigen, partial those specific to T. spiralis; deoxyribonuclease-2-alpha and hypothetical protein T03_17187/T12_7360 were specific to T. britovi. Our results demonstrate the value of 2-DE and 2D-immunblot as versatile tools for pinpointing factors contributing to the parasite-host relationship by comparing the secretomes of different Trichinella species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Grzelak
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Stachyra
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy Stefaniak
- Department and Clinic of Tropical and Parasitic Diseases, University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Karolina Mrówka
- Department and Clinic of Tropical and Parasitic Diseases, University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Bożena Moskwa
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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17
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Caron Y, Bory S, Pluot M, Nheb M, Chan S, Prum SH, Lim SBH, Sim M, Sengdoeurn Y, Sovann L, Khieu V, Vallée I, Yera H. Human Outbreak of Trichinellosis Caused by Trichinella papuae Nematodes, Central Kampong Thom Province, Cambodia. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 26:1759-1766. [PMID: 32687022 PMCID: PMC7392432 DOI: 10.3201/eid2608.191497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In September 2017, a severe trichinellosis outbreak occurred in Cambodia after persons consumed raw wild pig meat; 33 persons were infected and 8 died. We collected and analyzed the medical records for 25 patients. Clinical signs and symptoms included myalgia, facial or peripheral edema, asthenia, and fever. We observed increased levels of creatine phosphokinase and aspartate aminotransferase-, as well as eosinophilia. Histopathologic examination of muscle biopsy specimens showed nonencapsulated Trichinella larvae. A Trichinella excretory/secretory antigen ELISA identified Trichinella IgM and IgG. Biopsy samples were digested and larvae were isolated and counted. PCR for the 5S rDNA intergenic spacer region and a multiplex PCR, followed by sequencing identified the parasite as Trichinella papuae. This species was identified in Papua New Guinea during 1999 and in several outbreaks in humans in Thailand. Thus, we identified T. papuae nematodes in humans in Cambodia.
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18
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Glutathione-S-transferase omega 1 and nurse cell formation during experimental Trichinella infection. Vet Parasitol 2020; 297:109114. [PMID: 32386865 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The glutathione-S-transferases omega (GSTO) are multifunctional enzymes involved in cellular defense. During the nurse cell (NC) formation in Trichinella spiralis infection, the structural and regulatory genes of the skeletal muscle cell are downregulated and a new phenotype is acquired which advances parasite growth and survival. Previous studies showed that the GSTO1 is overexpressed in the NC during T. spiralis infection. To clarify the role of GSTO1 during NC formation, we evaluated the production of this enzyme by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in the diaphragms of mice experimentally infected with T. spiralis at 15, 28 and 60 days post infection (dpi); phosphorylation of Akt (p-Akt) and JNK1 (p-JNK1) were also evaluated. Furthermore, we evaluated the in vitro effects of T. spiralis excretory/secretory (ES) products from muscle larvae on specific functions (viability, proliferative response, apoptosis) in two cell lines (HeLa and U937), as well as its ability to induce GSTO1, p-AkT, p-ERK1/2 and p-JNK1. Results showed that GSTO1 was elevated in NC present in the diaphragms of T. spiralis experimentally infected mice at 15 dpi and progressively increased up to 60 dpi. The activation pattern of Akt in NC was similar to that of GSTO1, whereas JNK1 was never phosphorylated. ES induced a dose-dependent proliferative response in U937 cells, at 24 h and 48 h of treatment, but not in HeLa cells. However, after 72 h following treatment, significant cell death was observed in both cell lines at all doses. The apoptotic index (a.i.) was significantly higher than in untreated cells in both cell lines but only at the highest concentration of ES tested. Furthermore, Western Blots revealed that cells treated with ES for 24, 48 and 72 h, exhibited time-dependent overexpression of GSTO1, whereas p-Akt appeared only after 24 h of treatment. The p-ERK-1/2 peaked at 24 h then declined at 48 h and 72 h after treatment; however, it remained significantly higher than in untreated cells. No changes were observed in p-JNK1 at 24 and 48 h after treatment but a sharp increase in p-JNK1 was observed at 72 h. Also in HeLa cells, ES induced a small but significant increase in GSTO1 expression after 24 and 48 h of treatment where p-JNK1 was present only after 72 h of treatment. In conclusion, T. spiralis ES can reproduce in vitro the modifications observed inside the NC during experimental infection in mice.
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19
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Gomaa MM. Early diagnosis of experimental Trichinella spiralis infection by nano-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (nano-based ELISA). Exp Parasitol 2020; 212:107867. [PMID: 32199081 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2020.107867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Trichinellosis is a serious foodborne zoonotic disease. It is an important threat to public health all over the world. Although anti-Trichinella IgG detection is the most widely used method for diagnosis of trichinellosis, but there is an obvious window between clinical symptoms and positive serology. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) can be conjugated with antibodies affording them promising applications for bio-chemical detection. Herein, AuNPs-based ELISA was evaluated for the first time in the detection of Trichinella spiralis circulating antigen (CAg) for its potential as a diagnostic tool of experimental infection. Swiss Albino mice were orally inoculated with 100 muscle larvae/mouse. Animals were sacrificed 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 22 and 28 day-post infection (dpi). Blood samples were tested for CAg by both standard ELISA and nano-based ELISA using anti-rabbit polyclonal IgG conjugated with AuNPs. CAg was only detected by nano-based ELISA 6, 8, 10 dpi and by both formats 12-28 dpi. Nano-based assay recorded a statistically significant high sensitivity (58.33%, 91.67%) and accuracy (72.22%, 94.44%) 8 and 10 dpi, respectively in comparison to standard ELISA. Both assays showed high sensitivity and accuracy 12-28 dpi. Thus, nano-based ELISA could be considered as an early sensitive diagnostic method for experimental trichinellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha M Gomaa
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
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20
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Jerončić A, Nonković D, Vrbatović A, Hrabar J, Bušelić I, Martínez-Sernández V, Lojo Rocamonde SA, Ubeira FM, Jaman S, Jeličić EČ, Amati M, Gomez Morales MA, Lukšić B, Mladineo I. Anisakis Sensitization in the Croatian fish processing workers: Behavioral instead of occupational risk factors? PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008038. [PMID: 31986138 PMCID: PMC7004557 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We undertook the first study systematically evaluating the risk of Anisakis-sensitization in Croatian fish-processing workers and potential genetic susceptibility to anisakiasis. Anti-Anisakis IgE seroprevalence and risk factors for 600 employees of Croatian fish processing facilities and 466 blood donor controls, were assessed by indirect ELISA targeted with: recombinant Ani s 1 and Ani s 7 allergens, an Anisakis crude extract, the commercial ImmunoCAP kit, and questionnaires. Genetic susceptibility to anisakiasis was evaluated by genotypisation of human leukocytes alleles (HLA). Anti-Anisakis seropositive and a fraction of negative subjects were also assessed by ELISA and Western Blot (WB) for IgG seroprevalence to Trichinella spp. Overall, the observed anti-Anisakis seroprevalence inferred by indirect ELISA was significantly higher in fish processing workers (1.8%, 95% CI 0.9–3.3%) compared