1
|
Ayona D, Zarza SM, Landemarre L, Roubinet B, Decloquement P, Raoult D, Fournier PE, Desnues B. Human galectin-1 and galectin-3 promote Tropheryma whipplei infection. Gut Microbes 2022; 13:1-15. [PMID: 33573443 PMCID: PMC7889132 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1884515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Tropheryma whipplei, is an actinobacterium that causes different infections in humans, including Whipple's disease. The bacterium infects and replicates in macrophages, leading to a Th2-biased immune response. Previous studies have shown that T. whipplei harbors complex surface glycoproteins with evidence of sialylation. However, the exact contribution of these glycoproteins for infection and survival remains obscure. To address this, we characterized the bacterial glycoprofile and evaluated the involvement of human β-galactoside-binding lectins, Galectin-1 (Gal-1) and Galectin-3 (Gal-3) which are highly expressed by macrophages as receptors for bacterial glycans. Tropheryma whipplei glycoproteins harbor different sugars including glucose, mannose, fucose, β-galactose and sialic acid. Mass spectrometry identification revealed that these glycoproteins were membrane- and virulence-associated glycoproteins. Most of these glycoproteins are highly sialylated and N-glycosylated while some of them are rich in poly-N-acetyllactosamine (Poly-LAcNAc) and bind Gal-1 and Gal-3. In vitro, T. whipplei modulates the expression and cellular distribution of Gal-1 and Gal-3. Although both galectins promote T. whipplei infection by enhancing bacterial cell entry, only Gal-3 is required for optimal bacterial uptake. Finally, we found that serum levels of Gal-1 and Gal-3 were altered in patients with T. whipplei infections as compared to healthy individuals, suggesting that galectins are also involved in vivo. Among T. whipplei membrane-associated proteins, poly-LacNAc rich-glycoproteins promote infection through interaction with galectins. T. whipplei modulates the expression of Gal-1 and Gal-3 both in vitro and in vivo. Drugs interfering with galectin-glycan interactions may provide new avenues for the treatment and diagnosis of T. whipplei infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diyoly Ayona
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille, France,IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Sandra Madariaga Zarza
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille, France,IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | | | - Benoît Roubinet
- Glycodiag, Rue De Chartres, BP6759, 45067, Orléans cedex 2, France
| | - Philippe Decloquement
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille, France,IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille, France,IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Pierre-Edouard Fournier
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France,Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, VITROME, Marseille, France,Pierre-Edouard Fournier Aix Marseille Univ, VITROME, IHU - Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005Marseille, France
| | - Benoit Desnues
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille, France,IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France,CONTACT Benoit Desnues MEPHI, IHU - Méditerranée Infection, Aix Marseille Univ, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Poncini CV, Benatar AF, Gomez KA, Rabinovich GA. Galectins in Chagas Disease: A Missing Link Between Trypanosoma cruzi Infection, Inflammation, and Tissue Damage. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:794765. [PMID: 35046919 PMCID: PMC8762303 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.794765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, the protozoan parasite causative agent of Chagas disease, affects about seven million people worldwide, representing a major global public health concern with relevant socioeconomic consequences, particularly in developing countries. In this review, we discuss the multiple roles of galectins, a family of β-galactoside-binding proteins, in modulating both T. cruzi infection and immunoregulation. Specifically, we focus on galectin-driven circuits that link parasite invasion and inflammation and reprogram innate and adaptive immune responses. Understanding the dynamics of galectins and their β-galactoside-specific ligands during the pathogenesis of T. cruzi infection and elucidating their roles in immunoregulation, inflammation, and tissue damage offer new rational opportunities for treating this devastating neglected disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina V. Poncini
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular e Inmunopatología de Infecciones, Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Medica, Universidad de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandro F. Benatar
- Servicio de Citometría de Flujo, Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX), Academia Nacional de Medicina, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Karina A. Gomez
- Laboratorio de Biología e Inmunología de las Infecciones por Tripanosomátidos, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriel A. Rabinovich
- Laboratorio de Glicomedicina, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sehrawat S, Kaur M. Galectin-3 as a modifier of anti-microbial immunity: Unraveling the unknowns. Glycobiology 2021; 30:418-426. [PMID: 31985798 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwaa005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectins play diverse roles in pathophysiology of infectious diseases and cancers. Galectin-3 is one of the most studied family member and the only chimeric type lectin. Many aspects of its biogenesis, range of activities, and the disease-modifying potential particularly during microbial infections are yet to be known. We review our current understanding of these issues and also highlight gaps in better defining the immune modulatory potential of galectin-3 during different stages of host responsiveness when an infection sets in. Additionally, we discuss commonly used strategies to disrupt galectin-3 functions both extracellulalry and intracellularly. Existing and improved novel strategies could help fine-tune immune responses to achieve better prognosis of infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharvan Sehrawat
- Department of Biological Science, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, SAS Nagar Knowledge City, PO Manauli, Mohali 140306 India
| | - Manpreet Kaur
- Department of Biological Science, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, SAS Nagar Knowledge City, PO Manauli, Mohali 140306 India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Velickovic M, Arsenijevic A, Acovic A, Arsenijevic D, Milovanovic J, Dimitrijevic J, Todorovic Z, Milovanovic M, Kanjevac T, Arsenijevic N. Galectin-3, Possible Role in Pathogenesis of Periodontal Diseases and Potential Therapeutic Target. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:638258. [PMID: 33815121 PMCID: PMC8017193 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.638258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal diseases are chronic inflammatory diseases that occur due to the imbalance between microbial communities in the oral cavity and the immune response of the host that lead to destruction of tooth supporting structures and finally to alveolar bone loss. Galectin-3 is a β-galactoside-binding lectin with important roles in numerous biological processes. By direct binding to microbes and modulation of their clearence, Galectin-3 can affect the composition of microbial community in the oral cavity. Galectin-3 also modulates the function of many immune cells in the gingiva and gingival sulcus and thus can affect immune homeostasis. Few clinical studies demonstrated increased expression of Galectin-3 in different forms of periodontal diseases. Therefore, the objective of this mini review is to discuss the possible effects of Galectin-3 on the process of immune homeostasis and the balance between oral microbial community and host response and to provide insights into the potential therapeutic targeting of Gal-3 in periodontal disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milica Velickovic
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Arsenijevic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Acovic
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Dragana Arsenijevic
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Jelena Milovanovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia.,Department of Histology and Embriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Jelena Dimitrijevic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Zeljko Todorovic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Marija Milovanovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Tatjana Kanjevac
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Nebojsa Arsenijevic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
The Glycan Structure of T. cruzi mucins Depends on the Host. Insights on the Chameleonic Galactose. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25173913. [PMID: 32867240 PMCID: PMC7504415 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, the protozoa that causes Chagas disease in humans, is transmitted by insects from the Reduviidae family. The parasite has developed the ability to change the structure of the surface molecules, depending on the host. Among them, the mucins are the most abundant glycoproteins. Structural studies have focused on the epimastigotes and metacyclic trypomastigotes that colonize the insect, and on the mammal trypomastigotes. The carbohydrate in the mucins fulfills crucial functions, the most important of which being the accepting of sialic acid from the host, a process catalyzed by the unique parasite trans-sialidase. The sialylation of the parasite influences the immune response on infection. The O-linked sugars have characteristics that differentiate them from human mucins. One of them is the linkage to the polypeptide chain by the hexosamine, GlcNAc, instead of GalNAc. The main monosaccharide in the mucins oligosaccharides is galactose, and this may be present in three configurations. Whereas β-d-galactopyranose (β-Galp) was found in the insect and the human stages of Trypanosoma cruzi, β-d-galactofuranose (β-Galf) is present only in the mucins of some strains of epimastigotes and α-d-galactopyranose (α-Galp) characterizes the mucins of the bloodstream trypomastigotes. The two last configurations confer high antigenic properties. In this review we discuss the different structures found and we pose the questions that still need investigation on the exchange of the configurations of galactose.
