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Wu MC, Doan TD, Lee JW, Lo YT, Wu HC, Chu CY. Recombinant suilysin of Streptococcus suis enhances the protective efficacy of an engineered Pasteurella multocida toxin protein. Res Vet Sci 2022; 151:175-183. [PMID: 36041311 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Suilysin (Sly) from Streptococcus suis has been shown to elicit strong immune responses and may act as a vaccine adjuvant. In the present study, we tested the adjuvant effect of Sly using an engineered Pasteurella multocida toxin, rPMT-NC, as the antigen. The antigen was also formulated with other conventional adjuvants (aluminum hydroxide, water-in-oil-in-water) for comparison. The efficacy of these vaccine formulations were evaluated in mice. The optimal dosage of purified rSly for enhancing immune responses in mice was first determined to be 40 μg/ml based on significantly (p < 0.05) increased serum antibody titers, expression of cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-4, IL-12, and interferon (IFN)-γ and the survival rate after challenge with P. multocida. Mice immunized with rPMT-NC + rSly had augmented antibody production and cellular immunity compare to those immunized with rPMT-NC plus other adjuvants. In addition, the survival rate of mice immunized with rPMT-NC + rSly was the highest (70% v.s. 30% of mice immunized with rPMT-NC alone) among all groups. In conclusion, rSly has the potential to be used as a biological adjuvant to enhance immune responses and protective efficacy of protein-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Chia Wu
- International Degree Program in Animal Vaccine Technology, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Thu-Dung Doan
- International Degree Program in Animal Vaccine Technology, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan; General Research Service Center, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Jai-Wei Lee
- Department of Tropical Agriculture and International Cooperation, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Lo
- International Degree Program in Animal Vaccine Technology, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Chieh Wu
- International Degree Program in Animal Vaccine Technology, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yen Chu
- International Degree Program in Animal Vaccine Technology, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan.
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Cytosolic Delivery of Multidomain Cargos by the N Terminus of Pasteurella multocida Toxin. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00248-18. [PMID: 29784857 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00248-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The zoonotic pathogen Pasteurella multocida produces a 146-kDa modular toxin (PMT) that enters host cells and manipulates intracellular signaling through action on its Gα protein targets. The N terminus of PMT (PMT-N) mediates cellular uptake through receptor-mediated endocytosis, followed by the delivery of the C-terminal catalytic domain from acidic endosomes into the cytosol. The putative native cargo of PMT consists of a 710-residue polypeptide with three distinct modular subdomains (C1-C2-C3), where C1 contains a membrane localization domain (MLD), C2 has an as-yet-undefined function, and C3 catalyzes the deamidation of a specific active-site glutamine residue in Gα protein targets. However, whether the three cargo subdomains are delivered intact or undergo further proteolytic processing during or after translocation from the late endosome is unclear. Here, we demonstrate that PMT-N mediates the delivery of its native C-terminal cargo as a single polypeptide, corresponding to C1-C2-C3, including the MLD, with no evidence of cleavage between subdomains. We show that PMT-N also delivers nonnative green fluorescent protein (GFP) cargo into the cytosol, further supporting that the receptor-binding and translocation functions reside within PMT-N. Our findings further show that PMT-N can deliver C1-C2 alone but that the presence of C1-C2 is important for the cytosolic delivery of the catalytic C3 subdomain by PMT-N. In addition, we further refine the minimum C3 domain required for intracellular activity as comprising residues 1105 to 1278. These findings reinforce that PMT-N serves as the cytosolic delivery vehicle for C-terminal cargo and demonstrate that its native cargo is delivered intact as C1-C2-C3.
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3
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Evaluation of carbopol as an adjuvant on the effectiveness of progressive atrophic rhinitis vaccine. Vaccine 2018; 36:4477-4484. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Hisao GS, Brothers MC, Ho M, Wilson BA, Rienstra CM. The membrane localization domains of two distinct bacterial toxins form a 4-helix-bundle in solution. Protein Sci 2017; 26:497-504. [PMID: 27977897 PMCID: PMC5326565 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Membrane localization domain (MLD) was first proposed for a 4-helix-bundle motif in the crystal structure of the C1 domain of Pasteurella multocida toxin (PMT). This structure motif is also found in the crystal structures of several clostridial glycosylating toxins (TcdA, TcdB, TcsL, and TcnA). The Ras/Rap1-specific endopeptidase (RRSP) module of the multifunctional autoprocessing repeats-in-toxins (MARTX) toxin produced by Vibrio vulnificus has sequence homology to the C1-C2 domains of PMT, including a putative MLD. We have determined the solution structure for the MLDs in PMT and in RRSP using solution state NMR. We conclude that the MLDs in these two toxins assume a 4-helix-bundle structure in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant S. Hisao
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignIllinois
| | | | - Mengfei Ho
- Department of MicrobiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignIllinois
| | - Brenda A. Wilson
- Department of MicrobiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignIllinois
| | - Chad M. Rienstra
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignIllinois
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignIllinois
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignIllinois
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5
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Antic I, Biancucci M, Satchell KJF. Cytotoxicity of the Vibrio vulnificus MARTX toxin effector DUF5 is linked to the C2A subdomain. Proteins 2014; 82:2643-56. [PMID: 24935440 DOI: 10.1002/prot.24628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The multifunctional-autoprocessing repeats-in-toxin (MARTX) toxins are bacterial protein toxins that serve as delivery platforms for cytotoxic effector domains. The domain of unknown function in position 5 (DUF5) effector domain is present in at least six different species' MARTX toxins and as a hypothetical protein in Photorhabdus spp. Its presence increases the potency of the Vibrio vulnificus MARTX toxin in mouse virulence studies, indicating DUF5 directly contributes to pathogenesis. In this work, DUF5 is shown to be cytotoxic when transiently expressed in HeLa cells. DUF5 localized to the plasma membrane dependent upon its C1 domain and the cells become rounded dependent upon its C2 domain. Both full-length DUF5 and the C2 domain caused growth inhibition when expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A structural model of DUF5 was generated based on the structure of Pasteurella multocida toxin facilitating localization of the cytotoxic activity to a 186 amino acid subdomain termed C2A. Within this subdomain, an alanine scanning mutagenesis revealed aspartate-3721 and arginine-3841 as residues critical for cytotoxicity. These residues were also essential for HeLa cell intoxication when purified DUF5 fused to anthrax toxin lethal factor was delivered cytosolically. Thermal shift experiments indicated that these conserved residues are important to maintain protein structure, rather than for catalysis. The Aeromonas hydrophila MARTX toxin DUF5(Ah) domain was also cytotoxic, while the weakly conserved C1-C2 domains from P. multocida toxin were not. Overall, this study is the first demonstration that DUF5 as found in MARTX toxins has cytotoxic activity that depends on conserved residues in the C2A subdomain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Antic
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, 60611
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6
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What a difference a Dalton makes: bacterial virulence factors modulate eukaryotic host cell signaling systems via deamidation. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2014; 77:527-39. [PMID: 24006474 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00013-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria commonly deploy enzymes to promote virulence. These enzymes can modulate the functions of host cell targets. While the actions of some enzymes can be very obvious (e.g., digesting plant cell walls), others have more subtle activities. Depending on the lifestyle of the bacteria, these subtle modifications can be crucially important for pathogenesis. In particular, if bacteria rely on a living host, subtle mechanisms to alter host cellular function are likely to dominate. Several bacterial virulence factors have evolved to use enzymatic deamidation as a subtle posttranslational mechanism to modify the functions of host protein targets. Deamidation is the irreversible conversion of the amino acids glutamine and asparagine to glutamic acid and aspartic acid, respectively. Interestingly, all currently characterized bacterial deamidases affect the function of the target protein by modifying a single glutamine residue in the sequence. Deamidation of target host proteins can disrupt host signaling and downstream processes by either activating or inactivating the target. Despite the subtlety of this modification, it has been shown to cause dramatic, context-dependent effects on host cells. Several crystal structures of bacterial deamidases have been solved. All are members of the papain-like superfamily and display a cysteine-based catalytic triad. However, these proteins form distinct structural subfamilies and feature combinations of modular domains of various functions. Based on the diverse pathogens that use deamidation as a mechanism to promote virulence and the recent identification of multiple deamidases, it is clear that this enzymatic activity is emerging as an important and widespread feature in bacterial pathogenesis.