to the controls (0%, 0–0.8%). Seven out of 11 Ani s 1 and Ani s 7-positives and none of selected 65 negative sera, tested positive on whole-Anisakis extract (ImmunoCAP), whereas Anisakis crude extract ELISA detected 3.9% (2.4–6.0%) seropositives in fish processing workers, three (14%) of which showed IgE reactivity to milk proteins. The highest risk associated with Anisakis-sensitization among workers was fishing in the free time, rather than any of attributes related to the occupational exposure. Although no association was observed between anti-Anisakis seropositivity and wearing gloves or protective goggles, the majority of workers (92%) wore protective gloves, minimizing the risk for Anisakis sensitization via skin contact. Six HLA alleles within DRB1 gene were significantly associated with seropositivity under dominant, allelic or recessive models. All sera confirmed negative for anti-Trichinella spp. IgG. The study exhaustively covered almost all marine fish processing workers in Croatia, reflecting real-time Anisakis sensitization status within the industry, already under the influence of wide array of allergens. Anisakiasis is a human disease caused by ingestion of live Anisakis spp. larvae by raw seafood. Fish processing and aquaculture workers (approximately 60 million people world-wide) are at occupational risk of becoming sensitized to Anisakis. This is the first study systematically evaluating the risk of Anisakis-sensitization in Croatian fish-processing workers and potential genetic susceptibility to anisakiasis in the analysed population. Observed seroprevalence was significantly higher in fish processing workers (1.8%) compared to the controls (0%). Surprisingly, the highest risk associated with Anisakis-sensitization among workers was fishing in their free time, rather than any of attributes related to the occupational exposure. While no association was observed between anti-Anisakis seropositivity and wearing gloves or protective goggles, the majority of workers (92%) wore protective gloves, minimizing the risk for Anisakis sensitization via skin contact. Additionally, seroprevalence to another important food-borne helminth, Trichinella spp. assessed in all Anisakis-positive subjects showed to be negative. Almost all marine fish processing workers in Croatia were part of this research, reflecting real-time Anisakis-sensitization status within the industry. This sets a baseline for the future tracking of sensitization in the sector already under the influence of wide array of allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Jerončić
- University of Split, School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
| | - Diana Nonković
- Teaching Institute of Public Health, County of Dalmatia, Split, Croatia
| | | | - Jerko Hrabar
- Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Split, Croatia
| | - Ivana Bušelić
- Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Split, Croatia
| | | | - Santiago A. Lojo Rocamonde
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Florencio M. Ubeira
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Sonja Jaman
- Clinical Hospital Center Split, Split, Croatia
| | | | | | | | | | - Ivona Mladineo
- Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Split, Croatia
- * E-mail:
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Pozio E, Ludovisi A, Pezzotti P, Bruschi F, Gómez-Morales MÁ. Retrospective analysis of hospital discharge records for cases of trichinellosis does not allow evaluation of disease burden in Italy. Parasite 2019; 26:42. [PMID: 31309926 PMCID: PMC6632111 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2019043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human trichinellosis is a disease caused by nematode worms of the genus Trichinella. In Italy, as well as in most other European countries, notification of Trichinella infections in humans is mandatory; however, no information is available on the number of cases occurring annually. The aim of the present study was to retrospectively evaluate the burden of trichinellosis in Italy from 2005 to 2016. Hospital discharge records (HDRs) showing the code for trichinellosis (124) were registered and screened. Results were then compared with yearly reports issued by the Italian National Reference Laboratory for Trichinella (NRLT), with reports from the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), and with literature data. A total of 102 HDRs revealed that the 124 code was erroneously reported in 72 (70.6%) records. Out of the 30 (29.4%) records with a correct diagnosis of trichinellosis, nine cases were reported by HDRs only, 21 cases were documented by both HDRs and the NRLT, whereas the NRLT documented 100 additional cases. In the studied period, the average yearly incidence was 0.01 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. This study highlights the limitations of using HDRs to obtain a clear picture of the prevalence and incidence of trichinellosis in Italy. These findings demonstrate the need to intensify the surveillance system for trichinellosis through the development of an Italian registry. This would allow the identification of patients with severe infections and pauci-symptomatic patients, and would avoid the need for clinical analyses and unnecessary treatments, reducing the resulting economic burden on the Italian National Health Service.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Pozio
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Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità viale Regina Elena 299 00161 Rome Italy
| | - Alessandra Ludovisi
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Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità viale Regina Elena 299 00161 Rome Italy
| | - Patrizio Pezzotti
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Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità viale Regina Elena 299 00161 Rome Italy
| | - Fabrizio Bruschi
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Department of Translational Research, N.T.M.S. Università di Pisa via Roma 55 56126 Pisa Italy
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International Commission on Trichinellosis: Recommendations on the use of serological tests for the detection of Trichinella infection in animals and humans. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2019; 14:e00032. [PMID: 32095603 PMCID: PMC7034015 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2018.e00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Serological methods are widely used for detection of infections in animals and humans. The recommendations provided here take into account the best current methods for the serological detection of Trichinella infection. They are based on current scientific information including unpublished data from laboratories with relevant expertise in this field. These recommendations represent the official position of the International Commission on Trichinellosis (ICT) regarding acceptable methods for the use and interpretation of serology testing for Trichinella infection in animals and humans. The ICT does not recommend use of serological methods for testing individual carcasses of animals at slaughter for assuring food safety. For detection of human infections, for epidemiological studies in animals and humans, and for monitoring Trichinella infection in swine, the ICT recommends ELISA using excretory/secretory (ES) antigens. These antigens are obtained from the in-vitro maintenance of Trichinella spiralis muscle larvae and are recognized by sera from hosts infected by all Trichinella species and genotypes identified thus far. In most situations, positive results obtained by ELISA should be confirmed by western blot. Serological assays should be properly standardized and validated for their intended purpose. The components of the test that are critical for maintaining suitable performance should be identified and appropriately checked. Users of commercial tests should verify that the test has been adequately evaluated by an independent body. Serology is useful for detecting Trichinella in animals and humans but its limitations need to be taken into account when interpreting the results. Trichinella serology is not recommended for testing individual animals to assure food safety. Serological assays should be standardized and validated for their intended purpose. ELISA using excretory/secretory antigens is the test recommended by the ICT.
