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Safdar A, Wang P, Muhaymin A, Nie G, Li S. From bench to bedside: Platelet biomimetic nanoparticles as a promising carriers for personalized drug delivery. J Control Release 2024; 373:128-144. [PMID: 38977134 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
In recent decades, there has been a burgeoning interest in cell membrane coating strategies as innovative approach for targeted delivery systems in biomedical applications. Platelet membrane-coated nanoparticles (PNPs), in particular, are gaining interest as a new route for targeted therapy due to their advantages over conventional drug therapies. Their stepwise approach blends the capabilities of the natural platelet membrane (PM) with the adaptable nature of manufactured nanomaterials, resulting in a synergistic combination that enhances drug delivery and enables the development of innovative therapeutics. In this context, we present an overview of the latest advancements in designing PNPs with various structures tailored for precise drug delivery. Initially, we describe the types, preparation methods, delivery mechanisms, and specific advantages of PNPs. Next, we focus on three critical applications of PNPs in diseases: vascular disease therapy, cancer treatment, and management of infectious diseases. This review presents our knowledge of PNPs, summarizes their advancements in targeted therapies and discusses the promising potential for clinical translation of PNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammara Safdar
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.
| | - Peina Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, China; Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei Province, China.
| | - Abdul Muhaymin
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.
| | - Guangjun Nie
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Suping Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, China.
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Ghebrehiwet B, Zaniewski M, Fernandez A, DiGiovanni M, Reyes TN, Ji P, Savitt AG, Williams JL, Seeliger MA, Peerschke EIB. The C1q and gC1qR axis as a novel checkpoint inhibitor in cancer. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1351656. [PMID: 38711524 PMCID: PMC11070495 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1351656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding at the molecular level of the cell biology of tumors has led to significant treatment advances in the past. Despite such advances however, development of therapy resistance and tumor recurrence are still unresolved major challenges. This therefore underscores the need to identify novel tumor targets and develop corresponding therapies to supplement existing biologic and cytotoxic approaches so that a deeper and more sustained treatment responses could be achieved. The complement system is emerging as a potential novel target for cancer therapy. Data accumulated to date show that complement proteins, and in particular C1q and its receptors cC1qR/CR and gC1qR/p33/HABP1, are overexpressed in most cancer cells and together are involved not only in shaping the inflammatory tumor microenvironment, but also in the regulation of angiogenesis, metastasis, and cell proliferation. In addition to the soluble form of C1q that is found in plasma, the C1q molecule is also found anchored on the cell membrane of monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and cancer cells, via a 22aa long leader peptide found only in the A-chain. This orientation leaves its 6 globular heads exposed outwardly and thus available for high affinity binding to a wide range of molecular ligands that enhance tumor cell survival, migration, and proliferation. Similarly, the gC1qR molecule is not only overexpressed in most cancer types but is also released into the microenvironment where it has been shown to be associated with cancer cell proliferation and metastasis by activation of the complement and kinin systems. Co-culture of either T cells or cancer cells with purified C1q or anti-gC1qR has been shown to induce an anti-proliferative response. It is therefore postulated that in the tumor microenvironment, the interaction between C1q expressing cancer cells and gC1qR bearing cytotoxic T cells results in T cell suppression in a manner akin to the PD-L1 and PD-1 interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berhane Ghebrehiwet
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Michal Zaniewski
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Audrey Fernandez
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Mathew DiGiovanni
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Tiana N. Reyes
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Ping Ji
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Anne G. Savitt
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Jennie L. Williams
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Markus A. Seeliger
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Ellinor I. B. Peerschke
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloane Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
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Delgardo M, Tang AJ, Tudor T, Pascual-Leone A, Connolly ES. Role of gC1qR as a modulator of endothelial cell permeability and contributor to post-stroke inflammation and edema formation. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1123365. [PMID: 37383840 PMCID: PMC10294424 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1123365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. A serious risk of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) arises after the stroke event, due to inflammation and edema formation. Inflammation and edema in the brain are mediated by bradykinin, the formation of which is dependent upon a multi-ligand receptor protein called gC1qR. There are currently no preventive treatments for the secondary damage of AIS produced by inflammation and edema. This review aims to summarize recent research regarding the role of gC1qR in bradykinin formation, its role in inflammation and edema following ischemic injury, and potential therapeutic approaches to preventing post-stroke inflammation and edema formation.
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Freda CT, Yin W, Ghebrehiwet B, Rubenstein DA. Complement component C1q initiates extrinsic coagulation via the receptor for the globular head of C1q in adventitial fibroblasts and vascular smooth muscle cells. Immun Inflamm Dis 2023; 11:e769. [PMID: 36705413 PMCID: PMC9868878 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular diseases are highly associated with inflammation and thrombosis. Elucidating links between these two processes may provide a clearer understanding of these diseases, allowing for the design of more effective treatments. The activation of complement component 1 (C1) is a crucial contributor to innate immunity and is associated with significant concentrations of circulating C1q. Many pathological pathways initiate when C1q interacts with gC1qR. This interaction plays a major role in inflammation observed during atherosclerosis and the initiation of intrinsic coagulation. However, the effects of C1 and the role of C1q/gC1qR on extrinsic coagulation, which is the more physiologically relevant coagulation arm, has not been studied. We hypothesized that C1q binding to gC1qR enhances the expression of tissue factor (TF) in adventitial fibroblasts and vascular smooth muscle cells, the primary TF bearing cells in the body. METHODS Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay approach, TF expression and the role of gC1qR was observed. Cells were conditioned for 1 h with C1q or a gC1qR blocker and C1q, to assess the role of gC1qR. Additionally, cell growth characteristics were monitored to assess changes in viability and metabolic activity. RESULTS Our results indicate that the expression of TF increased significantly after incubation with C1q as compared with unconditioned cells. Cells conditioned with gC1qR blockers and C1q exhibited no change in TF expression when compared with cells conditioned with the blocking antibodies alone. Our results show no significant differences in metabolic activity or cell viability under these conditions. CONCLUSIONS This indicates that gC1qR association with C1q induces TF expression and may initiate extrinsic coagulation. Overall, this data illustrates a role for C1q in the activation of extrinsic coagulation and that gC1qR activity may link inflammation and thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T. Freda
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringStony Brook UniversityStony BrookNew YorkUSA
| | - Wei Yin
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringStony Brook UniversityStony BrookNew YorkUSA
| | | | - David A. Rubenstein
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringStony Brook UniversityStony BrookNew YorkUSA