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7
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The actions of Pasteurella multocida toxin on neuronal cells. Neuropharmacology 2013; 77:9-18. [PMID: 24055502 PMCID: PMC3878393 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pasteurella multocida toxin (PMT) activates the G-proteins Gαi(1-3), Gαq, Gα11, Gα12 and Gα13 by deamidation of specific glutamine residues. A number of these alpha subunits have signalling roles in neurones. Hence we studied the action of this toxin on rat superior cervical ganglion (SCG) neurones and NG108-15 neuronal cells. Both Gαq and Gα11 could be identified in SCGs with immunocytochemistry. PMT had no direct action on Kv7 or Cav2 channels in SCGs. However PMT treatment enhanced muscarinic receptor mediated inhibition of M-current (Kv7.2 + 7. 3) as measured by a 19-fold leftward shift in the oxotremorine-M concentration–inhibition curve. Agonists of other receptors, such as bradykinin or angiotensin, that inhibit M-current did not produce this effect. However the amount of PIP2 hydrolysis could be enhanced by PMT for all three agonists. In a transduction system in SCGs that is unlikely to be affected by PMT, Go mediated inhibition of calcium current, PMT was ineffective whereas the response was blocked by pertussis toxin as expected. M1 muscarinic receptor evoked calcium mobilisation in transformed NG108-15 cells was enhanced by PMT. The calcium rises evoked by uridine triphosphate acting on endogenous P2Y2 receptors in NG108-15 cells were enhanced by PMT. The time and concentration dependence of the PMT effect was different for the resting calcium compared to the calcium rise produced by activation of P2Y2 receptors. PMT's action on these neuronal cells would suggest that if it got into the brain, symptoms of a hyperexcitable nature would be seen, such as seizures. Pasteurella multocida toxin (PMT) activates a range of G-protein alpha subunits. PMT increased muscarinic receptor mediated suppression of Kv7 potassium current in sympathetic neurones. PMT enhances both muscarinic and purinergic receptor mediated calcium mobilisation in NG108-15 cells. Both these events are mediated by the G-proteins Gq or G11. We would predict that the symptoms of central nervous system PMT toxicity would be hyperexcitable events such as seizures.
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Orth JHC, Fester I, Siegert P, Weise M, Lanner U, Kamitani S, Tachibana T, Wilson BA, Schlosser A, Horiguchi Y, Aktories K. Substrate specificity of Pasteurella multocida toxin for α subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins. FASEB J 2012; 27:832-42. [PMID: 23150526 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-213900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Pasteurella multocida is the causative agent of a number of epizootic and zoonotic diseases. Its major virulence factor associated with atrophic rhinitis in animals and dermonecrosis in bite wounds is P. multocida toxin (PMT). PMT stimulates signal transduction pathways downstream of heterotrimeric G proteins, leading to effects such as mitogenicity, blockade of apoptosis, or inhibition of osteoblast differentiation. On the basis of Gα(i2), it was demonstrated that the toxin deamidates an essential glutamine residue of the Gα(i2) subunit, leading to constitutive activation of the G protein. Here, we studied the specificity of PMT for its G-protein targets by mass spectrometric analyses and by utilizing a monoclonal antibody, which recognizes specifically G proteins deamidated by PMT. The studies revealed deamidation of 3 of 4 families of heterotrimeric G proteins (Gα(q/11), Gα(i1,2,3), and Gα(12/13) of mouse or human origin) by PMT but not by a catalytic inactive toxin mutant. With the use of G-protein fragments and chimeras of responsive or unresponsive G proteins, the structural basis for the discrimination of heterotrimeric G proteins was studied. Our results elucidate substrate specificity of PMT on the molecular level and provide evidence for the underlying structural reasons of substrate discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim H C Orth
- Institut für Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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9
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Protective immunity conferred by the C-terminal fragment of recombinant Pasteurella multocida toxin. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2012; 19:1526-31. [PMID: 22837096 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00238-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Pasteurella multocida serogroup D, producing P. multocida toxin (PMT), is a causative pathogen of progressive atrophic rhinitis (PAR) in swine. To evaluate the protective immunity and vaccination efficacy of the truncated form of PMT, a C-terminal form of recombinant PMT (designated PMT2.3; amino acid residues 505 to 1285 of PMT) was expressed in an Escherichia coli expression system, and the humoral and cellular immune responses to PMT2.3 were investigated. PMT2.3 vaccination in mice led to high levels of the anti-PMT antibody with a high neutralizing antibody titer. PMT2.3 also induced a cellular immune response to PMT, as demonstrated by the lymphocyte proliferation assay. Furthermore, strong protection against a homologous challenge with P. multocida was also observed in mice vaccinated with PMT2.3. In PMT2.3 vaccination in swine, high levels of serum antibody titers were observed in offspring from sows vaccinated with PMT2.3. Offspring from sows vaccinated with PMT2.3 or toxoid showed a good growth performance as depicted by mean body weight at the time of sacrifice, as well as in average daily gain in the postweaning period. Low levels of pathological lesions in turbinate atrophy and pneumonia were also observed in these offspring. Therefore, we consider PMT2.3--in the truncated and nontoxic recombinant PMT form--to be an attractive candidate for a subunit vaccine against PAR induced by P. multocida infection.