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Gómez-Morales MA, Ludovisi A, Amati M, Cherchi S, Tonanzi D, Pozio E. Differentiation of Trichinella species (Trichinella spiralis/Trichinella britovi versus Trichinella pseudospiralis) using western blot. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:631. [PMID: 30541617 PMCID: PMC6291991 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3244-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trichinellosis is a meat-borne zoonotic disease caused by parasites of the genus Trichinella. To date, 12 taxa have been described. The identification of Trichinella species is crucial in order to identify the possible source of infection, the geographical origin of the parasite and to assess risk of infection for domestic pigs and humans. Specific identification of the etiological agent is not always feasible using direct methods since the source of infection can be untraceable. The aim of this study was to develop a diagnostic tool to infer the causative Trichinella species using western blot patterns of sera derived from infected animal and human hosts. METHODS Sera from mice experimentally infected with Trichinella spiralis, Trichinella britovi, Trichinella pseudospiralis and Trichinella papuae were tested by western blot using homologous and heterologous crude worm extracts (CWE) and a highly sensitive detection system based on chemiluminescence. In addition, sera from pigs experimentally infected with T. spiralis, T. britovi and T. pseudospiralis and from patients with confirmed T. spiralis, T. britovi and T. pseudospiralis infections, were also included. RESULTS Sera from mice infected with one Trichinella species reacted with CWE proteins from all four investigated species. Likewise, sera derived from pigs and humans infected with one Trichinella species reacted with CWE proteins from all the three investigated species. Using T. spiralis CWE, sera from T. pseudospiralis-infected hosts yielded a characteristic pattern of reactivity using Wb, which differed to that produced by T. spiralis/T. britovi- or T. papuae-infected host sera. CONCLUSIONS The present study suggests that western blot using T. spiralis CWE may be a useful tool to distinguish Trichinella infections caused by T. pseudospiralis from those caused by T. spiralis or T. britovi. This method may support epidemiological investigations, particularly when the source of infection is not traceable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Angeles Gómez-Morales
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Ludovisi
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Amati
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Cherchi
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Tonanzi
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Edoardo Pozio
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
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A systematic review and meta-analysis on the global seroprevalence of Trichinella infection among wild boars. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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TOKARSKA-RODAK MAŁGORZATA, WEINER MARCIN, SZYMAŃSKA-CZERWIŃSKA MONIKA, PAŃCZUK ANNA, NIEMCZUK KRZYSZTOF, SROKA JACEK, RÓŻYCKI MIROSŁAW, IWANIAK WOJCIECH. Seroprevalence of Selected Zoonotic Agents among Hunters from Eastern Poland. Pol J Microbiol 2018; 67:233-236. [PMID: 30015463 PMCID: PMC7256780 DOI: 10.21307/pjm-2018-027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of our study was the collection of seroprevalence data for Toxoplasma gondii, Coxiella burnetii, Trichinella spp., and Francisella tularensis from hunters in Lublin Province. The antibodies against T. gondii and C. burnetii were recorded in 38.5% and 16.2% of the sera, respectively. 4.05% of the sera were seropositive for both T. gondii and C. burnetii. None of the sera tested reacted positively with F. tulariensis or Trichinella spp. Seroprevalence of T. gondii and C. burnetii is common among the hunters from Lublin Province. It seems reasonable to undertake similar research among hunters from other regions of eastern Poland.
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Affiliation(s)
- MAŁGORZATA TOKARSKA-RODAK
- Institute of Health Science, Department of Health, Pope John Paul II State School of Higher Education in Biala Podlaska, Poland
| | - MARCIN WEINER
- Institute of Health Science, Department of Health, Pope John Paul II State School of Higher Education in Biala Podlaska, Poland
| | | | - ANNA PAŃCZUK
- Institute of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Pope John Paul II State School of Higher Education in Biala Podlaska, Poland
| | - KRZYSZTOF NIEMCZUK
- Department of Cattle and Sheep Diseases National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy, Poland
| | - JACEK SROKA
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy, Poland
| | - MIROSŁAW RÓŻYCKI
- Department of Hygiene of Food of Animal Origin, National Veterinary Research Institute, Poland
| | - WOJCIECH IWANIAK
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Poland
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26
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A competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for rapid detection of antibodies against Trichinella spiralis and T. britovi - one test for humans and swine. J Helminthol 2017; 93:33-41. [PMID: 29168448 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x17001092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Infection with parasites from the Trichinella genus occurs in many vertebrates but disease only occurs in humans (trichinellosis). Humans are infected after the consumption of raw or undercooked meat from infected wild or domestic animals (usually swine or horses). Using the monoclonal antibody (mAb) 7C2C5, specific for an epitope unique to the muscle larvae of the genus Trichinella, we have developed a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA) that enables the rapid detection of Trichinella-specific antibodies in sera originating from two different host species (human, swine) infected with either Trichinella spiralis or Trichinella britovi. This novel c-ELISA exhibited 100% specificity and sensitivity, as confirmed by a Western blot test. The assay is easy to use (one incubation step), and the time required for the procedure (45 min) is shorter than in any other ELISA format. This test could be useful for both the detection and surveillance of Trichinella infections.
