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Yao X, Xu Z, Duan C, Zhang Y, Wu X, Wu H, Liu K, Mao X, Li B, Gao Y, Xu H, Wang X. Role of human papillomavirus and associated viruses in bladder cancer: An updated review. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e29088. [PMID: 37706751 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is a complex disease affecting the urinary system and is regulated by several carcinogenic factors. Viral infection is one such factor that has attracted extensive attention in BC. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection, and although multiple researchers have explored the role of HPV in BC, a consensus has not yet been reached. In addition, HPV-associated viruses (e.g., human immunodeficiency virus, herpes simplex virus, BK virus, and JC virus) appear to be responsible for the occurrence and progression of BC. This study systematically reviews the relationship between HPV-associated viruses and BC to elucidate the role of these viruses in the onset and progression of BC. In addition, the study aims to provide a greater insight into the biology of HPV-associated viruses, and assess potential strategies for treating virus-induced BC. The study additionally focuses on the rapid development of oncolytic viruses that provide a potentially novel option for the treatment of BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Yao
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenzhen Xu
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Duan
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yangjun Zhang
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoliang Wu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huahui Wu
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kai Liu
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiongmin Mao
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hua Xu
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cancer Precision Diagnosis and Treatment and Translational Medicine Hubei Engineering Research Center, Wuhan, China
- Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinghuan Wang
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cancer Precision Diagnosis and Treatment and Translational Medicine Hubei Engineering Research Center, Wuhan, China
- Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Phenotypic and functional characterization of circulating polyomavirus BK VP1-specific CD8+ T cells in healthy adults. J Virol 2013; 87:10263-72. [PMID: 23864628 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01540-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The human polyomavirus BK virus (BKV) establishes a latent and asymptomatic infection in the majority of the population. In immunocompromised individuals, the virus frequently (re)activates and may cause severe disease such as interstitial nephritis and hemorrhagic cystitis. Currently, the therapeutic options are limited to reconstitution of the antiviral immune response. T cells are particularly important for controlling this virus, and T cell therapies may provide a highly specific and effective mode of treatment. However, little is known about the phenotype and function of BKV-specific T cells in healthy individuals. Using tetrameric BKV peptide-HLA-A02 complexes, we determined the presence, phenotype, and functional characteristics of circulating BKV VP1-specific CD8(+) T cells in 5 healthy individuals. We show that these cells are present in low frequencies in the circulation and that they have a resting CD45RA(-) CD27(+) memory and predominantly CCR7(-) CD127(+) KLRG1(+) CD49d(hi) CXCR3(hi) T-bet(int) Eomesodermin(lo) phenotype. Furthermore, their direct cytotoxic capacity seems to be limited, since they do not readily express granzyme B and express only little granzyme K. We compared these cells to circulating CD8(+) T cells specific for cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and influenza virus (Flu) in the same donors and show that BKV-specific T cells have a phenotype that is distinct from that of CMV- and EBV-specific T cells. Lastly, we show that BKV-specific T cells are polyfunctional since they are able to rapidly express interleukin-2 (IL-2), gamma interferon (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor α, and also, to a much lower extent, MIP-1β and CD107a.
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Yin WY, Lee MC, Lai NS, Lu MC. BK virus as a potential oncovirus for bladder cancer in a renal transplant patient. J Formos Med Assoc 2012; 114:373-4. [PMID: 25839773 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2012.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal transplant patients have high risk for bladder cancer. The reactivation of BK virus is common in renal transplant patients especially in the urinary tract. There was some evidence suggesting that the reactivation of BK virus (BKV) in renal transplant patients may associate with the development of bladder cancer. Here we demonstrated that a patient that had persistent elevated BKV viruria (urine BKV DNA concentration more than 10(11) copies/ml) after renal transplantation. Then, bladder cancer was found in 13 months after kidney transplantation. The urine BKV DNA concentration was detected by real-time PCR and the BKV DNA in the bladder tumor was detected by PCR. BKV DNA was found in the marginal and central part of the bladder tumor. After removal of the bladder cancer, the urine BKV viral load in this patients dropped dramatically to <10(2) copies/ml. However, the urine viral load had increased modestly to 10(6) copies/ml in 3 months after surgery. Since there is a close correlation between the urine BK viral load and the presence of bladder cancer, we suggested that there might be a causal relationship between the reactivation of BKV and the development of bladder cancer in renal transplant patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yao Yin
- Division of General Surgery, Buddhist Dalin Tzu Chi General Hospital, Chia-Yi, Taiwan; School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Che Lee
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan; Department of General Surgery, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Ning-Sheng Lai
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan; Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Buddhist Dalin Tzu Chi General Hospital, Chia-Yi, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chi Lu
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan; Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Buddhist Dalin Tzu Chi General Hospital, Chia-Yi, Taiwan.