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Pothlichet J, Meola A, Bugault F, Jeammet L, Savitt AG, Ghebrehiwet B, Touqui L, Pouletty P, Fiore F, Sauvanet A, Thèze J. Microbial Protein Binding to gC1qR Drives PLA2G1B-Induced CD4 T-Cell Anergy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:824746. [PMID: 35392090 PMCID: PMC8981723 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.824746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The origin of the impaired CD4 T-cell response and immunodeficiency of HIV-infected patients is still only partially understood. We recently demonstrated that PLA2G1B phospholipase synergizes with the HIV gp41 envelope protein in HIV viremic plasma to induce large abnormal membrane microdomains (aMMDs) that trap and inactivate physiological receptors, such as those for IL-7. However, the mechanism of regulation of PLA2G1B activity by the cofactor gp41 is not known. Here, we developed an assay to directly follow PLA2G1B enzymatic activity on CD4 T-cell membranes. We demonstrated that gp41 directly binds to PLA2G1B and increases PLA2G1B enzymatic activity on CD4 membrane. Furthermore, we show that the conserved 3S sequence of gp41, known to bind to the innate sensor gC1qR, increases PLA2G1B activity in a gC1qR-dependent manner using gC1qR KO cells. The critical role of the 3S motif and gC1qR in the inhibition of CD4 T-cell function by the PLA2G1B/cofactor system in HIV-infected patients led us to screen additional microbial proteins for 3S-like motifs and to study other proteins known to bind to the gC1qR to further investigate the role of the PLA2G1B/cofactor system in other infectious diseases and carcinogenesis. We have thus extended the PLA2G1B/cofactor system to HCV and Staphylococcus aureus infections and additional pathologies where microbial proteins with 3S-like motifs also increase PLA2G1B enzymatic activity. Notably, the bacteria Porphyromonas gingivalis, which is associated with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), encodes such a cofactor protein and increased PLA2G1B activity in PDAC patient plasma inhibits the CD4 response to IL-7. Our findings identify PLA2G1B/cofactor system as a CD4 T-cell inhibitor. It involves the gC1qR and disease-specific cofactors which are gC1qR-binding proteins that can contain 3S-like motifs. This mechanism involved in HIV-1 immunodeficiency could play a role in pancreatic cancer and several other diseases. These observations suggest that the PLA2G1B/cofactor system is a general CD4 T-cell inhibitor and pave the way for further studies to better understand the role of CD4 T-cell anergy in infectious diseases and tumor escape.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Anne G Savitt
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, SUNY Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Berhane Ghebrehiwet
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, SUNY Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Lhousseine Touqui
- Cystic Fibrosis and Bronchial Diseases team - INSERM U938, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA) - INSERM UMRS938, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | | | - Frédéric Fiore
- Centre d'Immunophénomique, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Alain Sauvanet
- Service de Chirurgie Hépatobiliaire et Pancréatique - Department of HBP Surgery, Hôpital Beaujon - University of Paris, Clichy, France
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Tran NT, Liang H, Zhang M, Bakky MAH, Zhang Y, Li S. Role of Cellular Receptors in the Innate Immune System of Crustaceans in Response to White Spot Syndrome Virus. Viruses 2022; 14:v14040743. [PMID: 35458473 PMCID: PMC9028835 DOI: 10.3390/v14040743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity is the only defense system for resistance against infections in crustaceans. In crustaceans, white spot diseases caused by white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) are a serious viral disease with high accumulative mortality after infection. Attachment and entry into cells have been known to be two initial and important steps in viral infection. However, systematic information about the mechanisms related to WSSV infection in crustaceans is still limited. Previous studies have reported that cellular receptors are important in the innate immune system and are responsible for the recognition of foreign microorganisms and in the stimulation of the immune responses during infections. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the functions of cellular receptors, including Toll, C-type lectin, scavenger receptor, β-integrin, polymeric immunoglobulin receptor, laminin receptor, globular C1q receptor, lipopolysaccharide-and β-1,3-glucan-binding protein, chitin-binding protein, Ras-associated binding, and Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule in the innate immune defense of crustaceans, especially shrimp and crabs, in response to WSSV infection. The results of this study provide information on the interaction between viruses and hosts during infections, which is important in the development of preventative strategies and antiviral targets in cultured aquatic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Tuan Tran
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; (N.T.T.); (H.L.); (M.Z.); (M.A.H.B.); (Y.Z.)
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Huifen Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; (N.T.T.); (H.L.); (M.Z.); (M.A.H.B.); (Y.Z.)
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; (N.T.T.); (H.L.); (M.Z.); (M.A.H.B.); (Y.Z.)
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Md. Akibul Hasan Bakky
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; (N.T.T.); (H.L.); (M.Z.); (M.A.H.B.); (Y.Z.)
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Yueling Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; (N.T.T.); (H.L.); (M.Z.); (M.A.H.B.); (Y.Z.)
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Shengkang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; (N.T.T.); (H.L.); (M.Z.); (M.A.H.B.); (Y.Z.)
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-754-86502485; Fax: +86-754-86503473
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Wang Y, Zhang B, Zhao S, Wang Y, Chu X, Li XC. SpgC1qR interacts with WSSV VP28 exhibiting antiviral activity. FISH AND SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY REPORTS 2022; 3:100052. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsirep.2022.100052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Biomimetic platelet membrane-coated Nanoparticles for targeted therapy. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2022; 172:1-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Phan QT, Lin J, Solis NV, Eng M, Swidergall M, Wang F, Li S, Gaffen SL, Chou TF, Filler SG. The Globular C1q Receptor Is Required for Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Signaling during Candida albicans Infection. mBio 2021; 12:e0271621. [PMID: 34724825 PMCID: PMC8561387 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02716-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During oropharyngeal candidiasis, Candida albicans activates the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), which induces oral epithelial cells to endocytose the fungus and synthesize proinflammatory mediators. To elucidate EGFR signaling pathways that are stimulated by C. albicans, we used proteomics to identify 1,214 proteins that were associated with EGFR in C. albicans-infected cells. Seven of these proteins were selected for additional study. Among these proteins, WW domain-binding protein 2, Toll-interacting protein, interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3), and the globular C1q receptor (gC1qR) were found to associate with EGFR in viable oral epithelial cells. Each of these proteins was required for maximal endocytosis of C. albicans, and all regulated fungus-induced production of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and/or IL-8, either positively or negatively. gC1qR was found to function as a key coreceptor with EGFR. Interacting with the C. albicans Als3 invasin, gC1qR was required for the fungus to induce autophosphorylation of both EGFR and the ephrin type A receptor 2. The combination of gC1qR and EGFR was necessary for maximal endocytosis of C. albicans and secretion of IL-1β, IL-8, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) by human oral epithelial cells. In mouse oral epithelial cells, inhibition of gC1qR failed to block C. albicans-induced phosphorylation, and knockdown of IFITM3 did not inhibit C. albicans endocytosis, indicating that gC1qR and IFITM3 function differently in mouse versus human oral epithelial cells. Thus, this work provides an atlas of proteins that associate with EGFR and identifies several that play a central role in the response of human oral epithelial cells to C. albicans infection. IMPORTANCE Oral epithelial cells play a key role in the pathogenesis of oropharyngeal candidiasis. In addition to being target host cells for C. albicans adherence and invasion, they secrete proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines that recruit T cells and activated phagocytes to foci of infection. It is known that C. albicans activates EGFR on oral epithelial cells, which induces these cells to endocytose the organism and stimulates them to secrete proinflammatory mediators. To elucidate the EGFR signaling pathways that govern these responses, we analyzed the epithelial cell proteins that associate with EGFR in C. albicans-infected epithelial cells. We identified four proteins that physically associate with EGFR and that regulate different aspects of the epithelial response to C. albicans. One of these is gC1qR, which is required for C. albicans to activate EGFR, induce endocytosis, and stimulate the secretion of proinflammatory mediators, indicating that gC1qR functions as a key coreceptor with EGFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quynh T. Phan
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
| | - Jianfeng Lin
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
| | - Norma V. Solis
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
| | - Michael Eng
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
| | - Marc Swidergall
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
| | - Shan Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
| | - Sarah L. Gaffen
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tsui-Fen Chou
- Department of Pediatrics, Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
| | - Scott G. Filler
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
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10
