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Barik S, Panda AK, Biswas VK, Das S, Chakraborty A, Beura S, Modak R, Raghav SK, Kar RK, Biswas A. Lysine acetylation of Hsp16.3: Effect on its structure, chaperone function and influence towards the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 268:131763. [PMID: 38657928 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Hsp16.3 plays a vital role in the slow growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis via its chaperone function. Many secretory proteins, including Hsp16.3 undergo acetylation in vivo. Seven lysine (K) residues (K64, K78, K85, K114, K119, K132 and K136) in Hsp16.3 are acetylated inside pathogen. However, how lysine acetylation affects its structure, chaperone function and pathogen's growth is still elusive. We examined these aspects by executing in vitro chemical acetylation (acetic anhydride modification) and by utilizing a lysine acetylation mimic mutant (Hsp16.3-K64Q/K78Q/K85Q/K114Q/K119Q/K132Q/K136Q). Far- and near-UV CD measurements revealed that the chemically acetylated proteins(s) and acetylation mimic mutant has altered secondary and tertiary structure than unacetylated/wild-type protein. The chemical modification and acetylation mimic mutation also disrupted the oligomeric assembly, increased surface hydrophobicity and reduced stability of Hsp16.3, as revealed by GF-HPLC, 4,4'-dianilino-1,1'-binaphthyl-5,5'-disulfonic acid binding and urea denaturation experiments, respectively. These structural changes collectively led to an enhancement in chaperone function (aggregation and thermal inactivation prevention ability) of Hsp16.3. Moreover, when the H37Rv strain expressed the acetylation mimic mutant protein, its growth was slower in comparison to the strain expressing the wild-type/unacetylated Hsp16.3. Altogether, these findings indicated that lysine acetylation improves the chaperone function of Hsp16.3 which may influence pathogen's growth in host environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhashree Barik
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Alok Kumar Panda
- Environmental Science Laboratory, School of Applied Sciences, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | - Viplov Kumar Biswas
- Immunogenomics and Systems Biology Laboratory, Institute of Life Sciences (ILS), Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751023, India; School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Sheetal Das
- Jyoti and Bhupat Mehta School of Health Sciences and Technology, Center for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Ayon Chakraborty
- University Institute of Biotechnology, University Centre for Research & Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
| | - Shibangini Beura
- Infection and Epigenetics Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Rahul Modak
- Infection and Epigenetics Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Raghav
- Immunogenomics and Systems Biology Laboratory, Institute of Life Sciences (ILS), Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751023, India
| | - Rajiv K Kar
- Jyoti and Bhupat Mehta School of Health Sciences and Technology, Center for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Ashis Biswas
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, India.
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Fermiano TH, Perez de Souza JV, Murase LS, Salvaterra Pasquini JP, de Lima Scodro RB, Zanetti Campanerut-Sá PA, Caleffi-Ferracioli KR, Dias Siqueira VL, Meneguello JE, Vieira Teixeira JJ, Cardoso RF. Antimicrobial activity of carvacrol and its derivatives on Mycobacterium spp.: systematic review of preclinical studies. Future Med Chem 2024; 16:679-688. [PMID: 38390753 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2023-0249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: The scope of the study was to analyze original preclinical studies on the antimicrobial effects of carvacrol and derivatives on the Mycobacterium genus. Materials & methods: According to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement, four databases (PubMed, Web of Science, SCOPUS and EMBASE) were searched. Results: The search retrieved 392 records, of which 11 papers were selected. Heterogeneity in the techniques and mycobacterial targets was observed. Carvacrol demonstrated synergistic antimycobacterial activity with rifampicin against multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis on membranes and biofilms. In silico approaches showed specific targets in mycobacteria, by inhibition and molecular docking assays, on the enzyme chorismate mutase and the heat shock protein 16.3. Conclusion: Carvacrol has been shown to be a scaffold candidate for future molecules with activity against mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago H Fermiano