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Swine atrophic rhinitis caused by pasteurella multocida toxin and bordetella dermonecrotic toxin. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2012; 361:113-29. [PMID: 22411430 DOI: 10.1007/82_2012_206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Atrophic rhinitis is a widespread and economically important swine disease caused by Pasteurella multocida and Bordetella bronchiseptica. The disease is characterized by atrophy of the nasal turbinate bones, which results in a shortened and deformed snout in severe cases. P. multocida toxin and B. bronchiseptica dermonecrotic toxin have been considered to independently or cooperatively disturb the osteogenesis of the turbinate bone by inhibiting osteoblastic differentiation and/or stimulating bone resorption by osteoclasts. Recently, the intracellular targets and molecular actions of both toxins have been clarified, enabling speculation on the intracellular signals leading to the inhibition of osteogenesis.
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11
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Pasteurella multocida toxin interaction with host cells: entry and cellular effects. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2012; 361:93-111. [PMID: 22552700 PMCID: PMC4408768 DOI: 10.1007/82_2012_219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The mitogenic dermonecrotic toxin from Pasteurella multocida (PMT) is a 1285-residue multipartite protein that belongs to the A-B family of bacterial protein toxins. Through its G-protein-deamidating activity on the α subunits of heterotrimeric G(q)-, G(i)- and G(12/13)-proteins, PMT potently stimulates downstream mitogenic, calcium, and cytoskeletal signaling pathways. These activities lead to pleiotropic effects in different cell types, which ultimately result in cellular proliferation, while inhibiting cellular differentiation, and account for the myriad of physiological outcomes observed during infection with toxinogenic strains of P. multocida.
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12
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Orth JHC, Aktories K. Molecular biology of Pasteurella multocida toxin. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2012; 361:73-92. [PMID: 22371145 DOI: 10.1007/82_2012_201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Pasteurella multocida toxin (PMT) is the causative agent of progressive atrophic rhinitis in swine. The 146 kDa single-chain toxin harbours discrete domains important for receptor binding, internalisation and biological activity. The molecular basis of the toxin's activity is the deamidation of a specific glutamine residue in the α-subunit of heterotrimeric G proteins. This results in an inhibition of the inherent GTPase activity leading to a constitutively active phenotype of the G protein. Due to the ability of the toxin to act on various families of heterotrimeric G proteins, a large subset of signal transduction pathways is stimulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim H C Orth
- Institut für Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 25, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
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Brothers MC, Ho M, Maharjan R, Clemons NC, Bannai Y, Waites MA, Faulkner MJ, Kuhlenschmidt TB, Kuhlenschmidt MS, Blanke SR, Rienstra CM, Wilson BA. Membrane interaction of Pasteurella multocida toxin involves sphingomyelin. FEBS J 2011; 278:4633-48. [PMID: 21951695 PMCID: PMC3220749 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08365.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pasteurella multocida toxin (PMT) is an AB toxin that causes pleiotropic effects in targeted host cells. The N-terminus of PMT (PMT-N) is considered to harbor the membrane receptor binding and translocation domains responsible for mediating cellular entry and delivery of the C-terminal catalytic domain into the host cytosol. Previous studies have implicated gangliosides as the host receptors for PMT binding. To gain further insight into the binding interactions involved in PMT binding to cell membranes, we explored the role of various membrane components in PMT binding, utilizing four different approaches: (a) TLC-overlay binding experiments with (125) I-labeled PMT, PMT-N or the C-terminus of PMT; (b) pull-down experiments using reconstituted membrane liposomes with full-length PMT; (c) surface plasmon resonance analysis of PMT-N binding to reconstituted membrane liposomes; (d) and surface plasmon resonance analysis of PMT-N binding to HEK-293T cell membranes without or with sphingomyelinase, phospholipase D or trypsin treatment. The results obtained revealed that, in our experimental system, full-length PMT and PMT-N did not bind to gangliosides, including monoasialogangliosides GM(1) , GM(2) or GM(3) , but instead bound to membrane phospholipids, primarily the abundant sphingophospholipid sphingomyelin or phosphatidylcholine with other lipid components. Collectively, these studies demonstrate the importance of sphingomyelin for PMT binding to membranes and suggest the involvement of a protein co-receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mengfei Ho
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Ram Maharjan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Nathan C. Clemons
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Yuka Bannai
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Mark A. Waites
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | | | | | | | - Steven R. Blanke
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Chad M. Rienstra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Brenda A. Wilson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Abstract
The mitogenic toxin from Pasteurella multocida (PMT) is a member of the dermonecrotic toxin family, which includes toxins from Bordetella, Escherichia coli and Yersinia. Members of the dermonecrotic toxin family modulate G-protein targets in host cells through selective deamidation and/or transglutamination of a critical active site Gln residue in the G-protein target, which results in the activation of intrinsic GTPase activity. Structural and biochemical data point to the uniqueness of PMT among these toxins in its structure and action. Whereas the other dermonecrotic toxins act on small Rho GTPases, PMT acts on the α subunits of heterotrimeric G(q) -, G(i) - and G(12/13) -protein families. To date, experimental evidence supports a model in which PMT potently stimulates various mitogenic and survival pathways through the activation of G(q) and G(12/13) signaling, ultimately leading to cellular proliferation, whilst strongly inhibiting pathways involved in cellular differentiation through the activation of G(i) signaling. The resulting cellular outcomes account for the global physiological effects observed during infection with toxinogenic P. multocida, and hint at potential long-term sequelae that may result from PMT exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda A Wilson
- Department of Microbiology and Host-Microbe Systems Theme of the Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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15
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Kamitani S, Ao S, Toshima H, Tachibana T, Hashimoto M, Kitadokoro K, Fukui-Miyazaki A, Abe H, Horiguchi Y. Enzymatic actions of Pasteurella multocida toxin detected by monoclonal antibodies recognizing the deamidated α subunit of the heterotrimeric GTPase Gq. FEBS J 2011; 278:2702-12. [PMID: 21624053 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08197.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pasteurella multocida toxin (PMT) is a virulence factor responsible for the pathogenesis of some Pasteurellosis. PMT exerts its toxic effects through the activation of heterotrimeric GTPase (G(q), G(12/13) and G(i))-dependent pathways, by deamidating a glutamine residue in the α subunit of these GTPases. However, the enzymatic characteristics of PMT are yet to be analyzed in detail because the deamidation has only been observed in cell-based assays. In the present study, we developed rat monoclonal antibodies, specifically recognizing the deamidated Gα(q), to detect the actions of PMT by immunological techniques such as western blotting. Using the monoclonal antibodies, we found that the toxin deamidated Gα(q) only under reducing conditions. The C-terminal region of PMT, C-PMT, was more active than the full-length PMT. The C3 domain possessing the enzyme core catalyzed the deamidation in vitro without any other domains. These results not only support previous observations on toxicity, but also provide insights into the enzymatic nature of PMT. In addition, we present several lines of evidence that Gα(11), as well as Gα(q), could be a substrate for PMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeki Kamitani
- Department of Molecular Bacteriology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita-shi, Osaka, Japan.