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Freda CT, Yin W, Ghebrehiwet B, Rubenstein DA. SARS-CoV-2 Structural Proteins Exposure Alter Thrombotic and Inflammatory Responses in Human Endothelial Cells. Cell Mol Bioeng 2021; 15:43-53. [PMID: 34484458 PMCID: PMC8407404 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-021-00696-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction We have experienced a pandemic induced by the interaction of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) structural proteins with innate structures. These interactions are especially prevalent for patients with underlying pathologies, such as cardiovascular diseases. However, there has been limited work to uncover the range of responses induced by SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins. Thus, our objective was to investigate how endothelial cell pro-thrombotic and pro-inflammatory responses are altered after exposure to SARS-CoV-2 spike, nucleocapsid, and membrane-envelope proteins. We hypothesized that after a short duration exposure, endothelial cells would have a heightened thrombotic and inflammatory potential. With longer exposures, this may lead to altered disease progression and the observed increased mortality and morbidity rates in patients with underlying vascular pathologies. Methods To test this hypothesis, human endothelial cells were exposed to SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins. After the exposure, the expression of thrombomodulin, PECAM-1, connexin-43, and gC1qR were assessed. In parallel, standard cell culture readouts were assessed to determine if these incubations altered cell growth and metabolism. Results and Conclusions We observed significant increases in thrombotic and inflammatory marker expression, with no change to the cell culture parameters (with the exception of a reduction in cell density in response to one SARS-CoV-2 structural protein). Importantly, these observations were dependent on the viral structural protein the cells were exposed to, suggesting that the interactions of SARS-CoV-2 with innate cells is complex and must be uncovered. Combined, this suggests that SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins can regulate inflammatory and thrombotic responses that underlie common pathologies observed during COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Thor Freda
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, 101 Bioengineering, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5281 USA
| | - Wei Yin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, 101 Bioengineering, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5281 USA
| | | | - David A Rubenstein
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, 101 Bioengineering, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5281 USA
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Solakyildirim K, Li Y, Bayer AS, Sullam PM, Xiong YQ, Lebrilla CB, Bensing BA. Proteoglycan 4 (lubricin) is a highly sialylated glycoprotein associated with cardiac valve damage in animal models of infective endocarditis. Glycobiology 2021; 31:1582-1595. [PMID: 34459483 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwab095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
S. gordonii and S. sanguinis are primary colonizers of tooth surfaces, and are generally associated with oral health, but can also cause infective endocarditis (IE). These species express "Siglec-like" adhesins that bind sialylated glycans on host glycoproteins, which can aid the formation of infected platelet-fibrin thrombi (vegetations) on cardiac valve surfaces. We previously determined that the ability of S. gordonii to bind sialyl T-antigen (sTa) increased pathogenicity, relative to recognition of sialylated core 2 O-glycan structures, in an animal model of IE. However, it is unclear when and where the sTa structure is displayed, and which sTa-modified host factors promote valve colonization. In this study, we identified sialylated glycoproteins in the aortic valve vegetations and plasma of rat and rabbit models of this disease. Glycoproteins that display sTa versus core 2 O-glycan structures were identified by using recombinant forms of the streptococcal Siglec-like adhesins for lectin blotting and affinity capture, and the O-linked glycans were profiled by mass spectrometry. Proteoglycan 4 (PRG4), also known as lubricin, was a major carrier of sTa in the infected vegetations. Moreover, plasma PRG4 levels were significantly higher in animals with damaged or infected valves, as compared with healthy animals. The combined results demonstrate that, in addition to platelet GPIbα, PRG4 is a highly sialylated mucin-like glycoprotein found in aortic valve vegetations and may contribute to the persistence of oral streptococci in this protected endovascular niche. Moreover, plasma PRG4 could serve as a biomarker for endocardial injury and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kemal Solakyildirim
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America.,Department of Chemistry, Erzincan Binali Yildirim University, Erzincan, 24100, Turkey
| | - Yi Li
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Arnold S Bayer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America.,David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Paul M Sullam
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Yan Q Xiong
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America.,David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Carlito B Lebrilla
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Barbara A Bensing
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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Lerche CJ, Schwartz F, Theut M, Fosbøl EL, Iversen K, Bundgaard H, Høiby N, Moser C. Anti-biofilm Approach in Infective Endocarditis Exposes New Treatment Strategies for Improved Outcome. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:643335. [PMID: 34222225 PMCID: PMC8249808 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.643335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infective endocarditis (IE) is a life-threatening infective disease with increasing incidence worldwide. From early on, in the antibiotic era, it was recognized that high-dose and long-term antibiotic therapy was correlated to improved outcome. In addition, for several of the common microbial IE etiologies, the use of combination antibiotic therapy further improves outcome. IE vegetations on affected heart valves from patients and experimental animal models resemble biofilm infections. Besides the recalcitrant nature of IE, the microorganisms often present in an aggregated form, and gradients of bacterial activity in the vegetations can be observed. Even after appropriate antibiotic therapy, such microbial formations can often be identified in surgically removed, infected heart valves. Therefore, persistent or recurrent cases of IE, after apparent initial infection control, can be related to biofilm formation in the heart valve vegetations. On this background, the present review will describe potentially novel non-antibiotic, antimicrobial approaches in IE, with special focus on anti-thrombotic strategies and hyperbaric oxygen therapy targeting the biofilm formation of the infected heart valves caused by Staphylococcus aureus. The format is translational from preclinical models to actual clinical treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Johann Lerche
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Franziska Schwartz
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marie Theut
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emil Loldrup Fosbøl
- Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kasper Iversen
- Department of Cardiology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Henning Bundgaard
- Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Høiby
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus Moser
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Freda CT, Yin W, Ghebrehiwet B, Rubenstein DA. SARS-CoV-2 proteins regulate inflammatory, thrombotic and diabetic responses in human arterial fibroblasts. Clin Immunol 2021; 227:108733. [PMID: 33895357 PMCID: PMC8061629 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2021.108733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for many pathological processes, including altered vascular disease development, dysfunctional thrombosis and a heightened inflammatory response. However, there is limited work to determine the underlying cellular responses induced by exposure to SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins. Thus, our objective was to investigate how human arterial adventitial fibroblasts inflammation, thrombosis and diabetic disease markers are altered in response to Spike, Nucleocapsid and Membrane-Envelope proteins. We hypothesized that after a short-term exposure to SARS-CoV-2 proteins, adventitial fibroblasts would have a higher expression of inflammatory, thrombotic and diabetic proteins, which would support a mechanism for altered vascular disease progression. After incubation, the expression of gC1qR, ICAM-1, tissue factor, RAGE and GLUT-4 was significantly up-regulated. In general, the extent of expression was different for each SARS-CoV-2 protein, suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 proteins interact with cells through different mechanisms. Thus, SARS-CoV-2 protein interaction with vascular cells may regulate vascular disease responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Thor Freda
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States of America
| | - Wei Yin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States of America
| | - Berhane Ghebrehiwet
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States of America
| | - David A Rubenstein
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States of America.
