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Fouad AM, Abd El-Lateif RSA, Abo-Al-Ela HG, Abdel-Hakeem SS. Cytotoxicity and immunological impact of Trypanosoma sp. infection on blood parameters of wild African catfish, Clarias gariepinus. Parasitol Res 2023; 123:10. [PMID: 38057596 PMCID: PMC10700209 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-08026-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Fish trypanosomiasis is a common blood parasitic disease transmitted by aquatic invertebrates, such as leeches. This study aims to shed light on the cytotoxicity of Trypanosoma sp. on erythrocytes and its impacts on the innate immune response (serum lysozyme activity, nitric oxide production, phagocytic activity, serum total protein, and globulin) in wild African catfish, Clarias gariepinus. One hundred catfish were examined using blood smears stained with Giemsa and confirmed with PCR. The prevalence of infection was found to be 10% by microscope detection and 15% by PCR. The morphological identification of Trypanosoma as Trypanosoma mukasai was determined. Additionally, this study included previously undescribed features of Trypanosoma, such as the width of the anterior and posterior body, the length of the posterior pale region, and the number of folds. Various alterations in erythrocytes were observed, totaling 54.57%. Nuclear abnormalities, including fragmented nuclei, eccentric nuclei, and micronuclei, were also reported. Infected fish showed a reduction in serum total protein and globulin levels, while nitric oxide production, lysozyme activity, and phagocytic activity exhibited a significant increase compared to non-infected fish. We believe that our findings will contribute valuable data to the morphological and molecular identification of Trypanosoma sp. in African catfish, as well as their cytotoxic impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alamira Marzouk Fouad
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt
| | - Rasha S A Abd El-Lateif
- Unit of Fish Diseases and Management, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI) Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Assiut Lab, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Haitham G Abo-Al-Ela
- Genetics and Biotechnology, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fish Resources, Suez University, Suez, 43221, Egypt.
| | - Sara Salah Abdel-Hakeem
- Parasitology Lab., Zoology and Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt
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2
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Morrison LJ, Steketee PC, Tettey MD, Matthews KR. Pathogenicity and virulence of African trypanosomes: From laboratory models to clinically relevant hosts. Virulence 2023; 14:2150445. [PMID: 36419235 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2150445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
African trypanosomes are vector-borne protozoa, which cause significant human and animal disease across sub-Saharan Africa, and animal disease across Asia and South America. In humans, infection is caused by variants of Trypanosoma brucei, and is characterized by varying rate of progression to neurological disease, caused by parasites exiting the vasculature and entering the brain. Animal disease is caused by multiple species of trypanosome, primarily T. congolense, T. vivax, and T. brucei. These trypanosomes also infect multiple species of mammalian host, and this complexity of trypanosome and host diversity is reflected in the spectrum of severity of disease in animal trypanosomiasis, ranging from hyperacute infections associated with mortality to long-term chronic infections, and is also a main reason why designing interventions for animal trypanosomiasis is so challenging. In this review, we will provide an overview of the current understanding of trypanosome determinants of infection progression and severity, covering laboratory models of disease, as well as human and livestock disease. We will also highlight gaps in knowledge and capabilities, which represent opportunities to both further our fundamental understanding of how trypanosomes cause disease, as well as facilitating the development of the novel interventions that are so badly needed to reduce the burden of disease caused by these important pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam J Morrison
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Pieter C Steketee
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Mabel D Tettey
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Keith R Matthews
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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3
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Nzoumbou-Boko R, Zolipou COOK, Yambiyo BM, Semballa S, Nalingbo MCIDM, Daulouède S, Vincendeau P. Optimization of the arginase activity assay micromethod for macrophages and sera. BMC Res Notes 2023; 16:188. [PMID: 37644583 PMCID: PMC10466829 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-023-06462-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We optimized the spectrophotometric micromethod for the determination of arginase activity based on the Corraliza et al. modification of Schimke's method. Arginase activity in sera from patients suffering from human African trypanosomiasis, in macrophage lysates from trypanosome-infected mice, and in purified bovine liver arginase was compared using the conventional and optimized micromethods. RESULTS The sensitivity of both micromethods was comparable. However, our optimized method has the following advantages: it uses small sample volumes (6 µl per assay vs. 50 µl) and reagent volumes (200 µl vs. 400 µl), it can be carried out in a single microplate well, thereby minimizing handling, and it requires fewer materials and utilizes readily available equipment. Our optimized method proved to be applicable and well suited for small-volume samples and resource-poor laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romaric Nzoumbou-Boko
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, BP 923, Bangui, Central African Republic.
| | - Cyrille Oliver Ozzin-Kholy Zolipou
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, BP 923, Bangui, Central African Republic
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, UMR 177 IRD/CIRAD "INTERTRYP," Université Bordeaux, Bordeaux, F-33000, France
| | - Brice Martial Yambiyo
- Service d'Epidémiologie, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, BP 923, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Silla Semballa
- Laboratoire des Sciences Biologiques et Agronomiques pour le Développement (LASBAD), Université de Bangui, République Centrafricaine, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | | | - Sylvie Daulouède
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, UMR 177 IRD/CIRAD "INTERTRYP," Université Bordeaux, Bordeaux, F-33000, France
| | - Philippe Vincendeau
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, UMR 177 IRD/CIRAD "INTERTRYP," Université Bordeaux, Bordeaux, F-33000, France
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Hansakon A, Ngamphiw C, Tongsima S, Angkasekwinai P. Arginase 1 Expression by Macrophages Promotes Cryptococcus neoformans Proliferation and Invasion into Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 210:408-419. [PMID: 36548474 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cryptococcal meningoencephalitis caused by Cryptococcus neoformans infection is the most common cause of death in HIV/AIDS patients. Macrophages are pivotal for the regulation of immune responses to cryptococcal infection by either playing protective function or facilitating fungal dissemination. However, the mechanisms underlying macrophage responses to C. neoformans remain unclear. To analyze the transcriptomic changes and identify the pathogenic factors of macrophages, we performed a comparative transcriptomic analysis of alveolar macrophage responses during C. neoformans infection. Alveolar macrophages isolated from C. neoformans-infected mice showed dynamic gene expression patterns, with expression change from a protective M1 (classically activated)-like to a pathogenic M2 (alternatively activated)-like phenotype. Arg1, the gene encoding the enzyme arginase 1, was found as the most upregulated gene in alveolar macrophages during the chronic infection phase. The in vitro inhibition of arginase activity resulted in a reduction of cryptococcal phagocytosis, intracellular growth, and proliferation, coupled with an altered macrophage response from pathogenic M2 to a protective M1 phenotype. In an in vitro model of the blood-brain barrier, macrophage-derived arginase was found to be required for C. neoformans invasion of brain microvascular endothelium. Further analysis of the degree of virulence indicated a positive correlation between arginase 1 expression in macrophages and cryptococcal brain dissemination in vivo. Thus, our data suggest that a dynamic macrophage activation that involves arginase expression may contribute to the cryptococcal disease by promoting cryptococcal growth, proliferation, and the invasion to the brain endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adithap Hansakon
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand.,Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Chumpol Ngamphiw
- National Biobank of Thailand, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand; and
| | - Sissades Tongsima
- National Biobank of Thailand, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand; and
| | - Pornpimon Angkasekwinai
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand.,Research Unit in Molecular Pathogenesis and Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
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Wen Z, Zhang Z, Aimulajiang K, Aleem MT, Feng J, Liang M, Lu M, Xu L, Song X, Li X, Yan R. Histidine acid phosphatase domain-containing protein from Haemonchus contortus is a stimulatory antigen for the Th1 immune response of goat PBMCs. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:282. [PMID: 35933400 PMCID: PMC9356432 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05411-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Histidine acid phosphatase (HAP), a member of the histidine phosphatase superfamily, is widely found in parasites and is also a potential vaccine antigen or drug target. However, the biological function of HAP in Haemonchus contortus is still unclear. Methods We cloned the HAP gene from H. contortus (Hc-HAP) and expressed the purified recombinant Hc-HAP (rHc-HAP) protein. The transcription of the Hc-HAP gene in the eggs, infective third-stage larvae (L3s), exsheathed third-stage larvae (xL3s) and adults (females/males) was analyzed by quantitative real-time-PCR (qPCR). An immunofluorescence assay was also used to detect the localization of Hc-HAP expression in adult worms. The effect of rHc-HAP on the function of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was observed by co-culture of rHc-HAP protein with goat PBMCs. Results The qPCR results revealed that the Hc-HAP gene was transcribed at a higher level in the L3 and xL3 stages that there were gender differences in transcription at the adult stage, with females exhibiting higher transcription than males. Moreover, Hc-HAP was mainly expressed in adult intestinal microvilli. Additionally, western blot results revealed that rHc-HAP could be detected in goat sera artificially infected with H. contortus. In the experiments, rHc-HAP bound to goat PBMCs and released nitric oxide. The rHc-HAP also induced the expression of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and the phosphorylated STAT 1 transcription factor, while inhibiting interleukin-4 expression. Conclusions The results shows that rHc-HAP stimulated the IFN-γ/STAT1 signaling pathway and enabled polarization of PBMCs toward T-helper 1 immune responses. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-022-05411-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohai Wen
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoying Zhang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Kalibixiati Aimulajiang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Tahir Aleem
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiajun Feng
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Liang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingmin Lu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixin Xu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaokai Song
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangrui Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruofeng Yan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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Huang Z, Zhang Y, Zheng X, Liu Z, Yao D, Zhao Y, Chen X, Aweya JJ. Functional characterization of arginine metabolic pathway enzymes in the antibacterial immune response of penaeid shrimp. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:104293. [PMID: 34648768 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Arginine metabolism pathway enzymes and products are important modulators of several physiological processes in animals, including immune response. Although some components of the arginine metabolic pathway have been reported in penaeid shrimps, no systematic study has explored all the key pathway enzymes involved in shrimp antimicrobial response. Here, we explored the role of the three key arginine metabolism enzymes (nitric-oxide synthase (NOS), arginase (ARG), agmatinase (AGM)) in Penaeus vannamei antimicrobial immunity. First, P. vannamei homologs of ARG and AGM (PvARG and PvAGM) were cloned and found to be evolutionally conserved with invertebrate counterparts. Transcript levels of PvARG, PvAGM, and PvNOS were ubiquitously expressed in healthy shrimp tissues and induced in hemocytes and hepatopancreas upon challenge with Gram-negative (Vibrio parahaemolyticus) and Gram-positive (Streptoccocus iniae) bacteria, suggesting their involvement in shrimp antimicrobial immune response. Besides, RNA interference knockdown and enzyme activity assay revealed an antagonistic relationship between PvARG/PvAGM and PvNOS, while this relationship was broken upon pathogen stimulation. Interestingly, knockdown of PvNOS increased Vibrio abundance in shrimp hemolymph, whereas knockdown of PvAGR reduced Vibrio abundance. Taken together, our present data shows that homologs of the key arginine metabolism pathway enzymes in penaeid shrimp (PvARG, PvAGM, and PvNOS) work synergistically and/or antagonistically to modulate antibacterial immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zishu Huang
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Yueling Zhang
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, 511458, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zheng
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Zhuoyan Liu
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Defu Yao
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Yongzhen Zhao
- Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Xiaohan Chen
- Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Jude Juventus Aweya
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China.