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Knowles WA. Discovery and epidemiology of the human polyomaviruses BK virus (BKV) and JC virus (JCV). ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2007; 577:19-45. [PMID: 16626025 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-32957-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Although discovered over thirty years ago, many aspects of the epidemiology of BKV and JCV in the general population, such as the source of infectious virus and the mode of transmission, are still unknown. Primary infection with both BKV and JCV is usually asymptomatic, and so age seroprevalence studies have been used to indicate infection. BKV commonly infects young children in all parts of the world, with the exception of a few very isolated communities, adult seroprevalence rates of 65-90% being reached by the age of ten years. In contrast, the pattern of JCV infection appears to vary between populations; in some anti-JCV antibody is acquired early as for BKV, but in others anti-JCV antibody prevalence continues to rise throughout life. This indicates that the two viruses are probably transmitted independently and by different routes. Whilst BKV DNA is found infrequently in the urine of healthy adults, JCV viruria occurs universally, increasing with age, with adult prevalence rates often between 20% and 60%. Four antigenic subtypes have been described for BKV and eight genotypes are currently recognized for JCV. The latter have been used to trace population movements and to reconstruct the population history in various communities.
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Leuenberger D, Andresen PA, Gosert R, Binggeli S, Ström EH, Bodaghi S, Rinaldo CH, Hirsch HH. Human polyomavirus type 1 (BK virus) agnoprotein is abundantly expressed but immunologically ignored. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2007; 14:959-68. [PMID: 17538118 PMCID: PMC2044487 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00123-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Impaired BK virus (BKV)-specific immunity is a key risk factor of polyomavirus-associated nephropathy. We hypothesized that BKV agnoprotein might constitute an important immune target, as it is highly expressed after infection in vitro. We demonstrate abundant expression of BKV agnoprotein in vivo by immunostaining of kidney transplant (KT) biopsy specimens. Antibody responses to the recombinant affinity-purified BKV agnoprotein, large tumor (LT), and VP1 antigens in 146 sera from 38 KT patients and in 19 sera from 16 healthy donors (HD) were compared by enzyme immunoassay. In HD, low titers of anti-agnoprotein immunoglobulin G (IgG) were found in 15% of sera, compared to 41% for anti-LT antigen and 63% for anti-VP1. No anti-BKV IgM was detectable. In KT patients, anti-agnoprotein IgG and IgM were found in 8% and 3.6% of sera, compared to 63% and 18% for anti-LT IgG and IgM and 80% and 41% for anti-VP1 IgG and IgM, respectively. Anti-LT antigen and anti-VP1, but not anti-agnoprotein, activities increased during and after BKV viremia in KT patients. To investigate specific cellular immune responses, we compared levels of gamma interferon production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of 10 HD and 30 KT patients by enzyme-linked immunospot assay. In HD, the median numbers of gamma interferon spot-forming units per million PBMC for the agnoprotein, LT antigen, and VP1 peptides were 1, 23, and 25, respectively, whereas the responses in KT patients were 2, 24, and 99, respectively. We conclude that BKV agnoprotein, though abundantly expressed in vivo, is poorly recognized immunologically.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Leuenberger
- Transplantation Virology, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Basel, Petersplatz 10, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
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Rekvig OP, Bendiksen S, Moens U. Immunity and autoimmunity induced by polyomaviruses: clinical, experimental and theoretical aspects. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2006; 577:117-47. [PMID: 16626032 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-32957-9_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this chapter, polyomaviruses will be presented in an immunological context. Principal observations will be discussed to elucidate humoral and cellular immune responses to different species of the polyomaviruses and to individual viral structural and regulatory proteins. The role of immune responses towards the viruses or their proteins in context of protection against polyomavirus induced tumors will be described. One central aspect of this presentation is the ability of polyomaviruses, and particularly large T-antigen, to terminate immunological tolerance to nucleosomes, DNA and histones. Thus, in the present chapter we will focus on clinical, experimental and theoretical aspects of the immunity to polyomaviruses.