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14
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Hosszu KK, Valentino A, Peerschke EI, Ghebrehiwet B. SLE: Novel Postulates for Therapeutic Options. Front Immunol 2020; 11:583853. [PMID: 33117397 PMCID: PMC7575694 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.583853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic deficiency in C1q is a strong susceptibility factor for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). There are two major hypotheses that potentially explain the role of C1q in SLE. The first postulates that C1q deficiency abrogates apoptotic cell clearance, leading to persistently high loads of potentially immunogenic self-antigens that trigger autoimmune responses. While C1q undoubtedly plays an important role in apoptotic clearance, an essential biological process such as removal of self- waste is so critical for host survival that multiple ligand-receptor combinations do fortunately exist to ensure that proper disposal of apoptotic debris is accomplished even in the absence of C1q. The second hypothesis is based on the observation that locally synthesized C1q plays a critical role in regulating the earliest stages of monocyte to dendritic cell (DC) differentiation and function. Indeed, circulating C1q has been shown to keep monocytes in a pre-dendritic state by silencing key molecular players and ensuring that unwarranted DC-driven immune responses do not occur. Monocytes are also able to display macromolecular C1 on their surface, representing a novel mechanism for the recognition of circulating "danger." Translation of this danger signal in turn, provides the requisite "license" to trigger a differentiation pathway that leads to adaptive immune response. Based on this evidence, the second hypothesis proposes that deficiency in C1q dysregulates monocyte-to-DC differentiation and causes inefficient or defective maintenance of self-tolerance. The fact that C1q receptors (cC1qR and gC1qR) are also expressed on the surface of both monocytes and DCs, suggests that C1q/C1qR may regulate DC differentiation and function through specific cell-signaling pathways. While their primary ligand is C1q, C1qRs can also independently recognize a vast array of plasma proteins as well as pathogen-associated molecular ligands, indicating that these molecules may collaborate in antigen recognition and processing, and thus regulate DC-differentiation. This review will therefore focus on the role of C1q and C1qRs in SLE and explore the gC1qR/C1q axis as a potential target for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga K Hosszu
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Alisa Valentino
- Department of Lab Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ellinor I Peerschke
- Department of Lab Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Berhane Ghebrehiwet
- The Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
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15
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Anti gC1qR/p32/HABP1 Antibody Therapy Decreases Tumor Growth in an Orthotopic Murine Xenotransplant Model of Triple Negative Breast Cancer. Antibodies (Basel) 2020; 9:antib9040051. [PMID: 33036212 PMCID: PMC7709104 DOI: 10.3390/antib9040051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
gC1qR is highly expressed in breast cancer and plays a role in cancer cell proliferation. This study explored therapy with gC1qR monoclonal antibody 60.11, directed against the C1q binding domain of gC1qR, in a murine orthotopic xenotransplant model of triple negative breast cancer. MDA231 breast cancer cells were injected into the mammary fat pad of athymic nu/nu female mice. Mice were segregated into three groups (n = 5, each) and treated with the vehicle (group 1) or gC1qR antibody 60.11 (100 mg/kg) twice weekly, starting at day 3 post-implantation (group 2) or when the tumor volume reached 100 mm3 (group 3). At study termination (d = 35), the average tumor volume in the control group measured 895 ± 143 mm3, compared to 401 ± 48 mm3 and 701 ± 100 mm3 in groups 2 and 3, respectively (p < 0.05). Immunohistochemical staining of excised tumors revealed increased apoptosis (caspase 3 and TUNEL staining) in 60.11-treated mice compared to controls, and decreased angiogenesis (CD31 staining). Slightly decreased white blood cell counts were noted in 60.11-treated mice. Otherwise, no overt toxicities were observed. These data are the first to demonstrate an in vivo anti-tumor effect of 60.11 therapy in a mouse model of triple negative breast cancer.
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16
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Ghebrehiwet B, Geisbrecht BV, Xu X, Savitt AG, Peerschke EIB. The C1q Receptors: Focus on gC1qR/p33 (C1qBP, p32, HABP-1) 1. Semin Immunol 2019; 45:101338. [PMID: 31744753 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2019.101338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In the past several years, a number of C1q binding surface proteins or receptors have been described. This is not of course surprising considering the complexity of the C1q molecule and its ability to bind to a wide range of cellular and plasma proteins via both its collagen-like [cC1q] region and its heterotrimeric globular heads [gC1q] each of which in turn is capable of binding a specific ligand. However, while each of these "receptor" molecules undoubtedly plays a specific function within its restricted microenvironment, and therefore merits full attention, this review nonetheless, will singularly focus on the structure and function of gC1qR-a multi-functional and multi-compartmental protein, which plays an important role in inflammation, infection, and cancer. Although first identified as a receptor for C1q, gC1qR has been shown to bind to a plethora of proteins found in plasma, on the cell surface and on pathogenic microorganisms. The plasma proteins that bind to gC1qR are mostly blood coagulation proteins and include high molecular weight kininogen [HK], Factor XII [Hageman factor], fibrinogen, thrombin [FII], and multimeric vitronectin. This suggests that gC1qR can play an important role in modulating not only of fibrin formation, particularly at local sites of immune injury and/or inflammation, but by activating the kinin/kallikrein system, it is also able to generate, bradykinin, a powerful vasoactive peptide that is largely responsible for the swelling seen in angioedema. Another important function of gC1qR is in cancer, where it has been shown to play a role in tumor cell survival, growth and metastatic invasion by interacting with critical molecules in the tumor cell microenvironment including those of the complement system and kinin system. Finally, by virtue of its ability to interact with a growing list of pathogen-associated molecules, including bacterial and viral ligands, gC1qR is becoming recognized as an important pathogen recognition receptor [PRR]. Given the numerous roles it plays in a growing list of disease settings, gC1qR has now become a potential target for the development of monoclonal antibody-based and/or small molecule-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berhane Ghebrehiwet
- The Departments of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8161 USA.
| | - Brian V Geisbrecht
- Kansas State University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
| | - Xin Xu
- Kansas State University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
| | - Anne G Savitt
- The Departments of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8161 USA
| | - Ellinor I B Peerschke
- The Department of Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, 10065, USA
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17
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Shen S, Che Z, Zhao X, Shao Y, Zhang W, Guo M, Li C. Characterization of a gC1qR homolog from sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 93:216-222. [PMID: 31336155 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
gC1qR is a multifunctional and multiligand binding protein that plays important roles in inflammation and infection. In this study, a novel gC1qR homolog called AjgC1qR from the invertebrate sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus was cloned and characterized. The open reading frame of AjgC1qR encoded 292 amino acid residues with a conserved mitochondrial targeting sequence and MAM33 domain. Multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic analyses proved that AjgC1qR is a homolog of the gC1qR family. Spatial mRNA transcription in five tissues revealed the ubiquitous expression of AjgC1qR. The highest and lowest levels of expression were found in the tentacle and muscle, respectively, and AjgC1qR expression was remarkably up-regulated in coelomocytes after Vibrio splendidus challenge. Moreover, the recombinant rAjgC1qR protein exhibited high binding activity toward pathogen-associated molecules, such as lipopolysaccharides, peptidoglycan, and mannan. These findings demonstrate that AjgC1qR may play important roles in innate immunity and function as a pathogen recognition receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sikou Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Zhongjie Che
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Xuelin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Yina Shao
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China.
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Ming Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Chenghua Li
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, PR China.