- Graduate Program in Biosciences & Physiopathology, State University of Maringá, 87020-900, Maringá-PR, Brazil
| | - João V Perez de Souza
- Graduate Program in Biosciences & Physiopathology, State University of Maringá, 87020-900, Maringá-PR, Brazil
| | - Letícia S Murase
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, 87020-900, Maringá-PR, Brazil
| | - João P Salvaterra Pasquini
- Graduate Program in Biosciences & Physiopathology, State University of Maringá, 87020-900, Maringá-PR, Brazil
| | - Regiane B de Lima Scodro
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, 87020-900, Maringá-PR, Brazil
- Department of Clinical Analysis & Biomedicine, State University of Maringá, 87020-900, Maringá-PR, Brazil
| | - Paula A Zanetti Campanerut-Sá
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, 87020-900, Maringá-PR, Brazil
- Department of Clinical Analysis & Biomedicine, State University of Maringá, 87020-900, Maringá-PR, Brazil
| | - Katiany Rizzieri Caleffi-Ferracioli
- Graduate Program in Biosciences & Physiopathology, State University of Maringá, 87020-900, Maringá-PR, Brazil
- Department of Clinical Analysis & Biomedicine, State University of Maringá, 87020-900, Maringá-PR, Brazil
| | - Vera L Dias Siqueira
- Graduate Program in Biosciences & Physiopathology, State University of Maringá, 87020-900, Maringá-PR, Brazil
- Department of Clinical Analysis & Biomedicine, State University of Maringá, 87020-900, Maringá-PR, Brazil
| | - Jean E Meneguello
- Graduate Program in Biosciences & Physiopathology, State University of Maringá, 87020-900, Maringá-PR, Brazil
- Department of Clinical Analysis & Biomedicine, State University of Maringá, 87020-900, Maringá-PR, Brazil
| | - Jorge J Vieira Teixeira
- Graduate Program in Biosciences & Physiopathology, State University of Maringá, 87020-900, Maringá-PR, Brazil
- Department of Clinical Analysis & Biomedicine, State University of Maringá, 87020-900, Maringá-PR, Brazil
| | - Rosilene Fressatti Cardoso
- Graduate Program in Biosciences & Physiopathology, State University of Maringá, 87020-900, Maringá-PR, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, 87020-900, Maringá-PR, Brazil
- Department of Clinical Analysis & Biomedicine, State University of Maringá, 87020-900, Maringá-PR, Brazil
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Chugh S, Bahal RK, Dhiman R, Singh R. Antigen identification strategies and preclinical evaluation models for advancing tuberculosis vaccine development. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:57. [PMID: 38461350 PMCID: PMC10924964 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00834-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024] Open
Abstract
In its myriad devastating forms, Tuberculosis (TB) has existed for centuries, and humanity is still affected by it. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis), the causative agent of TB, was the foremost killer among infectious agents until the COVID-19 pandemic. One of the key healthcare strategies available to reduce the risk of TB is immunization with bacilli Calmette-Guerin (BCG). Although BCG has been widely used to protect against TB, reports show that BCG confers highly variable efficacy (0-80%) against adult pulmonary TB. Unwavering efforts have been made over the past 20 years to develop and evaluate new TB vaccine candidates. The failure of conventional preclinical animal models to fully recapitulate human response to TB, as also seen for the failure of MVA85A in clinical trials, signifies the need to develop better preclinical models for TB vaccine evaluation. In the present review article, we outline various approaches used to identify protective mycobacterial antigens and recent advancements in preclinical models for assessing the efficacy of candidate TB vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Chugh
- Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Ritika Kar Bahal
- Marshall Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Rohan Dhiman
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Ramandeep Singh
- Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, 121001, Haryana, India.