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Dias-Guerreiro T, Palma-Marques J, Mourata-Gonçalves P, Alexandre-Pires G, Valério-Bolas A, Gabriel Á, Nunes T, Antunes W, da Fonseca IP, Sousa-Silva M, Santos-Gomes G. African Trypanosomiasis: Extracellular Vesicles Shed by Trypanosoma brucei brucei Manipulate Host Mononuclear Cells. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9081056. [PMID: 34440259 PMCID: PMC8394715 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9081056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
African trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness is a zoonotic disease caused by Trypanosoma brucei, a protozoan parasite transmitted by Glossina spp. (tsetse fly). Parasite introduction into mammal hosts triggers a succession of events, involving both innate and adaptive immunity. Macrophages (MΦ) have a key role in innate defence since they are antigen-presenting cells and have a microbicidal function essential for trypanosome clearance. Adaptive immune defence is carried out by lymphocytes, especially by T cells that promote an integrated immune response. Like mammal cells, T. b. brucei parasites release extracellular vesicles (TbEVs), which carry macromolecules that can be transferred to host cells, transmitting biological information able to manipulate cell immune response. However, the exact role of TbEVs in host immune response remains poorly understood. Thus, the current study examined the effect elicited by TbEVs on MΦ and T lymphocytes. A combined approach of microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis, multiparametric flow cytometry, colourimetric assays and detailed statistical analyses were used to evaluate the influence of TbEVs in mouse mononuclear cells. It was shown that TbEVs can establish direct communication with cells of innate and adaptative immunity. TbEVs induce the differentiation of both M1- and M2-MΦ and elicit the expansion of MHCI+, MHCII+ and MHCI+MHCII+ MΦ subpopulations. In T lymphocytes, TbEVs drive the overexpression of cell-surface CD3 and the nuclear factor FoxP3, which lead to the differentiation of regulatory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Moreover, this study indicates that T. b. brucei and TbEVs seem to display opposite but complementary effects in the host, establishing a balance between parasite growth and controlled immune response, at least during the early phase of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Dias-Guerreiro
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal; (T.D.-G.); (J.P.-M.); (P.M.-G.); (A.V.-B.); (Á.G.); (M.S.-S.)
| | - Joana Palma-Marques
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal; (T.D.-G.); (J.P.-M.); (P.M.-G.); (A.V.-B.); (Á.G.); (M.S.-S.)
| | - Patrícia Mourata-Gonçalves
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal; (T.D.-G.); (J.P.-M.); (P.M.-G.); (A.V.-B.); (Á.G.); (M.S.-S.)
| | - Graça Alexandre-Pires
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal; (G.A.-P.); (I.P.d.F.)
| | - Ana Valério-Bolas
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal; (T.D.-G.); (J.P.-M.); (P.M.-G.); (A.V.-B.); (Á.G.); (M.S.-S.)
| | - Áurea Gabriel
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal; (T.D.-G.); (J.P.-M.); (P.M.-G.); (A.V.-B.); (Á.G.); (M.S.-S.)
| | - Telmo Nunes
- Microscopy Center, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Wilson Antunes
- Unidade Militar Laboratorial de Defesa Biológica e Química (UMLDBQ), Laboratório de Imagem Nano-Morfológica e Espectroscopia de Raios-X, 1100-471 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Isabel Pereira da Fonseca
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal; (G.A.-P.); (I.P.d.F.)
| | - Marcelo Sousa-Silva
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal; (T.D.-G.); (J.P.-M.); (P.M.-G.); (A.V.-B.); (Á.G.); (M.S.-S.)
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Analises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Santos-Gomes
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal; (T.D.-G.); (J.P.-M.); (P.M.-G.); (A.V.-B.); (Á.G.); (M.S.-S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-21-365-26-00; Fax: +351-21-363-21-05
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8
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Gupta P, Thomas SE, Zaidan SA, Pasillas MA, Cory-Wright J, Sebastián-Pérez V, Burgess A, Cattermole E, Meghir C, Abell C, Coyne AG, Jacobs WR, Blundell TL, Tiwari S, Mendes V. A fragment-based approach to assess the ligandability of ArgB, ArgC, ArgD and ArgF in the L-arginine biosynthetic pathway of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:3491-3506. [PMID: 34194673 PMCID: PMC8220418 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The L-arginine biosynthesis pathway consists of eight enzymes that catalyse the conversion of L-glutamate to L-arginine. Arginine auxotrophs (argB/argF deletion mutants) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis are rapidly sterilised in mice, while inhibition of ArgJ with Pranlukast was found to clear chronic M. tuberculosis infection in a mouse model. Enzymes in the arginine biosynthetic pathway have therefore emerged as promising targets for anti-tuberculosis drug discovery. In this work, the ligandability of four enzymes of the pathway ArgB, ArgC, ArgD and ArgF is assessed using a fragment-based approach. We identify several hits against these enzymes validated with biochemical and biophysical assays, as well as X-ray crystallographic data, which in the case of ArgB were further confirmed to have on-target activity against M. tuberculosis. These results demonstrate the potential for more enzymes in this pathway to be targeted with dedicated drug discovery programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Sherine E. Thomas
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Shaymaa A. Zaidan
- Department of Biological Sciences & Border Biomedical Research Centre, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Maria A. Pasillas
- Department of Biological Sciences & Border Biomedical Research Centre, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - James Cory-Wright
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Víctor Sebastián-Pérez
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ailidh Burgess
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Emma Cattermole
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Clio Meghir
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Chris Abell
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Anthony G. Coyne
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - William R. Jacobs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Tom L. Blundell
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Sangeeta Tiwari
- Department of Biological Sciences & Border Biomedical Research Centre, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Vítor Mendes
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
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9
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Chen JY, Zhou JK, Pan W. Immunometabolism: Towards a Better Understanding the Mechanism of Parasitic Infection and Immunity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:661241. [PMID: 34122419 PMCID: PMC8191844 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.661241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
As a relatively successful pathogen, several parasites can establish long-term infection in host. This “harmonious symbiosis” status relies on the “precise” manipulation of host immunity and metabolism, however, the underlying mechanism is still largely elusive. Immunometabolism is an emerging crossed subject in recent years. It mainly discusses the regulatory mechanism of metabolic changes on reprogramming the key transcriptional and post-transcriptional events related to immune cell activation and effect, which provides a novel insight for understanding how parasites regulate the infection and immunity in hosts. The present study reviewed the current research progress on metabolic reprogramming mechanism exploited by parasites to modulate the function in various immune cells, highlighting the future exploitation of key metabolites or metabolic events to clarify the underlying mechanism of anti-parasite immunity and design novel intervention strategies against parasitic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yue Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,The First Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Ji-Kai Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,The First Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Wei Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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10
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Parab AR, McCall LI. Tryp-ing Up Metabolism: Role of Metabolic Adaptations in Kinetoplastid Disease Pathogenesis. Infect Immun 2021; 89:e00644-20. [PMID: 33526564 PMCID: PMC8090971 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00644-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Today, more than a billion people-one-sixth of the world's population-are suffering from neglected tropical diseases. Human African trypanosomiasis, Chagas disease, and leishmaniasis are neglected tropical diseases caused by protozoan parasites belonging to the genera Trypanosoma and Leishmania About half a million people living in tropical and subtropical regions of the world are at risk of contracting one of these three infections. Kinetoplastids have complex life cycles with different morphologies and unique physiological requirements at each life cycle stage. This review covers the latest findings on metabolic pathways impacting disease pathogenesis of kinetoplastids within the mammalian host. Nutrient availability is a key factor shaping in vivo parasite metabolism; thus, kinetoplastids display significant metabolic flexibility. Proteomic and transcriptomic profiles show that intracellular trypanosomatids are able to switch to an energy-efficient metabolism within the mammalian host system. Host metabolic changes can also favor parasite persistence, and contribute to symptom development, in a location-specific fashion. Ultimately, targeted and untargeted metabolomics studies have been a valuable approach to elucidate the specific biochemical pathways affected by infection within the host, leading to translational drug development and diagnostic insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adwaita R Parab
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Laura-Isobel McCall
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
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11
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Roy DG, Kaymak I, Williams KS, Ma EH, Jones RG. Immunometabolism in the Tumor Microenvironment. ANNUAL REVIEW OF CANCER BIOLOGY-SERIES 2021. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-030518-055817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Advances in immunotherapy have underscored the importance of antitumor immune responses in controlling cancer. However, the tumor microenvironment (TME) imposes several obstacles to the proper function of immune cells, including a metabolically challenging and immunosuppressive microenvironment. The increased metabolic activity of tumor cells can lead to the depletion of key nutrients required by immune cells and the accumulation of byproducts that hamper antitumor immunity. Furthermore, the presence of suppressive immune cells, such as regulatory T cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and the expression of immune inhibitory receptors can negatively impact immune cell metabolism and function. This review summarizes the metabolic reprogramming that is characteristic of various immune cell subsets, discusses how the metabolism and function of immune cells are shaped by the TME, and highlights how therapeutic interventions aimed at improving the metabolic fitness of immune cells and alleviating the metabolic constraints in the TME can boost antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic G. Roy
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Irem Kaymak
- Metabolic and Nutritional Programming, Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, USA
| | - Kelsey S. Williams
- Metabolic and Nutritional Programming, Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, USA
| | - Eric H. Ma
- Metabolic and Nutritional Programming, Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, USA
| | - Russell G. Jones
- Metabolic and Nutritional Programming, Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, USA
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12