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Abstract
Polyomavirus hominis 1, better known as BK virus (BKV), infects up to 90% of the general population. However, significant clinical manifestations are rare and limited to individuals with impaired immune functions. BKV has been associated with diverse entities such as haemorrhagic cystitis, ureteric stenosis, vasculopathy, pneumonitis, encephalitis, retinitis, and even multi-organ failure. In addition, BKV has been implicated in autoimmune disease and possibly cancer. Due to high prevalence and frequent reactivation, the role of BKV in some of these pathologies has been difficult to define. Development of BKV diseases is likely to require complementing determinants in the host, the target organ, and possibly the virus, that are subject to modulators such as immunosuppression. These complex aspects are highlighted in polyomavirus-associated nephropathy (PAN), an emerging disease in renal allograft recipients that may jeopardise the progress in renal transplantation accomplished in the past 10 years. Intervention is difficult due to the lack of specific antivirals and relies mostly on improving immune control. Diagnostic strategies using urine cytology and BKV load measurements in plasma have led to earlier diagnosis of PAN, which increased the success rate of intervention. Case series suggest that cidofovir might be effective, especially when combined with reduced immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans H Hirsch
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospitals Basel, and Transplantation Virology Laboratory, Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Basel, Switzerland.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Dörries
- Institut für Virologie und Immunbiologie, Universität Würzburg, Germany
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Noss G. Human polyoma virus type BK infection and T antibody response in renal transplant recipients. ZENTRALBLATT FUR BAKTERIOLOGIE, MIKROBIOLOGIE, UND HYGIENE. SERIES A, MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY, INFECTIOUS DISEASES, VIROLOGY, PARASITOLOGY 1987; 266:567-74. [PMID: 2830740 DOI: 10.1016/s0176-6724(87)80239-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BKV infections were detected in 103 of 168 renal transplant recipients. 18 patients showed primary infection within 3 months after transplantation as evidenced by seroconversion and virus isolation. Secondary BKV infection occurred in 44 patients generally more than 3 months after transplantation and was recorded in terms of significant BKV antibody titer increases. Patients with BKV infection had detectable BKV IgM over an observation period of 3 to 8 years, indicating persistence of BKV infection. T antibody was detected in 30 of 103 BKV infected patients. These antibodies were found more frequently in patients with primary than in those with secondary infection and persisted for many years. No T antibody was detected in patients without BKV infection. The presence of T antibodies was significantly associated with the HLA determinants A 30 and DRw 6.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Noss
- Institut für Virologie und Seuchenhygiene der Medizinischen Hochschule Hannover
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Taguchi F, Kajioka J, Miyamura T. Prevalence rate and age of acquisition of antibodies against JC virus and BK virus in human sera. Microbiol Immunol 1982; 26:1057-64. [PMID: 6300615 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1982.tb00254.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A total of 480 serum samples from donors including 384 children up to 10 years of age were examined by the hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test for the rates of prevalence and age of acquisition of HI antibodies against JC virus and BK virus. Among 136 serum samples from various age groups, there were five (4%) with no detectable antibodies against BK or JC virus, 75 (55%) with antibodies against both viruses, 41 (30.1%) with antibodies against only BK virus and 26 (19%) with antibodies against only JC virus. The prevalence of antibodies against JC and BK viruses was 70.5% and 80.8%, respectively, and the mean HI titers (4 x 2n,n greater than or equal to 1) were 4.90 and 4.30. About 50% of the children had acquired antibodies against BK virus by 3 years of age and against JC virus by 6 years of age. These results indicate that dual latent infections with both viruses are common, although independent infections with either virus are predominant in the human population.