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Della Bella C, Benagiano M, De Gennaro M, Gomez-Morales MA, Ludovisi A, D'Elios S, Luchi S, Pozio E, D'Elios MM, Bruschi F. T-cell clones in human trichinellosis: Evidence for a mixed Th1/Th2 response. Parasite Immunol 2017; 39. [PMID: 28106258 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In humans, studies on the cellular immune response against Trichinella are scarce. Aim of this study was to characterize the cytokine profile of T cells specific for Trichinella britovi in trichinellosis patients. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were obtained from five patients involved in a trichinellosis outbreak caused by T. britovi, which occurred in 2013 in Tuscany (Italy). All the patients resulted positive for Trichinella-specific IgG, IgE and presented eosinophilia. T cells were investigated for their proliferation to excretory/secretory antigens from Trichinella spiralis muscle larvae (TsES) and for their cytokine profile. A total of 284 CD4+ and 42 CD8+ T-cell clones were obtained from the TsES-specific T-cell lines from PBMC. All T-cell clones proliferated in response to mitogen. Of the 284 CD4+ T-cell clones generated from TsES-specific T-cell lines, 135 (47%) proliferated significantly to TsES; 26% CD8+ T-cell clones showed proliferation to TsES. In the series of the 135 TsES-specific CD4+ clones, 51% expressed a Th2 profile, 30% a Th0 and 19% Th1. In the series of the 11 TsES-specific CD8+ T-cell clones, 18% were Tc2, 45% Tc0 and 36% Tc1. In human trichinellosis, the cellular immune response is, during the chronic phase, mixed Th1/Th2.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Della Bella
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - M Benagiano
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | | | - M A Gomez-Morales
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - A Ludovisi
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - S D'Elios
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - S Luchi
- Ospedale di Lucca, Lucca, Italy
| | - E Pozio
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - M M D'Elios
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - F Bruschi
- Department of Translational Research, N.T.M.S., Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Taher EE, Méabed EM, El Akkad DM, Kamel NO, Sabry MA. Modified dot-ELISA for diagnosis of human trichinellosis. Exp Parasitol 2017; 177:40-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Yang Y, Cai YN, Tong MW, Sun N, Xuan YH, Kang YJ, Vallée I, Boireau P, Cheng SP, Liu MY. Serological tools for detection of Trichinella infection in animals and humans. One Health 2016; 2:25-30. [PMID: 28616474 PMCID: PMC5462648 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichinellosis is a serious foodborne zoonotic disease. It is an important threat to public health in both developing and developed countries. Human infections are strongly associated with consuming undercooked meat containing infective Trichinella larvae. The development of serological tools has enabled seroepidemiological studies and contributed to our knowledge on the importance of this parasite. Serological tests can also help the diagnosis of parasite infections in humans and the surveillance of animals. Generally speaking, serological techniques include detection methods for specific antibodies and for circulating parasite antigens in the serum or tissue fluids. Here, we present a comprehensive review of various methods used in the detection of antibodies against Trichinella and circulating parasite antigens in animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yang
- Wu xi Medical School, Jiang Nan University, Wu Xi 214122, Jiang su, China
| | - Ya Nan Cai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Ming Wei Tong
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Na Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Yin Hua Xuan
- Wu xi Medical School, Jiang Nan University, Wu Xi 214122, Jiang su, China
| | - Yan Jun Kang
- Wu xi Medical School, Jiang Nan University, Wu Xi 214122, Jiang su, China
| | - Isabelle Vallée
- JRU BIPAR, Animal Health Laboratory, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Pascal Boireau
- JRU BIPAR, Animal Health Laboratory, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Shi peng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Ming Yuan Liu
- Key Lab of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yang zhou 225009, China
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Liu RD, Qi X, Sun GG, Jiang P, Zhang X, Wang LA, Liu XL, Wang ZQ, Cui J. Proteomic analysis of Trichinella spiralis adult worm excretory-secretory proteins recognized by early infection sera. Vet Parasitol 2016; 231:43-46. [PMID: 27760716 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
At the intestinal stage of a Trichinella spiralis (T. spiralis) infection, the excretory-secretory (ES) antigens produced by adult worms (AWs) result in an early exposure to the host's immune system and elicit the production of specific antibodies; the AW ES proteins might provide early diagnostic markers of trichinellosis. The aim of this study was to identify early serodiagnostic markers from T. spiralis AW ES antigens. T. spiralis AWs were collected at 72h post infection, and their ES antigens were analysed by SDS-PAGE and Western blot. Then, the immunoreactive bands were subjected to shotgun LC-MS/MS and bioinformatics analyses. Our results showed that only one protein band (33kDa) was recognized by the sera of mice infected with T. spiralis at 8 days after infection. The shotgun LC-MS/MS analysis identified 23 proteins that were then clustered into 10 types; these proteins had molecular weights of 28.13-71.62kDa and pI 5.05-9.20. Certain enzymes (e.g., serine protease, adult-specific deoxyribonuclease [DNase] II, peptidase S1A subfamily, and multi cystatin-like domain protein) were found to be highly represented. The functions of the 10 proteins were further analysed: of the 6 annotated proteins, 3 had serine hydrolase activity and 2 had DNase II activity. These results provide a valuable basis for identifying early diagnostic antigens and vaccine candidates for trichinellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruo Dan Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Xin Qi
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Ge Ge Sun
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Peng Jiang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Li Ang Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Xiao Lin Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Zhong Quan Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China.
| | - Jing Cui
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China.