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16
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Arf6-dependent intracellular trafficking of Pasteurella multocida toxin and pH-dependent translocation from late endosomes. Toxins (Basel) 2011; 3:218-41. [PMID: 22053287 PMCID: PMC3202820 DOI: 10.3390/toxins3030218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Revised: 02/20/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The potent mitogenic toxin from Pasteurella multocida (PMT) is the major virulence factor associated with a number of epizootic and zoonotic diseases caused by infection with this respiratory pathogen. PMT is a glutamine-specific protein deamidase that acts on its intracellular G-protein targets to increase intracellular calcium, cytoskeletal, and mitogenic signaling. PMT enters cells through receptor-mediated endocytosis and then translocates into the cytosol through a pH-dependent process that is inhibited by NH4Cl or bafilomycin A1. However, the detailed mechanisms that govern cellular entry, trafficking, and translocation of PMT remain unclear. Co-localization studies described herein revealed that while PMT shares an initial entry pathway with transferrin (Tfn) and cholera toxin (CT), the trafficking pathways of Tfn, CT, and PMT subsequently diverge, as Tfn is trafficked to recycling endosomes, CT is trafficked retrograde to the ER, and PMT is trafficked to late endosomes. Our studies implicate the small regulatory GTPase Arf6 in the endocytic trafficking of PMT. Translocation of PMT from the endocytic vesicle occurs through a pH-dependent process that is also dependent on both microtubule and actin dynamics, as evidenced by inhibition of PMT activity in our SRE-based reporter assay, with nocodazole and cytochalasin D, respectively, suggesting that membrane translocation and cytotoxicity of PMT is dependent on its transfer to late endosomal compartments. In contrast, disruption of Golgi-ER trafficking with brefeldin A increased PMT activity, suggesting that inhibiting PMT trafficking to non-productive compartments that do not lead to translocation, while promoting formation of an acidic tubulovesicle system more conducive to translocation, enhances PMT translocation and activity.
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Wilson BA, Ho M. Recent insights into Pasteurella multocida toxin and other G-protein-modulating bacterial toxins. Future Microbiol 2010; 5:1185-201. [PMID: 20722598 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.10.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past few decades, our understanding of the bacterial protein toxins that modulate G proteins has advanced tremendously through extensive biochemical and structural analyses. This article provides an updated survey of the various toxins that target G proteins, ending with a focus on recent mechanistic insights in our understanding of the deamidating toxin family. The dermonecrotic toxin from Pasteurella multocida (PMT) was recently added to the list of toxins that disrupt G-protein signal transduction through selective deamidation of their targets. The C3 deamidase domain of PMT has no sequence similarity to the deamidase domains of the dermonecrotic toxins from Escherichia coli (cytotoxic necrotizing factor [CNF]1-3), Yersinia (CNFY) and Bordetella (dermonecrotic toxin). The structure of PMT-C3 belongs to a family of transglutaminase-like proteins, with active site Cys-His-Asp catalytic triads distinct from E. coli CNF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda A Wilson
- Department of Microbiology and Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 601 S. Goodwin Ave, B128 CLSL, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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18
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Kamitani S, Kitadokoro K, Miyazawa M, Toshima H, Fukui A, Abe H, Miyake M, Horiguchi Y. Characterization of the membrane-targeting C1 domain in Pasteurella multocida toxin. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:25467-75. [PMID: 20534589 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.102285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pasteurella multocida toxin (PMT) is a virulence factor responsible for the pathogenesis of some forms of pasteurellosis. The toxin activates G(q)- and G(12/13)-dependent pathways through the deamidation of a glutamine residue in the alpha-subunit of heterotrimeric GTPases. We recently reported the crystal structure of the C terminus (residues 575-1285) of PMT (C-PMT), which is composed of three domains (C1, C2, and C3), and that the C1 domain is involved in the localization of C-PMT to the plasma membrane, and the C3 domain possesses a cysteine protease-like catalytic triad. In this study, we analyzed the membrane-targeting function of the C1 domain in detail. The C1 domain consists of seven helices of which the first four (residues 590-670), showing structural similarity to the N terminus of Clostridium difficile toxin B, were found to be involved in the recruitment of C-PMT to the plasma membrane. C-PMT lacking these helices (C-PMT DeltaC1(4H)) neither localized to the plasma membrane nor stimulated the G(q/12/13)-dependent signaling pathways. When the membrane-targeting property was complemented by a peptide tag with an N-myristoylation motif, C-PMT DeltaC1(4H) recovered the PMT activity. Direct binding between the C1 domain and liposomes containing phospholipids was evidenced by surface plasmon resonance analyses. These results indicate that the C1 domain of C-PMT functions as a targeting signal for the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeki Kamitani
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita-shi, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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Pasteurella multocida toxin activates various heterotrimeric G proteins by deamidation. Toxins (Basel) 2010; 2:205-14. [PMID: 22069582 PMCID: PMC3202810 DOI: 10.3390/toxins2020205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Revised: 01/19/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pasteurella multocida produces a 146-kDa protein toxin (Pasteurella multocida toxin, PMT), which stimulates diverse cellular signal transduction pathways by activating heterotrimeric G proteins. PMT deamidates a conserved glutamine residue of the α-subunit of heterotrimeric G proteins that is essential for GTP-hydrolysis, thereby arresting the G protein in the active state. The toxin substrates are Gα(q) Gα(13) and the Gα(i)-family proteins. Activation of these α-subunits causes stimulation of phospholipase Cβ, Rho-guanine nucleotide exchange factors or inhibition of adenylyl cyclase. This article provides the current knowledge on PMT concerning the structure-function analysis based on the crystal structure and recently elucidated molecular mode of action. Furthermore, the impact of PMT on cellular signaling is discussed.