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Kupani M, Sharma S, Pandey RK, Kumar R, Sundar S, Mehrotra S. IL-10 and TGF-β Induced Arginase Expression Contributes to Deficient Nitric Oxide Response in Human Visceral Leishmaniasis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:614165. [PMID: 33680983 PMCID: PMC7930829 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.614165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is an anti-microbial effector of the innate immune system which plays major role in non-specific killing of various pathogens including protozoan parasites. However, due to subversion of the host’s immune processes by pathogens, suboptimal production of NO is frequently found in many infection models. Previous studies have shown suppressed NO production during Leishmania donovani infection, the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Availability of L-Arginine, a semi-essential amino acid is required for inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mediated NO production. However, arginase is another enzyme, which if expressed concomitantly, may strongly compete for L-Arginine, and suppress NO production by iNOS. In the present study, plasma nitrite and arginase levels were measured in VL patients before and after successful drug treatment, endemic and non-endemic healthy donors. We observed significantly lower NO levels in the plasma of VL patients as compared to endemic controls, which improved significantly post-treatment. Significantly elevated arginase activity was also observed in the plasma of VL patients, which may be associated with NO deficiency. VL patients also showed significantly higher levels of IL-10 and TGF-β, which are known to regulate expression of arginase in various immune cells. In vitro studies with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) further corroborated the role of IL-10 and TGF-β in arginase mediated suppression of NO production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manu Kupani
- Department of Human Genetics, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | - Smriti Sharma
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Rajeev Kumar Pandey
- Research and Development Division, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Bangalore, India
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Shyam Sundar
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Sanjana Mehrotra
- Department of Human Genetics, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
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13
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Vong LB, Trinh NT, Nagasaki Y. Design of amino acid-based self-assembled nano-drugs for therapeutic applications. J Control Release 2020; 326:140-149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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14
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Infect and Inject: How Mycobacterium tuberculosis Exploits Its Major Virulence-Associated Type VII Secretion System, ESX-1. Microbiol Spectr 2020; 7. [PMID: 31172908 PMCID: PMC6698389 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.bai-0024-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an ancient master of the art of causing human disease. One important weapon within its fully loaded arsenal is the type VII secretion system. M. tuberculosis has five of them: ESAT-6 secretion systems (ESX) 1 to 5. ESX-1 has long been recognized as a major cause of attenuation of the FDA-licensed vaccine Mycobacterium bovis BCG, but its importance in disease progression and transmission has recently been elucidated in more detail. This review summarizes the recent advances in (i) the understanding of the ESX-1 structure and components, (ii) our knowledge of ESX-1's role in hijacking macrophage function to set a path for infection and dissemination, and (iii) the development of interventions that utilize ESX-1 for diagnosis, drug interventions, host-directed therapies, and vaccines.
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15
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Onyilagha C, Uzonna JE. Host Immune Responses and Immune Evasion Strategies in African Trypanosomiasis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2738. [PMID: 31824512 PMCID: PMC6883386 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasites, including African trypanosomes, utilize several immune evasion strategies to ensure their survival and completion of their life cycles within their hosts. The defense factors activated by the host to resolve inflammation and restore homeostasis during active infection could be exploited and/or manipulated by the parasites in an attempt to ensure their survival and propagation. This often results in the parasites evading the host immune responses as well as the host sustaining some self-inflicted collateral tissue damage. During infection with African trypanosomes, both effector and suppressor cells are activated and the balance between these opposing arms of immunity determines susceptibility or resistance of infected host to the parasites. Immune evasion by the parasites could be directly related to parasite factors, (e.g., antigenic variation), or indirectly through the induction of suppressor cells following infection. Several cell types, including suppressive macrophages, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), and regulatory T cells have been shown to contribute to immunosuppression in African trypanosomiasis. In this review, we discuss the key factors that contribute to immunity and immunosuppression during T. congolense infection, and how these factors could aid immune evasion by African trypanosomes. Understanding the regulatory mechanisms that influence resistance and/or susceptibility during African trypanosomiasis could be beneficial in designing effective vaccination and therapeutic strategies against the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chukwunonso Onyilagha
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jude Ezeh Uzonna
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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16
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Establishment of BV2 microglia polarization model and its effect on Toxoplasma gondii proliferation. Res Vet Sci 2019; 125:382-389. [PMID: 31404885 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular opportunistic, parasitic protozoan. Microglia have been classified into two main types: M1 (classically activated macrophages) and M2 (alternatively activated macrophages). BV2 cells were used in this study, together with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon (IFN)-γ or interleukin (IL)-4, which were used to induce resting microglia. Expression levels of M1/M2 markers were determined at both mRNA and protein levels, using PCR, western blot, and flow cytometry. Furthermore, cells were infected with T. gondii PLK strain, and the dynamic changes in M1/M2 marker expression levels were determined. An in vitro polarization model was successfully established. Expression of Nos2 and M1-associated markers was significantly upregulated at 12 h post-infection in BV2 cells. Further, the JAK/STAT1 and NF-κB signaling pathways were also activated following T. gondii infection. This demonstrated that T. gondii infection induces M1-type microglial polarization in vitro. The present study demonstrated that T. gondii infection affects microglial activation in vitro and elucidated the effects of activated microglia on T. gondii proliferation. This data may serve as a useful reference for more detailed elucidation of interactions between T. gondii and the innate immune system.
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17
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Roth JD, Dobson FS, Criscuolo F, Uhlrich P, Zahariev A, Bergouignan A, Viblanc VA. Subtle short-term physiological costs of an experimental augmentation of fleas in wild Columbian ground squirrels. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:jeb.203588. [PMID: 31138632 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.203588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Parasites affect many aspects of host physiology and behavior, and thus are generally thought to negatively impact host fitness. However, changes in form of short-term parasite effects on host physiological markers have generally been overlooked in favor of fitness measures. Here, we studied flea (Oropsylla idahoensis and Oropsylla opisocroistis tuberculata) parasitism on a natural population of Columbian ground squirrels (Urocitellus columbianus) in Sheep River Provincial Park, AB, Canada. Fleas were experimentally added to adult female U. columbianus at physiologically demanding times, including birth, lactation and weaning of their young. The body mass of adult females, as well as their oxidative stress and immunity were recorded multiple times over the active season under flea-augmented and control conditions. We also measured the prevalence of an internal parasite (Trypanosoma otospermophili). Doubly labeled water (DLW) was intra-peritoneally injected at peak lactation to examine energy expenditure. Effects of parasites on oxidative stress were only observed after offspring were weaned. There was no direct effect of experimentally heightened flea prevalence on energy use. A short-term 24 h mass loss (-17 g) was detected briefly after parasite addition, likely due to U. columbianus preferentially allocating time for grooming. Our parasite augmentation did not strongly affect hosts and suggested that short-term physiological effects were unlikely to culminate in long-term fitness consequences. Columbian ground squirrels appear to rapidly manage parasite costs, probably through grooming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Roth
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - F Stephen Dobson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - François Criscuolo
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC, UMR 7178, 67037 Strasbourg CEDEX 2, France
| | - Pierre Uhlrich
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC, UMR 7178, 67037 Strasbourg CEDEX 2, France
| | - Alexandre Zahariev
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC, UMR 7178, 67037 Strasbourg CEDEX 2, France
| | - Audrey Bergouignan
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC, UMR 7178, 67037 Strasbourg CEDEX 2, France
| | - Vincent A Viblanc
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC, UMR 7178, 67037 Strasbourg CEDEX 2, France
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18
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Latour YL, Gobert AP, Wilson KT. The role of polyamines in the regulation of macrophage polarization and function. Amino Acids 2019; 52:151-160. [PMID: 31016375 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-019-02719-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Naturally occurring polyamines are ubiquitously distributed and play important roles in cell development, amino acid and protein synthesis, oxidative DNA damage, proliferation, and cellular differentiation. Macrophages are essential in the innate immune response, and contribute to tissue remodeling. Naïve macrophages have two major potential fates: polarization to (1) the classical pro-inflammatory M1 defense response to bacterial pathogens and tumor cells, and (2) the alternatively activated M2 response, induced in the presence of parasites and wounding, and also implicated in the development of tumor-associated macrophages. ODC, the rate-limiting enzyme in polyamine synthesis, leads to an increase in putrescine levels, which impairs M1 gene transcription. Additionally, spermidine and spermine can regulate translation of pro-inflammatory mediators in activated macrophages. In this review, we focus on polyamines in macrophage activation patterns in the context of gastrointestinal inflammation and carcinogenesis. We seek to clarify mechanisms of innate immune regulation by polyamine metabolism and potential novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne L Latour
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2215 Garland Avenue, Room 1030C Medical Research Building IV, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Alain P Gobert
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2215 Garland Avenue, Room 1030C Medical Research Building IV, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.,Center for Mucosal Inflammation and Cancer, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, USA
| | - Keith T Wilson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2215 Garland Avenue, Room 1030C Medical Research Building IV, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA. .,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA. .,Center for Mucosal Inflammation and Cancer, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, USA. .,Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA. .,Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA.