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Kumar TA, Birua S, SharathChandra M, Mukherjee P, Singh S, Kaul G, Akhir A, Chopra S, Hirschi J, Singh A, Chakrapani H. An Arm-to-Disarm Strategy to Overcome Phenotypic AMR in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.03.23.533925. [PMID: 38260651 PMCID: PMC10802243 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.23.533925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Most front-line tuberculosis drugs are ineffective against hypoxic non-replicating drug-tolerant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) contributing to phenotypic antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This is largely due to the poor permeability in the thick and waxy cell wall of persister cells, leading to diminished drug accumulation and reduced drug-target engagement. Here, using an "arm-to-disarm" prodrug approach, we demonstrate that non-replicating Mtb persisters can be sensitized to Moxifloxacin (MXF), a front-line TB drug. We design and develop a series of nitroheteroaryl MXF prodrugs that are substrates for bacterial nitroreductases (NTR), a class of enzymes that are over-expressed in hypoxic Mtb. Enzymatic activation involves electron-transfer to the nitroheteroaryl compound followed by protonation via water that contributes to the rapid cleavage rate of the protective group by NTR to produce the active drug. Phenotypic and genotypic data are fully consistent with MXF-driven lethality of the prodrug in Mtb with the protective group being a relatively innocuous bystander. The prodrug increased intracellular concentrations of MXF than MXF alone and is more lethal than MXF in non-replicating persisters. Hence, arming drugs to improve permeability, accumulation and drug-target engagement is a new therapeutic paradigm to disarm phenotypic AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Anand Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune, India
| | - Shalini Birua
- Division of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Piyali Mukherjee
- Division of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Samsher Singh
- Division of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Grace Kaul
- Division of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Janakipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow-226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Abdul Akhir
- Division of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Janakipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow-226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sidharth Chopra
- Division of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Janakipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow-226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | | | - Amit Singh
- Division of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Harinath Chakrapani
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune, India
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Puerner C, Vellanki S, Strauch JL, Cramer RA. Recent Advances in Understanding the Human Fungal Pathogen Hypoxia Response in Disease Progression. Annu Rev Microbiol 2023; 77:403-425. [PMID: 37713457 PMCID: PMC11034785 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-032521-021745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Fungal-mediated disease progression and antifungal drug efficacy are significantly impacted by the dynamic infection microenvironment. At the site of infection, oxygen often becomes limiting and induces a hypoxia response in both the fungal pathogen and host cells. The fungal hypoxia response impacts several important aspects of fungal biology that contribute to pathogenesis, virulence, antifungal drug susceptibility, and ultimately infection outcomes. In this review, we summarize recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms of the hypoxia response in the most common human fungal pathogens, discuss potential therapeutic opportunities, and highlight important areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Puerner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA;
| | - Sandeep Vellanki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA;
| | - Julianne L Strauch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA;
- Department of Biology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Robert A Cramer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA;
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Simcox BS, Tomlinson BR, Shaw LN, Rohde KH. Mycobacterium abscessus DosRS two-component system controls a species-specific regulon required for adaptation to hypoxia. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1144210. [PMID: 36968107 PMCID: PMC10034137 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1144210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium abscessus (Mab), an emerging opportunistic pathogen, predominantly infects individuals with underlying pulmonary diseases such as cystic fibrosis (CF). Current treatment outcomes for Mab infections are poor due to Mab's inherent antibiotic resistance and unique host interactions that promote phenotypic tolerance and hinder drug access. The hypoxic, mucus-laden airways in the CF lung and antimicrobial phagosome within macrophages represent hostile niches Mab must overcome via alterations in gene expression for survival. Regulatory mechanisms important for the adaptation and long-term persistence of Mab within the host are poorly understood, warranting further genetic and transcriptomics study of this emerging pathogen. DosRS Mab , a two-component signaling system (TCS), is one proposed mechanism utilized to subvert host defenses and counteract environmental stress such as hypoxia. The homologous TCS of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), DosRS Mtb , is known to induce a ~50 gene regulon in response to hypoxia, carbon monoxide (CO) and nitric oxide (NO) in vitro and in vivo. Previously, a small DosR Mab regulon was predicted using bioinformatics based on DosR Mtb motifs however, the role and regulon of DosRS Mab in Mab pathogenesis have yet to be characterized in depth. To address this knowledge gap, our lab generated a Mab dosRS knockout strain (MabΔdosRS) to investigate differential gene expression, and phenotype in an in vitro hypoxia model of dormancy. qRT-PCR and lux reporter assays demonstrate Mab_dosR and 6 predicted downstream genes are induced in hypoxia. In addition, RNAseq revealed induction of a much larger hypoxia response comprised of >1000 genes, including 127 differentially expressed genes in a dosRS mutant strain. Deletion of DosRS Mab led to attenuated growth under low oxygen conditions, a shift in morphotype from smooth to rough, and down-regulation of 216 genes. This study provides the first look at the global transcriptomic response of Mab to low oxygen conditions encountered in the airways of CF patients and within macrophage phagosomes. Our data also demonstrate the importance of DosRS Mab for adaptation of Mab to hypoxia, highlighting a distinct regulon (compared to Mtb) that is significantly larger than previously described, including both genes conserved across mycobacteria as well as Mab-specific genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breven S. Simcox