Collapse
|
6
|
Ayona D, Fournier PE, Henrissat B, Desnues B. Utilization of Galectins by Pathogens for Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1877. [PMID: 32973776 PMCID: PMC7466766 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectins are glycan-binding proteins which are expressed by many different cell types and secreted extracellularly. These molecules are well-known regulators of immune responses and involved in a broad range of cellular and pathophysiological functions. During infections, host galectins can either avoid or facilitate infections by interacting with host cells- and/or pathogen-derived glycoconjugates and less commonly, with proteins. Some pathogens also express self-produced galectins to interfere with host immune responses. This review summarizes pathogens which take advantage of host- or pathogen-produced galectins to establish the infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diyoly Ayona
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | | | - Bernard Henrissat
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
- USC1408 Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Marseille, France
- Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Benoit Desnues
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chain MDO, Paiva CADM, Maciel IO, Neto AN, Castro VFD, Oliveira CPD, Mendonça BDS, Nestal de Moraes G, Reis SAD, Carvalho MAD, De-Melo LDB. Galectin-3 mediates survival and apoptosis pathways during Trypanosoma cruzi-host cell interplay. Exp Parasitol 2020; 216:107932. [PMID: 32535113 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2020.107932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Neglected tropical diseases, such as Chagas disease caused by the protozoa Trypanosoma cruzi, affect millions of people worldwide but lack effective treatments that are accessible to the entire population, especially patients with the debilitating chronic phase. The recognition of host cells, invasion and its intracellular replicative success are essential stages for progression of the parasite life cycle and the development of Chagas disease. It is predicted that programmed cell death pathways (apoptosis) would be activated in infected cells, either via autocrine secretion or mediated by cytotoxic immune cells. This process should play a key role in resolving infections by hindering the evolutionary success of the parasite. In this research, we performed assays to investigate the role of the lectin galectin-3 (Gal3) in parasite-host signaling pathways. Using cells with endogenous levels of Gal3 compared to Gal3-deficient cells (induced by RNA interference), we demonstrated that T. cruzi mediated the survival pathways and the subverted apoptosis through Gal3 promoting a pro-survival state in infected cells. Infected Gal3-depleted cells showed increased activation of caspase 3 and pro-apoptotic targets, such as poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), and lower accumulation of anti-apoptotic proteins, such as c-IAP1, survivin and XIAP. During the early stages of infection, Gal3 translocates from the cytoplasm to the nucleus and must act in survival pathways. In a murine model of experimental infection, Gal3 knockout macrophages showed lower infectivity and viability. In vivo infection revealed a lower parasitemia and longer survival and an increased spleen cellularity in Gal3 knockout mice with consequences on the percentage of T lymphocytes (CD4+ CD11b+) and macrophages. In addition, cytokines such as IL-2, IL-4, IL-6 and TNF-α are increased in Gal3 knockout mice when compared to wild type genotype. These data demonstrate a Gal3-mediated complex interplay in the host cell, keeping infected cells alive long enough for infection and intracellular proliferation of new parasites. However, a continuous knowledge of these signaling pathways should contribute to a better understanding the mechanisms of cell death subversion that are promoted by protozoans in the pathophysiology of neglected diseases such as Chagas disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle de Oliveira Chain
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cefas Augusto de Medeiros Paiva
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Igor Oliveira Maciel
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alberto Nogueira Neto
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vitória Fernandes de Castro
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Caroline Pacheco de Oliveira
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bruna Dos Santos Mendonça
- Cellular and Molecular Hemato-Oncology Laboratory, National Institute of Cancer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Nestal de Moraes
- Cellular and Molecular Hemato-Oncology Laboratory, National Institute of Cancer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sheila Albert Dos Reis
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Alex de Carvalho
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiz Dione Barbosa De-Melo
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Li FY, Wang SF, Bernardes ES, Liu FT. Galectins in Host Defense Against Microbial Infections. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1204:141-167. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-1580-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
9
|
Pineda M, Corvo L, Callejas-Hernández F, Fresno M, Bonay P. Trypanosoma cruzi cleaves galectin-3 N-terminal domain to suppress its innate microbicidal activity. Clin Exp Immunol 2019; 199:216-229. [PMID: 31593356 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 is the best-characterized member of galectins, an evolutionary conserved family of galactoside-binding proteins that play central roles in infection and immunity, regulating inflammation, cell migration and cell apoptosis. Differentially expressed by cells and tissues with immune privilege, they bind not only to host ligands, but also to glycans expressed by pathogens. In this regard, we have previously shown that human galectin-3 recognizes several genetic lineages of the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, the causal agent of Chagas' disease or American trypanosomiasis. Herein we describe a molecular mechanism developed by T. cruzi to proteolytically process galectin-3 that generates a truncated form of the protein lacking its N-terminal domain - required for protein oligomerization - but still conserves a functional carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD). Such processing relies on specific T. cruzi proteases, including Zn-metalloproteases and collagenases, and ultimately conveys profound changes in galectin-3-dependent effects, as chemical inhibition of parasite proteases allows galectin-3 to induce parasite death in vitro. Thus, T. cruzi might have established distinct mechanisms to counteract galectin-3-mediated immunity and microbicide properties. Interestingly, non-pathogenic T. rangeli lacked the ability to cleave galectin-3, suggesting that during evolution two genetically similar organisms have developed different molecular mechanisms that, in the case of T. cruzi, favoured its pathogenicity, highlighting the importance of T. cruzi proteases to avoid immune mechanisms triggered by galectin-3 upon infection. This study provides the first evidence of a novel strategy developed by T. cruzi to abrogate signalling mechanisms associated with galectin-3-dependent innate immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Pineda
- Centro de Biología Molecular 'Severo Ochoa', Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Nicolás Cabrera 1, Madrid, Spain
| | - L Corvo
- Centro de Biología Molecular 'Severo Ochoa', Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Nicolás Cabrera 1, Madrid, Spain
| | - F Callejas-Hernández
- Centro de Biología Molecular 'Severo Ochoa', Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Nicolás Cabrera 1, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Fresno
- Centro de Biología Molecular 'Severo Ochoa', Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Nicolás Cabrera 1, Madrid, Spain
| | - P Bonay
- Centro de Biología Molecular 'Severo Ochoa', Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Nicolás Cabrera 1, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Overview of the role of kinetoplastid surface carbohydrates in infection and host cell invasion: prospects for therapeutic intervention. Parasitology 2019; 146:1743-1754. [PMID: 31603063 PMCID: PMC6939169 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182019001355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Kinetoplastid parasites are responsible for serious diseases in humans and livestock such as Chagas disease and sleeping sickness (caused by Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma brucei, respectively), and the different forms of cutaneous, mucocutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis (produced by Leishmania spp). The limited number of antiparasitic drugs available together with the emergence of resistance underscores the need for new therapeutic agents with novel mechanisms of action. The use of agents binding to surface glycans has been recently suggested as a new approach to antitrypanosomal design and a series of peptidic and non-peptidic carbohydrate-binding agents have been identified as antiparasitics showing efficacy in animal models of sleeping sickness. Here we provide an overview of the nature of surface glycans in three kinetoplastid parasites, T. cruzi, T. brucei and Leishmania. Their role in virulence and host cell invasion is highlighted with the aim of identifying specific glycan-lectin interactions and carbohydrate functions that may be the target of novel carbohydrate-binding agents with therapeutic applications.