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19
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Abad Dar M, Hölscher C. Arginase-1 Is Responsible for IL-13-Mediated Susceptibility to Trypanosoma cruzi Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2790. [PMID: 30555475 PMCID: PMC6281981 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Arginase-1 (Arg-1) is a marker for alternatively activated macrophages (AAM) and is mainly induced by the type 2 cytokines interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 through the common IL-4 receptor-alpha (Rα) subunit. Both, Arg-1 and AAM undermine macrophage effector functions against intracellular parasites and are therefore implicated in the susceptibility to infection with Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas' disease. However, the involvement of Arg-1 in promoting intracellular replication of T. cruzi in AAM has not been proven so far in vivo. Because Arg-1 is only moderately expressed in T. cruzi-infected wildtype mice, we elucidated the role of Arg-1 and AAM during infection in IL-13-overexpressing (IL-13tg) mice, which are characterized by an inflammation-induced development of AAM and an accompanied elevated expression of Arg-1. In comparison to wildtype littermates, IL-13tg mice were highly susceptible to T. cruzi infection with enhanced parasitemia and impaired survival. Importantly, T. cruzi-infected IL-13tg mice developed an elevated alternative macrophage activation with increased arginase activity. To proof the hypothesis, that Arg-1 accounts for the increased susceptibility of IL-13tg mice, we blocked arginase activity in infected IL-13tg mice. Because this arginase inhibition resulted in a decreased susceptibility to experimental Chagas disease our study supports in summary the conclusion that IL-13/IL-4Rα-driven Arg-1 expression contributes to the permissiveness of the host to T. cruzi infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahin Abad Dar
- Infection Immunology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
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20
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Figarella K, Uzcategui NL, Mogk S, Wild K, Fallier-Becker P, Neher JJ, Duszenko M. Morphological changes, nitric oxide production, and phagocytosis are triggered in vitro in microglia by bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma brucei. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15002. [PMID: 30302029 PMCID: PMC6177420 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33395-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The flagellated parasite Trypanosoma brucei is the causative agent of Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT). By a mechanism not well understood yet, trypanosomes enter the central nervous system (CNS), invade the brain parenchyma, and cause a fatal encephalopathy if is not treated. Trypanosomes are fast dividing organisms that, without any immune response, would kill the host in a short time. However, infected individuals survive either 6-12 months or more than 3 years for the acute and chronic forms, respectively. Thus, only when the brain defense collapses a lethal encephalopathy will occur. Here, we evaluated interactions between trypanosomes and microglial cells, which are the primary immune effector cells within the CNS. Using co-cultures of primary microglia and parasites, we found clear evidences of trypanosome phagocytosis by microglial cells. Microglia activation was also evident; analysis of its ultrastructure showed changes that have been reported in activated microglia undergoing oxidative stress caused by infections or degenerative diseases. Accordingly, an increase of the nitric oxide production was detected in supernatants of microglia/parasite co-cultures. Altogether, our results demonstrate that microglial cells respond to the presence of the parasite, leading to parasite's engulfment and elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Figarella
- Interfaculty Institute for Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
- Institute for Neurophysiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Nestor L Uzcategui
- Institute for Anatomy, Central University of Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Stefan Mogk
- Interfaculty Institute for Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katleen Wild
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany and Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Petra Fallier-Becker
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jonas J Neher
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany and Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Duszenko
- Interfaculty Institute for Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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21
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Arginine-deprivation-induced oxidative damage sterilizes Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:9779-9784. [PMID: 30143580 PMCID: PMC6166831 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1808874115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated oxidative stress and DNA damage have recently been recognized as contributing to the efficacy of most bactericidal antibiotics, irrespective of their primary macromolecular targets. Inhibitors of targets involved in both combating oxidative stress as well as being required for in vivo survival may exhibit powerful synergistic action. This study demonstrates that the de novo arginine biosynthetic pathway in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is up-regulated in the early response to the oxidative stress-elevating agent isoniazid or vitamin C. Arginine deprivation rapidly sterilizes the Mtb de novo arginine biosynthesis pathway mutants ΔargB and ΔargF without the emergence of suppressor mutants in vitro as well as in vivo. Transcriptomic and flow cytometry studies of arginine-deprived Mtb have indicated accumulation of ROS and extensive DNA damage. Metabolomics studies following arginine deprivation have revealed that these cells experienced depletion of antioxidant thiols and accumulation of the upstream metabolite substrate of ArgB or ArgF enzymes. ΔargB and ΔargF were unable to scavenge host arginine and were quickly cleared from both immunocompetent and immunocompromised mice. In summary, our investigation revealed in vivo essentiality of the de novo arginine biosynthesis pathway for Mtb and a promising drug target space for combating tuberculosis.
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22
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Zhang J, Wang G, Zhao C, Bai Y, Shu S, Fan Z, Xia C. 1H NMR plasma metabolomic profiling of ovarian quiescence in energy balanced postpartum dairy cows. Vet Q 2018; 38:47-52. [PMID: 29733756 PMCID: PMC6830969 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2018.1473660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: As the milk production of dairy cows increases, the reproductive capacity gradually declines. Ovarian quiescence has become one of the concerns of the dairy industry. Objective: To explore the different plasma metabolite levels between estrus and anestrus in energy balanced (EB) dairy cows. Methods: Ten estrous and 10 anestrus EB Holstein cows in early lactation were selected for the study. 1H nuclear magnetic resonance technology was used to detect plasma metabolites and screen different plasma metabolites between anestrous and estrous cows at 60–90 days postpartum using multivariate statistical analysis. Results: Within an elective waiting period of 60−90 days postpartum mean plasma concentration of total estrogens was significantly higher in estrus cows as compared to anestrus cows (71.2 ± 26.0 and 42.4 ± 16.7 pg/mL, respectively). Seven plasma metabolites (isoleucine, leucine, valine, alanine, arginine, choline and phosphatecholine) demonstrated significant decreases in estrous dairy cows relative to anestrous subjects. The main pathway was leucine, isoleucine and valine biosynthesis. Conclusion: Anestrus in dairy cows is accompanied by alterations in amino acid, glucose and lipid metabolism based on 1H NMR analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Zhang
- a Department of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine , Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University , Daqing , China
| | - Gang Wang
- a Department of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine , Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University , Daqing , China
| | - Chang Zhao
- a Department of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine , Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University , Daqing , China
| | - Yunlong Bai
- a Department of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine , Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University , Daqing , China
| | - Shi Shu
- a Department of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine , Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University , Daqing , China
| | - Ziling Fan
- a Department of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine , Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University , Daqing , China
| | - Cheng Xia
- a Department of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine , Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University , Daqing , China
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23
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Onyilagha C, Kuriakose S, Ikeogu N, Jia P, Uzonna J. Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells Contribute to Susceptibility to Trypanosoma congolense Infection by Suppressing CD4 + T Cell Proliferation and IFN-γ Production. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:507-515. [PMID: 29898961 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous population of bone marrow-derived myeloid cells that have immune-suppressive activities. These cells have been reported to suppress T cell immunity against tumors as well as in some parasitic and bacterial infections. However, their role during Trypanosoma congolense infection has not been studied. Given that immunosuppression is a hallmark of African trypanosomiasis, we investigated the role of MDSCs in immunity to T. congolense infection. We found increased numbers of MDSCs in the spleen and liver of infected mice, which correlated with increased parasitemia. Depletion of MDSCs significantly increased the percentage of proliferating and IFN-γ-producing CD4+ T cells from the spleen of T. congolense-infected mice. Furthermore, MDSCs from T. congolense-infected mice directly suppressed CD4+ T cell proliferation in a coculture setting. This suppressive effect was abolished by the arginase-1 inhibitor, Nω-hydroxy-nor-l-arginine (nor-NOHA), indicating that MDSCs suppress CD4+ T cell proliferation and function in an arginase-1-dependent manner. Indeed, depletion of MDSCs during infection led to control of the first wave of parasitemia and prolonged survival of infected mice. This was also associated with increased CD4+ T cell proliferation and IFN-γ production. Taken together, our findings identify an important role of MDSCs in the pathogenesis of experimental T. congolense infection via suppression of T cell proliferative and effector cytokine responses in an arginase-1-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chukwunonso Onyilagha
- Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada; and
| | - Shiby Kuriakose
- Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada; and
| | - Nnamdi Ikeogu
- Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada; and
| | - Ping Jia
- Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada; and
| | - Jude Uzonna
- Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada; and .,Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada
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Masocha W, Kristensson K. Human African trypanosomiasis: How do the parasites enter and cause dysfunctions of the nervous system in murine models? Brain Res Bull 2018; 145:18-29. [PMID: 29870779 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In this review we describe how Trypanosoma brucei brucei, a rodent pathogenic strain of African trypanosomes, can invade the nervous system, first by localization to the choroid plexus, the circumventricular organs (CVOs) and peripheral ganglia, which have fenestrated vessels, followed by crossing of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) into the white matter, hypothalamus, thalamus and basal ganglia. White blood cells (WBCs) pave the way for the trypanosome neuroinvasion. Experiments with immune deficient mice show that the invasion of WBCs is initiated by the toll-like receptor 9, followed by an augmentation phase that depends on the cytokine IFN-γ and the chemokine CXCL10. Nitric oxide (NO) derived from iNOS then prevents a break-down of the BBB and non-regulated passage of cells. This chain of events is relevant for design of better diagnostic tools to distinguish the different stages of the disease as well as for better understanding of the pathogenesis of the nervous system dysfunctions, which include circadian rhythm changes with sleep pattern disruption, pain syndromes, movement disorders and mental disturbances including dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willias Masocha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Kuwait.
