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Richardson MB, Torigoe S, Yamasaki S, Williams SJ. Mycobacterium tuberculosis β-gentiobiosyl diacylglycerides signal through the pattern recognition receptor Mincle: total synthesis and structure activity relationships. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 51:15027-30. [PMID: 26310657 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc04773k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra produces a range of immunogenic β-gentiobiosyl diacylglycerides. We report the total synthesis of several candidate structures and show that these compounds signal weakly through mouse, but not human, Mincle. Structure-activity relationships reveal a striking dependence upon acyl chain length for gentiobiosyl diacylglyceride signalling through Mincle. Significantly, a truncated β-glucosyl diglyceride was shown to provide potent signalling through both human and mouse Mincle and could activate murine bone marrow derived dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark B Richardson
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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Bacterial species-characteristic profiles of molecular species, and the antigenicity of phospholipids and glycolipids in symbiotic Lactobacillus, Staphylococcus and Streptococcus species. Glycoconj J 2012; 29:199-209. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-012-9393-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Iwamori M, Sakai A, Minamimoto N, Iwamori Y, Tanaka K, Aoki D, Adachi S, Nomura T. Characterization of novel glycolipid antigens with an α-galactose epitope in lactobacilli detected with rabbit anti-Lactobacillus antisera and occurrence of antibodies against them in human sera. J Biochem 2011; 150:515-23. [PMID: 21784785 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvr091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-Lactobacillus johnsonii (LJ) antisera generated by immunization of rabbits with LJ reacted with glyceroglycolipids in LJ, i.e. dihexaosyl diacylglycerol (DH-DG), trihexaosyl DG (TH-DG) and tetrahexaosyl DG (TetH-DG), whose reactivities with antisera increased proportionally with longer carbohydrate chains of glycolipids. Structural analyses of glycolipids from LJ revealed that DH-DG was Galα1-2Glcα1-3'DG, and TH-DG and TetH-DG were novel derivatives of it with α-Gal at the non-reducing terminal, i.e. Galα1-6Galα1-2Glcα1-3'DG and Galα1-6Galα1-6Galα1-2Glcα1-3'DG, respectively. DH-DG was commonly present in several lactobacilli examined, but TetH-DG was restricted to LJ, L. intestinalis and L. reuteri, while the TH-DGs from L. casei were Glc1-6Galα1-2Glcα1-3'DG and an esterified derivative of it, Glc1-6Galα1-2Glc(6-fatty acid)α1-3'DG, as reported in the literature. Anti-LJ antisera reacted with TH-DG and esterified TH-DG from L. casei to lesser extents, but not at all with gentibiosyl DG from Staphylococcus epidermidis or kojibiosyl DG from Streptococcus salivalis or sphingoglycolipids containing α-Gal residues. The major molecular species of glycolipids obtained from lactobacilli were 11-octadecenoic and 11,12-methylene-octadecanoic acids-containing ones. Also, human IgM antibodies against TH-DG and TetH-DG from LJ were detected in human sera, with various antibody titres, indicating that an immune reaction to symbiotic lactobacilli occurs against their glycolipid antigens, TH-DG and TetH-DG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Iwamori
- Department of Biochemistry, Kinki University, Kowakae, Higashiosaka, Osaka, Japan.