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20
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Hooper SJ, Wilson MJ, Crean SJ. Exploring the link between microorganisms and oral cancer: a systematic review of the literature. Head Neck 2009; 31:1228-39. [PMID: 19475550 DOI: 10.1002/hed.21140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of cases of oral cancer have been related to tobacco use and heavy alcohol consumption. However, the incidence of oral cavity carcinoma appears to be increasing in many parts of the world in a manner that it is difficult to explain with traditional risk factors alone. Meanwhile, interest in the possible relationships between microorganisms and the different stages of cancer development has been rising and numerous mechanisms by which bacteria and yeast may initiate or promote carcinogenesis are currently under investigation. In particular, a persuasive body of evidence suggests a possible etiological role involving the metabolism and production of carcinogenic products, such as acetaldehyde. Other suggested mechanisms include the induction of chronic inflammation and direct interference with eukaryotic cell cycle and signaling pathways. This review aims to summarize the known associations between microbial infection and cancer and draw attention to how they may relate to oral carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Hooper
- Tissue Engineering and Reparative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XY, United Kingdom.
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21
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Seo J, Pyo H, Lee S, Lee J, Kim T. Expression of 4 truncated fragments of Pasteurella multocida toxin and their immunogenicity. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE VETERINAIRE 2009; 73:184-189. [PMID: 19794890 PMCID: PMC2705072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2008] [Accepted: 07/04/2008] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Pasteurella multocida toxin (PMT) is a poor antigen that becomes more immunogenic after its native structure has been destroyed. In contrast, partially truncated PMT proteins, which are predicted to be good antigens when used as a vaccine, might be used to improve the control of atrophic rhinitis in pigs. In this study, 4 truncated PMT fragments were expressed in Escherichia coli, and those 4 fragments were inoculated into mice to produce the polyclonal antibodies. The results of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) revealed that #1 and #4 fragments were the most immunogenic. Immunized mice were subsequently challenged intraperitoneally with P. multocida type D. Five of the eight #1 fragment-immunized mice showed some protection against death and bacterial clearance. Pigs immunized with #1 fragment produced no or mild atrophic rhinitis (turbinate conchal score) after challenge, suggesting that this #1 fragment could be a good candidate for a subunit recombinant-type vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Taejung Kim
- Address all correspondence to Dr. Taejung Kim; telephone: +82-62-530-2858; fax: +82-62-530-2857; e-mail:
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22
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Orth JHC, Fester I, Preuss I, Agnoletto L, Wilson BA, Aktories K. Activation of Galpha (i) and subsequent uncoupling of receptor-Galpha(i) signaling by Pasteurella multocida toxin. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:23288-94. [PMID: 18583341 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m803435200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial protein toxins are powerful tools for elucidating signaling mechanisms in eukaryotic cells. A number of bacterial protein toxins, e.g. cholera toxin, pertussis toxin (PTx), or Pasteurella multocida toxin (PMT), target heterotrimeric G proteins and have been used to stimulate or block specific signaling pathways or to demonstrate the contribution of their target proteins in cellular effects. PMT is a major virulence factor of P. multocida causing pasteurellosis in man and animals and is responsible for atrophic rhinitis in pigs. PMT modulates various signaling pathways, including phospholipase Cbeta and RhoA, by acting on the heterotrimeric G proteins Galpha(q) and Galpha(12/13), respectively. Here we report that PMT is a powerful activator of G(i) protein. We show that PMT decreases basal isoproterenol and forskolin-stimulated cAMP accumulation in intact Swiss 3T3 cells, inhibits adenylyl cyclase activity in cell membrane preparations, and enhances the inhibition of cAMP accumulation caused by lysophosphatidic acid via endothelial differentiation gene receptors. PMT-mediated inhibition of cAMP production is independent of toxin activation of Galpha(q) and/or Galpha(12/13). Although the effects of PMT are not inhibited by PTx, PMT blocks PTx-catalyzed ADP-ribosylation of G(i). PMT also inhibits steady-state GTPase activity and GTP binding of G(i) in Swiss 3T3 cell membranes stimulated by lysophosphatidic acid. The data indicate that PMT is a novel activator of G(i), modulating its GTPase activity and converting it into a PTx-insensitive state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim H C Orth
- Institut für Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
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23
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Aminova LR, Luo S, Bannai Y, Ho M, Wilson BA. The C3 domain of Pasteurella multocida toxin is the minimal domain responsible for activation of Gq-dependent calcium and mitogenic signaling. Protein Sci 2008; 17:945-9. [PMID: 18369188 DOI: 10.1110/ps.083445408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The large 1285-amino-acid protein toxin from Pasteurella multocida (PMT) is a multifunctional single-chain polypeptide that binds to and enters eukaryotic cells and acts intracellularly to promote G(q) and G(12/13) protein-dependent calcium and mitogenic signal transduction. Previous studies indicated that the intracellular activity domain responsible for PMT action was located within the C-terminal 600-700 amino acids. In this study, we have exogenously expressed a series of N- and C-terminal PMT fragments directly in mammalian cells and have used the dual luciferase reporter system to assay for toxin-mediated activation of calcium-calcineurin-NFAT signaling (NFAT-luciferase) and mitogenic serum response signaling (SRE-luciferase). Using this approach, we have defined the last 180 amino acids, which encompass the C3 domain in the crystal structure, as the minimum domain sufficient to activate both NFAT and SRE signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila R Aminova
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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24
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Luo S, Ho M, Wilson BA. Application of intact cell-based NFAT-beta-lactamase reporter assay for Pasteurella multocida toxin-mediated activation of calcium signaling pathway. Toxicon 2007; 51:597-605. [PMID: 18190943 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2007] [Revised: 11/18/2007] [Accepted: 11/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Pasteurella multocida toxin (PMT) stimulates and subsequently uncouples phospholipase C beta1 (PLCbeta1) signal transduction through its selective action on the alpha subunit of the Gq-protein. Here, we describe the application of an NFAT-beta-lactamase reporter assay as a functional readout for PMT-induced activation of the Gq-protein-coupled PLCbeta1-IP(3)-Ca(2+) signaling pathway. Use of the NFAT-beta-lactamase reporter assay with a cell-permeable fluorogenic substrate provides high sensitivity due to the absence of endogenous beta-lactamase activity in mammalian cells. This assay system was optimized for cell density, dose and time exposure of PMT stimulation. It is suited for quantitative characterization of PMT activity in mammalian cells and for use as a high-throughput screening method for PMT deletion and point mutants suitable for vaccine development. This method has application's for diagnostic screening of clinical isolates of toxinogenic P. multocida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhong Luo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 601 South Goodwin Avenue, B128 CLSL, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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25