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Mehta AC, Jain P, Gildea TR. Parasitic Diseases of the Lung. DISEASES OF THE CENTRAL AIRWAYS 2016. [PMCID: PMC7122070 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-29830-6_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic infection is a major healthcare problem that affects millions of the world’s population. Immigration and global warming have changed the natural distribution of parasitic diseases far removed from endemic areas. The respiratory system can be affected by a broad spectrum of helminthic and protozoal parasitic diseases. The diagnosis of parasitic infection of the respiratory system may be delayed due to myriad clinical and radiographic presentations of parasitic diseases which make the diagnosis of these entities challenging. Pulmonologists need to be familiar with the epidemiology, clinical presentation, pathophysiology, and bronchoscopic findings of parasitic lung diseases, in order to provide proper management in a timely fashion. This review provides a comprehensive view of both helminthic and protozoal parasitic diseases that affect the respiratory system, especially the central airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul C. Mehta
- Family Endowed Chair in Lung Transplanta, Lerner College of Medicine Buoncore, Clevland, Ohio USA
| | - Prasoon Jain
- Louis A Johnson VA Medical Center, Fairmont, West Virginia USA
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Sun GG, Wang ZQ, Liu CY, Jiang P, Liu RD, Wen H, Qi X, Wang L, Cui J. Early serodiagnosis of trichinellosis by ELISA using excretory-secretory antigens of Trichinella spiralis adult worms. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:484. [PMID: 26394626 PMCID: PMC4579640 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1094-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The excretory-secretory (ES) antigens of Trichinella spiralis muscle larvae (ML) are the most commonly used diagnostic antigens for trichinellosis. Their main disadvantage for the detection of anti-Trichinella IgG is false-negative results during the early stage of infection. Additionally, there is an obvious window between clinical symptoms and positive serology. METHODS ELISA with adult worm (AW) ES antigens was used to detect anti-Trichinella IgG in the sera of experimentally infected mice and patients with trichinellosis. The sensitivity and specificity were compared with ELISAs with AW crude antigens and ML ES antigens. RESULTS In mice infected with 100 ML, anti-Trichinella IgG were first detected by ELISA with the AW ES antigens, crude antigens and ML ES antigens 8, 12 and 12 days post-infection (dpi), respectively. In mice infected with 500 ML, specific antibodies were first detected by ELISA with the three antigen preparations at 10, 8 and 10 dpi, respectively. The sensitivity of the ELISA with the three antigen preparations for the detection of sera from patients with trichinellosis at 35 dpi was 100%. However, when the patients' sera were collected at 19 dpi, the sensitivities of the ELISAs with the three antigen preparations were 100% (20/20), 100% (20/20) and 75% (15/20), respectively (P < 0.05). The specificities of the ELISAs with the three antigen preparations were 98.11, 95.60 and 89.31%, respectively (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The sensitivity and specificity of the T. spiralis AW ES antigens were superior to those of the AW crude antigens and ML ES antigens. Thus, the AW ES antigens might serve as potential antigens for the early and specific serodiagnosis of trichinellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge-Ge Sun
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Zhong-Quan Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Chun-Ying Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Peng Jiang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Ruo-Dan Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Hui Wen
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Xin Qi
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Jing Cui
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
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Sun GG, Liu RD, Wang ZQ, Jiang P, Wang L, Liu XL, Liu CY, Zhang X, Cui J. New diagnostic antigens for early trichinellosis: the excretory-secretory antigens of Trichinella spiralis intestinal infective larvae. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:4637-44. [PMID: 26342828 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4709-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The excretory-secretory (ES) antigens from Trichinella spiralis muscle larvae (ML) are the most commonly used diagnostic antigens for trichinellosis, but anti-Trichinella IgG antibodies cannot be detected until 2-3 weeks after infection; there is an obvious window period between Trichinella infection and antibody positivity. Intestinal infective larvae (IIL) are the first invasive stage during Trichinella infection, and their ES antigens are firstly exposed to the immune system and might be the early diagnostic markers of trichinellosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the early diagnostic values of IIL ES antigens for trichinellosis. The IIL were collected from intestines of infected mice at 6 h postinfection (hpi), and IIL ES antigens were prepared by incubation for 18 h. Anti-Trichinella IgG antibodies in mice infected with 100 ML were detectable by ELISA with IIL ES antigens as soon as 10 days postinfection (dpi), but ELISA with ML ES antigens did not permit detection of infected mice before 12 dpi. When the sera of patients with trichinellosis at 19 dpi were assayed, the sensitivity (100 %) of ELISA with IIL ES antigens was evidently higher than 75 % of ELISA with ML ES antigens (P < 0.05) The specificity (96.86 %) of ELISA with IIL ES antigens was also higher than 89.31 % of ELISA with ML ES antigens (P < 0.05). The IIL ES antigens provided a new source of diagnostic antigens and could be considered as a potential early diagnostic antigen for trichinellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Ge Sun
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruo Dan Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong Quan Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China.
| | - Peng Jiang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Lin Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun Yin Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Cui
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China.
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Shimoni Z, Froom P. Uncertainties in diagnosis, treatment and prevention of trichinellosis. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2015; 13:1279-88. [DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2015.1075394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Yang J, Pan W, Sun X, Zhao X, Yuan G, Sun Q, Huang J, Zhu X. Immunoproteomic profile of Trichinella spiralis adult worm proteins recognized by early infection sera. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:20. [PMID: 25582511 PMCID: PMC4299305 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0641-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trichinellosis, a widespread zoonosis, is regarded as an emerging or reemerging disease. Effective treatment and prognosis of trichinellosis depends on early diagnosis of the infection. The objective of this study was to identify sensitive and specific antigens for early diagnosis or effective vaccine antigens for preventing infection. Methods The somatic proteins of T. spiralis adult worms were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE). The separated proteins were probed with early infection sera from swine or mice infected with T. spiralis for 7 days. The primary immunoreactive spots were characterized by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS analysis in combination with bioinformatics. The identified proteins were annotated using WEGO based on their functions. The immunodominant protein was chosen for expression as recombinant protein in E. coli and the purified recombinant protein was used to confirm its antigenicity by Western blot with the same infection sera. Results Approximately 300 spots were separated by 2-DE, with molecular weights ranging from 10 to 130 kDa, and pI values ranging from pH 4 to 10. The sera from swine and mice infected with T. spiralis for 7 days recognized 64 proteins. MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS analysis identified 55 proteins, some with different isoforms. Finally, 40 individual immunoreactive proteins were obtained with a wide range of biological functions. Several proteins, such as heat shock protein 70, 14-3-3 protein, and cysteine protease could be used as immunodiagnostic or vaccine antigens. Among these identified proteins, the highly immunodominant Ts14-3-3 was chosen for expression in E. coli and purified recombinant Ts14-3-3 was able to be strongly recognized by the same T. spiralis infected sera used for identifying these antigens, therefore the most promising antigen for early immunodiagnosis of Trichinella infection. Conclusions A total of 64 proteins from the adult worm were recognized by early infection sera from swine and mice infected with T. spiralis for 7 days. Several proteins, are of particular interest as immunodiagnostic or vaccine antigens, especially with Ts14-3-3 as most promising due to its highly immunogenicity during early infection, expressed protein can be recognized by Trichinella early infection sera and the native Ts14-3-3 expression in both adult and larval stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Wei Pan
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Ximeng Sun
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Xi Zhao
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Gu Yuan
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Qing Sun
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Jingjing Huang
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Xinping Zhu
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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WANG L, TIAN XY, SUN GG, LIU RD, LIU LN, ZHANG X, JIANG P, WANG ZQ, CUI J. The Use of Recombinant 31 kDa Antigens of Trichinella spiralis for Serodiagnosis of Experimental Trichinellosis. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2015; 10:230-7. [PMID: 26246820 PMCID: PMC4522298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously reported that a 31 kDa protein was screened from the excretory-secretory (ES) proteins of Tichinella spiralis muscle larvae (ML) by immunoproteomics using early infection sera, and the gene encoding a 31 kDa protein from T. spiralis was cloned and expressed in an E. coli expression system. In this study, the recombinant 31 kDa antigens were used for detection of anti-Trichinella antibodies in serum of experimentally infected mice by ELISA. METHODS Anti-Trichinella IgG antibodies in sera of mice infected with Trichinella were assayed by ELISA with recombinant 31 kDa antigens, and its sensitivity and specificity were compared with ELISA with ES antigen. RESULTS The sensitivity and specificity of ELISA with recombinant antigens was 96.67% (29/30) and 96.87% (62/64), compared with 100% (30/30) and 98.44% (63/64) of ELISA with ES antigens was (P>0.05). In heavily, moderately and lightly infected mice (500, 300 and 100 larvae/mouse), anti-Trichinella antibodies were firstly detected by ELISA with recombinant antigens at 8, 12 and 14 dpi, respectively; then increased rapidly with a detection rate of 100% respectively at 28, 22 and 30 dpi. While the antibodies were firstly detected by ELISA with ES antigens at 10, 8 and 10 dpi, respectively, the antibody positive rate reached 100% at 14, 12 and 22 dpi, respectively. CONCLUSION The recombinant 31 kDa antigens of T. spirali had a good sensitivity and specificity for detecting anti-Trichinella antibodies and might be the potential diagnostic antigen for trichinellosis.