Collapse
|
11
|
Robinson BS, Arthur CM, Kamili NA, Stowell SR. Galectin Regulation of Host Microbial Interactions. TRENDS GLYCOSCI GLYC 2018. [DOI: 10.4052/tigg.1738.1se] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian S. Robinson
- Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine
| | - Connie M. Arthur
- Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine
| | - Nourine A. Kamili
- Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine
| | - Sean R. Stowell
- Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Florentino PTV, Real F, Orikaza CM, da Cunha JPC, Vitorino FNL, Cordero EM, Sobreira TJP, Mortara RA. A Carbohydrate Moiety of Secreted Stage-Specific Glycoprotein 4 Participates in Host Cell Invasion by Trypanosoma cruzi Extracellular Amastigotes. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:693. [PMID: 29692765 PMCID: PMC5903068 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is the etiologic agent of Chagas' disease. It is known that amastigotes derived from trypomastigotes in the extracellular milieu are infective in vitro and in vivo. Extracellular amastigotes (EAs) have a stage-specific surface antigen called Ssp-4, a GPI-anchored glycoprotein that is secreted by the parasites. By immunoprecipitation with the Ssp-4-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAb) 2C2 and 1D9, we isolated the glycoprotein from EAs. By mass spectrometry, we identified the core protein of Ssp-4 and evaluated mRNA expression and the presence of Ssp-4 carbohydrate epitopes recognized by mAb1D9. We demonstrated that the carbohydrate epitope recognized by mAb1D9 could promote host cell invasion by EAs. Although infectious EAs express lower amounts of Ssp-4 compared with less-infectious EAs (at the mRNA and protein levels), it is the glycosylation of Ssp-4 (identified by mAb1D9 staining only in infectious strains and recognized by galectin-3 on host cells) that is the determinant of EA invasion of host cells. Furthermore, Ssp-4 is secreted by EAs, either free or associated with parasite vesicles, and can participate in host-cell interactions. The results presented here describe the possible role of a carbohydrate moiety of T. cruzi surface glycoproteins in host cell invasion by EA forms, highlighting the potential of these moieties as therapeutic and vaccine targets for the treatment of Chagas' disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pilar T. V. Florentino
- Department of Microbiology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Cristina M. Orikaza
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julia P. C. da Cunha
- Special Laboratory of Cell Cycle, Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francisca N. L. Vitorino
- Special Laboratory of Cell Cycle, Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Esteban M. Cordero
- Department of Microbiology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Facultad de Ciencias, Centro de Genómica y Bioinformática, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Renato A. Mortara
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
The roles of galectins in parasitic infections. Acta Trop 2018; 177:97-104. [PMID: 28986248 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Galectins is a family of multifunctional lectins. Fifteen galectins have been identified from a variety of cells and tissues of vertebrates and invertebrates. Galectins have been shown to play pivotal roles in host-pathogen interaction such as adhesion of pathogens to host cells and activation of host innate and adaptive immunity. In recent years, the roles of galectins during parasite infections have gained increasing attention. Galectins produced by different hosts can act as pattern recognition receptors detecting conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns of parasites, while galectins produced by parasites can modulate host responses. This review summarizes some recent studies on the roles of galectins produced by parasitic protozoa, nematodes, and trematodes and their hosts. Understanding the roles of galectins in host-parasite interactions may provide targets for immune intervention and therapies of parasitic infections.
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) are innate immune system cells that play an essential role in eradicating invading pathogens. PMN migration to sites of infection/inflammation requires exiting the microcirculation and subsequent crossing of epithelial barriers in mucosa-lined organs such as the lungs and intestines. Although these processes usually occur without significant damage to surrounding host tissues, dysregulated/excessive PMN transmigration and resultant bystander-tissue damage are characteristic of numerous mucosal inflammatory disorders. Mechanisms controlling PMN extravasation have been well characterized, but the molecular details regarding regulation of PMN migration across mucosal epithelia are poorly understood. Given that PMN migration across mucosal epithelia is strongly correlated with disease symptoms in many inflammatory mucosal disorders, enhanced understanding of the mechanisms regulating PMN transepithelial migration should provide insights into clinically relevant tissue-targeted therapies aimed at ameliorating PMN-mediated bystander-tissue damage. This review will highlight current understanding of the molecular interactions between PMNs and mucosal epithelia and the associated functional consequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Brazil
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Charles A Parkos
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Galectin-3 Knockdown Impairs Survival, Migration, and Immunomodulatory Actions of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in a Mouse Model of Chagas Disease Cardiomyopathy. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:3282656. [PMID: 28769980 PMCID: PMC5523546 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3282656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapies based on transplantation of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) hold promise for the management of inflammatory disorders. In chronic Chagas disease cardiomyopathy (CCC), caused by chronic infection with Trypanosoma cruzi, the exacerbated immune response plays a critical pathophysiological role and can be modulated by MSC. Here, we investigated the role of galectin-3 (Gal-3), a beta-galactoside-binding lectin with several actions on immune responses and repair process, on the immunomodulatory potential of MSC. Gal-3 knockdown in MSC did not affect the immunophenotype or differentiation potential. However, Gal-3 knockdown MSC showed decreased proliferation, survival, and migration. Additionally, when injected intraperitoneally into mice with CCC, Gal-3 knockdown MSC showed impaired migration in vivo. Transplantation of control MSC into mice with CCC caused a suppression of cardiac inflammation and fibrosis, reducing expression levels of CD45, TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6, IFNγ, and type I collagen. In contrast, Gal-3 knockdown MSC were unable to suppress the immune response or collagen synthesis in the hearts of mice with CCC. Finally, infection with T. cruzi demonstrated parasite survival in wild-type but not in Gal-3 knockdown MSC. These findings demonstrate that Gal-3 plays a critical role in MSC survival, proliferation, migration, and therapeutic potential in CCC.
Collapse
|
16
|
Galectin-3 Is a Target for Proteases Involved in the Virulence of Staphylococcus aureus. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.00177-17. [PMID: 28438975 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00177-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of skin and soft tissue infection. The bacterium expresses four major proteases that are emerging as virulence factors: aureolysin (Aur), V8 protease (SspA), staphopain A (ScpA), and staphopain B (SspB). We hypothesized that human galectin-3, a β-galactoside-binding lectin involved in immune regulation and antimicrobial defense, is a target for these proteases and that proteolysis of galectin-3 is a novel immune evasion mechanism. Indeed, supernatants from laboratory strains and clinical isolates of S. aureus caused galectin-3 degradation. Similar proteolytic capacities were found in Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates but not in Staphylococcus saprophyticus Galectin-3-induced activation of the neutrophil NADPH oxidase was abrogated by bacterium-derived proteolysis of galectin-3, and SspB was identified as the major protease responsible. The impact of galectin-3 and protease expression on S. aureus virulence was studied in a murine skin infection model. In galectin-3+/+ mice, SspB-expressing S. aureus caused larger lesions and resulted in higher bacterial loads than protease-lacking bacteria. No such difference in bacterial load or lesion size was detected in galectin-3-/- mice, which overall showed smaller lesion sizes than the galectin-3+/+ animals. In conclusion, the staphylococcal protease SspB inactivates galectin-3, abrogating its stimulation of oxygen radical production in human neutrophils and increasing tissue damage during skin infection.
Collapse
|
17
|
The Many Roles of Galectin-3, a Multifaceted Molecule, in Innate Immune Responses against Pathogens. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:9247574. [PMID: 28607536 PMCID: PMC5457773 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9247574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectins are a group of evolutionarily conserved proteins with the ability to bind β-galactosides through characteristic carbohydrate-recognition domains (CRD). Galectin-3 is structurally unique among all galectins as it contains a C-terminal CRD linked to an N-terminal protein-binding domain, being the only chimeric galectin. Galectin-3 participates in many functions, both intra- and extracellularly. Among them, a prominent role for Galectin-3 in inflammation has been recognized. Galectin-3 has also been shown to directly bind to pathogens and to have various effects on the functions of the cells of the innate immune system. Thanks to these two properties, Galectin-3 participates in several ways in the innate immune response against invading pathogens. Galectin-3 has been proposed to function not only as a pattern-recognition receptor (PRR) but also as a danger-associated molecular pattern (DAMP). In this review, we analyze the various roles that have been assigned to Galectin-3, both as a PRR and as a DAMP, in the context of immune responses against pathogenic microorganisms.