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McNichol BA, Rasmussen SB, Carvalho HM, Meysick KC, O'Brien AD. Two domains of cytotoxic necrotizing factor type 1 bind the cellular receptor, laminin receptor precursor protein. Infect Immun 2007; 75:5095-104. [PMID: 17709415 PMCID: PMC2168285 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00075-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic necrotizing factor type 1 (CNF1) and CNF2 are highly homologous toxins that are produced by certain pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli. These 1,014-amino-acid toxins catalyze the deamidation of a specific glutamine residue in RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42 and consist of a putative N-terminal binding domain, a transmembrane region, and a C-terminal catalytic domain. To define the regions of CNF1 that are responsible for binding of the toxin to its cellular receptor, the laminin receptor precursor protein (LRP), a series of CNF1 truncated toxins were characterized and assessed for toxin binding. In particular, three truncated toxins, DeltaN63, DeltaN545, and DeltaC469, retained conformational integrity and in vitro enzymatic activity and were immunologically reactive against a panel of anti-CNF1 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). Based on a comparison of these truncated toxins with wild-type CNF1 and CNF2 in LRP and HEp-2 cell binding assays and in MAb and LRP competitive binding inhibition assays and based on the results of confocal microscopy, we concluded that CNF1 contains two major binding regions: one located within the N terminus, which contained amino acids 135 to 164, and one which resided in the C terminus and included amino acids 683 to 730. The data further indicate that CNF1 can bind to an additional receptor(s) on HEp-2 cells and that LRP can also serve as a cellular receptor for CNF2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth A McNichol
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814-4799, USA
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla J Fullner Satchell
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Medical School, Tarry 3-713, 303 E. Chicago Ave., Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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27
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Pullinger GD, Lax AJ. Histidine Residues at the Active Site of the Pasteurella multocida Toxin. Open Biochem J 2007; 1:7-11. [PMID: 18949067 PMCID: PMC2570546 DOI: 10.2174/1874091x00701010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2007] [Revised: 05/31/2007] [Accepted: 06/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have investigated histidine residues near the active site of the mitogenic Pasteurella multocida toxin. Mutation of H1202 or H1228 had little effect, while the effect of mutation on H1223 depended on the amino acid substituted. Mutation of H1205 caused complete loss of activity, indicating its importance in PMT activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian D Pullinger
- King's College London, Dental Institute, Department of Microbiology, London SE1 9RT, UK
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28
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Register KB, Sacco RE, Brockmeier SL. Immune response in mice and swine to DNA vaccines derived from the Pasteurella multocida toxin gene. Vaccine 2007; 25:6118-28. [PMID: 17590484 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2007] [Revised: 04/17/2007] [Accepted: 05/02/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
DNA vaccines were constructed with either a 5'-truncated or full-length, genetically detoxified toxin gene from Pasteurella multocida and two different DNA vaccine vectors, distinguished by the presence or absence of a secretion signal sequence. Optimal PMT-specific antibody responses and spleen cell secretion of interferon-gamma following immunization of mice were achieved with pMM4, the construct containing a signal sequence and encoding the entire toxin. Antibody responses were also induced in pigs immunized with pMM4 and levels increased significantly following booster injections and experimental infection with P. multocida. Significantly increased expression of interferon-gamma was detected in only a small subset of pMM4-immunized pigs. This report documents, for the first time, the ability of a DNA vaccine to elicit immune responses to the P. multocida toxin in both mice and swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen B Register
- Respiratory Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, USDA/Agricultural Research, Service/National Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 70, Ames, IA 50010, United States.
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29
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Kitadokoro K, Kamitani S, Miyazawa M, Hanajima-Ozawa M, Fukui A, Miyake M, Horiguchi Y. Crystal structures reveal a thiol protease-like catalytic triad in the C-terminal region of Pasteurella multocida toxin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:5139-44. [PMID: 17360394 PMCID: PMC1829276 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0608197104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pasteurella multocida toxin (PMT), one of the virulence factors produced by the bacteria, exerts its toxicity by up-regulating various signaling cascades downstream of the heterotrimeric GTPases Gq and G12/13 in an unknown fashion. Here, we present the crystal structure of the C-terminal region (residues 575-1,285) of PMT, which carries an intracellularly active moiety. The overall structure of C-terminal region of PMT displays a Trojan horse-like shape, composed of three domains with a "feet"-,"body"-, and "head"-type arrangement, which were designated C1, C2, and C3 from the N to the C terminus, respectively. The C1 domain, showing marked similarity in steric structure to the N-terminal domain of Clostridium difficile toxin B, was found to lead the toxin molecule to the plasma membrane. The C3 domain possesses the Cys-His-Asp catalytic triad that is organized only when the Cys is released from a disulfide bond. The steric alignment of the triad corresponded well to that of papain or other enzymes carrying Cys-His-Asp. PMT toxicities on target cells were completely abrogated when one of the amino acids constituting the triad was mutated. Our results indicate that PMT is an enzyme toxin carrying the cysteine protease-like catalytic triad dependent on the redox state and functions on the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane of target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kengo Kitadokoro
- *Research Center for Low Temperature and Materials Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan; and
| | - Shigeki Kamitani
- Department of Molecular Bacteriology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Yamada-oka 3-1, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masayuki Miyazawa
- Department of Molecular Bacteriology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Yamada-oka 3-1, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Miyuki Hanajima-Ozawa
- Department of Molecular Bacteriology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Yamada-oka 3-1, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Aya Fukui
- Department of Molecular Bacteriology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Yamada-oka 3-1, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masami Miyake
- Department of Molecular Bacteriology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Yamada-oka 3-1, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Horiguchi
- Department of Molecular Bacteriology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Yamada-oka 3-1, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- To whom correspondence should be sent. E-mail:
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Heym B, Jouve F, Lemoal M, Veil-Picard A, Lortat-Jacob A, Nicolas-Chanoine MH. Pasteurella multocida infection of a total knee arthroplasty after a "dog lick". Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2006; 14:993-7. [PMID: 16468067 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-005-0022-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2005] [Accepted: 07/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The patient we report here underwent a total knee arthroplasty (TKA) which got infected with P. multocida after her dog had licked a small wound at the third toe of the same foot. Despite a correct treatment comprising synovectomy and cleansing, and an active antibiotic treatment for 3 months, the patient was readmitted for persistent infection of the same knee 2 weeks after the end of the antibiotic treatment. Sampling during surgery allowed for the growth of a P. multocida isolate proven by a molecular method to be identical to the previously isolated strain. This recurrent P. multocida infection was treated by a two-step change of the TKA comprising a 2-month period of antibiotic treatment between the two surgical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Heym
- Microbiology Department, Ambroise Paré Hospital, AP-HP, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Ile de France-Ouest, UVSQ, 9 Avenue Charles de Gaulle, 92100 Boulogne-Billancourt, France.