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25
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Vong LB, Bui TQ, Tomita T, Sakamoto H, Hiramatsu Y, Nagasaki Y. Novel angiogenesis therapeutics by redox injectable hydrogel - Regulation of local nitric oxide generation for effective cardiovascular therapy. Biomaterials 2018; 167:143-152. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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26
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Holzmuller P, Geiger A, Nzoumbou-Boko R, Pissarra J, Hamrouni S, Rodrigues V, Dauchy FA, Lemesre JL, Vincendeau P, Bras-Gonçalves R. Trypanosomatid Infections: How Do Parasites and Their Excreted-Secreted Factors Modulate the Inducible Metabolism of l-Arginine in Macrophages? Front Immunol 2018; 9:778. [PMID: 29731753 PMCID: PMC5921530 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mononuclear phagocytes (monocytes, dendritic cells, and macrophages) are among the first host cells to face intra- and extracellular protozoan parasites such as trypanosomatids, and significant expansion of macrophages has been observed in infected hosts. They play essential roles in the outcome of infections caused by trypanosomatids, as they can not only exert a powerful antimicrobial activity but also promote parasite proliferation. These varied functions, linked to their phenotypic and metabolic plasticity, are exerted via distinct activation states, in which l-arginine metabolism plays a pivotal role. Depending on the environmental factors and immune response elements, l-arginine metabolites contribute to parasite elimination, mainly through nitric oxide (NO) synthesis, or to parasite proliferation, through l-ornithine and polyamine production. To survive and adapt to their hosts, parasites such as trypanosomatids developed mechanisms of interaction to modulate macrophage activation in their favor, by manipulating several cellular metabolic pathways. Recent reports emphasize that some excreted-secreted (ES) molecules from parasites and sugar-binding host receptors play a major role in this dialog, particularly in the modulation of the macrophage's inducible l-arginine metabolism. Preventing l-arginine dysregulation by drugs or by immunization against trypanosomatid ES molecules or by blocking partner host molecules may control early infection and is a promising way to tackle neglected diseases including Chagas disease, leishmaniases, and African trypanosomiases. The present review summarizes recent knowledge on trypanosomatids and their ES factors with regard to their influence on macrophage activation pathways, mainly the NO synthase/arginase balance. The review ends with prospects for the use of biological knowledge to develop new strategies of interference in the infectious processes used by trypanosomatids, in particular for the development of vaccines or immunotherapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Holzmuller
- CIRAD, Montpellier, France.,UMR 117 ASTRE "Animal, Santé, Territoire, Risques et Ecosystèmes", Univ. Montpellier (I-MUSE), CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France
| | - Anne Geiger
- UMR 177 INTERTRYP "Interactions Hôte-Vecteur-Parasite-Environnement dans les maladies tropicales négligées dues aux Trypanosomatidae", Univ. Montpellier (I-MUSE), CIRAD, IRD, Univ. Bordeaux 2, Univ. Lyon 1, Montpellier, France
| | - Romaric Nzoumbou-Boko
- UMR 177 INTERTRYP "Interactions Hôte-Vecteur-Parasite-Environnement dans les maladies tropicales négligées dues aux Trypanosomatidae", Univ. Montpellier (I-MUSE), CIRAD, IRD, Univ. Bordeaux 2, Univ. Lyon 1, Montpellier, France.,Univ. Bordeaux, UMR 177 INTERTRYP, Bordeaux, France.,CHU Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Bordeaux, France
| | - Joana Pissarra
- UMR 177 INTERTRYP "Interactions Hôte-Vecteur-Parasite-Environnement dans les maladies tropicales négligées dues aux Trypanosomatidae", Univ. Montpellier (I-MUSE), CIRAD, IRD, Univ. Bordeaux 2, Univ. Lyon 1, Montpellier, France
| | - Sarra Hamrouni
- UMR 177 INTERTRYP "Interactions Hôte-Vecteur-Parasite-Environnement dans les maladies tropicales négligées dues aux Trypanosomatidae", Univ. Montpellier (I-MUSE), CIRAD, IRD, Univ. Bordeaux 2, Univ. Lyon 1, Montpellier, France
| | - Valérie Rodrigues
- CIRAD, Montpellier, France.,UMR 117 ASTRE "Animal, Santé, Territoire, Risques et Ecosystèmes", Univ. Montpellier (I-MUSE), CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France
| | - Frédéric-Antoine Dauchy
- UMR 177 INTERTRYP "Interactions Hôte-Vecteur-Parasite-Environnement dans les maladies tropicales négligées dues aux Trypanosomatidae", Univ. Montpellier (I-MUSE), CIRAD, IRD, Univ. Bordeaux 2, Univ. Lyon 1, Montpellier, France.,Univ. Bordeaux, UMR 177 INTERTRYP, Bordeaux, France.,CHU Bordeaux, Département des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean-Loup Lemesre
- UMR 177 INTERTRYP "Interactions Hôte-Vecteur-Parasite-Environnement dans les maladies tropicales négligées dues aux Trypanosomatidae", Univ. Montpellier (I-MUSE), CIRAD, IRD, Univ. Bordeaux 2, Univ. Lyon 1, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Vincendeau
- UMR 177 INTERTRYP "Interactions Hôte-Vecteur-Parasite-Environnement dans les maladies tropicales négligées dues aux Trypanosomatidae", Univ. Montpellier (I-MUSE), CIRAD, IRD, Univ. Bordeaux 2, Univ. Lyon 1, Montpellier, France.,Univ. Bordeaux, UMR 177 INTERTRYP, Bordeaux, France.,CHU Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Bordeaux, France
| | - Rachel Bras-Gonçalves
- UMR 177 INTERTRYP "Interactions Hôte-Vecteur-Parasite-Environnement dans les maladies tropicales négligées dues aux Trypanosomatidae", Univ. Montpellier (I-MUSE), CIRAD, IRD, Univ. Bordeaux 2, Univ. Lyon 1, Montpellier, France
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Stijlemans B, De Baetselier P, Magez S, Van Ginderachter JA, De Trez C. African Trypanosomiasis-Associated Anemia: The Contribution of the Interplay between Parasites and the Mononuclear Phagocyte System. Front Immunol 2018; 9:218. [PMID: 29497418 PMCID: PMC5818406 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
African trypanosomosis (AT) is a chronically debilitating parasitic disease of medical and economic importance for the development of sub-Saharan Africa. The trypanosomes that cause this disease are extracellular protozoan parasites that have developed efficient immune escape mechanisms to manipulate the entire host immune response to allow parasite survival and transmission. During the early stage of infection, a profound pro-inflammatory type 1 activation of the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS), involving classically activated macrophages (i.e., M1), is required for initial parasite control. Yet, the persistence of this M1-type MPS activation in trypanosusceptible animals causes immunopathology with anemia as the most prominent pathological feature. By contrast, in trypanotolerant animals, there is an induction of IL-10 that promotes the induction of alternatively activated macrophages (M2) and collectively dampens tissue damage. A comparative gene expression analysis between M1 and M2 cells identified galectin-3 (Gal-3) and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) as novel M1-promoting factors, possibly acting synergistically and in concert with TNF-α during anemia development. While Gal-3 enhances erythrophagocytosis, MIF promotes both myeloid cell recruitment and iron retention within the MPS, thereby depriving iron for erythropoiesis. Hence, the enhanced erythrophagocytosis and suppressed erythropoiesis lead to anemia. Moreover, a thorough investigation using MIF-deficient mice revealed that the underlying mechanisms in AT-associated anemia development in trypanosusceptible and tolerant animals are quite distinct. In trypanosusceptible animals, anemia resembles anemia of inflammation, while in trypanotolerant animals’ hemodilution, mainly caused by hepatosplenomegaly, is an additional factor contributing to anemia. In this review, we give an overview of how trypanosome- and host-derived factors can contribute to trypanosomosis-associated anemia development with a focus on the MPS system. Finally, we will discuss potential intervention strategies to alleviate AT-associated anemia that might also have therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Stijlemans
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium.,Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Patrick De Baetselier
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium.,Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stefan Magez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Jo A Van Ginderachter
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium.,Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Carl De Trez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
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28
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Malik A, Singh H, Pareek A, Tomar S. Biochemical and biophysical insights into the metal binding spectrum and bioactivity of arginase of Entamoeba histolytica. Metallomics 2018; 10:623-638. [DOI: 10.1039/c8mt00002f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
First report of the promiscuous nature of Entamoeba histolytica arginase for divalent metal ion selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Malik
- Department of Biotechnology
- Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
- Roorkee 247667
- India
| | - Harvijay Singh
- Department of Biotechnology
- Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
- Roorkee 247667
- India
| | - Akshay Pareek
- Department of Biotechnology
- Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
- Roorkee 247667
- India
| | - Shailly Tomar
- Department of Biotechnology
- Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
- Roorkee 247667
- India
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29
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Souza ÁDPBD, Oliveira MMRD, Andrade RRD, Amorim RFBD, Bocca AL, Borin MDF. The in vivo effect of L-arginine on skin elasticity in mice. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902017000300045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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30
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Nzoumbou-Boko R, De Muylder G, Semballa S, Lecordier L, Dauchy FA, Gobert AP, Holzmuller P, Lemesre JL, Bras-Gonçalves R, Barnabé C, Courtois P, Daulouède S, Beschin A, Pays E, Vincendeau P. Trypanosoma musculiInfection in Mice Critically Relies on Mannose Receptor–Mediated Arginase Induction by aTbKHC1 Kinesin H Chain Homolog. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:1762-1771. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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31
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Macedo JP, Currier RB, Wirdnam C, Horn D, Alsford S, Rentsch D. Ornithine uptake and the modulation of drug sensitivity in Trypanosoma brucei. FASEB J 2017; 31:4649-4660. [PMID: 28679527 PMCID: PMC5602898 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700311r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei, protozoan parasites that cause human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), depend on ornithine uptake and metabolism by ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) for survival. Indeed, ODC is the target of the WHO “essential medicine” eflornithine, which is antagonistic to another anti-HAT drug, suramin. Thus, ornithine uptake has important consequences in T. brucei, but the transporters have not been identified. We describe these amino acid transporters (AATs). In a heterologous expression system, TbAAT10-1 is selective for ornithine, whereas TbAAT2-4 transports both ornithine and histidine. These AATs are also necessary to maintain intracellular ornithine and polyamine levels in T. brucei, thereby decreasing sensitivity to eflornithine and increasing sensitivity to suramin. Consistent with competition for histidine, high extracellular concentrations of this amino acid phenocopied a TbAAT2-4 genetic defect. Our findings established TbAAT10-1 and TbAAT2-4 as the parasite ornithine transporters, one of which can be modulated by histidine, but both of which affect sensitivity to important anti-HAT drugs.—Macedo, J. P., Currier, R. B., Wirdnam, C., Horn, D., Alsford, S., Rentsch, D. Ornithine uptake and the modulation of drug sensitivity in Trypanosoma brucei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan P Macedo
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rachel B Currier
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Corina Wirdnam
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - David Horn
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Sam Alsford
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom;
| | - Doris Rentsch
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland;
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32