Collapse
|
18
|
Beghini M, de Araújo MF, Severino VO, Etchebehere RM, Rocha Rodrigues DB, de Lima Pereira SA. Evaluation of the immunohistochemical expression of Gal-1, Gal-3 and Gal-9 in the colon of chronic chagasic patients. Pathol Res Pract 2017; 213:1207-1214. [PMID: 28554765 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2017.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN The aim of the present study was to evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of Gal-1, Gal-3 and Gal-9 in the colon of chronic chagasic patients compared to biopsied non-chagasic patients. MATERIAL OR SUBJECTS Thirty-two colon fragments were selected from chagasic patients with megacolon (n=25) and nonchagasic patients without megacolon (n=7). METHODS Immunohistochemistry for Gal-1, Gal-3 and Gal-9 was performed using a common light microscope and the results were scored 0-3 according to labeling intensity. Data were analyzed statistically by the chi-square test. RESULTS Higher Gal-1, Gal-3 and Gal-9 expression was observed in the myenteric plexus ganglia of chagasic patients compared to non-chagasic patients, p=0.0487, p=0.0019 and p=0.0325, respectively, whereas no significant differences were observed between groups regarding the expression of Gal-1, Gal-3 and Gal-9 in the muscle layer. CONCLUSION Since Gal-1, Gal-3 and Gal-9 galectin expression was higher in the myenteric plexus ganglia of chagasic patients, we believe that these lectins may be associated with ganglionitis in the chagasic megacolon. However, since the present study was the first to report the participation of Gal-9 in Chagas disease, further investigations are needed to elucidate the role of galectin 9 in this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Beghini
- Human Pathology Division, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Denise Bertulucci Rocha Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Biopathology and Molecular Biology, University of Uberaba (UNIUBE), Uberaba, MG, Brazil; Cefores, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Sanívia Aparecida de Lima Pereira
- Laboratory of Biopathology and Molecular Biology, University of Uberaba (UNIUBE), Uberaba, MG, Brazil; Cefores, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, MG, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Souza BSDF, Silva DN, Carvalho RH, Sampaio GLDA, Paredes BD, Aragão França L, Azevedo CM, Vasconcelos JF, Meira CS, Neto PC, Macambira SG, da Silva KN, Allahdadi KJ, Tavora F, de Souza Neto JD, Dos Santos RR, Soares MBP. Association of Cardiac Galectin-3 Expression, Myocarditis, and Fibrosis in Chronic Chagas Disease Cardiomyopathy. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 187:1134-1146. [PMID: 28322201 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Chronic Chagas disease cardiomyopathy, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi infection, is a major cause of heart failure in Latin America. Galectin-3 (Gal-3) has been linked to cardiac remodeling and poor prognosis in heart failure of different etiologies. Herein, we investigated the involvement of Gal-3 in the disease pathogenesis and its role as a target for disease intervention. Gal-3 expression in mouse hearts was evaluated during T. cruzi infection by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry analysis, showing a high expression in macrophages, T cells, and fibroblasts. In vitro studies using Gal-3 knockdown in cardiac fibroblasts demonstrated that Gal-3 regulates cell survival, proliferation, and type I collagen synthesis. In vivo blockade of Gal-3 with N-acetyl-d-lactosamine in T. cruzi-infected mice led to a significant reduction of cardiac fibrosis and inflammation in the heart. Moreover, a modulation in the expression of proinflammatory genes in the heart was observed. Finally, histological analysis in human heart samples obtained from subjects with Chagas disease who underwent heart transplantation showed the expression of Gal-3 in areas of inflammation, similar to the mouse model. Our results indicate that Gal-3 plays a role in the pathogenesis of experimental chronic Chagas disease, favoring inflammation and fibrogenesis. Moreover, by demonstrating Gal-3 expression in human hearts, our finding reinforces that this protein could be a novel target for drug development for Chagas cardiomyopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Solano de Freitas Souza
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil; Center for Biotechnology and Cell Therapy, São Rafael Hospital, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Bruno Diaz Paredes
- Center for Biotechnology and Cell Therapy, São Rafael Hospital, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | - Carine Machado Azevedo
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil; Center for Biotechnology and Cell Therapy, São Rafael Hospital, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Juliana Fraga Vasconcelos
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil; Center for Biotechnology and Cell Therapy, São Rafael Hospital, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Cassio Santana Meira
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil; Center for Biotechnology and Cell Therapy, São Rafael Hospital, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Paulo Chenaud Neto
- Center for Biotechnology and Cell Therapy, São Rafael Hospital, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Simone Garcia Macambira
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil; Center for Biotechnology and Cell Therapy, São Rafael Hospital, Salvador, Brazil; Health Sciences Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Kátia Nunes da Silva
- Center for Biotechnology and Cell Therapy, São Rafael Hospital, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Kyan James Allahdadi
- Center for Biotechnology and Cell Therapy, São Rafael Hospital, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Fabio Tavora
- Messejana Heart and Lung Hospital, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | | | - Milena Botelho Pereira Soares
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil; Center for Biotechnology and Cell Therapy, São Rafael Hospital, Salvador, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Arthur CM, Patel SR, Mener A, Kamili NA, Fasano RM, Meyer E, Winkler AM, Sola-Visner M, Josephson CD, Stowell SR. Innate immunity against molecular mimicry: Examining galectin-mediated antimicrobial activity. Bioessays 2016; 37:1327-37. [PMID: 26577077 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201500055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive immunity provides the unique ability to respond to a nearly infinite range of antigenic determinants. Given the inherent plasticity of the adaptive immune system, a series of tolerance mechanisms exist to reduce reactivity toward self. While this reduces the probability of autoimmunity, it also creates an important gap in adaptive immunity: the ability to recognize microbes that look like self. As a variety of microbes decorate themselves in self-like carbohydrate antigens and tolerance reduces the ability of adaptive immunity to react with self-like structures, protection against molecular mimicry likely resides within the innate arm of immunity. In this review, we will explore the potential consequences of microbial molecular mimicry, including factors within innate immunity that appear to specifically target microbes expressing self-like antigens, and therefore provide protection against molecular mimicry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Connie M Arthur
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Seema R Patel
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Amanda Mener
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nourine A Kamili
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ross M Fasano
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Erin Meyer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Annie M Winkler
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Martha Sola-Visner
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cassandra D Josephson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sean R Stowell
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Liu H, Li M, Cai S, He X, Shao Y, Lu X. Ricin-B-lectin enhances microsporidia Nosema bombycis infection in BmN cells from silkworm Bombyx mori. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2016; 48:1050-1057. [PMID: 27649890 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmw093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nosema bombycis is an obligate intracellular parasitic fungus that utilizes a distinctive mechanism to infect Bombyx mori Spore germination can be used for host cell invasion; however, the detailed mechanism remains to be elucidated. The ricin-B-lectin (RBL) gene is significantly differentially regulated after N. bombycis spore germination, and NbRBL might play roles in spore germination and infection. In this study, the biological function of NbRBL was examined. Protein sequence analysis showed that NbRBL is a secreted protein that attaches to carbohydrates. The relative expression level of the NbRBL gene was low during the first 30 h post-infection (hpi) in BmN cells, and high expression was detected from 42 hpi. Gene cloning, prokaryotic expression, and antibody preparation for NbRBL were performed. NbRBL was detected in total and secreted proteins using western blot analysis. Subcellular localization analysis showed that NbRBL is an intracellular protein. Spore adherence and infection assays showed that NbRBL could enhance spore adhesion to BmN cells; the proliferative activities of BmN cells incubated with anti-NbRBL were higher than those in negative control groups after N. bombycis infection; and the treatment groups showed less damage from spore invasion. We therefore, propose that NbRBL is released during spore germination, enhances spore adhesion to BmN cells, and contributes to spore invasion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han Liu
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Pathology, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Mingqian Li
- Cancer Institute of Integrative Medicine, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shunfeng Cai
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Pathology, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xinyi He
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Pathology, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yongqi Shao
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Pathology, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xingmeng Lu
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Pathology, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Benatar AF, García GA, Bua J, Cerliani JP, Postan M, Tasso LM, Scaglione J, Stupirski JC, Toscano MA, Rabinovich GA, Gómez KA. Galectin-1 Prevents Infection and Damage Induced by Trypanosoma cruzi on Cardiac Cells. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004148. [PMID: 26451839 PMCID: PMC4599936 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy caused by Trypanosoma cruzi is the result of a pathologic process starting during the acute phase of parasite infection. Among different factors, the specific recognition of glycan structures by glycan-binding proteins from the parasite or from the mammalian host cells may play a critical role in the evolution of the infection. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Here we investigated the contribution of galectin-1 (Gal-1), an endogenous glycan-binding protein abundantly expressed in human and mouse heart, to the pathophysiology of T. cruzi infection, particularly in the context of cardiac pathology. We found that exposure of HL-1 cardiac cells to Gal-1 reduced the percentage of infection by two different T. cruzi strains, Tulahuén (TcVI) and Brazil (TcI). In addition, Gal-1 prevented exposure of phosphatidylserine and early events in the apoptotic program by parasite infection on HL-1 cells. These effects were not mediated by direct interaction with the parasite surface, suggesting that Gal-1 may act through binding to host cells. Moreover, we also observed that T. cruzi infection altered the glycophenotype of cardiac cells, reducing binding of exogenous Gal-1 to the cell surface. Consistent with these data, Gal-1 deficient (Lgals1-/-) mice showed increased parasitemia, reduced signs of inflammation in heart and skeletal muscle tissues, and lower survival rates as compared to wild-type (WT) mice in response to intraperitoneal infection with T. cruzi Tulahuén strain. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE Our results indicate that Gal-1 modulates T. cruzi infection of cardiac cells, highlighting the relevance of galectins and their ligands as regulators of host-parasite interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro F. Benatar
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular de la Enfermedad de Chagas (LabMECh), Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular (INGEBI-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriela A. García
- Instituto Nacional de Parasitología “Dr. Mario Fatala Chaben”, Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud “Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán”, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jacqeline Bua
- Instituto Nacional de Parasitología “Dr. Mario Fatala Chaben”, Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud “Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán”, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan P. Cerliani
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Miriam Postan
- Instituto Nacional de Parasitología “Dr. Mario Fatala Chaben”, Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud “Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán”, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura M. Tasso
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular de la Enfermedad de Chagas (LabMECh), Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular (INGEBI-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge Scaglione
- Hospital Pedro de Elizalde, Servicio de Cardiología, Sección Electrofisiología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan C. Stupirski
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marta A. Toscano
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriel A. Rabinovich
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Karina A. Gómez
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular de la Enfermedad de Chagas (LabMECh), Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular (INGEBI-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Poncini CV, Ilarregui JM, Batalla EI, Engels S, Cerliani JP, Cucher MA, van Kooyk Y, González-Cappa SM, Rabinovich GA. Trypanosoma cruziInfection Imparts a Regulatory Program in Dendritic Cells and T Cells via Galectin-1–Dependent Mechanisms. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:3311-24. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1403019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
24
|
Pineda MA, Cuervo H, Fresno M, Soto M, Bonay P. Lack of Galectin-3 Prevents Cardiac Fibrosis and Effective Immune Responses in a Murine Model ofTrypanosoma cruziInfection. J Infect Dis 2015; 212:1160-71. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
25
|
Abstract
Galectins are an evolutionarily ancient family of glycan-binding proteins (GBPs) and are found in all animals. Although they were discovered over 30 years ago, ideas about their biological functions continue to evolve. Current evidence indicates that galectins, which are the only known GBPs that occur free in the cytoplasm and extracellularly, are involved in a variety of intracellular and extracellular pathways contributing to homeostasis, cellular turnover, cell adhesion, and immunity. Here we review evolving insights into galectin biology from a historical perspective and explore current evidence regarding biological roles of galectins.