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Brooke R. Tomlinson
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Lindsey N. Shaw
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Kyle H. Rohde
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
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Mycobacterial Heat Shock Proteins in Sarcoidosis and Tuberculosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065084. [PMID: 36982159 PMCID: PMC10048904 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathological similarities between sarcoidosis (SA) and tuberculosis (TB) suggest the role of mycobacterial antigens in the etiopathogenesis of SA. The Dubaniewicz group revealed that not whole mycobacteria, but Mtb-HSP70, Mtb-HSP 65, and Mtb-HSP16 were detected in the lymph nodes, sera, and precipitated immune complexes in patients with SA and TB. In SA, the Mtb-HSP16 concentration was higher than that of Mtb-HSP70 and that of Mtb-HSP65, whereas in TB, the Mtb-HSP16 level was increased vs. Mtb-HSP70. A high Mtb-HSP16 level, induced by low dose-dependent nitrate/nitrite (NOx), may develop a mycobacterial or propionibacterial genetic dormancy program in SA. In contrast to TB, increased peroxynitrite concentration in supernatants of peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures treated with Mtb-HSP may explain the low level of NOx detected in SA. In contrast to TB, monocytes in SA were resistant to Mtb-HSP-induced apoptosis, and CD4+T cell apoptosis was increased. Mtb-HSP-induced apoptosis of CD8+T cells was reduced in all tested groups. In Mtb-HSP-stimulated T cells, lower CD8+γδ+IL-4+T cell frequency with increased TNF-α,IL-6,IL-10 and decreased INF-γ,IL-2,IL-4 production were present in SA, as opposed to an increased presence of CD4+γδ+TCR cells with increased TNF-α,IL-6 levels in TB, vs. controls. Mtb-HSP modulating the level of co-stimulatory molecules, regulatory cells, apoptosis, clonal deletion, epitope spread, polyclonal activation and molecular mimicry between human and microbial HSPs may also participate in the induction of autoimmunity, considered in SA. In conclusion, in different genetically predisposed hosts, the same antigens, e.g., Mtb-HSP, may induce the development of TB or SA, including an autoimmune response in sarcoidosis.
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Bellanger T, Weidmann S. Is the lipochaperone activity of sHSP a key to the stress response encoded in its primary sequence? Cell Stress Chaperones 2023; 28:21-33. [PMID: 36367671 PMCID: PMC9877275 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-022-01308-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several strategies have been put in place by organisms to adapt to their environment. One of these strategies is the production of stress proteins such as sHSPs, which have been widely described over the last 30 years for their role as molecular chaperones. Some sHSPs have, in addition, the particularity to exert a lipochaperone role by interacting with membrane lipids to maintain an optimal membrane fluidity. However, the mechanisms involved in this sHSP-lipid interaction remain poorly understood and described rather sporadically in the literature. This review gathers the information concerning the structure and function of these proteins available in the literature in order to highlight the mechanism involved in this interaction. In addition, analysis of primary sequence data of sHSPs available in database shows that sHSPs can interact with lipids via certain amino acid residues present on some β sheets of these proteins. These residues could have a key role in the structure and/or oligomerization dynamics of sHPSs, which is certainly essential for interaction with membrane lipids and consequently for maintaining optimal cell membrane fluidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Bellanger
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-comté, AgroSup Dijon, PAM UMR A 02.102, Dijon, France
| | - Stéphanie Weidmann
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-comté, AgroSup Dijon, PAM UMR A 02.102, Dijon, France
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Nadolinskaia NI, Kotliarova MS, Goncharenko AV. Fighting Tuberculosis: In Search of a BCG Replacement. Microorganisms 2022; 11:microorganisms11010051. [PMID: 36677343 PMCID: PMC9863999 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is one of the most threatening infectious diseases and represents an important and significant reason for mortality in high-burden regions. The only licensed vaccine, BCG, is hardly capable of establishing long-term tuberculosis protection and is highly variable in its effectiveness. Even after 100 years of BCG use and research, we still cannot unequivocally answer the question of which immune correlates of protection are crucial to prevent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection or the progression of the disease. The development of a new vaccine against tuberculosis arises a nontrivial scientific challenge caused by several specific features of the intracellular lifestyle of Mtb and the ability of the pathogen to manipulate host immunity. The purpose of this review is to discuss promising strategies and the possibilities of creating a new vaccine that could replace BCG and provide greater protection. The considered approaches include supplementing mycobacterial strains with immunodominant antigens and genetic engineering aimed at altering the interaction between the bacterium and the host cell, such as the exit from the phagosome. Improved new vaccine strains based on BCG and Mtb undergoing clinical evaluation are also overviewed.
