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Mackel JJ, Morffy Smith C, Wasbotten RK, Twentyman J, Rosen DA. Classical and γδ T cells are each independently sufficient to establish protection against a classical strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:974175. [PMID: 36118033 PMCID: PMC9471189 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.974175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections with classical strains of the Gram-negative bacterium Klebsiella pneumoniae pose a significant clinical challenge due to rising antibiotic resistance. We previously established a lung inoculation plus challenge model using live, classical K. pneumoniae in order to study host protection. Here, we employ this model to dissect adaptive immune responses to this critical pathogen. First, we performed convalescent serum transfers from inoculated mice to naïve recipients and found that classical K. pneumoniae infection outcomes, unlike hypervirulent K. pneumoniae infection outcomes, were not improved. This suggests that circulating antibody responses alone are not sufficient to mediate protection against this classical strain. Hence, we evaluated the role of T cells in protection against classical K. pneumoniae reinfection and demonstrated that mice lacking T cells are unable to establish a protective response. However, mice individually deficient in either of the major T cell subsets, γδ or αβ (classical T cells), effectively mount a protective response, indicating either subset alone is sufficient to mediate protection. Sequestration of T cells in secondary lymphoid organs during the challenge infection did not ablate protection, indicating the circulating T cell pool is not required for the protective phenotype. Finally, we demonstrate that depletion of T cells during initial infection eliminates protection against challenge. Collectively, these experiments demonstrate the imperative contribution of T cells to protective immunity against classical K. pneumoniae and will guide further inquiries into host effector responses required to control this infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J. Mackel
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Catherine Morffy Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Rachel K. Wasbotten
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Joy Twentyman
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - David A. Rosen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
- *Correspondence: David A. Rosen,
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2
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Sánchez Ramón S, Manzanares M, Candelas G. MUCOSAL anti-infections vaccines: Beyond conventional vaccines. REUMATOLOGIA CLINICA 2020; 16:49-55. [PMID: 30527360 DOI: 10.1016/j.reuma.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
An urgent search is currently underway for alternatives to antibiotics to prevent infections, due to the accelerated evolution and increase in antibiotic resistance. This problem is more serious for patients with recurrent infections, since they have to use many cycles of antibiotics per year, so the risk for antibiotic resistance is higher and can be life-threatening. In recent years, the use of prophylactic vaccines via the mucosal route for these patients with recurrent infections has been demonstrated as a potentially beneficial and safe alternative to prevent infections. The new knowledge about mucosal immunity and trained immunity, a form of innate immunity memory that can enhance the response to different infectious threads, has made it easier to extend its use. The application of the new concepts of trained immunity may explain the simultaneous pro-tolerogenic and boosting effect or effects of these drugs on diverse immune cells for different infections. In this review, we describe the immunomodulatory mechanisms of mucosal polybacterial vaccines and their connection with trained immunity and its utility in the prevention of recurrent infections in immunosuppressed patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mario Manzanares
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, España
| | - Gloria Candelas
- Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, España.
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3
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Incorporation of membrane-anchored flagellin into Salmonella Gallinarum bacterial ghosts induces early immune responses and protection against fowl typhoid in young layer chickens. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018; 199:61-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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4
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Nasopharyngeal infection by Streptococcus pyogenes requires superantigen-responsive Vβ-specific T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:10226-10231. [PMID: 28794279 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1700858114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The globally prominent pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes secretes potent immunomodulatory proteins known as superantigens (SAgs), which engage lateral surfaces of major histocompatibility class II molecules and T-cell receptor (TCR) β-chain variable domains (Vβs). These interactions result in the activation of numerous Vβ-specific T cells, which is the defining activity of a SAg. Although streptococcal SAgs are known virulence factors in scarlet fever and toxic shock syndrome, mechanisms by how SAgs contribute to the life cycle of S. pyogenes remain poorly understood. Herein, we demonstrate that passive immunization against the Vβ8-targeting SAg streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin A (SpeA), or active immunization with either wild-type or a nonfunctional SpeA mutant, protects mice from nasopharyngeal infection; however, only passive immunization, or vaccination with inactive SpeA, resulted in high-titer SpeA-specific antibodies in vivo. Mice vaccinated with wild-type SpeA rendered Vβ8+ T cells poorly responsive, which prevented infection. This phenotype was reproduced with staphylococcal enterotoxin B, a heterologous SAg that also targets Vβ8+ T cells, and rendered mice resistant to infection. Furthermore, antibody-mediated depletion of T cells prevented nasopharyngeal infection by S. pyogenes, but not by Streptococcus pneumoniae, a bacterium that does not produce SAgs. Remarkably, these observations suggest that S. pyogenes uses SAgs to manipulate Vβ-specific T cells to establish nasopharyngeal infection.