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Miyazawa M, Kitadokoro K, Kamitani S, Shime H, Horiguchi Y. Crystallization and preliminary crystallographic studies of the Pasteurella multocida toxin catalytic domain. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2006; 62:906-8. [PMID: 16946476 PMCID: PMC2242868 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309106030375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2006] [Accepted: 08/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The C-terminal catalytic domain of Pasteurella multocida toxin, which is the virulence factor of the organism in P. multocida, has been expressed, purified and subsequently crystallized using the sitting-drop vapour-diffusion technique. Native diffraction data to 1.9 A resolution were obtained at the BL44XU beamline of SPring-8 from a flash-frozen crystal at 100 K. The crystals belong to space group C2, with unit-cell parameters a = 111.0, b = 150.4, c = 77.1 A, beta = 105.5 degrees, and are likely to contain one C-PMT (726 residues) per asymmetric unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Miyazawa
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita-shi, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kengo Kitadokoro
- Research Center for Low Temperature and Materials Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shigeki Kamitani
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita-shi, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Shime
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita-shi, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Horiguchi
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita-shi, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Correspondence e-mail:
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Liao CM, Huang C, Hsuan SL, Chen ZW, Lee WC, Liu CI, Winton JR, Chien MS. Immunogenicity and efficacy of three recombinant subunit Pasteurella multocida toxin vaccines against progressive atrophic rhinitis in pigs. Vaccine 2006; 24:27-35. [PMID: 16122849 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.07.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2005] [Accepted: 07/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Three short fragments of recombinant subunit Pasteurella multocida toxin (rsPMT) were constructed for evaluation as candidate vaccines against progressive atrophic rhinitis (PAR) of swine. PMT-specific antibody secreting cells and evidence of cellular immunity were detected in rsPMT-immunized pigs following authentic PMT challenge or homologous antigen booster. Piglets immunized with rsPMT fragments containing either the N-terminal or the C-terminal portions of PMT developed high titers of neutralizing antibodies. Pregnant sows immunized with rsPMT had higher levels of maternal antibodies in their colostrum than did those immunized with a conventional PAR-toxoid vaccine. Offspring from rsPMT vaccinated sows had better survival after challenge with a five-fold lethal dose of authentic PMT and had better growth performance after challenge with a sublethal dose of toxin. Our findings indicate these non-toxic rsPMT proteins are attractive candidates for development of a subunit vaccine against PAR in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ming Liao
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo Kuang Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan, ROC
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To H, Someno S, Nagai S. Development of a genetically modified nontoxigenic Pasteurella multocida toxin as a candidate for use in vaccines against progressive atrophic rhinitis in pigs. Am J Vet Res 2005; 66:113-8. [PMID: 15691045 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2005.66.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To construct a genetically modified nontoxigenic Pasteurella multocida toxin (PMT) and examine its immunoprotective activity against challenge exposure with wild-type PMT in pigs. ANIMALS 5 healthy pigs. PROCEDURE A nontoxigenic PMT was created by replacing the serine at position 1164 with alanine (S1164A) and the cysteine at position 1165 with serine (C1165S). Toxic activity was determined by use of the guinea pig skin test and mouse lethality test. Three pigs were vaccinated twice with the modified PMT, and the remaining 2 pigs served as nonvaccinated control animals. Vaccinated and control pigs were challenge exposed with wild-type PMT. Pigs were euthanatized and necropsied on day 14 after challenge exposure. Turbinate atrophy was examined macroscopically and assigned a score. Serum anti-PMT antibodies were determined by use of an ELISA. RESULTS The genetically modified PMT was characterized by a total lack of toxic activity. Pigs vaccinated with the modified PMT became seropositive; in contrast, control pigs remained seronegative. Necropsy revealed that the 2 control pigs had moderate and severe turbinate atrophy, respectively, whereas the 3 vaccinated pigs did not have any lesions in the turbinates or abnormalities in other organs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Modification by use of S1164A and C1165S leads to a complete loss of toxic effects of PMT without impairment of the ability to induce protective immunity in pigs. Analysis of these results suggests that genetically modified PMT may represent a good candidate for use in developing a vaccine against progressive atrophic rhinitis in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho To
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, 9-2221-1 Shinmachi, Ome, Tokyo 198-0024, Japan
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Baldwin MR, Lakey JH, Lax AJ. Identification and characterization of the Pasteurella multocida toxin translocation domain. Mol Microbiol 2004; 54:239-50. [PMID: 15458419 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.04264.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The Pasteurella multocida toxin (PMT) is a potent mitogen which enters the cytosol of eukaryotic cells via a low pH membrane translocation event. In common with the Escherichia coli cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 (CNF1), the core of the PMT translocation domain is composed of two predicted hydrophobic helices (H1 - residues 402-423, H2 - 437-457) linked by a hydrophilic loop (PMT-TL - 424-436). The peptide loop contains three acidic residues (D425, D431 and E434), which may play a role equivalent to D373, D379 and E382/383 in CNF1. To test this hypothesis, a series of point mutants was generated in which acidic residues were mutated into the permanently charged positive residue lysine. Individual mutation of D425, D431 and E434 each caused a four- to sixfold reduction in toxin activity. Interestingly, mutation of D401 located immediately outside the predicted helix-loop-helix motif completely abolished toxin activity. Individual mutations did not affect cell binding nor greatly altered toxin structure, but did prevent translocation of the surface-bound proteins into the cytosol after a low pH pulse. Moreover, we demonstrate using an in vitro assay that PMT undergoes a pH-dependent membrane insertion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Baldwin
- Microbiology, Dental Institute, King's College London, Floor 28, Guy's Tower, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