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Groß F, Rudolf EE, Thiele B, Durner J, Astier J. Copper amine oxidase 8 regulates arginine-dependent nitric oxide production in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:2149-2162. [PMID: 28383668 PMCID: PMC5447880 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a key signaling molecule in plants, regulating a wide range of physiological processes. However, its origin in plants remains unclear. It can be generated from nitrite through a reductive pathway, notably via the action of the nitrate reductase (NR), and evidence suggests an additional oxidative pathway, involving arginine. From an initial screen of potential Arabidopsis thaliana mutants impaired in NO production, we identified copper amine oxidase 8 (CuAO8). Two cuao8 mutant lines displayed a decreased NO production in seedlings after elicitor treatment and salt stress. The NR-dependent pathway was not responsible for the impaired NO production as no change in NR activity was found in the mutants. However, total arginase activity was strongly increased in cuao8 knockout mutants after salt stress. Moreover, NO production could be restored in the mutants by arginase inhibition or arginine addition. Furthermore, arginine supplementation reversed the root growth phenotype observed in the mutants. These results demonstrate that CuAO8 participates in NO production by influencing arginine availability through the modulation of arginase activity. The influence of CuAO8 on arginine-dependent NO synthesis suggests a new regulatory pathway for NO production in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicitas Groß
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology,D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Eva-Esther Rudolf
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology,D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Björn Thiele
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute for Bio-and Geoscience, IBG-2, D-52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Jörg Durner
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Technical University Munich, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, D-80333 München, Germany
| | - Jeremy Astier
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology,D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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Li FJ, Xu ZS, Soo ADS, Lun ZR, He CY. ATP-driven and AMPK-independent autophagy in an early branching eukaryotic parasite. Autophagy 2017; 13:715-729. [PMID: 28121493 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2017.1280218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic cellular process required to maintain protein synthesis, energy production and other essential activities in starved cells. While the exact nutrient sensor(s) is yet to be identified, deprivation of amino acids, glucose, growth factor and other nutrients can serve as metabolic stimuli to initiate autophagy in higher eukaryotes. In the early-branching unicellular parasite Trypanosoma brucei, which can proliferate as procyclic form (PCF) in the tsetse fly or as bloodstream form (BSF) in animal hosts, autophagy is robustly triggered by amino acid deficiency but not by glucose depletion. Taking advantage of the clearly defined adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production pathways in T. brucei, we have shown that autophagic activity depends on the levels of cellular ATP production, using either glucose or proline as a carbon source. While autophagosome formation positively correlates with cellular ATP levels; perturbation of ATP production by removing carbon sources or genetic silencing of enzymes involved in ATP generation pathways, also inhibited autophagy. This obligate energy dependence and the lack of glucose starvation-induced autophagy in T. brucei may reflect an adaptation to its specialized, parasitic life style.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Jun Li
- a Department of Biological Sciences , National University of Singapore , Singapore
| | - Zhi-Shen Xu
- b State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases and Control of the Ministry of Education , Zhongshan Medical School, Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Andy D S Soo
- a Department of Biological Sciences , National University of Singapore , Singapore
| | - Zhao-Rong Lun
- b State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases and Control of the Ministry of Education , Zhongshan Medical School, Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Cynthia Y He
- a Department of Biological Sciences , National University of Singapore , Singapore.,c Centre for BioImaging Sciences , National University of Singapore , Singapore
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Hematopoietic arginase 1 deficiency results in decreased leukocytosis and increased foam cell formation but does not affect atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2017; 256:35-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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35
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Platelet Supernatant Suppresses LPS-Induced Nitric Oxide Production from Macrophages Accompanied by Inhibition of NF-κB Signaling and Increased Arginase-1 Expression. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162208. [PMID: 27588757 PMCID: PMC5010197 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) that had been co-cultured with platelets exhibited lower susceptibility to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and produced lower levels of nitric oxide (NO) and inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α and IL-6. The suppression of macrophage responses was mediated, at least in part, by platelet supernatant. In the present study, we assessed phenotypic changes of BMDMs induced by incubation with the supernatant from thrombin-activated platelets (PLT-sup) and found that BMDMs cultured with PLT-sup (PLT-BMDMs) expressed a lower level of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and a higher level of arginase-1, both of which are involved in the L-arginine metabolism, upon stimulation with LPS or zymosan. We also examined possible modulation of the NF-κB signaling pathway and observed suppression of IκBα phosphorylation and a decrease of NF-κB p65 expression in LPS-stimulated PLT-BMDMs. These results suggest that PLT-sup suppresses inflammatory responses of BMDMs via negative regulation of NF-κB signaling leading to lowered expression of iNOS and enhanced L-arginine catabolism by arginase-1.
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36
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Ullewar MP, Umathe SN. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist prevents l -arginine induced immune dysfunction independent of gonadal steroids: Relates with a decline in elevated thymus and brain nitric oxide levels. Nitric Oxide 2016; 57:40-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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37
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Al Sadoun H, Burgess M, Hentges KE, Mace KA. Enforced Expression of Hoxa3 Inhibits Classical and Promotes Alternative Activation of Macrophages In Vitro and In Vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:872-84. [PMID: 27342843 PMCID: PMC4947829 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The regulated differentiation of macrophages (mφs) and their subsequent activation into proinflammatory or prohealing subtypes is critical for efficient wound healing. Chronic wounds such as diabetic (db) ulcers are associated with dysregulation of macrophage function. Whereas non-db mφs polarize to an M2-like, prohealing phenotype during the late stages of healing, db-derived mφs continue to display an M1-like, proinflammatory, or a mixed M1-like/M2-like phenotype. We have previously shown that sustained expression of Hoxa3 reduces the excessive number of leukocytes within the db wound; however, the effect of Hoxa3 on mφ polarization was unknown. In this study, we show that Hoxa3 protein transduction of mφs in vitro enhances macrophage maturation, inhibits M1 polarization, and promotes M2 polarization, in part via regulation of Pu.1/Spi1 and Stat6. Sustained expression of Hoxa3 in vivo in db wounds reduces the number of Nos2(+) (M1-like) mφs, increases the number of Arg1(+) and VEGF(+) (M2-like) mφs, and accelerates healing in a DNA-binding independent manner. Our findings suggest a role for Hox protein activity in promoting M1-to-M2-like phenotypic switching via interactions with myeloid transcription factors and provide insight into mechanisms regulating this process in db wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadeel Al Sadoun
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Burgess
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn E Hentges
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Kimberly A Mace
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
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Geiger A, Bossard G, Sereno D, Pissarra J, Lemesre JL, Vincendeau P, Holzmuller P. Escaping Deleterious Immune Response in Their Hosts: Lessons from Trypanosomatids. Front Immunol 2016; 7:212. [PMID: 27303406 PMCID: PMC4885876 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Trypanosomatidae family includes the genera Trypanosoma and Leishmania, protozoan parasites displaying complex digenetic life cycles requiring a vertebrate host and an insect vector. Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, Trypanosoma cruzi, and Leishmania spp. are important human pathogens causing human African trypanosomiasis (HAT or sleeping sickness), Chagas' disease, and various clinical forms of Leishmaniasis, respectively. They are transmitted to humans by tsetse flies, triatomine bugs, or sandflies, and affect millions of people worldwide. In humans, extracellular African trypanosomes (T. brucei) evade the hosts' immune defenses, allowing their transmission to the next host, via the tsetse vector. By contrast, T. cruzi and Leishmania sp. have developed a complex intracellular lifestyle, also preventing several mechanisms to circumvent the host's immune response. This review seeks to set out the immune evasion strategies developed by the different trypanosomatids resulting from parasite-host interactions and will focus on: clinical and epidemiological importance of diseases; life cycles: parasites-hosts-vectors; innate immunity: key steps for trypanosomatids in invading hosts; deregulation of antigen-presenting cells; disruption of efficient specific immunity; and the immune responses used for parasite proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Geiger
- UMR INTERTRYP, IRD-CIRAD, CIRAD TA A-17/G, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Denis Sereno
- UMR INTERTRYP, IRD-CIRAD, CIRAD TA A-17/G, Montpellier, France
| | - Joana Pissarra
- UMR INTERTRYP, IRD-CIRAD, CIRAD TA A-17/G, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Philippe Vincendeau
- UMR 177, IRD-CIRAD Université de Bordeaux Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Bordeaux, France
| | - Philippe Holzmuller
- UMRCMAEE CIRAD-INRA TA-A15/G “Contrôle des maladies animales exotiques et émergentes”, Montpellier, France
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The first description of complete invertebrate arginine metabolism pathways implies dose-dependent pathogen regulation in Apostichopus japonicus. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23783. [PMID: 27032691 PMCID: PMC4817134 DOI: 10.1038/srep23783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, three typical members representative of different arginine metabolic pathways were firstly identified from Apostichopus japonicus, including nitric oxide synthase (NOS), arginase, and agmatinase. Spatial expression analysis revealed that the AjNOS transcript presented negative expression patterns relative to those of Ajarginase or Ajagmatinase in most detected tissues. Furthermore, Vibrio splendidus-challenged coelomocytes and intestine, and LPS-exposed primary coelomocytes could significantly induce AjNOS expression, followed by obviously inhibited Arginase and AjAgmatinase transcripts at the most detected time points. Silencing the three members with two specific siRNAs in vivo and in vitro collectively indicated that AjNOS not only compete with Ajarginase but also with Ajagmatinase in arginine metabolism. Interestingly, Ajarginase and Ajagmatinase displayed cooperative expression profiles in arginine utilization. More importantly, live pathogens of V. splendidus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus co-incubated with primary cells also induced NO production and suppressed arginase activity in a time-dependent at an appropriate multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 10, without non-pathogen Escherichia coli. When increasing the pathogen dose (MOI = 100), arginase activity was significantly elevated, and NO production was depressed, with a larger magnitude in V. splendidus co-incubation. The present study expands our understanding of the connection between arginine's metabolic and immune responses in non-model invertebrates.