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5
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Schmiedl A, Tschernig T, Luhrmann A, Pabst R. Leukocyte infiltration of the periarterial space of the lung after allergen provocation in a rat asthma model. Pathobiology 2006; 72:308-15. [PMID: 16582582 DOI: 10.1159/000091328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2005] [Accepted: 10/25/2005] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The periarterial space has recently been described and its physiological and pathophysiological role during inflammatory and allergic reactions has been reviewed. The present studies used a light-/electron-microscopic approach to characterize the periarterial space in an asthma model in Brown Norway rats. After repeated sensitization with ovalbumin and heat-killed Bordetella pertussis bacilli, airway challenge was carried out after 1 further week. Four or 24 h after challenge, rats were fixed by perfusion or instillation and processed for microscopy. Several periarterial capillaries and connective tissue characterized the tissue between small pulmonary arteries, bronchioles and alveolar septa. Additionally, a partly pronounced interstitial edema was seen independent of the kind of fixation. Not only small arteries but also arterioles and venules were partly surrounded by edematous fluid already visible by light microscopy. Within the connective tissue and within the periarterial fluid, numerous leukocytes, predominantly eosinophils, were found. However, leukocytes were detected only rarely in the vascular lumen. Only sporadically were eosinophils seen in the wall of small arteries or venules. Eosinophils transmigrating the endothelium of capillaries or arterioles were not visible 4 or 24 h after challenge. Thus, granulocytes transmigrate in the periarterial space very rapidly or even earlier than 4 h after challenge. The location of transmigration in the periarterial space needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schmiedl
- Center of Anatomy, Medical School of Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
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6
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Chen SJ, Chu ML, Wang CJ, Liao CL, Hsieh SL, Sytwu HK, Wang CC. Kinetic Th1/Th2 responses of transgenic mice with bacterial meningitis induced by Haemophilus influenzae. Clin Sci (Lond) 2006; 111:253-63. [PMID: 16623660 DOI: 10.1042/cs20060060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the kinetic Th1/Th2 immunopathogenic mechanisms of Haemophilus influenzae meningitis, we established a murine experimental model of meningitis and elucidated the Th1/Th2 immune responses in T1/T2 doubly transgenic mice based on a BALB/c background under the control of the IFN-gamma (interferon-gamma)/IL-4 (interleukin-4) promoters respectively. NTHi (non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae) meningitis was induced in these mice by inoculation with either a colonized (CNTHi) or invasive (INTHi) strain of NTHi. Mice inoculated with CNTHi displayed a less severe degree of disease in terms of clinical symptoms, mortality rate and brain histopathology. Conversely, INTHi-inoculated mice had more severe clinical symptoms. CNTHi-inoculated mice had a more significant Th1 response in terms of a higher percentage and longer maintenance of Th1 cells, and more production of IFN-gamma from strain-specific antigen-stimulated splenocytes than INTHi-inoculated mice. In contrast, INTHi-inoculated mice had a more significant Th2 response. This was due to a significant increase in IL-4-producing CD4(+) T-cells (Th2 cells) and more production of IL-4 from strain-specific antigen-stimulated splenocytes accompanied by a rapid decline of Th1 cells in INTHi-inoculated mice. In conclusion, the preferential Th1/Th2 trend in this murine model of NTHi meningitis is correlated with clinical severity as well as isolated characteristics of the pathogens themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyi-Jou Chen
- The Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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7
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Hotomi M, Ikeda Y, Suzumoto M, Yamauchi K, Green BA, Zlotnick G, Billal DS, Shimada J, Fujihara K, Yamanaka N. A recombinant P4 protein of Haemophilus influenzae induces specific immune responses biologically active against nasopharyngeal colonization in mice after intranasal immunization. Vaccine 2005; 23:1294-300. [PMID: 15652672 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2004] [Revised: 07/26/2004] [Accepted: 08/06/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Outer membrane protein P4, together with P6, is highly conserved among all typeable and nontypeable strains of Haemophilus influenzae (H. influenzae). Thus, the protein is an attractive antigen for the inclusion in a vaccine against nontypeable H. influenzae (NTHi). However, the ability of P4 to induce antibodies protective against NTHi infections is still controversial. In this study, we investigated the specific mucosal immune responses against NTHi induced by intranasal immunization with the lipidated form of recombinant P4 protein (rP4) and non-fatty acylated recombinant P6 protein (rP6) with or without cholera toxin (CT) in BALB/c mice model. Intranasal immunization with either rP4+CT, a mixture of rP4 and rP6+CT, or rP4 and rP6 without CT elicited anti-rP4 specific IgG antibody in serum of mice. Intranasal immunization with either rP4+CT or a mixture of rP4, rP6+CT elicited anti-rP4 specific IgA antibody in nasopharyngeal washing (NPW), while intranasal immunization with rP4 and rP6 without CT did not induced anti-rP4 specific IgA antibody responses in NPWs. Sera from mice intranasally immunized with rP4+CT and a mixture of rP4, rP6+CT also showed bactericidal activity. Significant clearance of NTHi in nasopharynx was seen 3 days after the inoculation of live NTHi in mice intranasally immunized with rP4+CT. The current findings suggested that P4 would be a useful antigen as the component of the vaccine to induce protective immune responses against NTHi. The use of an intranasal vaccine composed of the different surface protein antigens is an attractive strategy for the development of a vaccine against NTHi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muneki Hotomi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Wakayama Medical University, Kimiidera 811-1, Wakayama-shi 641-0032, Japan