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Zang KD. Cytological and cytogenetical studies on human meningioma. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1982; 6:249-74. [PMID: 6288229 DOI: 10.1016/0165-4608(82)90063-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Ibelgaufts H. Are human DNA tumour viruses involved in the pathogenesis of human neurogenic tumors? Neurosurg Rev 1982; 5:3-24. [PMID: 6179008 DOI: 10.1007/bf01745222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Billaudel S, Le Bris J, Soulillou J, Chippaux-Hyppolite C, Courtieu A. Anticorps inhibant l'hémagglutination du virus BK: Brève surveillance de 52 transplantés rénaux et prévalence dans différents groupes d'âge de l'ouest de la France. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0769-2617(81)80004-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Abstract
The role of viruses as a cause of human cancer has been investigated by a variety of techniques in recent years. While no definitive answer exists at present, several lines of evidence indicating a viral role in human tumors and reviewed. These include the well-documented role of viruses in causing animal tumors; evidence for an association of certain viruses with human tumors; and virally induced animal models of human tumors, melanoma, retinoblastoma, and ocular malignant melanoma.
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Albert DM. The association of viruses with urveal melanoma. TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN OPHTHALMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 1979; 77:367-421. [PMID: 545833 PMCID: PMC1311713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Electron microscopic examination of 57 ocular melanomas (54 human, two feline and one canine) revealed the presence of viral particles in six specimens. Herpesviruses particles were observed in one human specimen and were passed in human fibroblasts (WI-38), where they gave rise to intranuclear inclusions. A-type oncornavirus particles (oncogenic RNA virus) were observed in a second case, both in cells of tumor directly removed from an enucleated eye as well as in cells grown in tissue culture. In three human specimens and one feline specimen, togavirus particles were observed. Rubella is a member of this group, and the possibility that the presence of togavirus in these tumors is the result of latent ocular infection by rubella virus is raised. Herpes virus and RNA tumor viruses are widely considered as having a possible etiologic role for certain human cancers. The observation of togavirus is unexpected, as this virus has not been previously implicated in human or animal tumors. Injection of an RNA tumor virus (Gardner strain feline sarcoma virus) into the anterior chamber of newborn kittens resulted in the development of iris and ciliary body melanomas, many of which showed invasion and, in one instance, metastasis. This is the first animal model of a viral-induced uveal melanoma, and the histology and ultrastructure are described. These results emphasize the need for the continued investigation of the role of these viruses in uveal melanoma.
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Israel MA, Martin MA, Takemoto KK, Howley PM, Aaronson SA, Solomon D, Khoury G. Evaluation of normal and neoplastic human tissue for BK virus. Virology 1978; 90:187-96. [PMID: 214941 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(78)90302-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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London WT, Houff SA, Madden DL, Fuccillo DA, Gravell M, Wallen WC, Palmer AE, Sever JL, Padgett BL, Walker DL, ZuRhein GM, Ohashi T. Brain tumors in owl monkeys inoculated with a human polyomavirus (JC virus). Science 1978; 201:1246-9. [PMID: 211583 DOI: 10.1126/science.211583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Owl monkeys were inoculated intracerebrally, subcutaneously, and intravenously with JC, BK, or SV40 virus. Two of four adult owl monkeys inoculated with JC virus, a human polyomavirus, developed brain tumors at 16 and 25 months after inoculation, respectively. A grade 3 to grade 4 astrocytoma (resembling a human glioblastoma multiforme) was found in the left cerebral hemisphere and brainstem of one monkey. The second monkey developed a malignant tumor in the left cerebral hemisphere containing both glial and neuronal cell types. Impression smears prepared from unfixed tissue of this tumor showed cells that contained polyomavirus T antigen. Virion antigens were not detected. Tumor cells cultured in vitro also contained T antigen but were negative for virion antigen. Infectious virus was not isolated from extracts of this tumor.
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