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Balijepalli AS, Comstock AT, Wang X, Jensen GC, Hershenson MB, Zacharek MA, Sajjan US, Meyerhoff ME. Enhancement of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Activity by Low Molecular Weight Peptides Derived from Protamine: A Potential Therapy for Chronic Rhinosinusitis. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:2396-405. [PMID: 25978582 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a key immune defense agent that is produced from l-arginine in the airways by leukocytes and airway epithelial cells, primarily via inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Deficiencies in nasal NO levels have been associated with diseases such as primary ciliary dyskinesia and chronic rhinosinusitis. Herein, we demonstrate a proof-of-concept regarding a potential new therapeutic approach for such disorders. We show that arginine-rich low molecular weight peptides (LMWPs) derived from the FDA-approved protamine (obtained from salmon sperm) are effective at significantly raising NO production in both RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage and LA4 mouse epithelial cell lines. LMWP is produced using a stable, easily produced immobilized thermolysin gel column followed by size-exclusion purification. Monomeric l-arginine induces concentration-dependent increases in NO production in stimulated RAW 264.7 and LA4 cells, as measured by stable nitrite in the cell media. In stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, LMWP significantly increases iNOS expression and total NO production 12-24 h post-treatment compared to cells given equivalent levels of monomeric l-arginine. For stimulated LA4 cells, LMWPs are effective in significantly increasing NO production compared to equivalent l-arginine monomer concentrations over 24 h but do not substantially enhance iNOS expression. The use of the arginase inhibitor S-boronoethyl-l-cysteine in combination with LMWPs results in even higher NO production by stimulated RAW 264.7 cells and LA4 cells. Increases in NO due to LMWPs, compared to l-arginine, occur only after 4 h, which may be due to iNOS elevation rather than increased substrate availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anant S Balijepalli
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Adam T Comstock
- ‡Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Health System, 1150 West Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Xuewei Wang
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Gary C Jensen
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Marc B Hershenson
- ‡Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Health System, 1150 West Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Mark A Zacharek
- §Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan Health System, 1500 East Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Umadevi S Sajjan
- ‡Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Health System, 1150 West Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Mark E Meyerhoff
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Khaybullin RN, Panda SS, Mirzai S, Toneff E, Asiri AM, Hall CD, Katritzky AR. Arginine thioacid in synthesis of arginine conjugates and peptides. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra04897k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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Macrophage arginase-1 controls bacterial growth and pathology in hypoxic tuberculosis granulomas. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E4024-32. [PMID: 25201986 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1408839111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung granulomas develop upon Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection as a hallmark of human tuberculosis (TB). They are structured aggregates consisting mainly of Mtb-infected and -uninfected macrophages and Mtb-specific T cells. The production of NO by granuloma macrophages expressing nitric oxide synthase-2 (NOS2) via l-arginine and oxygen is a key protective mechanism against mycobacteria. Despite this protection, TB granulomas are often hypoxic, and bacterial killing via NOS2 in these conditions is likely suboptimal. Arginase-1 (Arg1) also metabolizes l-arginine but does not require oxygen as a substrate and has been shown to regulate NOS2 via substrate competition. However, in other infectious diseases in which granulomas occur, such as leishmaniasis and schistosomiasis, Arg1 plays additional roles such as T-cell regulation and tissue repair that are independent of NOS2 suppression. To address whether Arg1 could perform similar functions in hypoxic regions of TB granulomas, we used a TB murine granuloma model in which NOS2 is absent. Abrogation of Arg1 expression in macrophages in this setting resulted in exacerbated lung granuloma pathology and bacterial burden. Arg1 expression in hypoxic granuloma regions correlated with decreased T-cell proliferation, suggesting that Arg1 regulation of T-cell immunity is involved in disease control. Our data argue that Arg1 plays a central role in the control of TB when NOS2 is rendered ineffective by hypoxia.
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Yin XL, Li ZJ, Yang K, Lin HZ, Guo ZX. Effect of guava leaves on growth and the non-specific immune response of Penaeus monodon. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 40:190-196. [PMID: 25010674 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Guava (Psidium guajava L.) leaf extracts have antiviral and antibacterial activity against shrimp pathogens such as yellow-head virus (YHV), white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), and Vibrio harveyi, which make it a potential water disinfectant for use in shrimp culture. In this study, the safety of guava leaf supplementation in shrimp was evaluated by studying its influence on growth and the non-specific immune response of Penaeus monodon. Six diets containing different levels of guava leaves (0% [basal diet], 0.025% [G1], 0.05% [G2], 0.1% [G3], 0.2% [G4], and 0.4% [G5]) were fed to groups of shrimp (1.576 ± 0.011 g body weight) in triplicate for 56 days. Growth performance (final body weight, WG, PWG, SGR) of shrimp fed guava leaf diets was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of shrimp fed on the basal diet. The G1 diet resulted in the highest body weight gain (308.44%), followed by the G2 (295.45%), G3 (283.05%), G5 (281.29%), G4 (276.11%), and finally the basal diet (214.58%). Survival of shrimp in the G1 diet group was higher than that of shrimp in the control and the other experimental groups; however, no statistical differences (P > 0.05) were found. Dietary supplementation with guava leaf improved the activities of prophenoloxidase (PO) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in serum, and of superoxide dismutase (SOD), acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (AKP), and lysozyme (LSZ) both in serum and hepatopancreas of shrimp. In the experimental groups, the activities of these enzymes followed a similar pattern of change; they increased initially at low levels of dietary supplementation and then decreased with increasing concentrations of dietary guava leaf. Serum PO and SOD activities in shrimp fed the G1 diet reached 7.50 U ml(-1) and 178.33 U ml(-1), respectively, with PO activity being significantly higher than in controls. In shrimp fed the G1 diet, SOD, ACP, and AKP activities in hepatopancreas were significantly higher than in the controls, reaching 57.32 U g(-1), 23.28 U g(-1), and 19.35 U g(-1) protein, respectively. The highest activities of serum ACP, AKP, LSZ, and of hepatopancreas LSZ, were observed in the G3 diet group. Total nitric oxide synthase (TNOS) activity was highest (64.80 U ml(-1)) in the G4 diet group, which was significantly higher than that observed in the control group. These results suggest that dietary guava leaf supplementation could enhance the growth performance and non-specific immune response of P. monodon. Therefore, guava leaf is considered safe for use as a water disinfectant in shrimp culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Li Yin
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhuo-Jia Li
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510300, China.
| | - Keng Yang
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510300, China.
| | - Hei-Zhao Lin
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510300, China.
| | - Zhi-Xun Guo
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510300, China.