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18
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A Human Biofilm-Disrupting Monoclonal Antibody Potentiates Antibiotic Efficacy in Rodent Models of both Staphylococcus aureus and Acinetobacter baumannii Infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:AAC.00904-17. [PMID: 28717038 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00904-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Many serious bacterial infections are antibiotic refractory due to biofilm formation. A key structural component of biofilm is extracellular DNA, which is stabilized by bacterial proteins, including those from the DNABII family. TRL1068 is a high-affinity human monoclonal antibody against a DNABII epitope conserved across both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial species. In the present study, the efficacy of TRL1068 for the disruption of biofilm was demonstrated in vitro in the absence of antibiotics by scanning electron microscopy. The in vivo efficacy of this antibody was investigated in a well-characterized catheter-induced aortic valve infective endocarditis model in rats infected with a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strain with the ability to form thick biofilms, obtained from the blood of a patient with persistent clinical infection. Animals were treated with vancomycin alone or in combination with TRL1068. MRSA burdens in cardiac vegetations and within intracardiac catheters, kidneys, spleen, and liver showed significant reductions in the combination arm versus vancomycin alone (P < 0.001). A trend toward mortality reduction was also observed (P = 0.09). In parallel, the in vivo efficacy of TRL1068 against a multidrug-resistant clinical Acinetobacter baumannii isolate was explored by using an established mouse model of skin and soft tissue catheter-related biofilm infection. Catheter segments infected with A. baumannii were implanted subcutaneously into mice; animals were treated with imipenem alone or in combination with TRL1068. The combination showed a significant reduction of catheter-adherent bacteria versus the antibiotic alone (P < 0.001). TRL1068 shows excellent promise as an adjunct to standard-of-care antibiotics for a broad range of difficult-to-treat bacterial infections.
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19
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Barber KE, Ghebrehiwet B, Yin W, Rubenstein DA. Endothelial Cell Inflammatory Reactions Are Altered in the Presence of E-Cigarette Extracts of Variable Nicotine. Cell Mol Bioeng 2016; 10:124-133. [PMID: 31719854 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-016-0465-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to tobacco smoke has been associated with heightened endothelial cell activities associated with cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Conversely, the exposure to nicotine both activates and inhibits particular endothelial cell functions. However, which constituent(s) of tobacco smoke is responsible for these changes is unknown, since toxic gases and fine particulate matter cannot be isolated. Electronic cigarette vapor allows us to isolate these constituents, providing us the ability to evaluate individual constituents. Here, we used e-cigarettes to (1) identify which constituents of tobacco products are most responsible for altered CVD functions and (2) elucidate the underlying risk of e-cigarette exposure. To accomplish this goal, endothelial cells were exposed to extracts produced from tobacco cigarettes or e-cigarettes. Endothelial cell inflammatory processes, viability, density and metabolic activity were observed. In general, a significant increase in complement deposition, the expression of the receptors for C1q, coupled with a decrease in cell proliferation and metabolic activity was observed. These results were independent of nicotine and the exposure to e-vapor was just as harmful as tobacco smoke extracts. Thus, the exposure to fine particulate matter and not toxic combustion gases or nicotine may be the most critical for regulating CVD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstin E Barber
- 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, 101 Bioengineering Building, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA
| | - Berhane Ghebrehiwet
- 2School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA
| | - Wei Yin
- 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, 101 Bioengineering Building, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA
| | - David A Rubenstein
- 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, 101 Bioengineering Building, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA
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20
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Hill PB, Imai A. The immunopathogenesis of staphylococcal skin infections - A review. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 49:8-28. [PMID: 27865269 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus and S. pseudintermedius are the major causes of bacterial skin disease in humans and dogs. These organisms can exist as commensals on the skin, but they can also cause severe or even devastating infections. The immune system has evolved mechanisms to deal with pathogenic microorganisms and has strategies to combat bacteria of this type. What emerges is a delicate "peace" between the opposing sides, but this balance can be disrupted leading to a full blown "war". In the ferocious battle that ensues, both sides attempt to get the upper hand, using strategies that are comparable to those used by modern day armies. In this review article, the complex interactions between the immune system and the organisms are described using such military analogies. The process is described in a sequential manner, starting with the invasion itself, and progressing to the eventual battlezone in which there are heavy casualties on both sides. By the end, the appearance of a simple pustule on the skin surface will take on a whole new meaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Hill
- Companion Animal Health Centre, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy SA 5371, Australia.
| | - A Imai
- Dermatology resident, Synergy Animal General Hospital, 815 Kishigami Kawaguchi, Saitama, 333-0823, Japan
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21
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Hom S, Chen L, Wang T, Ghebrehiwet B, Yin W, Rubenstein DA. Platelet activation, adhesion, inflammation, and aggregation potential are altered in the presence of electronic cigarette extracts of variable nicotine concentrations. Platelets 2016; 27:694-702. [PMID: 27096416 DOI: 10.3109/09537104.2016.1158403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco smoke extracts prepared from both mainstream and sidestream smoking have been associated with heightened platelet activation, aggregation, adhesion, and inflammation. Conversely, it has been shown that pure nicotine inhibits similar platelet functions. In this work, we 1) evaluated the effects of e-cigarette extracts on platelet activities and 2) elucidated the differences between the nicotine-dependent and non-nicotine dependent (e.g. fine particulate matter or toxic compounds) effects of tobacco and e-cigarette products on platelet activities. To accomplish these goals, platelets from healthy volunteers (n = 50) were exposed to tobacco smoke extracts, e-cigarette vapor extracts, and pure nicotine and changes in platelet activation, adhesion, aggregation, and inflammation were evaluated, using optical aggregation, flow cytometry, and ELISA methods. Interestingly, the exposure of platelets to e-vapor extracts induced a significant up-regulation in the expression of the pro-inflammatory gC1qR and cC1qR and induced a marked increase in the deposition of C3b as compared with traditional tobacco smoke extracts. Similarly, platelet activation, as measured by a prothrombinase based assay, and platelet aggregation were also significantly enhanced after exposure to e-vapor extracts. Finally, platelet adhesion potential toward fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor, and other platelets was also enhanced after exposure to e-cigarette vapor extracts. In the presence of pure nicotine, platelet functions were observed to be inhibited, which further suggests that other constituents of tobacco smoke and electronic vapor can antagonize platelet functions, however, the presence of nicotine in extracts somewhat perpetuated the platelet functional changes in a dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Hom
- a Department of Biomedical Engineering , Stony Brook University , Stony Brook , NY , USA
| | - Li Chen
- a Department of Biomedical Engineering , Stony Brook University , Stony Brook , NY , USA
| | - Tony Wang
- a Department of Biomedical Engineering , Stony Brook University , Stony Brook , NY , USA
| | - Berhane Ghebrehiwet
- b School of Medicine, Department of Medicine , Stony Brook University , Stony Brook , NY , USA
| | - Wei Yin
- a Department of Biomedical Engineering , Stony Brook University , Stony Brook , NY , USA
| | - David A Rubenstein
- a Department of Biomedical Engineering , Stony Brook University , Stony Brook , NY , USA
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Long AT, Kenne E, Jung R, Fuchs TA, Renné T. Contact system revisited: an interface between inflammation, coagulation, and innate immunity. J Thromb Haemost 2016; 14:427-37. [PMID: 26707513 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The contact system is a plasma protease cascade initiated by factor XII (FXII) that activates the proinflammatory kallikrein-kinin system and the procoagulant intrinsic coagulation pathway. Anionic surfaces induce FXII zymogen activation to form proteolytically active FXIIa. Bacterial surfaces also have the ability to activate contact system proteins, indicating an important role for host defense using the cooperation of the inflammatory and coagulation pathways. Recent research has shown that inorganic polyphosphate found in platelets activates FXII in vivo and can induce coagulation in pathological thrombus formation. Experimental studies have shown that interference with FXII provides thromboprotection without a therapy-associated increase in bleeding, renewing interest in the FXIIa-driven intrinsic pathway of coagulation as a therapeutic target. This review summarizes how the contact system acts as the cross-road of inflammation, coagulation, and innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Long