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Abstract
LIPIDAT is a computerized database providing access to the wealth of information scattered throughout the literature concerning synthetic and biologically derived polar lipid polymorphic and mesomorphic phase behavior. The database is considered comprehensive for glycerophospholipids, glycoglycerolipids, sphingolipids and natural membrane extracts. Here, a review of the LIPIDAT data subset referring to glycoglycerolipids is presented together with an analysis of these data. The glycoglycerolipids subset represents 4% of all LIPIDAT records. It includes data collected over a 20-year period and consists of 419 records obtained from 37 articles in 13 journals. An analysis of the data in the subset has allowed us to identify trends in hydrated glycoglycerolipids phase behavior reflecting differences in hydrocarbon chain length, chain branching, chain-glycerol linkage type (ether vs. ester), sugar headgroup-glycerol linkage type (alpha vs. beta) and sugar headgroup identity. Included is a summary of the data concerning the effect of pH and of stereochemical purity on glycoglycerolipid phase behavior. Information on the mesomorphism of biologically derived and dry glycoglycerolipids is also presented. This review includes 92 references.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Koynova
- Department of Chemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210-1173
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bittman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing 11367
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van Boeckel C, Visser G, van Boom J. Synthesis of phosphatidyl-β-glucosyl glycerol containing a dioleoyl diglyceride moiety. Tetrahedron 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)82350-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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van Boeckel C, van Boom J. Synthesis of phosphatidyl-α-glucosyl glycerol containing a dioleoyl phosphatidyl moiety. Application of the tetraisopropyldisiloxane-1,3-diyl (tips) protecting group in sugar chemistry. part III. Tetrahedron 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)82349-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Naot Y, Guptill DR, Mullenax J, Remington JS. Characterization of Toxoplasma gondii antigens that react with human immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G antibodies. Infect Immun 1983; 41:331-8. [PMID: 6862628 PMCID: PMC264782 DOI: 10.1128/iai.41.1.331-338.1983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies were performed to define the nature of the Toxoplasma gondii antigens that are recognized by human immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG antibodies. Both IgM and IgG antibodies were found to be directed mainly against T. gondii membrane antigens in sera obtained from patients with acute toxoplasmosis. Treatment of the membrane preparation with DNase, RNase, or lipase had no apparent effect on the reactivity of the membrane antigens with IgM and IgG antibodies. Lipids isolated from tachyzoites were not recognized by either IgM or IgG antibodies. Exposure of T. gondii membranes to heat, proteolysis, or oxidation with sodium periodate decreased the reactivity of the membrane preparations with both IgM and IgG antibodies. A preparation of T. gondii proteins and polysaccharides were recognized by both immunoglobulin classes. T. gondii polysaccharides reacted with human IgG antibodies produced during both the acute and chronic phases of the infection. We concluded that, after infection with T. gondii, IgM and IgG antibodies are elicited in response to both protein and carbohydrate constituents of the invading parasite.
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Boeckel SAAV, Boom JHV. SYNTHESIS OF MEMBRANE SUBSTANCES: PHOSPHATIDYL-α-DIGLUCOSYL DIGLYCERIDE AND RELATED GLYCOLIPIDS. CHEM LETT 1981. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.1981.581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Archer DB. The structure and functions of the mycoplasma membrane. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1981; 69:1-44. [PMID: 7012066 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)62319-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Abstract
The chemical syntheses of naturally occurring glycolipids derived from sphingosine bases and glycerol derivatives, and the syntheses of polyisoprenoid lipid intermediates and other miscellaneous glycolipids recorded up to the end of 1977 are reviewed.
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Abstract
The total lipid content of Acholeplasma oculi comprises 13.3% of the dry weight of the organism and is about equally distributed between the neutral lipids plus glycolipids and the phospholipids. The phospholipids were identified as phosphatidyl glycerol and diphosphatidyl glycerol. The glycolipid fraction contained O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 1)-2,3-diacyl glycerol and O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 2)-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 1)-2,3-diacyl glycerol. The neutral lipid contained pigmented carotenoids. Hot aqueous phenol extraction of lipid-extracted whole cells yielded a polymeric carbohydrate comprising 2.3% of the dry weight of the organism. The A. oculi lipopolysaccharide was found to contain only neutral sugars and no amino sugar, in contrast to other acholeplasmas. The neutral sugars consisted of fucose, galactose, and glucose in a ratio of 2:19:3.
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Abstract
The neutral lipids of Acholeplasma axanthum contain carotenoid pigments, as evidenced by spectral characteristics, visual color, color reactions, and labeling with [2-14C-A1mevalonic acid. Approximately 80% of the label from [2-14C]mevalonic acid appeared in esterified fatty acids of the glycolipids and polar lipids. These carboxylic acids behaved as hydroxy acids of varying chain length.
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Patel KR, Smith PF, Mayberry WR. Comparison of lipids from Spiroplasma citri and corn stunt spiroplasma. J Bacteriol 1978; 136:829-31. [PMID: 711681 PMCID: PMC218616 DOI: 10.1128/jb.136.2.829-831.1978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The qualitative lipid composition of Spiroplasma citri and corn stunt spiroplasma is identical. Small amounts of acylated glucose and steryl glucoside were found.