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Vu Thi N, Pozio E, Van De N, Praet N, Pezzotti P, Gabriël S, Claes M, Thuy NT, Dorny P. Anti-Trichinella IgG in ethnic minorities living in Trichinella-endemic areas in northwest Vietnam: study of the predictive value of selected clinical signs and symptoms for the diagnosis of trichinellosis. Acta Trop 2014; 139:93-8. [PMID: 25076109 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the presence of anti-Trichinella IgG in the serum of persons from ethnic minorities from northwest Vietnam with clinical signs and symptoms that are compatible with trichinellosis. A total of 645 persons were enrolled, of which 200 people lived in two villages where outbreaks of human trichinellosis had been documented in 2004 and 2008, and 445 people who were hospitalized in the Dien Bien and Son La provincial hospitals without a definitive diagnosis. Presence of anti-Trichinella IgG was demonstrated in serum samples by a standardized Enzyme-linked Immunosorbant Assay (ELISA); positive serum samples were subjected to Western blot (WB) for confirmation. Seven (3.5%; 95% CI: 1.4-7.1) persons from the villages and seven (1.6%; 95% CI: 0.6-3.2) hospitalized patients, tested positive by both ELISA and WB. Fever (N=13), eosinophilia (N=12), myalgia (N=9), facial edema (N=9) and leukocytosis (N=8) were the most common clinical signs and symptoms in the serologically positive persons. The concomitant occurrence of facial edema and myalgia among the enrolled persons from the villages, accounted for 75% of the positive predictive value (PPV) and 99.5% of the negative predictive value (NPV), suggesting that they could be used for suspecting trichinellosis when serology is not available. The high prevalence (1.6-3.5%) of anti-Trichinella IgG in persons from Vietnamese provinces where Trichinella spiralis is circulating in pigs strongly supports the need to develop control programs to eliminate the infection from pigs and for consumers' education and protection.
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Fichi G, Stefanelli S, Pagani A, Luchi S, De Gennaro M, Gómez-Morales MA, Selmi M, Rovai D, Mari M, Fischetti R, Pozio E. Trichinellosis outbreak caused by meat from a wild boar hunted in an Italian region considered to be at negligible risk for Trichinella. Zoonoses Public Health 2014; 62:285-91. [PMID: 25103623 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The wild boar is an important source of trichinellosis for people in European countries as a large number of hunted animals escape veterinary control. In November 2012, uncooked sausages made with meat from wild boar were consumed by 38 persons in a village of the Lucca province (Tuscany region, Italy). Of them, 34 were serologically positive, 32 developed clinical signs and symptoms of trichinellosis, and two were asymptomatic. Trichinella britovi larvae were detected in vacuum-packed sausages made with the same batch of sausages consumed raw which had been prepared with meat from wild boar hunted in the Lucca province. As no case of trichinellosis had been reported in this region during the last 20 years, the regional public health authority considered the risk for this zoonosis to be negligible and put in place a surveillance programme on Trichinella spp. in indicator animals (mainly foxes and including wild boar for private consumption), by testing only a percentage of heads. The experience from this outbreak shows that the definition of a region with a negligible risk for Trichinella infection is not applicable to wild boar and stresses the need to test all Trichinella-susceptible wild animals intended for human consumption and to implement risk communication to consumers and hunters.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Fichi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale of Latium and Tuscany, Pisa, Italy
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Patterns and risks of trichinella infection in humans and pigs in northern Laos. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3034. [PMID: 25078088 PMCID: PMC4117436 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Several outbreaks of trichinellosis associated with the consumption of raw pork have occurred in Laos since 2004. This cross-sectional study was conducted in four provinces of northern Laos to investigate the seroepidemiology of trichinellosis in the human population and determine the prevalence and species of Trichinella infection in the domestic pig population. Serum samples and questionnaire data were obtained from 1419 individuals. Serum samples were tested for Trichinella antibodies by ELISA using larval excretory–secretory (ES) antigens and a subset of 68 positive samples were tested by western blot. The seroprevalence of Trichinella antibodies was 19.1% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 17.1–21.1%). The risk of having antibodies detected by ELISA using ES antigens increased with age, being of Lao-Tai ethnicity, living in Oudomxay province and being male. Tongue and diaphragm muscle samples were collected from 728 pigs and tested for Trichinella larvae by the artificial digestion method. Trichinella larvae were isolated from 15 pigs (2.1%) of which 13 were identified as T. spiralis by molecular typing; the species of the two remaining isolates could not be determined due to DNA degradation. Trichinella spp. are endemic in the domestic environment of northern Laos and targeted preventative health measures should be initiated to reduce the risk of further outbreaks occurring. Trichinellosis is one of the most widely distributed parasitic zoonoses worldwide and is caused by infection with nematodes of the genus Trichinella. Infection occurs after consuming larvae in the muscle of infected animals. Several outbreaks of trichinellosis have occurred in Laos since 2004, resulting in a substantial public health problem. The principal risk factor for trichinellosis is consumption of uncooked or partially cooked meat from domestic pigs and game. We visited communities in four ethnically diverse provinces of northern Laos to determine the seroprevalence of trichinellosis in the human population and explore the population and individual level risk factors of exposure. In addition, we also examined muscle samples collected from pigs post-slaughter to determine the prevalence of Trichinella infection and identify the species of Trichinella circulating in the domestic pig population. Our findings indicate that Trichinella spp. are endemic in the domestic environment of northern Laos and consumption of uncooked pork is common for all ethnic groups. Targeted preventative health measures, taking a one health approach by bringing together medical, veterinary and health sociology professionals, should be initiated to prevent the transmission of Trichinella and other foodborne pathogens in Laos.