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - E Kenne
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - R Jung
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - T A Fuchs
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T Renné
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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23
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Rubenstein DA, Hom S, Ghebrehiwet B, Yin W. Tobacco and e-cigarette products initiate Kupffer cell inflammatory responses. Mol Immunol 2015; 67:652-60. [PMID: 26072673 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Kupffer cells are liver resident macrophages that are responsible for screening and clearing blood of pathogens and foreign particles. It has recently been shown that Kupffer cells interact with platelets, through an adhesion based mechanism, to aid in pathogen clearance and then these platelets re-enter the general systemic circulation. Thus, a mechanism has been identified that relates liver inflammation to possible changes in the systemic circulation. However, the role that Kupffer cells play in cardiovascular disease initiation/progression has not been elucidated. Thus, our objective was to determine whether or not Kupffer cells are responsive to a classical cardiovascular risk factor and if these changes can be transmitted into the general systemic circulation. If Kupffer cells initiate inflammatory responses after exposure to classical cardiovascular risk factors, then this provides a potential alternative/synergistic pathway for cardiovascular disease initiation. We aimed to elucidate the prevalence of this potential pathway. We hypothesized that Kupffer cells would initiate a robust inflammatory response after exposure to tobacco cigarette or e-cigarette products and that the inflammatory response would have the potential to antagonize other salient cells for cardiovascular disease progression. To test this, Kupffer cells were incubated with tobacco smoke extracts, e-cigarette vapor extracts or pure nicotine. Complement deposition onto Kupffer cells, Kupffer cell complement receptor expression, oxidative stress production, cytokine release and viability and density were assessed after the exposure. We observed a robust inflammatory response, oxidative stress production and cytokine release after Kupffer cells were exposed to tobacco or e-cigarette extracts. We also observed a marginal decrease in cell viability coupled with a significant decrease in cell density. In general, this was not a function of the extract formulation (e.g. tobacco vs. e-cigarette products or the formulation of the cigarette product). These results indicate that Kupffer cells are responsive to classical cardiovascular risk factors and that an inflammatory response is initiated that may pass into the general systemic circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Rubenstein
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States.
| | - Sarah Hom
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States
| | - Berhane Ghebrehiwet
- School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States
| | - Wei Yin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States
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24
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Shekhar MS, Ponniah AG. Recent insights into host-pathogen interaction in white spot syndrome virus infected penaeid shrimp. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2015; 38:599-612. [PMID: 24953507 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Viral disease outbreaks are a major concern impeding the development of the shrimp aquaculture industry. The viral disease due to white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) observed in early 1990s still continues unabated affecting the shrimp farms and cause huge economic loss to the shrimp aquaculture industry. In the absence of effective therapeutics to control WSSV, it is important to understand viral pathogenesis and shrimp response to WSSV at the molecular level. Identification and molecular characterization of WSSV proteins and receptors may facilitate in designing and development of novel therapeutics and antiviral drugs that may inhibit viral replication. Investigations into host-pathogen interactions might give new insights to viral infectivity, tissue tropism and defence mechanism elicited in response to WSSV infection. However, due to the limited information on WSSV gene function and host immune response, the signalling pathways which are associated in shrimp pathogen interaction have also not been elucidated completely. In the present review, the focus is on those shrimp proteins and receptors that are potentially involved in virus infection or in the defence mechanism against WSSV. In addition, the major signalling pathways involved in the innate immune response and the role of apoptosis in host-pathogen interaction is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Shekhar
- Genetics and Biotechnology Unit, Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai, India
| | - A G Ponniah
- Genetics and Biotechnology Unit, Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai, India
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25
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The combined effect of sidestream smoke and dynamic shear stress on endothelial cell inflammatory responses. Thromb Res 2015; 135:362-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2014.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Ghebrehiwet B, Jesty J, Vinayagasundaram R, Vinayagasundaram U, Ji Y, Valentino A, Tumma N, Hosszu KH, Peerschke EIB. Targeting gC1qR Domains for Therapy Against Infection and Inflammation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 735:97-110. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-4118-2_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Edwards AM, Bowden MG, Brown EL, Laabei M, Massey RC. Staphylococcus aureus extracellular adherence protein triggers TNFα release, promoting attachment to endothelial cells via protein A. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43046. [PMID: 22905199 PMCID: PMC3419684 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of bacteraemia, which frequently results in complications such as infective endocarditis, osteomyelitis and exit from the bloodstream to cause metastatic abscesses. Interaction with endothelial cells is critical to these complications and several bacterial proteins have been shown to be involved. The S. aureus extracellular adhesion protein (Eap) has many functions, it binds several host glyco-proteins and has both pro- and anti-inflammatory activity. Unfortunately its role in vivo has not been robustly tested to date, due to difficulties in complementing its activity in mutant strains. We previously found Eap to have pro-inflammatory activity, and here show that purified native Eap triggered TNFα release in whole human blood in a dose-dependent manner. This level of TNFα increased adhesion of S. aureus to endothelial cells 4-fold via a mechanism involving protein A on the bacterial surface and gC1qR/p33 on the endothelial cell surface. The contribution this and other Eap activities play in disease severity during bacteraemia was tested by constructing an isogenic set of strains in which the eap gene was inactivated and complemented by inserting an intact copy elsewhere on the bacterial chromosome. Using a murine bacteraemia model we found that Eap expressing strains cause a more severe infection, demonstrating its role in invasive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M. Edwards
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Gabriela Bowden
- Center for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Eric L. Brown
- Center for Infectious Disease, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Maisem Laabei
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth C. Massey
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Hady WA, Bayer AS, Xiong YQ. Experimental endocarditis model of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in rat. J Vis Exp 2012:e3863. [PMID: 22711072 DOI: 10.3791/3863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Endovascular infections, including endocarditis, are life-threatening infectious syndromes. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common world-wide cause of such syndromes with unacceptably high morbidity and mortality even with appropriate antimicrobial agent treatments. The increase in infections due to methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), the high rates of vancomycin clinical treatment failures and growing problems of linezolid and daptomycin resistance have all further complicated the management of patients with such infections, and led to high healthcare costs. In addition, it should be emphasized that most recent studies with antibiotic treatment outcomes have been based in clinical settings, and thus might well be influenced by host factors varying from patient-to-patient. Therefore, a relevant animal model of endovascular infection in which host factors are similar from animal-to-animal is more crucial to investigate microbial pathogenesis, as well as the efficacy of novel antimicrobial agents. Endocarditis in rat is a well-established experimental animal model that closely approximates human native valve endocarditis. This model has been used to examine the role of particular staphylococcal virulence factors and the efficacy of antibiotic treatment regimens for staphylococcal endocarditis. In this report, we describe the experimental endocarditis model due to MRSA that could be used to investigate bacterial pathogenesis and response to antibiotic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wessam Abdel Hady