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Smith PF, Langworthy TA, Mayberry WR. Distribution and composition of lipopolysaccharides from mycoplasmas. J Bacteriol 1976; 125:916-22. [PMID: 1254559 PMCID: PMC236167 DOI: 10.1128/jb.125.3.916-922.1976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymeric carbohydrates containing glycerol and fatty acids were isolated from whole cells and membranes of mycoplasmas by hot aqueous phenol extraction and gel filtration. Lipopolysaccharides were found to occur in four species of Acholeplasma, two of Anaeroplasma, and in Mycoplasma neurolyticum. None were detected in Spiroplasma citri or in five species of Mycoplasma. All lipopolysaccharides contained both neutral and N-acylated amino sugars in ratios varying from 1:1 to 3:1. The neutral sugars found in varying distribution were glucose, galactose, and mannose. The amino sugars included fucosamine, an unidentified deoxyhexosamine, galactosamine, and glucosamine. Fucosamine and glucose were the only sugars common to all lipopolysaccharides. The fatty acids were similar to those found in the lipids of each organism.
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Shaw N. Bacterial Glycolipids and Glycophospholipids. Adv Microb Physiol 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2911(08)60281-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Sugiyama T, Smith PF, Langworthy TA, Mayberry WR. Immunological analysis of glycolipids and lipopolysaccharides derived from various mycoplasmas. Infect Immun 1974; 10:1273-9. [PMID: 4215761 PMCID: PMC423099 DOI: 10.1128/iai.10.6.1273-1279.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The lipids and lipopolysaccharides of five mycoplasmas were examined for complement-fixing activity to antimembrane rabbit sera. Total glycolipid fractions and the aqueous phenol fractions (lipopolysaccharides) from the membranes of Acholeplasma laidlawii, A. modicum, A. axanthum, and Mycoplasma neurolyticum exhibited significant antigenic activity. The glycolipids and phosphoglycolipids from Thermoplasma acidophilum were either anticomplementary or did not react due to their extreme hydrophobic nature. High activity was found using the lipopolysaccharide of T. acidophilum. The pure glycolipids and phosphoglycolipids of the Acholeplasma and Mycoplasma species also exhibited significant complement-fixing activity. Acylation of the sugar residues of these lipids reduced or negated complement-fixing activity. Double cross-reactions between the glycolipids of A. laidlawii and A. modicum appeared to be due to mono- and diglucosyl diglycerides of identical structure. Specificity of glycolipid structure was noted by the absence of cross-reactions between A. laidlawii and M. neurolyticum, the glycolipids of which differ only in the nature of the glucose linkages. The existence of lipopolysaccharides in the membranes of mycoplasmas and their complement-fixing activity in the presence of antimembrane sera suggest their possible importance as specific antigenic determinants.
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Schiefer HG, Gerhardt U, Brunner H, Krüpe M. Studies with lectins on the surface carbohydrate structures of mycoplasma membranes. J Bacteriol 1974; 120:81-8. [PMID: 4138526 PMCID: PMC245733 DOI: 10.1128/jb.120.1.81-88.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The surface carbohydrate structures on the cell membranes of various mycoplasma species have been investigated by using lectins, which are sugar-specific proteins. Carbohydrate structures presumably bound to glycolipids, with both galactose and glucose units, were found to be exposed on the surface of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and its temperature-sensitive mutants, M. mycoides var. mycoides and capri, M. pulmonis, M. gallinarum, and M. gallisepticum. Lipid-bound glucose was found on M. neurolyticum. The possible relationship of the lipid-bound surface carbohydrate groups to the known serological cross-reactions and lipid compositions of the various mycoplasma species is discussed. Intact Acholeplasma laidlawii and M. fermentans have no lectin-binding sites exposed on their surfaces; galactose groups were discovered only after Pronase digestion of the organisms, suggesting that their glycolipids are hidden under a protein layer. Neither intact nor Pronase-digested M. hominis reacted with the lectins; this is fully consistent with the lipid composition of this organism, which contains glycolipids. The lectins from Vicia cracca and Phaseolus vulgaris, which react with N-acetyl-galactosamine groups, agglutinated M. gallinarum, M. gallisepticum, M. mycoides var. capri, and M. pulmonis. The agglutinability was lost after Pronase treatment, indicating that the corresponding carbohydrates are presumably protein bound. They may be correlated with the extracellular structures observed by electron microscopy of both sectioned and negatively stained mycoplasma species.
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Abstract
Complement-fixing activity of a T strain of Mycoplasma was found to be associated with its lipid components. Heat stability and lability of periodate and beta-glucosidase treatments led to the conclusion that complement-fixing, active lipids had carboydrate determinants. Periodate treatment of chromatographic fractions of a chloroform-methanol extract showed that only antigens contained in the acetone fraction were periodate labile. Lipids also appeared to be involved in the passive hemagglutination, since the lipid fraction active in complement fixation also combined and blocked the action of antibodies which agglutinated sensitized erythrocytes with strain P108.
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