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Comparative assessment of ELISAs using recombinant saposin-like protein 2 and recombinant cathepsin L-1 from Fasciola hepatica for the serodiagnosis of human Fasciolosis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2860. [PMID: 24922050 PMCID: PMC4055579 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Two recombinant Fasciola hepatica antigens, saposin-like protein-2 (recSAP2) and cathepsin L-1 (recCL1), were assessed individually and in combination in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) for the specific serodiagnosis of human fasciolosis in areas of low endemicity as encountered in Central Europe. Antibody detection was conducted using ProteinA/ProteinG (PAG) conjugated to alkaline phosphatase. Test characteristics as well as agreement with results from an ELISA using excretory–secretory products (FhES) from adult stage liver flukes was assessed by receiver operator characteristic (ROC) analysis, specificity, sensitivity, Youdens J and overall accuracy. Cross-reactivity was assessed using three different groups of serum samples from healthy individuals (n = 20), patients with other parasitic infections (n = 87) and patients with malignancies (n = 121). The best combined diagnostic results for recombinant antigens were obtained using the recSAP2-ELISA (87% sensitivity, 99% specificity and 97% overall accuracy) employing the threshold (cut-off) to discriminate between positive and negative reactions that maximized Youdens J. The findings showed that recSAP2-ELISA can be used for the routine serodiagnosis of chronic fasciolosis in clinical laboratories; the use of the PAG-conjugate offers the opportunity to employ, for example, rabbit hyperimmune serum for the standardization of positive controls. To improve the serodiagnosis of human fasciolosis caused by Fasciola hepatica, we comparatively evaluated the accuracy of two different enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) based on the use of two published recombinant antigens. The best performance was achieved with the recombinant F. hepatica saposin-like protein-2 antigen (recSAP2). Although the F. hepatica E/S antigen exhibited a slightly higher diagnostic sensitivity, the higher specificity performance of recSAP2 renders this antigen very suitable for application in low endemic areas, especially when coupled to an easy and standardized production facility as compared to the relatively complex production procedure for an E/S antigen. Conclusively, the recSAP2-ELISA can be used as a routine individual serodiagnostic test for human fasciolosis, especially when backed up by a compatible clinical history together with other serodiagnostic technique for other helminth infections of the liver, e.g. alveolar or cystic echinococcosis.
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Wang L, Cui J, Hu DD, Liu RD, Wang ZQ. Identification of early diagnostic antigens from major excretory-secretory proteins of Trichinella spiralis muscle larvae using immunoproteomics. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:40. [PMID: 24450759 PMCID: PMC3905669 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The excretory-secretory (ES) proteins of Trichinella spiralis muscle larvae (ML) come mainly from the excretory granules of the stichosome and the cuticles (membrane proteins), are directly exposed to the host’s immune system, and are the main target antigens, which induce the immune responses. Although the ES proteins are the most commonly used diagnostic antigens for trichinellosis, their main disadvantage are the false negative results during the early stage of infection. The aim of this study was to identify early specific diagnostic antigens from the main components of T. spiralis muscle larval ES proteins. Methods Two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) combined with Western blot were used to screen the early diagnostic antigens from the main components of T. spiralis muscle larval ES proteins. The protein spots recognized by the sera from BALB/c mice infected with T. spiralis at 18 days post-infection (dpi) were identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS and putatively annotated using GO terms obtained from the InterPro databases. Results The ES proteins were analyzed by 2-DE, and more than 33 protein spots were detected with molecular weight varying from 40 to 60 kDa and isoelectric point (pI) from 4 to 7. When probed with the sera from infected mice at 18 dpi, 21 protein spots were recognized and then identified, and they were characterized to correlate with five different proteins of T. spiralis, including two serine proteases, one deoxyribonuclease (DNase) II, and two kinds of trypsin. The five proteins were functionally categorized into molecular function and biological process according to GO hierarchy. Conclusions 2-DE and Western blot combined with MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS were used to screen the diagnostic antigens from the main components of T. spiralis muscle larval ES proteins. The five proteins of T. spiralis identified (two serine proteases, DNase II and two kinds of trypsin) might be the early specific diagnostic antigens of trichinellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jing Cui
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou 450052, P, R, China.
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Evaluation of ELISA coupled with Western blot as a surveillance tool for Trichinella infection in wild boar (Sus scrofa). Vet Parasitol 2014; 199:179-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Devleesschauwer B, Pruvot M, Joshi DD, De Craeye S, Jennes M, Ale A, Welinski A, Lama S, Aryal A, Victor B, Duchateau L, Speybroeck N, Vercruysse J, Dorny P. Seroprevalence of Zoonotic Parasites in Pigs Slaughtered in the Kathmandu Valley of Nepal. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2013; 13:872-6. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2013.1313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Brecht Devleesschauwer
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- Institute of Health and Society, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Pruvot
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Durga Datt Joshi
- National Zoonoses and Food Hygiene Research Centre, Tahachal, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Stéphane De Craeye
- Scientific Institute of Public Health, Communicable and Infectious Diseases, National Reference Center for Toxoplasmosis, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Malgorzata Jennes
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Anita Ale
- National Zoonoses and Food Hygiene Research Centre, Tahachal, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Alma Welinski
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Sanjyoti Lama
- National Zoonoses and Food Hygiene Research Centre, Tahachal, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Arjun Aryal
- Central Veterinary Hospital, Tripureshwor, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Bjorn Victor
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Luc Duchateau
- Department of Comparative Physiology and Biometrics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Niko Speybroeck
- Institute of Health and Society, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jozef Vercruysse
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Pierre Dorny
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
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The hidden burden of trichinellosis in Vietnam: a postoutbreak epidemiological study. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:149890. [PMID: 24307988 PMCID: PMC3838854 DOI: 10.1155/2013/149890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A cross-sectional study was conducted in Muong Lat town (Thanh Hoa province, North Vietnam), following the confirmed diagnosis of trichinellosis in six patients from that town who had eaten hunted wild boar meat during the Vietnamese lunar year celebration. All inhabitants who declared to have eaten undercooked or raw wild boar meat at the celebration and showed at least one clinical symptom compatible with trichinellosis were included in the study and blood sampled. Anti-Trichinella IgG were determined by ELISA and Western Blot. Seropositive persons were given appropriate albendazole treatment and were followed up. A total of 100 inhabitants met the inclusion criteria. Among these, 30 (30%) had antibodies to Trichinella. Serologically confirmed cases had fever (90.0%), myalgia (86.7%), facial oedema (63.3%), diarrhoea (53.3%), and pain of the masseter muscles (43.3%). Eosinophilia was detected in 83.3% of these individuals. Clinical symptoms resolved in all patients during albendazole treatment. The results suggest that only a proportion of the trichinellosis cases had sought health care during the outbreak. There is a need to implement surveillance and better diagnosis for trichinellosis and to set up educational programs to prevent infection in North Vietnam.