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, USA
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29
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Li XC, Du ZQ, Lan JF, Zhang XW, Mu Y, Zhao XF, Wang JX. A novel pathogen-binding gC1qR homolog, FcgC1qR, in the Chinese white shrimp, Fenneropenaeus chinensis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 36:400-407. [PMID: 21893092 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2011.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Revised: 08/14/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In vertebrates, the globular "head" of complement component C1q receptor (gC1qR) is a versatile, multiligand binding protein. However, research on its function in invertebrates is limited. In the present study, a full-length cDNA sequence of a novel gC1qR homolog, FcgC1qR, from the Chinese white shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis was cloned. Semi-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detected FcgC1qR in all examined tissues, with the highest level detected in the intestine. Western blot assay further revealed that the FcgC1qR protein was distributed in all tested tissues except the cell-free hemolymph of normal Chinese white shrimp. In the expression pattern study, quantitative real-time PCR demonstrated that the transcripts of FcgC1qR were up-regulated when challenged with bacteria (Vibrio anguillarum or Staphylococcus aureus) and white spot syndrome virus. Subsequently, FcgC1qR was over-expressed in Escherichia coli, and the polyclonal antibody was prepared with the purified recombinant protein. Microorganism binding was examined using Western blot assay, and revealed that FcgC1qR could bind to Bacillus cereus, Bacillus thuringiensis, S. aureus, V. anguillarum, Vibrioharveyi, and Candida albicans. FcgC1qR was also proven able to bind to S. aureus in a concentration-dependent manner, and this binding activity was partly inhibited by the polyclonal antibody. These results suggest that FcgC1qR may be involved in defending against bacterial infections in the Chinese white shrimp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Cang Li
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Sethi S, Herrmann M, Roller J, von Müller L, Peerschke EI, Ghebrehiwet B, Bajric I, Menger MD, Laschke MW. Blockade of gC1qR/p33, a receptor for C1q, inhibits adherence of Staphylococcus aureus to the microvascular endothelium. Microvasc Res 2011; 82:66-72. [PMID: 21539847 PMCID: PMC3114305 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2011.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Revised: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Endovascular infections with Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) are associated with high mortality. gC1qR/p33 (gC1qR), a receptor for the complement component C1q expressed on endothelial cells, interacts with protein A of S. aureus and gC1qR blockade reduces S. aureus colonization during infective endocarditis. The aim of this study was to analyze in vivo whether this observation is due to a decreased interaction of S. aureus with the microvascular endothelium. A dorsal skinfold chamber was prepared in Syrian golden hamsters, which were treated with the monoclonal antibody (MAb) 74.5.2 directed against gC1qR or vehicle. The interaction of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled staphylococci and leukocytes with the endothelium was analyzed under physiological conditions as well as after TNF-α-induced inflammation using intravital fluorescence microscopy. Administration of MAb 74.5.2 significantly reduced adherence of S. aureus to the endothelium in untreated and TNF-α-exposed tissue. In addition, we could demonstrate in vitro that S. aureus adherence to human endothelial cells was inhibited by MAb 74.5.2. Blockade of gC1qR did not affect leukocyte-endothelial cell interaction. In conclusion, our findings indicate that immunological inhibition of gC1qR may be therapeutically used to decrease the interaction of S. aureus with the microvascular endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shneh Sethi
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Mathias Herrmann
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Jonas Roller
- Institute for Clinical & Experimental Surgery, University of Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Lutz von Müller
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Ellinor I. Peerschke
- Department of Pathology, The Mount Sinai Hospital and Medical School, NY, United States
| | - Berhane Ghebrehiwet
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Irma Bajric
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Michael D. Menger
- Institute for Clinical & Experimental Surgery, University of Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Matthias W. Laschke
- Institute for Clinical & Experimental Surgery, University of Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany
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31
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Cox D, Kerrigan SW, Watson SP. Platelets and the innate immune system: mechanisms of bacterial-induced platelet activation. J Thromb Haemost 2011; 9:1097-107. [PMID: 21435167 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2011.04264.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
It has become clear that platelets are not simply cell fragments that plug the leak in a damaged blood vessel; they are, in fact, also key components in the innate immune system, which is supported by the presence of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) on platelets. As the cells that respond first to a site of injury, they are well placed to direct the immune response to deal with any resulting exposure to pathogens. The response is triggered by bacteria binding to platelets, which usually triggers platelet activation and the secretion of antimicrobial peptides. The main platelet receptors that mediate these interactions are glycoprotein (GP)IIb-IIIa, GPIbα, FcγRIIa, complement receptors, and TLRs. This process may involve direct interactions between bacterial proteins and the receptors, or can be mediated by plasma proteins such as fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor, complement, and IgG. Here, we review the variety of interactions between platelets and bacteria, and look at the potential for inhibiting these interactions in diseases such as infective endocarditis and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Cox
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics School of Pharmacy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.
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Singh KV, Nallapareddy SR, Sillanpää J, Murray BE. Importance of the collagen adhesin ace in pathogenesis and protection against Enterococcus faecalis experimental endocarditis. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1000716. [PMID: 20072611 PMCID: PMC2798748 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 12/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ace is an adhesin to collagen from Enterococcus faecalis expressed conditionally after growth in serum or in the presence of collagen. Here, we generated an ace deletion mutant and showed that it was significantly attenuated versus wild-type OG1RF in a mixed infection rat endocarditis model (P<0.0001), while no differences were observed in a peritonitis model. Complemented OG1RFΔace (pAT392::ace) enhanced early (4 h) heart valve colonization versus OG1RFΔace (pAT392) (P = 0.0418), suggesting that Ace expression is important for early attachment. By flow cytometry using specific anti-recombinant Ace (rAce) immunoglobulins (Igs), we showed in vivo expression of Ace by OG1RF cells obtained directly from infected vegetations, consistent with our previous finding of anti-Ace antibodies in E. faecalis endocarditis patient sera. Finally, rats actively immunized against rAce were less susceptible to infection by OG1RF than non-immunized (P = 0.0004) or sham-immunized (P = 0.0475) by CFU counts. Similarly, animals given specific anti-rAce Igs were less likely to develop E. faecalis endocarditis (P = 0.0001) and showed fewer CFU in vegetations (P = 0.0146). In conclusion, we have shown for the first time that Ace is involved in pathogenesis of, and is useful for protection against, E. faecalis experimental endocarditis. Enterococcus faecalis was recognized as a common cause of infective endocarditis (IE) by the early 1900s. It is still third in community-onset IE, but is the second most common cause of hospital-associated IE. Complications due to E. faecalis IE include congestive heart failure, septic emboli and death and current management involves a combination of antimicrobials, often with surgery. Emergence of antimicrobial resistance has created the need for alternative strategies (such as immunoprophylaxis) that target in vivo expressed virulence-associated surface proteins. One such E. faecalis protein is Ace, which is antigenic during human IE and mediates attachment of E. faecalis cells to host extracellular matrix proteins collagen and laminin. Using a rat model, we now show that ace contributes to E. faecalis IE pathogenesis and demonstrate that Ace is expressed at high levels during IE even though produced at low levels under laboratory conditions; both active and passive immunization based on the collagen-binding domain of Ace conferred significant protection against IE. These observations, along with data that human antibodies against Ace inhibit collagen adherence of E. faecalis, indicate that Ace is an important virulence-associated factor and a promising target for prophylactic and possibly therapeutic strategies against E. faecalis IE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavindra V. Singh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for the Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Pathogens; University of Texas Medical School, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sreedhar R. Nallapareddy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for the Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Pathogens; University of Texas Medical School, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jouko Sillanpää