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Orth JHC, Lang S, Aktories K. Action of Pasteurella multocida toxin depends on the helical domain of Galphaq. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:34150-5. [PMID: 15192096 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m405353200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Pasteurella multocida produces a 146-kDa protein toxin (PMT), which activates multiple cellular signal transduction pathways, resulting in the activation of phospholipase Cbeta, RhoA, Jun kinase, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase. Using Galpha(q)/Galpha(11) -deficient cells, it was shown that the PMT-induced pleiotropic effects are mediated by Galpha(q) but not by the highly related Galpha(11) protein (Zywietz, A., Gohla, A., Schmelz, M., Schultz, G., and Offermanns, S. (2001) J. Biol. Chem. 276, 3840-3845). Here we studied the molecular basis of the unique specificity of PMT to distinguish between Galpha(q) and/or Galpha(11). Infection of Galpha(q) -deficient cells with retrovirus-encoding Galpha(q) caused reconstitution of PMT-induced activation of phospholipase Cbeta, whereas Galpha(11) -encoding virus did not reconstitute PMT activity. Chimeras between Galpha(q) and/or Galpha(11) revealed that a peptide region of Galpha(q), covering amino acid residues 105-113, is essential for the action of PMT to activate phospholipase Cbeta. Exchange of glutamine 105 or asparagine 109 of Galpha(11), which are located in the all-helical domain of the Galpha subunit, with the equally positioned histidines of Galpha(q), renders Galpha(11) capable of transmission PMT-induced phospholipase Cbeta activation. The data indicate that the all-helical domain of Galpha(q) is essential for the action of PMT and suggest an essential functional role of this domain in signal transduction via G(q) proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim H C Orth
- Institut für Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Albert-Ludwigs Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 25, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Pullinger GD, Bevir T, Lax AJ. The Pasteurella multocida toxin is encoded within a lysogenic bacteriophage. Mol Microbiol 2004; 51:255-69. [PMID: 14651626 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03829.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Toxigenic strains of Pasteurella multocida produce a 146 kDa toxin (PMT) that acts as a potent mitogen. Sequence analysis of the structural gene for PMT, toxA, previously suggested it was horizontally acquired, because it had a low G + C content relative to the P. multocida genome. To address this, the sequence of DNA flanking toxA was determined. The sequence analysis showed the presence of homologues to bacteriophage tail protein genes and a bacteriophage antirepressor, suggesting that the toxin gene resides within a prophage. In addition to phage genes, the toxA flanking DNA contained a homologue of a restriction/modification system that was shown to be functional. The presence of a bacteriophage was demonstrated in spent medium from toxigenic P. multocida isolates. Its production was increased by mitomycin C addition, a treatment that is known to induce the lytic cycle of many temperate bacteriophages. The genomes of bacteriophages from three different toxigenic P. multocida strains had similar but not identical restriction profiles, and were approximately 45-50 kb in length. The prophages from two of these had integrated at the same site in the chromosome, in a tRNA gene. Southern blot analysis confirmed that these bacteriophages contained the toxA gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian D Pullinger
- Department of Microbiology, Dental Institute, King's College London, London, UK.
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Lax AJ, Pullinger GD, Baldwin MR, Harmey D, Grigoriadis AE, Lakey JH. The Pasteurella multocida toxin interacts with signalling pathways to perturb cell growth and differentiation. Int J Med Microbiol 2004; 293:505-12. [PMID: 15149025 DOI: 10.1078/1438-4221-00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Some years ago we showed that the Pasteurella multocida toxin (PMT) is a potent mitogen for cells in culture. It is an intracellularly acting toxin that stimulates several signal transduction pathways. The heterotrimeric G-protein, Gq, is stimulated, which in turn causes activation of protein kinase C and an increase in inositol trisphosphates. The Rho GTPase is also activated, leading via the Rho kinase, to activation of the focal adhesion kinase and to cytoskeletal rearrangements. Analysis of the PMT sequence suggested the presence of three domains that encode receptor binding, translocation and catalytic domains. The location of all three domains has been confirmed directly. Competitive binding assays confirmed that the N-terminus of PMT encoded the receptor-binding domain, while cytoplasmic microinjection of expressed PMT fragments identified the location of the C-terminal catalytic domain. Recently, we have demonstrated the presence of key amino acids that affect membrane insertion within the putative transmembrane domain. Several lines of evidence suggest that PMT activates Galphaq, and that this is one potential molecular target for the toxin. Galphaq is known to be tyrosine phosphorylated when activated normally via a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), and it has been suggested that this is an essential part of the activation process. We have shown that PMT induces Galphaq tyrosine phosphorylation, but that this is not essential for activation of the G-protein. Furthermore, a totally inactive mutant of PMT stimulates Galpha phosphorylation without leading to its activation. Phosphorylation of Galphaq triggered by the inactive mutant potentiates activation of Gq via a GPCR, demonstrating that phosphorylation of Gq cannot lead to receptor uncoupling. Natural or experimental infection of animals with toxigenic P. multocida, or injection with purified recombinant PMT causes loss of nasal turbinate bone. The effects on bone have been analysed in vitro using cultures of osteoblasts--cells that lay down bone. PMT blocks the formation of mature calcified bone nodules and the expression of differentiation markers such as CBFA-1, alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin. These effects can be partially prevented by inhibitors of Rho or Rho kinase function, implicating this pathway in osteoblast differentiation. Indeed, inhibitors of Rho stimulate the formation of bone nodules in vitro. In summary, PMT is a novel toxin that acts via signalling pathways to promote proliferation in many cells, while specifically inhibiting differentiation in osteoblast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair J Lax
- Department of Microbiology, Dental Institute, King's College London, United Kingdom.
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Shime H, Ohnishi T, Nagao K, Oka K, Takao T, Horiguchi Y. Association of Pasteurella multocida toxin with vimentin. Infect Immun 2002; 70:6460-3. [PMID: 12379728 PMCID: PMC130396 DOI: 10.1128/iai.70.11.6460-6463.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2002] [Revised: 07/10/2002] [Accepted: 07/29/2002] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To help understand the molecular mechanisms of Pasteurella multocida toxin (PMT) action, we searched for a cellular protein interacting with PMT. The ligand overlay assay revealed a 60-kDa cellular protein that binds to a region from the 840th to 985th amino acids of the toxin. This protein was identified as vimentin by peptide mass fingerprinting. The N-terminal head domain of vimentin was further found to be responsible for the binding to the toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Shime
- Department of Bacterial Toxinology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases. Research Center for Structural and Functional Proteomics, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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