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8
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Pabst R. The Periarterial Space in the Lung: Its Important Role in Lung Edema, Transplantation, and Microbial or Allergic Inflammation. Pathobiology 2004; 71:287-94. [PMID: 15627838 DOI: 10.1159/000081723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2004] [Accepted: 06/23/2004] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammal lungs different compartments for leukocytes can be identified during health and disease, e.g. lung interstitium, bronchoalveolar space, the epithelium and lamina propria of the air-conducting part. A so far neglected compartment is the space around the branches of the pulmonary arteries, characterized by a unique architecture of capillaries running in parallel to the pulmonary artery. This compartment - the periarterial space - is described and its physiological and pathophysiological role reviewed. The periarterial space is infiltrated by different leukocyte subsets during edema formation in the early stages of a lung transplant rejection and, in particular, during inflammatory and allergic reactions. The periarterial compartment seems to be of major relevance in all these situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pabst
- Department of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Medical School of Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
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9
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Snyder JE, Bowers WJ, Livingstone AM, Lee FEH, Federoff HJ, Mosmann TR. Measuring the frequency of mouse and human cytotoxic T cells by the Lysispot assay: independent regulation of cytokine secretion and short-term killing. Nat Med 2003; 9:231-5. [PMID: 12539041 DOI: 10.1038/nm821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Antigen-specific T cells demonstrate several potent effector functions during immune responses. Direct killing of infected cells is crucial for clearing viruses and other intracellular pathogens, but it has been difficult to measure the frequency of cytolytic cells. We have now developed a single-cell assay to measure the number of cytotoxic cells in a population, using a herpes simplex virus amplicon vector to express Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase in mouse or human target cells, and an Elispot to detect release of beta-galactosidase from killed target cells. This antigen-specific, perforin-dependent Lysispot assay has been combined with a cytokine Elispot in a two-color assay to confirm that cytotoxicity and interferon-gamma secretion are regulated independently. The simultaneous enumeration of cytokine-secreting and cytotoxic cells should be invaluable for ex vivo analysis of immune responses during infection and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Snyder
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, New York, USA
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10
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Pabst R, Tschernig T. Perivascular capillaries in the lung: an important but neglected vascular bed in immune reactions? J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002; 110:209-14. [PMID: 12170259 DOI: 10.1067/mai.2002.126836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In allergic and inflammatory immune reactions of the respiratory tract, leukocytes migrate into the different compartments of the lung. The air space can easily be sampled by means of bronchoalveolar lavage. However, the subset composition in the bronchial wall or the lung interstitium often differs considerably from that of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. A further compartment involved in very heterogeneous immune reactions in the lung has thus far not been mentioned: the periarterial space. In numerous experiments in different species with virus, bacteria, fungi, or allergens, there was not only a leukocyte infiltration of the bronchial lamina propria but also infiltration around branches of the pulmonary artery. This thus far neglected compartment consists of a different type of capillary. Thus it is important not to overlook this area in studies on allergic or inflammatory immune reactions of the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Pabst
- Department of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Medical School of Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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11
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Debin A, Kravtzoff R, Santiago JV, Cazales L, Sperandio S, Melber K, Janowicz Z, Betbeder D, Moynier M. Intranasal immunization with recombinant antigens associated with new cationic particles induces strong mucosal as well as systemic antibody and CTL responses. Vaccine 2002; 20:2752-63. [PMID: 12034102 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(02)00191-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