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for the Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Pathogens; University of Texas Medical School, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Barbara E. Murray
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for the Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Pathogens; University of Texas Medical School, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Xiong YQ, Bensing BA, Bayer AS, Chambers HF, Sullam PM. Role of the serine-rich surface glycoprotein GspB of Streptococcus gordonii in the pathogenesis of infective endocarditis. Microb Pathog 2008; 45:297-301. [PMID: 18656529 PMCID: PMC2574613 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2008.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2008] [Revised: 06/26/2008] [Accepted: 06/27/2008] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The direct binding of bacteria to platelets is a central interaction in the pathogenesis of infective endocarditis. GspB is a serine-rich, cell wall glycoprotein of Streptococcus gordonii that mediates the binding of this organism to human platelets in vitro. To assess the contribution of this adhesin to the pathogenesis of endocarditis, we compared the virulence of S. gordonii M99 (which expresses GspB) with an isogenic, gspB mutant (PS846) in two rat models of endovascular infection. In the first group of experiments, animals were infected intravenously with M99 or PS846, and sacrificed 72 h later, to assess levels of bacteria within cardiac vegetations, kidneys, and spleens. When inoculated with 10(5)CFU, rats infected with PS846 had significantly lower densities of organisms within vegetations (mean: 3.84 log(10)CFU/g) as compared with M99-infected rats (6.67 log(10)CFU/g; P<0.001). Marked differences were also seen in rats co-infected with M99 and PS846, at a 1:1 ratio. While M99 was found at high levels within vegetations, kidneys and spleens (mean log(10)CFU/g: 6.62, 5.07 and 4.18, respectively) PS846 was not detected within these tissues. Thus, platelet binding by GspB appears to be a major interaction in the pathogenesis of endocarditis due to S. gordonii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Q. Xiong
- Department of Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1000W Carson Street, Building RB2, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Barbara A. Bensing
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, 4150 Clement Street (111W), San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
- The Department of Medicine, University of California, 4150 Clement Street (111W), San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Arnold S. Bayer
- Department of Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1000W Carson Street, Building RB2, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Henry F. Chambers
- San Francisco General Hospital, The Department of Medicine, University of California, 1001 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Paul M. Sullam
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, 4150 Clement Street (111W), San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
- The Department of Medicine, University of California, 4150 Clement Street (111W), San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
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Abstract
The human immune system has developed an elaborate network of cascades for dealing with microbial intruders. Owing to its ability to rapidly recognize and eliminate microorganisms, the complement system is an essential and efficient component of this machinery. However, many pathogenic organisms have found ways to escape the attack of complement through a range of different mechanisms. Recent discoveries in this field have provided important insights into these processes on a molecular level. These vital developments could augment our knowledge of the pathology and treatment of infectious and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Lambris
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 422 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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Biswas AK, Hafiz A, Banerjee B, Kim KS, Datta K, Chitnis CE. Plasmodium falciparum uses gC1qR/HABP1/p32 as a receptor to bind to vascular endothelium and for platelet-mediated clumping. PLoS Pathog 2007; 3:1271-80. [PMID: 17907801 PMCID: PMC2323294 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0030130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2007] [Accepted: 07/23/2007] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of Plasmodium falciparum–infected red blood cells (IRBCs) to bind to vascular endothelium, thus enabling sequestration in vital host organs, is an important pathogenic mechanism in malaria. Adhesion of P. falciparum IRBCs to platelets, which results in the formation of IRBC clumps, is another cytoadherence phenomenon that is associated with severe disease. Here, we have used in vitro cytoadherence assays to demonstrate, to our knowledge for the first time, that P. falciparum IRBCs use the 32-kDa human protein gC1qR/HABP1/p32 as a receptor to bind to human brain microvascular endothelial cells. In addition, we show that P. falciparum IRBCs can also bind to gC1qR/HABP1/p32 on platelets to form clumps. Our study has thus identified a novel host receptor that is used for both adhesion to vascular endothelium and platelet-mediated clumping. Given the association of adhesion to vascular endothelium and platelet-mediated clumping with severe disease, adhesion to gC1qR/HABP1/p32 by P. falciparum IRBCs may play an important role in malaria pathogenesis. Adhesion of Plasmodium falciparum–infected red blood cells (IRBCs) to the endothelium lining the capillaries of vital host organs can obstruct blood circulation and is an important pathogenic mechanism in malaria. Adhesion of P. falciparum IRBCs to platelets results in the formation of IRBC clumps that can also obstruct blood flow and is implicated in severe malaria. Here, we have identified a novel cytoadherence receptor that is found on both endothelial cells and platelets. We demonstrate, for the first time to our knowledge, that P. falciparum IRBCs use the 32-kDa human protein gC1qR/HABP1/p32 as a receptor to bind to human endothelial cells, including brain microvascular endothelial cells. In addition, we show that P. falciparum IRBCs can bind to gC1qR/HABP1/p32 on platelets to form clumps. Our study has thus identified a novel host receptor that is used for both adhesion to vascular endothelium and platelet-mediated clumping. Given the association of these cytoadherence phenomena with severe disease, our study opens the door to investigations on the role of adhesion of P. falciparum IRBCs to gC1qR/HABP1/p32 in malaria pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Kumar Biswas
- Malaria Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Abdul Hafiz
- Malaria Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Bhaswati Banerjee
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Kwang Sik Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kasturi Datta
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: (KD); (CEC)
| | - Chetan E Chitnis
- Malaria Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: (KD); (CEC)
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36
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Peerschke EIB, Ghebrehiwet B. The contribution of gC1qR/p33 in infection and inflammation. Immunobiology 2007; 212:333-42. [PMID: 17544818 PMCID: PMC2001281 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2006.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2006] [Revised: 11/21/2006] [Accepted: 11/27/2006] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Human gC1qR/p33 is a multi-compartmental and multi-functional cellular protein expressed on a wide range of tissues and cell types including lymphocytes, endothelial cells, dendritic cells, and platelets. Although originally isolated as a receptor for C1q by virtue of its affinity (K(d)=15-50 nM), and specificity for the globular heads of this molecule, a large body of evidence has now been accumulated which shows that in addition to C1q, gC1qR can serve as a receptor for diverse proinflammatory ligands including proteins of the plasma kinin-forming system, most notably high molecular weight kininogen (HK; K(d)=9 nM). In addition, gC1qR has been reported to recognize and bind a number of functional antigens of viral and bacterial origin. It is its ability to interact with microbial antigens and its potential to serve as a cellular protein for bacterial attachment and/or entry that has been the focus of our laboratory in the past few years. On the surface of activated platelets, gC1qR has been shown to serve as a binding site for Staphylococcus aureus and this binding is mediated by protein A. Since the binding of S. aureus to platelets is postulated to play a major role in the pathogenesis of endocarditis, gC1qR may provide a suitable surface for the initial adhesion of the bacterium. Recent data also demonstrate that the exosporium of Bacillus cereus, a member of a genus of aerobic, Gram-positive, spore-forming rod-like bacilli, which includes the deadly Bacillus anthracis, contains a binding site for gC1qR. Therefore, by virtue of its ability to recognize plasma proteins such as C1q and HK, as well as bacterial and viral antigens, cell-surface gC1qR not only is able to generate proinflammatory byproducts from the complement and kinin/kallikrein systems, but also can be an efficient vehicle and platform for a plethora of pathogenic microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellinor I B Peerschke
- Department of Pathology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York Presbyterian Hospital, 525 East 68th Street, Room F715, NY 10021, USA.
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