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França-Costa J, Van Weyenbergh J, Boaventura VS, Luz NF, Malta-Santos H, Oliveira MCS, Santos de Campos DC, Saldanha AC, dos-Santos WLC, Bozza PT, Barral-Netto M, Barral A, Costa JM, Borges VM. Arginase I, polyamine, and prostaglandin E2 pathways suppress the inflammatory response and contribute to diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis. J Infect Dis 2014; 211:426-35. [PMID: 25124926 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (DCL) is a rare clinical manifestation of tegumentary leishmaniasis. The molecular mechanisms underlying DCL pathogenesis remain unclear, and there is no efficient treatment available. This study investigated the systemic and in situ expression of the inflammatory response that might contribute to suppression in DCL. The plasma levels of arginase I, ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were higher in patients with DCL, compared with patients with localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL) or with controls from an area of endemicity. In situ transcriptomic analyses reinforced the association between arginase I expression and enzymes involved in prostaglandin and polyamine synthesis. Immunohistochemistry confirmed that arginase I, ODC, and cyclooxygenase2 expression was higher in lesion biopsy specimens from patients with DCL than in those from patients with LCL. Inhibition of arginase I or ODC abrogates L. amazonensis replication in infected human macrophages. Our data implicate arginase I, ODC, PGE2, and TGF-β in the failure to mount an efficient immune response and suggest perspectives in the development of new strategies for therapeutic intervention for patients with DCL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Viviane S Boaventura
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz/FIOCRUZ-BA Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador
| | - Nívea F Luz
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz/FIOCRUZ-BA Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador
| | - Hayna Malta-Santos
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz/FIOCRUZ-BA Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador
| | | | | | | | | | - Patrícia T Bozza
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro
| | - Manoel Barral-Netto
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz/FIOCRUZ-BA Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Investigação em Imunologia, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aldina Barral
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz/FIOCRUZ-BA Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Investigação em Imunologia, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Valeria M Borges
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz/FIOCRUZ-BA Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Investigação em Imunologia, São Paulo, Brazil
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Lewis KE, Rasmussen AL, Bennett W, King A, West AK, Chung RS, Chuah MI. Microglia and motor neurons during disease progression in the SOD1G93A mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: changes in arginase1 and inducible nitric oxide synthase. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:55. [PMID: 24655927 PMCID: PMC3994340 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-11-55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease affecting the motor system. Although the etiology of the disease is not fully understood, microglial activation and neuroinflammation are thought to play a role in disease progression. METHODS We examined the immunohistochemical expression of two markers of microglial phenotype, the arginine-metabolizing enzymes inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and arginase1 (Arg1), in the spinal cord of a mouse model carrying an ALS-linked mutant human superoxide dismutase transgene (SOD1(G93A)) and in non-transgenic wild-type (WT) mice. Immunolabeling for iNOS and Arg1 was evaluated throughout disease progression (6 to 25 weeks), and correlated with body weight, stride pattern, wire hang duration and ubiquitin pathology. For microglia and motor neuron counts at each time point, SOD1(G93A) and WT animals were compared using an independent samples t-test. A Welch t-test correction was applied if Levene's test showed that the variance in WT and SOD1G93A measurements was substantially different. RESULTS Disease onset, measured as the earliest change in functional parameters compared to non-transgenic WT mice, occurred at 14 weeks of age in SOD1(G93A) mice. The ventral horn of the SOD1(G93A) spinal cord contained more microglia than WT from 14 weeks onwards. In SOD1(G93A) mice, Arg1-positive and iNOS-positive microglia increased 18-fold and 7-fold, respectively, between 10 and 25 weeks of age (endpoint) in the lumbar spinal cord, while no increase was observed in WT mice. An increasing trend of Arg1- and iNOS-expressing microglia was observed in the cervical spinal cords of SOD1(G93A) mice. Additionally, Arg1-negative motor neurons appeared to selectively decline in the spinal cord of SOD1(G93A) mice, suggesting that Arg1 may have a neuroprotective function. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that the increase in spinal cord microglia occurs around and after disease onset and is preceded by cellular pathology. The results show that Arg1 and iNOS, thought to have opposing inflammatory properties, are upregulated in microglia during disease progression and that Arg1 in motor neurons may confer protection from disease processes. Further understanding of the neuroinflammatory response, and the Arg1/iNOS balance in motor neurons, may provide suitable therapeutic targets for ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Lewis
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Anna L Rasmussen
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - William Bennett
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Anna King
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Adrian K West
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Roger S Chung
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
- Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Meng Inn Chuah
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
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De Muylder G, Daulouède S, Lecordier L, Uzureau P, Morias Y, Van Den Abbeele J, Caljon G, Hérin M, Holzmuller P, Semballa S, Courtois P, Vanhamme L, Stijlemans B, De Baetselier P, Barrett MP, Barlow JL, McKenzie ANJ, Barron L, Wynn TA, Beschin A, Vincendeau P, Pays E. A Trypanosoma brucei kinesin heavy chain promotes parasite growth by triggering host arginase activity. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003731. [PMID: 24204274 PMCID: PMC3814429 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In order to promote infection, the blood-borne parasite Trypanosoma brucei releases factors that upregulate arginase expression and activity in myeloid cells. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS By screening a cDNA library of T. brucei with an antibody neutralizing the arginase-inducing activity of parasite released factors, we identified a Kinesin Heavy Chain isoform, termed TbKHC1, as responsible for this effect. Following interaction with mouse myeloid cells, natural or recombinant TbKHC1 triggered SIGN-R1 receptor-dependent induction of IL-10 production, resulting in arginase-1 activation concomitant with reduction of nitric oxide (NO) synthase activity. This TbKHC1 activity was IL-4Rα-independent and did not mirror M2 activation of myeloid cells. As compared to wild-type T. brucei, infection by TbKHC1 KO parasites was characterized by strongly reduced parasitaemia and prolonged host survival time. By treating infected mice with ornithine or with NO synthase inhibitor, we observed that during the first wave of parasitaemia the parasite growth-promoting effect of TbKHC1-mediated arginase activation resulted more from increased polyamine production than from reduction of NO synthesis. In late stage infection, TbKHC1-mediated reduction of NO synthesis appeared to contribute to liver damage linked to shortening of host survival time. CONCLUSION A kinesin heavy chain released by T. brucei induces IL-10 and arginase-1 through SIGN-R1 signaling in myeloid cells, which promotes early trypanosome growth and favors parasite settlement in the host. Moreover, in the late stage of infection, the inhibition of NO synthesis by TbKHC1 contributes to liver pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Géraldine De Muylder
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Sylvie Daulouède
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, UMR 177 IRD CIRAD Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Laurence Lecordier
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Pierrick Uzureau
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Yannick Morias
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Unit, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jan Van Den Abbeele
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Veterinary Protozoology Unit, Prins Leopold Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Guy Caljon
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Unit, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Veterinary Protozoology Unit, Prins Leopold Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Michel Hérin
- Department of Pathology, Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Philippe Holzmuller
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, UMR 177 IRD CIRAD Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Silla Semballa
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, UMR 177 IRD CIRAD Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Pierrette Courtois
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, UMR 177 IRD CIRAD Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Luc Vanhamme
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Benoît Stijlemans
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Unit, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Patrick De Baetselier
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Unit, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Michael P. Barrett
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Glasgow Polyomics Facility, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jillian L. Barlow
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Medical Research Council, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew N. J. McKenzie
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Medical Research Council, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Luke Barron
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thomas A. Wynn
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alain Beschin
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Unit, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Philippe Vincendeau
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, UMR 177 IRD CIRAD Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Etienne Pays
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
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Bossard G, Cuny G, Geiger A. Secreted proteases of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense: possible targets for sleeping sickness control? Biofactors 2013; 39:407-14. [PMID: 23553721 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) is caused by trypanosomes of the species Trypanosoma brucei and belongs to the neglected tropical diseases. Presently, WHO has listed 36 countries as being endemic for sleeping sickness. No vaccine is available, and disease treatment is difficult and has life-threatening side effects. Therefore, there is a crucial need to search for new therapeutic targets against the parasite. Trypanosome excreted-secreted proteins could be promising targets, as the total secretome was shown to inhibit, in vitro, host dendritic cell maturation and their ability to induce lymphocytic allogenic responses. The secretome was found surprisingly rich in various proteins and unexpectedly rich in diverse peptidases, covering more than ten peptidase families or subfamilies. Given their abundance, one may speculate that they would play a genuine role not only in classical "housekeeping" tasks but also in pathogenesis. The paper reviews the deleterious role of proteases from trypanosomes, owing to their capacity to degrade host circulating or structural proteins, as well as proteic hormones, causing severe damage and preventing host immune response. In addition, proteases account for a number of drug targets, such drugs being used to treat severe diseases such AIDS. This review underlines the importance of secreted proteins and especially of secreted proteases as potential targets in HAT-fighting strategies. It points out the need to conduct further investigations on the specific role of each of these various proteases in order to identify those playing a central role in sleeping sickness and would be suitable for drug targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Géraldine Bossard
- UMR 177, IRD-CIRAD, CIRAD TA A-17/G, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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The Trypanosoma brucei gambiense secretome impairs lipopolysaccharide-induced maturation, cytokine production, and allostimulatory capacity of dendritic cells. Infect Immun 2013; 81:3300-8. [PMID: 23798533 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00125-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, a parasitic protozoan belonging to kinetoplastids, is the main etiological agent of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), or sleeping sickness. One major characteristic of this disease is the dysregulation of the host immune system. The present study demonstrates that the secretome (excreted-secreted proteins) of T. b. gambiense impairs the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced maturation of murine dendritic cells (DCs). The upregulation of major histocompatibility complex class II, CD40, CD80, and CD86 molecules, as well as the secretion of cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-10 (IL-10), and IL-6, which are normally released at high levels by LPS-stimulated DCs, is significantly reduced when these cells are cultured in the presence of the T. b. gambiense secretome. Moreover, the inhibition of DC maturation results in the loss of their allostimulatory capacity, leading to a dramatic decrease in Th1/Th2 cytokine production by cocultured lymphocytes. These results provide new insights into a novel efficient immunosuppressive mechanism directly involving the alteration of DC function which might be used by T. b. gambiense to interfere with the host immune responses in HAT and promote the infectious process.
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Interactions between an M. tuberculosis strain overexpressing mtrA and mononuclear phagocytes. Adv Med Sci 2013; 58:172-83. [PMID: 23640943 DOI: 10.2478/v10039-012-0058-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE It was previously shown that the bacterial two-component regulatory signal transduction (2CR) system MtrAB may be associated with the ability of M. tuberculosis (Mtb) to survive in macrophages. In the present work Mtb mutants: Rv-78 with overexpression of mtrA and Rv-129 with elevated level of phosphorylation-defective MtrA were used for further investigation of the potential influence of the MtrAB system on Mtb interaction with human monocytes. MATERIAL/METHODS Flow cytometry was used to determine the expression of MHC class II molecules. The expression of genes for inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cathepsin G was quantified by RT-PCR. The association of Mtb strains with Rab5 and Rab7 positive vacuoles was investigated applying confocal microscopy. IL-10 and IL-12 secretion by monocytes as well as the Mtb susceptibility to cathepsin G were investigated. RESULTS Mutation-carried and wild type Mtb strains inhibited MHC class II expression on monocytes to a similar extent. Monocyte stimulation with mycobacteria led to the increased production of IL-10 but no detectable amounts of IL-12 or NO were observed. Expression of the gene for iNOS was not detected while that for cathepsin G was shown, however its intensity was not associated with MtrA mutation. Mtb mutant strains were more effectively enclosed in phagosomes containing the late endosome marker Rab7 as compared to the control. CONCLUSIONS The results may confirm the importance of the MtrAB system in mycobacterial capacity for successful survival in phagocytes, especially in the context of high degree of colocalization of Mtb Rv-78 to mature phagosomes.
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Serum arginase, a biomarker of treatment efficacy in human African trypanosomiasis. J Clin Microbiol 2013; 51:2379-81. [PMID: 23554207 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.03371-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Arginase serum levels were increased in human African trypanosomiasis patients and returned to control values after treatment. Arginase hydrolyzes l-arginine to l-ornithine, which is essential for parasite growth. Moreover, l-arginine depletion impairs immune functions. Arginase may be considered as a biomarker for treatment efficacy.
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