Collapse
|
26
|
Pineda MA, Corvo L, Soto M, Fresno M, Bonay P. Interactions of human galectins with Trypanosoma cruzi: Binding profile correlate with genetic clustering of lineages. Glycobiology 2014; 25:197-210. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwu103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
|
27
|
Baum LG, Garner OB, Schaefer K, Lee B. Microbe-Host Interactions are Positively and Negatively Regulated by Galectin-Glycan Interactions. Front Immunol 2014; 5:284. [PMID: 24995007 PMCID: PMC4061488 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbe–host interactions are complex processes that are directly and indirectly regulated by a variety of factors, including microbe presentation of specific molecular signatures on the microbial surface, as well as host cell presentation of receptors that recognize these pathogen signatures. Cell surface glycans are one important class of microbial signatures that are recognized by a variety of host cell lectins. Host cell lectins that recognize microbial glycans include members of the galectin family of lectins that recognize specific glycan ligands on viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites. In this review, we will discuss the ways that the interactions of microbial glycans with host cell galectins positively and negatively regulate pathogen attachment, invasion, and survival, as well as regulate host responses that mitigate microbial pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda G Baum
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA , USA
| | - Omai B Garner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA , USA
| | - Katrin Schaefer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA , USA
| | - Benhur Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA , USA ; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA , USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Reignault LC, Barrias ES, Soares Medeiros LC, de Souza W, de Carvalho TMU. Structures containing galectin-3 are recruited to the parasitophorous vacuole containing Trypanosoma cruzi in mouse peritoneal macrophages. Parasitol Res 2014; 113:2323-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-3887-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
29
|
DTU I isolates of Trypanosoma cruzi induce upregulation of Galectin-3 in murine myocarditis and fibrosis. Parasitology 2014; 141:849-58. [PMID: 24533969 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182013002254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chagas heart disease is a major public concern since 30% of infected patients develop cardiac alterations. The relationship between Trypanosoma cruzi discrete typing units (DTUs) and the biological properties exhibited by the parasite population has yet to be elucidated. In this study, we analysed the expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and galectin-3 (Gal-3) associated with cardiac extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling a murine chronic cardiomyopathy induced by Tc I genotypes. We found the induction of myocarditis was associated with the upregulation of Col I, α-SMA, Gal-3, IFN-γ and IL-13, as analysed by q-PCR. In myocardial areas of fibrosis, the intensity of myocarditis and significant ECM remodelling correlated with the presence of Col I-, Gal-3- and α-SMA-positive cells. These results are promising for the further efforts to evaluate the relevance of Gal-3 in Chagas heart disease, since this galectin was proposed as a prognosis marker in heart failure patients.
Collapse
|
30
|
Machado FC, Cruz L, da Silva AA, Cruz MC, Mortara RA, Roque-Barreira MC, da Silva CV. Recruitment of galectin-3 during cell invasion and intracellular trafficking of Trypanosoma cruzi extracellular amastigotes. Glycobiology 2013; 24:179-84. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwt097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
|
31
|
Barrias ES, de Carvalho TMU, De Souza W. Trypanosoma cruzi: Entry into Mammalian Host Cells and Parasitophorous Vacuole Formation. Front Immunol 2013; 4:186. [PMID: 23914186 PMCID: PMC3730053 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease, is transmitted to vertebrate hosts by blood-sucking insects. This protozoan is an obligate intracellular parasite. The infective forms of the parasite are the metacyclic trypomastigotes, amastigotes, and bloodstream trypomastigotes. The recognition between the parasite and mammalian host cell, involves numerous molecules present in both cell types, and similar to several intracellular pathogens, T. cruzi is internalized by host cells via multiple endocytic pathways. Morphological studies demonstrated that after the interaction of the infective forms of T. cruzi with phagocytic or non-phagocytic cell types, plasma membrane (PM) protrusions can form, showing similarity with those observed during canonical phagocytosis or macropinocytic events. Additionally, several molecules known to be molecular markers of membrane rafts, macropinocytosis, and phagocytosis have been demonstrated to be present at the invasion site. These events may or may not depend on the host cell lysosomes and cytoskeleton. In addition, after penetration, components of the host endosomal-lysosomal system, such as early endosomes, late endosomes, and lysosomes, participate in the formation of the nascent parasitophorous vacuole (PV). Dynamin, a molecule involved in vesicle formation, has been shown to be involved in the PV release from the host cell PM. This review focuses on the multiple pathways that T. cruzi can use to enter the host cells until complete PV formation. We will describe different endocytic processes, such as phagocytosis, macropinocytosis, and endocytosis using membrane microdomains and clathrin-dependent endocytosis and show results that are consistent with their use by this smart parasite. We will also discuss others mechanisms that have been described, such as active penetration and the process that takes advantage of cell membrane wound repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emile Santos Barrias
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biologia, Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia – Inmetro Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tecia Maria Ulisses de Carvalho
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Wanderley De Souza
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biologia, Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia – Inmetro Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
A panel of commensal bacteria was screened for the ability to interact with galectin-3. Two strains of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis interacted to a greater extent than did the pathogenic positive control, Escherichia coli NCTC 12900. Further validation of the interaction was achieved by using agglutination and solid-phase binding assays.