New cationic nanoparticles (SMBV) were evaluated for use as a nasal vaccine delivery system for two recombinant proteins: HBsAg and beta-galactosidase. Each protein was formulated with SMBV and intranasally administrated to non-anesthetized mice. In each model, the formulated protein induced high levels of specific serum IgG antibodies and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses. Moreover, specific IgA antibodies were found in nasal as well as in vaginal washes of intranasally immunized mice with the protein associated with SMBV. In contrast, no IgG or IgA antibodies and no CTL were detected in mice immunized with free protein. The detection of a CTL response and an increase in both IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies in serum suggest that SMBV amplifies both Th1 and Th2 responses without modifying the Th1/Th2 profile of the immune response induced by the natural protein. These data demonstrate the high potential of SMBV for use as a nasal delivery system for sub-unit vaccines.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology
- Administration, Intranasal
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antibody Formation
- Cations/immunology
- Hepatitis B Surface Antigens/immunology
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunity, Mucosal
- Immunoglobulin A/immunology
- Immunoglobulin G
- Immunoglobulin M
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Models, Animal
- Plasmids/administration & dosage
- Plasmids/genetics
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Vaccination/methods
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- beta-Galactosidase/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Debin
- Biovector Therapeutics, Chemin du Chêne Vert, BP 169, 31676 Labège, France
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12
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Abe Y, Murphy TF, Sethi S, Faden HS, Dmochowski J, Harabuchi Y, Thanavala YM. Lymphocyte proliferative response to P6 of Haemophilus influenzae is associated with relative protection from exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 165:967-71. [PMID: 11934723 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.165.7.2109009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by periodic exacerbations, some of which are caused by nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHI). P6 is an outer membrane lipoprotein that is highly conserved among strains of NTHI. We hypothesized that lymphocytes from patients with COPD who have exacerbations due to NTHI have a decreased ability to recognize P6. The in vitro lymphocyte proliferative response to P6 in 36 patients with COPD and 12 healthy control subjects was studied. Ten patients who had exacerbations due to NTHI in the previous 12 months showed statistically significant lower proliferation to P6 (stimulation index, log transformed mean +/- standard error 0.82 +/- 0.17) compared with 26 patients who had no exacerbations due to NTHI in the previous 12 months (1.42 +/- 0.13) and to 12 healthy control subjects (1.61 +/- 0.16). These three groups had no significant difference in the lymphocyte proliferative response to tetanus toxoid. There was no difference in serum antibody levels to P6 in the two groups with COPD. These results indicate that decreased proliferation of T cells to P6 is associated with exacerbations of COPD and suggest that the ability of T cells to recognize P6 is associated with relative protection from exacerbations due to NTHI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Abe
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA
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13
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Abstract
Inflammation is essential to repair tissue damaged by physical, microbial or allergic mechanisms. Inappropriately zealous responses lead to destructive pathology or chronic disease cycles, whereas ideal outcomes are associated with complete and rapid restoration of tissue structure and function. The establishment of a rodent model investigating the different immune responses to non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae infection in both the lung and the ear indicate an ability to clear bacteria and reduce inflammation following mucosal immunisation. Lung histochemistry, upregulaion of macrophages and polymorphonuclear neutrophils, recruitment of gammadelta(+) and CD8(+) T cells, cytokine levels and depletion studies all support the hypothesis that mucosal immunisation facilitates control of the immune response resulting in enhanced bacterial clearance and programming of inflammation which limits damage and promotes the rapid restoration of structural normality.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Foxwell
- Gadi Research Centre for Human and Biomedical Sciences, Division of Science and Design, University of Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, ACT 2601, Canberra, Australia.
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14
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Abstract
The mucosal surfaces of the lungs and upper airways are common sites for infection. Extensive studies of the mechanisms associated with immune responses in the respiratory tract have found that understanding the system is challenging and involves many complex interactions to prevent and eliminate infection. Immune protection against diseases transmitted through the respiratory tract requires an understanding of the important aspects associated with beneficial, detrimental or ineffective immune responses. Two critical aspects of an immune response against a pathogen are that of the inductive stage, either induced by vaccination or primary infection, and the effector stage, the ability to recognise, respond to and eliminate the infection without detriment to the host. An immunisation strategy must not only have a measure of the induced antigen specific response, but this response must also be protective.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Kyd
- Division of Science and Design, Gadi Research Centre, University of Canberra, ACT 2601, Canberra, Australia.
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