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Abstract
Many hundreds of millions of people throughout the world are infected by nematodes found in the intestine or tissues with a high prevalence in developing countries. Despite their frequency and morbidity, these infections, which may affect migrants and travelers, remain difficult to diagnosis even in developed countries. This is primarily due to the variety of clinical signs often associated with a lack of highly sensitive and specific diagnostic tools. Parasitological diagnosis is often difficult to achieve and can neither be applied during the pre-patent period nor for parasitic impasses. Serological diagnosis is frequently hampered by a lack of specificity due to cross-reaction with others helminthes. Molecular biology methods still require optimization. The diagnostic approach applied by a clinician of a suspected nematode infection is based on a vast set of data including patient history and way of life, clinical examination, non-specific biological tests and, when available, specific diagnostic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coralie L'Ollivier
- Parasitology & Mycology, CHU Timone-Adultes, Aix Marseille Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, 13005 Marseille, France
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47
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Abstract
We used serology and muscle digestion to test black bears (Ursus americanus) from western Oregon, USA, for Trichinella. Results indicate black bears in Oregon are not part of a sylvatic cycle for Trichinella, and risk of human exposure to Trichinella larvae from eating black bear meat from Oregon appears low.
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48
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Zhan JH, Yao JP, Liu W, Hu XC, Wu ZD, Zhou XW. Analysis of a novel cathepsin B circulating antigen and its response to drug treatment in Trichinella-infected mice. Parasitol Res 2013; 112:3213-22. [PMID: 23828190 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3497-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we cloned a novel full-length cDNA that encodes a Trichinella spiralis cathepsin B-like protease gene (TsCPB) using 3'-RACE PCR. The recombinant mature TsCPB protein (rTsCPB) was then expressed in an Escherichia coli expression system and purified with Ni-affinity chromatography. Real-time quantitative PCR revealed that TsCPB was expressed across all development stages of the parasite but had the highest expression level during the adult stage. Furthermore, rTsCPB was detected in Trichinella excretory-secretory products with anti-rTsCPB rabbit polyclonal antibodies. Interestingly, rTsCPB was strongly recognized by the T. spiralis-infected sera in Western blotting, implying that TsCPB protein appeared in the peripheral blood of Trichinella-infected mice as circulating antigens (CAg). We then analyzed the dynamic levels of TsCPB CAg and its antibodies in T. spiralis-infected sera by using an improved double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and indirect ELISA, respectively. The results showed that TsCPB CAg can be detected much earlier compared to antibody detection in Trichinella-infected mice. In addition, we monitored the effects of albendazole drug therapy (a dosage of 370 mg/kg body weight, twice a day) on T. spiralis-infected mice by detecting the levels of TsCPB CAg and its antibody in the sera of drug-treated mice. The results showed that the levels of CAg dramatically decreased after successful drug treatment, while the antibody level remained unchanged. Overall, the novel Trichinella antigen TsCPB could be a promising novel circulating antigen molecule for the detection of Trichinella infection and for monitoring the efficacy of drug treatment of trichinellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-hua Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University Zhongshan School of Medicine, Guangzhou, 510080, China
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49
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Proteomic analysis of Trichinella spiralis muscle larval excretory-secretory proteins recognized by early infection sera. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:139745. [PMID: 23844355 PMCID: PMC3697278 DOI: 10.1155/2013/139745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Although the excretory-secretory (ES) proteins of Trichinella spiralis muscle larvae are the most commonly used diagnostic antigens for trichinellosis, their main disadvantage is the false negative results during the early stage of infection and cross-reaction of their main components (43, 45, 49, and 53 kDa) with sera of patients with other helminthiasis. The aim of this study was to identify early specific diagnostic antigens in T. spiralis ES proteins with 30–40 kDa. The ES proteins were analyzed by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE), and a total of approximately 150 proteins spots were detected with isoelectric point (pI) varying from 4 to 7 and molecular weight from 14 to 66 kDa. When probed with sera from infected mice at 18 days postinfection, ten protein spots with molecular weight of 30–40 kDa were recognized and identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. All of ten spots were successfully identified and characterized to correlate with five different proteins, including two potential serine proteases, one antigen targeted by protective antibodies, one deoxyribonuclease (DNase) II, and one conserved hypothetical protein. These proteins might be the early specific diagnostic antigens for trichinellosis.
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50
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Radovic I, Gruden-Movsesijan A, Ilic N, Mostarica-Stojkovic M, Sofronic-Milosavljevic L. Trichinella spiralis shares epitopes with human autoantigens. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2013; 107:503-9. [PMID: 22666861 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762012000400010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Like other helminths, Trichinella spiralis has evolved strategies to allow it to survive in the host organism, including the expression of epitopes similar to those present in either expressed or hidden host antigens. To identify T. spiralis-derived antigens that are evolutionarily conserved in the parasite and its host and that could be responsible for its evasion of the host immune response, we examined the reactivity of six different types of autoantibodies to T. spiralis larvae from muscle. T. spiralis antigens that share epitopes with human autoantigens were identified by assessing the cross-reactivity of autoantibody-containing serum samples with T. spiralis antigens in the absence of specific anti-parasite antibodies. Of the 55 autoantibody-containing human serum samples that we analysed by immunohistological screening, 24 (43.6%) recognised T. spiralis muscle larvae structures such as the subcuticular region, the genital primordium or the midgut. Using Western blots, we demonstrated that the same sera reacted with 24 protein components of T. spiralis muscle larvae excretory-secretory L1 antigens. We found that the human autoantibodies predominantly bound antigens belonging to the TSL1 group; more specifically, the autoantibody-containing sera reacted most frequently with the 53-kDa component. Thus, this protein is a good candidate for further studies of the mechanisms of T. spiralis-mediated immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Radovic
- Reference Laboratory for Trichinellosis, Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
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