Collapse
|
33
|
Mishra BB, Li Q, Steichen AL, Binstock BJ, Metzger DW, Teale JM, Sharma J. Galectin-3 functions as an alarmin: pathogenic role for sepsis development in murine respiratory tularemia. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59616. [PMID: 23527230 PMCID: PMC3603908 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a complex immune disorder with a mortality rate of 20–50% and currently has no therapeutic interventions. It is thus critical to identify and characterize molecules/factors responsible for its development. We have recently shown that pulmonary infection with Francisella results in sepsis development. As extensive cell death is a prominent feature of sepsis, we hypothesized that host endogenous molecules called alarmins released from dead or dying host cells cause a hyperinflammatory response culminating in sepsis development. In the current study we investigated the role of galectin-3, a mammalian β-galactoside binding lectin, as an alarmin in sepsis development during F. novicida infection. We observed an upregulated expression and extracellular release of galectin-3 in the lungs of mice undergoing lethal pulmonary infection with virulent strain of F. novicida but not in those infected with a non-lethal, attenuated strain of the bacteria. In comparison with their wild-type C57Bl/6 counterparts, F. novicida infected galectin-3 deficient (galectin-3−/−) mice demonstrated significantly reduced leukocyte infiltration, particularly neutrophils in their lungs. They also exhibited a marked decrease in inflammatory cytokines, vascular injury markers, and neutrophil-associated inflammatory mediators. Concomitantly, in-vitro pre-treatment of primary neutrophils and macrophages with recombinant galectin-3 augmented F. novicida-induced activation of these cells. Correlating with the reduced inflammatory response, F. novicida infected galectin-3−/− mice exhibited improved lung architecture with reduced cell death and improved survival over wild-type mice, despite similar bacterial burden. Collectively, these findings suggest that galectin-3 functions as an alarmin by augmenting the inflammatory response in sepsis development during pulmonary F. novicida infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bibhuti B. Mishra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Qun Li
- South Texas Center for Emerging Diseases and Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Anthony L. Steichen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Brandilyn J. Binstock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| | | | - Judy M. Teale
- South Texas Center for Emerging Diseases and Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jyotika Sharma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Maeda FY, Cortez C, Yoshida N. Cell signaling during Trypanosoma cruzi invasion. Front Immunol 2012; 3:361. [PMID: 23230440 PMCID: PMC3515895 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell signaling is an essential requirement for mammalian cell invasion by Trypanosoma cruzi. Depending on the parasite strain and the parasite developmental form, distinct signaling pathways may be induced. In this short review, we focus on the data coming from studies with metacyclic trypomastigotes (MT) generated in vitro and tissue culture-derived trypomastigotes (TCT), used as counterparts of insect-borne and bloodstream parasites, respectively. During invasion of host cells by MT or TCT, intracellular Ca2+ mobilization and host cell lysosomal exocytosis are triggered. Invasion mediated by MT surface molecule gp82 requires the activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), and protein kinase C (PKC) in the host cell, associated with Ca2+-dependent disruption of the actin cytoskeleton. In MT, protein tyrosine kinase, PI3K, phospholipase C, and PKC appear to be activated. TCT invasion, on the other hand, does not rely on mTOR activation, rather on target cell PI3K, and may involve the host cell autophagy for parasite internalization. Enzymes, such as oligopeptidase B and the major T. cruzi cysteine proteinase cruzipain, have been shown to generate molecules that induce target cell Ca2+ signal. In addition, TCT may trigger host cell responses mediated by transforming growth factor β receptor or integrin family member. Further investigations are needed for a more complete and detailed picture of T. cruzi invasion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Y Maeda
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Nde PN, Lima MF, Johnson CA, Pratap S, Villalta F. Regulation and use of the extracellular matrix by Trypanosoma cruzi during early infection. Front Immunol 2012; 3:337. [PMID: 23133440 PMCID: PMC3490126 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease, which was once thought to be confined to endemic regions of Latin America, has now gone global becoming a new worldwide challenge. For more than a century since its discovery, it has remained neglected with no effective drugs or vaccines. The mechanisms by which Trypanosoma cruzi regulates and uses the extracellular matrix (ECM) to invade cells and cause disease are just beginning to be understood. Here we critically review and discuss the regulation of the ECM interactome by T. cruzi, the use of the ECM by T. cruzi and analyze the molecular ECM/T. cruzi interphase during the early process of infection. It has been shown that invasive trypomastigote forms of T. cruzi use and modulate components of the ECM during the initial process of infection. Infective trypomastigotes up-regulate the expression of laminin γ-1 (LAMC1) and thrombospondin (THBS1) to facilitate the recruitment of trypomastigotes to enhance cellular infection. Silencing the expression of LAMC1 and THBS1 by stable RNAi dramatically reduces trypanosome infection. T. cruzi gp83, a ligand that mediates the attachment of trypanosomes to cells to initiate infection, up-regulates LAMC1 expression to enhance cellular infection. Infective trypomastigotes use Tc85 to interact with laminin, p45 mucin to interact with LAMC1 through galectin-3 (LGALS3), a human lectin, and calreticulin (TcCRT) to interact with TSB1 to enhance cellular infection. Silencing the expression of LGALS3 also reduces cellular infection. Despite the role of the ECM in T. cruzi infection, almost nothing is known about the ECM interactome networks operating in the process of T. cruzi infection and its ligands. Here, we present the first elucidation of the human ECM interactome network regulated by T. cruzi and its gp83 ligand that facilitates cellular infection. The elucidation of the human ECM interactome regulated by T. cruzi and the dissection of the molecular ECM/T. cruzi interphase using systems biology approaches are not only critically important for the understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of T. cruzi infection but also for developing novel approaches of intervention in Chagas disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pius N Nde
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Meharry Medical College Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Nakamura O, Watanabe M, Ogawa T, Muramoto K, Ogawa K, Tsutsui S, Kamiya H. Galectins in the abdominal cavity of the conger eel Conger myriaster participate in the cellular encapsulation of parasitic nematodes by host cells. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 33:780-787. [PMID: 22820379 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Congerin is a proto-type galectin distributed on the skin and mucosal epithelia of the upper digestive tract of the Japanese conger eel Conger myriaster. It has at least 2 isotypes, namely, congerin I and II, and plays a role in bio-defense at the body surface. In the current study, we identified both isotypes in the peritoneal fluid and peritoneal cells of C. myriaster by western blot and mass spectrometry (MS)/MS analysis. Cucullanus nematodes parasitize the abdominal cavity of C. myriaster, and immunohistochemical analyses demonstrated that congerins can bind to both the body surface of the encapsulated nematodes and the encapsulating cells. Furthermore, adhesion of the peritoneal cells to Sepharose particles was greatly accelerated when the microspheres were coated with congerin. Indeed, this effect was significantly hampered by the addition of lactose. These results indicate that congerin participates in the cellular encapsulation of the Cucullanus nematode via the induction of cellular adhesion to the parasites depending on lectin-glycoside recognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Nakamura
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Quattroni P, Li Y, Lucchesi D, Lucas S, Hood DW, Herrmann M, Gabius HJ, Tang CM, Exley RM. Galectin-3 binds Neisseria meningitidis and increases interaction with phagocytic cells. Cell Microbiol 2012; 14:1657-75. [PMID: 22827322 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2012.01838.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Galectin-3 is expressed and secreted by immune cells and has been implicated in multiple aspects of the inflammatory response. It is a glycan binding protein which can exert its functions within cells or exogenously by binding cell surface ligands, acting as a molecular bridge or activating signalling pathways. In addition, this lectin has been shown to bind to microorganisms. In this study we investigated the interaction between galectin-3 and Neisseria meningitidis, an important extracellular human pathogen, which is a leading cause of septicaemia and meningitis. Immunohistochemical analysis indicated that galectin-3 is expressed during meningococcal disease and colocalizes with bacterial colonies in infected tissues from patients. We show that galectin-3 binds to N. meningitidis and we demonstrate that this interaction requiresfull-length, intact lipopolysaccharide molecules. We found that neither exogenous nor endogenous galectin-3 contributes to phagocytosis of N. meningitidis; instead exogenous galectin-3 increases adhesion to monocytes and macrophages but not epithelial cells. Finally we used galectin-3 deficient (Gal-3(-/-) ) mice to evaluate the contribution of galectin-3 to meningococcal bacteraemia. We found that Gal-3(-/-) mice had significantly lower levels of bacteraemia compared with wild-type mice after challenge with live bacteria, indicating that galectin-3 confers an advantage to N. meningitidis during systemic infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Quattroni
- Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Department of Microbiology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Johnson CA, Kleshchenko YY, Ikejiani AO, Udoko AN, Cardenas TC, Pratap S, Duquette MA, Lima MF, Lawler J, Villalta F, Nde PN. Thrombospondin-1 interacts with Trypanosoma cruzi surface calreticulin to enhance cellular infection. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40614. [PMID: 22808206 PMCID: PMC3394756 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi causes Chagas disease, which is a neglected tropical disease that produces severe pathology and mortality. The mechanisms by which the parasite invades cells are not well elucidated. We recently reported that T. cruzi up-regulates the expression of thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) to enhance the process of cellular invasion. Here we characterize a novel TSP-1 interaction with T. cruzi that enhances cellular infection. We show that labeled TSP-1 interacts specifically with the surface of T. cruzi trypomastigotes. We used TSP-1 to pull down interacting parasite surface proteins that were identified by mass spectrometry. We also show that full length TSP-1 and the N-terminal domain of TSP-1 (NTSP) interact with T. cruzi surface calreticulin (TcCRT) and other surface proteins. Pre-exposure of recombinant NTSP or TSP-1 to T. cruzi significantly enhances cellular infection of wild type mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEF) compared to the C-terminal domain of TSP-1, E3T3C1. In addition, blocking TcCRT with antibodies significantly inhibits the enhancement of cellular infection mediated by the TcCRT-TSP-1 interaction. Taken together, our findings indicate that TSP-1 interacts with TcCRT on the surface of T. cruzi through the NTSP domain and that this interaction enhances cellular infection. Thus surface TcCRT is a virulent factor that enhances the pathogenesis of T. cruzi infection through TSP-1, which is up-regulated by the parasite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Candice A. Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Yulia Y. Kleshchenko
- U.S. Military Malaria Vaccine Program, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Adaeze O. Ikejiani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Aniekanabasi N. Udoko
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Tatiana C. Cardenas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Siddharth Pratap
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Mark A. Duquette
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Maria F. Lima
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jack Lawler
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Fernando Villalta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Pius N. Nde
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Butler CE, Tyler KM. Membrane traffic and synaptic cross-talk during host cell entry by Trypanosoma cruzi. Cell Microbiol 2012; 14:1345-53. [PMID: 22646288 PMCID: PMC3428839 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2012.01818.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that Trypanosoma cruzi can exploit the natural exocytic response of the host to cell damage, utilizing host cell lysosomes as important effectors. It is, though, increasingly clear that the parasite also exploits endocytic mechanisms which allow for incorporation of plasma membrane into the parasitophorous vacuole. Further, that these endocytic mechanisms are involved in cross-talk with the exocytic machinery, in the recycling of vesicles and in the manipulation of the cytoskeleton. Here we review the mechanisms by which T. cruzi exploits features of the exocytic and endocytic pathways in epithelial and endothelial cells and the evidence for cross-talk between these pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Butler
- Biomedical Research Centre, Norwich School of Medicine, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Field RA, Andrade P, Campo VL, Carvalho I, Collet BYM, Crocker PR, Fais M, Karamanska R, Mukhopadhayay B, Nepogodiev SA, Rashid A, Rejzek M, Russell DA, Schofield CL, van Well RM. Synthetic Glycans, Glycoarrays, and Glyconanoparticles To Investigate Host Infection by Trypanosoma cruzi. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2011-1091.ch009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Field
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, U.K
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Av. Café S/N, CEP 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Wellcome Trust Biocentre, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Peterson Andrade
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, U.K
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Av. Café S/N, CEP 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Wellcome Trust Biocentre, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Vanessa L. Campo
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, U.K
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Av. Café S/N, CEP 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Wellcome Trust Biocentre, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Ivone Carvalho
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, U.K
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Av. Café S/N, CEP 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Wellcome Trust Biocentre, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Beatrice Y. M. Collet
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, U.K
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Av. Café S/N, CEP 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Wellcome Trust Biocentre, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Paul R. Crocker
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, U.K
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Av. Café S/N, CEP 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Wellcome Trust Biocentre, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Margherita Fais
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, U.K
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Av. Café S/N, CEP 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Wellcome Trust Biocentre, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Rositsa Karamanska
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, U.K
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Av. Café S/N, CEP 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Wellcome Trust Biocentre, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Balaram Mukhopadhayay
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, U.K
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Av. Café S/N, CEP 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Wellcome Trust Biocentre, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Sergey A. Nepogodiev
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, U.K
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Av. Café S/N, CEP 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Wellcome Trust Biocentre, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Abdul Rashid
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, U.K
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Av. Café S/N, CEP 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Wellcome Trust Biocentre, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Martin Rejzek
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, U.K
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Av. Café S/N, CEP 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Wellcome Trust Biocentre, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - David A. Russell
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, U.K
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Av. Café S/N, CEP 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Wellcome Trust Biocentre, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Claire L. Schofield
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, U.K
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Av. Café S/N, CEP 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Wellcome Trust Biocentre, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Renate M. van Well
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, U.K
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Av. Café S/N, CEP 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Wellcome Trust Biocentre, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Galectin-1-specific inhibitors as a new class of compounds to treat HIV-1 infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 56:154-62. [PMID: 22064534 DOI: 10.1128/aac.05595-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite significant improvements, antiretroviral therapies against HIV-1 are plagued by a high frequency of therapeutic failures that have been associated with acquisition of drug resistance. We recently reported that HIV-1 exploits a host glycan binding protein, galectin-1, to increase its attachment to host cells, thereby increasing its overall infectivity in susceptible cells. This finding suggests that host molecules such as galectin-1 could reduce the expected efficiency of HIV-1 drugs targeting early steps of the replicative cycle, such as attachment and entry processes. Thus, new classes of drugs that would interfere with galectin-1/HIV-1 interactions could benefit the current antiretroviral therapy. To further explore this possibility, experiments were conducted to discover leading compounds showing specific inhibition of galectin-1 activity in a cellular model of HIV-1 infection. Three lactoside compounds were found to modestly inhibit the interaction of galectin-1 with primary human CD4(+) T cells. Interestingly, these same inhibitors reduced the galectin-1-mediated increase in HIV-1 attachment to target cells in a much more efficient manner. More important, the tested lactoside derivatives also significantly decreased the galectin-1-dependent enhancement of HIV-1 infection. These observations deserve further attention when considering that the development of new drugs to prevent and treat HIV-1 infection remains a priority.
Collapse
|
42
|
Genovesio A, Giardini MA, Kwon YJ, Dossin FDM, Choi SY, Kim NY, Kim HC, Jung SY, Schenkman S, Almeida IC, Emans N, Freitas-Junior LH. Visual genome-wide RNAi screening to identify human host factors required for Trypanosoma cruzi infection. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19733. [PMID: 21625474 PMCID: PMC3098829 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi is the etiologic agent of Chagas disease, a neglected tropical infection that affects millions of people in the Americas. Current chemotherapy relies on only two drugs that have limited efficacy and considerable side effects. Therefore, the development of new and more effective drugs is of paramount importance. Although some host cellular factors that play a role in T. cruzi infection have been uncovered, the molecular requirements for intracellular parasite growth and persistence are still not well understood. To further study these host-parasite interactions and identify human host factors required for T. cruzi infection, we performed a genome-wide RNAi screen using cellular microarrays of a printed siRNA library that spanned the whole human genome. The screening was reproduced 6 times and a customized algorithm was used to select as hits those genes whose silencing visually impaired parasite infection. The 162 strongest hits were subjected to a secondary screening and subsequently validated in two different cell lines. Among the fourteen hits confirmed, we recognized some cellular membrane proteins that might function as cell receptors for parasite entry and others that may be related to calcium release triggered by parasites during cell invasion. In addition, two of the hits are related to the TGF-beta signaling pathway, whose inhibition is already known to diminish levels of T. cruzi infection. This study represents a significant step toward unveiling the key molecular requirements for host cell invasion and revealing new potential targets for antiparasitic therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Auguste Genovesio
- Image Mining Group, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Miriam A. Giardini
- Center for Neglected Diseases Drug Discovery, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Yong-Jun Kwon
- Discovery Biology Group, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
- Department of Biochemistry and National Research Laboratory, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Fernando de Macedo Dossin
- Center for Neglected Diseases Drug Discovery, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Seo Yeon Choi
- Discovery Biology Group, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Nam Youl Kim
- Discovery Biology Group, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Hi Chul Kim
- Discovery Biology Group, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Sung Yong Jung
- Discovery Biology Group, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Sergio Schenkman
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Igor C. Almeida
- Department of Biological Sciences, The Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Neil Emans
- High Throughput Biology Group, Synthetic Biology ERA, CSIR Biosciences, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Lucio H. Freitas-Junior
- Center for Neglected Diseases Drug Discovery, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Soares MBP, de Lima RS, Rocha LL, Vasconcelos JF, Rogatto SR, dos Santos RR, Iacobas S, Goldenberg RC, Iacobas DA, Tanowitz HB, de Carvalho ACC, Spray DC. Gene expression changes associated with myocarditis and fibrosis in hearts of mice with chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy. J Infect Dis 2010; 202:416-26. [PMID: 20565256 PMCID: PMC2897928 DOI: 10.1086/653481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy is a leading cause of heart failure in Latin American countries. About 30% of Trypanosoma cruzi-infected individuals develop this severe symptomatic form of the disease, characterized by intense inflammatory response accompanied by fibrosis in the heart. We performed an extensive microarray analysis of hearts from a mouse model of this disease and identified significant alterations in expression of approximately 12% of the sampled genes. Extensive up-regulations were associated with immune-inflammatory responses (chemokines, adhesion molecules, cathepsins, and major histocompatibility complex molecules) and fibrosis (extracellular matrix components, lysyl oxidase, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1). Our results indicate potentially relevant factors involved in the pathogenesis of the disease that may provide new therapeutic targets in chronic Chagas disease.
Collapse
|
44
|
Review on Trypanosoma cruzi: Host Cell Interaction. Int J Cell Biol 2010; 2010. [PMID: 20811486 PMCID: PMC2926652 DOI: 10.1155/2010/295394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2010] [Revised: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas' disease, which affects a large number of individuals in Central and South America, is transmitted to vertebrate hosts by blood-sucking insects. This protozoan is an obligate intracellular parasite. The infective forms of the parasite are metacyclic and bloodstream trypomastigote and amastigote. Metacyclic trypomastigotes are released with the feces of the insect while amastigotes and bloodstream trypomastigotes are released from the infected host cells of the vertebrate host after a complex intracellular life cycle. The recognition between parasite and mammalian host cell involves numerous molecules present in both cell types. Here, we present a brief review of the interaction between Trypanosoma cruzi and its host cells, mainly emphasizing the mechanisms and molecules that participate in the T. cruzi invasion process of the mammalian cells.
Collapse
|
45
|
Cardenas TC, Johnson CA, Pratap S, Nde PN, Furtak V, Kleshchenko YY, Lima MF, Villalta F. REGULATION of the EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX INTERACTOME by Trypanosoma cruzi. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 4:72-76. [PMID: 21499436 DOI: 10.2174/1874421401004010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown that the invasive trypomastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi use and modulate components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) during the initial process of infection. Infective trypomastigotes up-regulate the expression of laminin γ-1 (LAMC1) and thrombospondin (THBS1) to facilitate the recruitment of trypomastigotes to enhance cellular infection. Silencing the expression of LAMC1 and THBS1 by stable RNAi dramatically reduces trypanosome infection. T. cruzi gp83, a ligand that mediates the attachment of trypanosomes to cells to initiate infection, up-regulates LAMC1 expression to enhance cellular infection. Infective trypomastigotes interact with LAMC1 through galectin-3 (LGALS3), a human lectin, to enhance cellular infection. Silencing the expression of LGALS3 also reduces cellular infection. Some trypanosome surface molecules also interact with the ECM to facilitate infection. Despite the role of the ECM in T. cruzi infection, almost nothing is known about the ECM interactome networks operating in the process of T. cruzi infection. In this mini review, we critically analyze and discuss the regulation of the ECM by T. cruzi and its gp83 ligand, and present the first elucidation of the human ECM interactome network, regulated by T. cruzi and its gp83 ligand, to facilitate cellular infection. The elucidation of the human ECM interactome regulated by T. cruzi is critically important to the understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of T. cruzi infection and developing novel approaches of intervention in Chagas' disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana C Cardenas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208-3599, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Sato S, St-Pierre C, Bhaumik P, Nieminen J. Galectins in innate immunity: dual functions of host soluble beta-galactoside-binding lectins as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and as receptors for pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Immunol Rev 2009; 230:172-87. [PMID: 19594636 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2009.00790.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The glycocalyx is a glycan layer found on the surfaces of host cells as well as microorganisms and enveloped virus. Its thickness may easily exceed 50 nm. The glycocalyx does not only serve as a physical protective barrier but also contains various structurally different glycans, which provide cell- or microorganism-specific 'glycoinformation'. This information is decoded by host glycan-binding proteins, lectins. The roles of lectins in innate immunity are well established, as exemplified by collectins, dectin-1, and dendritic cell (DC)-specific intracellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN). These mammalian lectins are synthesized in the secretory pathway and presented on the cell surface to bind to specific glycan 'epitopes'. As they recognize non-self glycans presented by microorganisms, they can be considered as receptors for pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), i.e. pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). One notable exception is the galectin family. Galectins are synthesized and stored in the cytoplasm, but upon infection-initiated tissue damage and/or following prolonged infection, cytosolic galectins are either passively released by dying cells or actively secreted by inflammatory activated cells through a non-classical pathway, the 'leaderless' secretory pathway. Once exported, galectins act as PRR, as well as immunomodulators (or cytokine-like modulators) in the innate response to some infectious diseases. As galectins are dominantly found in the lesions where pathogen-initiated tissue damage signals appear, this lectin family is also considered as potential damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) candidates that orchestrate innate immune responses alongside the PAMP system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Sato
- Glycobiology Laboratory, Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, QC, Canada.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Pathogenic roles of CD14, galectin-3, and OX40 during experimental cerebral malaria in mice. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6793. [PMID: 19710907 PMCID: PMC2728507 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2009] [Accepted: 08/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
An in-depth knowledge of the host molecules and biological pathways that contribute towards the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria would help guide the development of novel prognostics and therapeutics. Genome-wide transcriptional profiling of the brain tissue during experimental cerebral malaria (ECM ) caused by Plasmodium berghei ANKA parasites in mice, a well established surrogate of human cerebral malaria, has been useful in predicting the functional classes of genes involved and pathways altered during the course of disease. To further understand the contribution of individual genes to the pathogenesis of ECM, we examined the biological relevance of three molecules – CD14, galectin-3, and OX40 that were previously shown to be overexpressed during ECM. We find that CD14 plays a predominant role in the induction of ECM and regulation of parasite density; deletion of the CD14 gene not only prevented the onset of disease in a majority of susceptible mice (only 21% of CD14-deficient compared to 80% of wildtype mice developed ECM, p<0.0004) but also had an ameliorating effect on parasitemia (a 2 fold reduction during the cerebral phase). Furthermore, deletion of the galectin-3 gene in susceptible C57BL/6 mice resulted in partial protection from ECM (47% of galectin-3-deficient versus 93% of wildtype mice developed ECM, p<0.0073). Subsequent adherence assays suggest that galectin-3 induced pathogenesis of ECM is not mediated by the recognition and binding of galectin-3 to P. berghei ANKA parasites. A previous study of ECM has demonstrated that brain infiltrating T cells are strongly activated and are CD44+CD62L− differentiated memory T cells [1]. We find that OX40, a marker of both T cell activation and memory, is selectively upregulated in the brain during ECM and its distribution among CD4+ and CD8+ T cells accumulated in the brain vasculature is approximately equal.
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
Galectins, which were first characterized in the mid-1970s, were assigned a role in the recognition of endogenous ('self') carbohydrate ligands in embryogenesis, development and immune regulation. Recently, however, galectins have been shown to bind glycans on the surface of potentially pathogenic microorganisms, and function as recognition and effector factors in innate immunity. Some parasites subvert the recognition roles of the vector or host galectins to ensure successful attachment or invasion. This Review discusses the role of galectins in microbial infection, with particular emphasis on adaptations of pathogens to evasion or subversion of host galectin-mediated immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo R Vasta
- University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Center of Marine Biotechnology, Columbus Center, Baltimore, 21202, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Villalta F, Scharfstein J, Ashton AW, Tyler KM, Guan F, Mukherjee S, Lima MF, Alvarez S, Weiss LM, Huang H, Machado FS, Tanowitz HB. Perspectives on the Trypanosoma cruzi-host cell receptor interactions. Parasitol Res 2009; 104:1251-60. [PMID: 19283409 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-009-1383-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2008] [Accepted: 02/25/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Chagas disease is caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. The critical initial event is the interaction of the trypomastigote form of the parasite with host receptors. This review highlights recent observations concerning these interactions. Some of the key receptors considered are those for thromboxane, bradykinin, and for the nerve growth factor TrKA. Other important receptors such as galectin-3, thrombospondin, and laminin are also discussed. Investigation into the molecular biology and cell biology of host receptors for T. cruzi may provide novel therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Villalta
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immune Response, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Galectin-glycan lattices regulate cell-surface glycoprotein organization and signalling. Biochem Soc Trans 2009; 36:1472-7. [PMID: 19021578 DOI: 10.1042/bst0361472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The formation of multivalent complexes of soluble galectins with glycoprotein receptors on the plasma membrane helps to organize glycoprotein assemblies on the surface of the cell. In some cell types, this formation of galectin-glycan lattices or scaffolds is critical for organizing plasma membrane domains, such as lipid rafts, or for targeted delivery of glycoproteins to the apical or basolateral surface. Galectin-glycan lattice formation is also involved in regulating the signalling threshold of some cell-surface glycoproteins, including T-cell receptors and growth factor receptors. Finally, galectin-glycan lattices can determine receptor residency time by inhibiting endocytosis of glycoprotein receptors from the cell surface, thus modulating the magnitude or duration of signalling from the cell surface. This paper reviews recent evidence in vitro and in vivo for critical physiological and cellular functions that are regulated by galectin-glycoprotein interactions.
Collapse
|