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Wang J, Yuan T, He X, Yi Z, Li H, Gao W, Li Q. Production, characterization, and application of phage-derived PK34 recombinant anti-microbial peptide. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 107:163-174. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12306-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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Rehna EA, Munavar H, Dharmalingam K, Shakila M, Natesan S. Mycobacterium leprae hsp18 promoter-EGFP transcriptional fusion construct: Environmental stress and strain-specific expression. Gene 2022; 851:147034. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.147034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Poulton NC, Rock JM. Unraveling the mechanisms of intrinsic drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:997283. [PMID: 36325467 PMCID: PMC9618640 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.997283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is among the most difficult infections to treat, requiring several months of multidrug therapy to produce a durable cure. The reasons necessitating long treatment times are complex and multifactorial. However, one major difficulty of treating TB is the resistance of the infecting bacterium, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), to many distinct classes of antimicrobials. This review will focus on the major gaps in our understanding of intrinsic drug resistance in Mtb and how functional and chemical-genetics can help close those gaps. A better understanding of intrinsic drug resistance will help lay the foundation for strategies to disarm and circumvent these mechanisms to develop more potent antitubercular therapies.
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Evaluating the Performance of PPE44, HSPX, ESAT-6 and CFP-10 Factors in Tuberculosis Subunit Vaccines. Curr Microbiol 2022; 79:260. [PMID: 35852636 PMCID: PMC9295111 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-022-02949-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) is an intracellular pathogen causing long-term infection in humans that mainly attacks macrophages and can escape from the immune system with the various mechanisms. The only FDA-approved vaccine against M. tuberculosis (MTB) is Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). The protection of this vaccine typically lasts 10–15 years. Due to the increasing number of people becoming ill with MTB each year worldwide, the need to develop a new effective treatment against the disease has been increased. During the past two decades, the research budget for TB vaccine has quadrupled to over half a billion dollars. Most of these research projects were based on amplifying and stimulating the response of T-cells and developing the subunit vaccines. Additionally, these studies have demonstrated that secretory and immunogenic proteins of MTB play a key role in the pathogenesis of the bacteria. Therefore, these proteins were used to develop the new subunit vaccines. In this review, based on the use of these proteins in the successful new subunit vaccines, the PPE44, HSPX, CFP-10 and ESAT-6 antigens were selected and the role of these antigens in designing and developing new subunit vaccines against TB and for the prevention of TB were investigated.
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Shamma F, Rego EH, Boutte CC. Mycobacterial serine/threonine phosphatase PstP is phosphoregulated and localized to mediate control of cell wall metabolism. Mol Microbiol 2022; 118:47-60. [PMID: 35670057 PMCID: PMC10070032 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The mycobacterial cell wall is profoundly regulated in response to environmental stresses, and this regulation contributes to antibiotic tolerance. The reversible phosphorylation of different cell wall regulatory proteins is a major mechanism of cell wall regulation. Eleven serine/threonine protein kinases phosphorylate many critical cell wall-related proteins in mycobacteria. PstP is the sole serine/ threonine phosphatase, but few proteins have been verified as PstP substrates. PstP is itself phosphorylated, but the role of its phosphorylation in regulating its activity has been unclear. In this study, we aim to discover novel substrates of PstP in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). We show in vitro that PstP dephosphorylates two regulators of peptidoglycan in Mtb, FhaA, and Wag31. We also show that a phosphomimetic mutation of T137 on PstP negatively regulates its catalytic activity against the cell wall regulators FhaA, Wag31, CwlM, PknB, and PknA, and that the corresponding mutation in Mycobacterium smegmatis causes misregulation of peptidoglycan in vivo. We show that PstP is localized to the septum, which likely restricts its access to certain substrates. These findings on the regulation of PstP provide insight into the control of cell wall metabolism in mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Shamma
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
| | - E Hesper Rego
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Cara C Boutte
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
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15
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An Immunoinformatic Strategy to Develop New Mycobacterium tuberculosis Multi-epitope Vaccine. Int J Pept Res Ther 2022; 28:99. [PMID: 35573911 PMCID: PMC9086656 DOI: 10.1007/s10989-022-10406-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes a life-threatening disease known as tuberculosis (TB). In 2021, tuberculosis was the second cause of death after COVID-19 among infectious diseases. Latent life cycle and development of multidrug resistance in one hand and lack of an effective vaccine in another hand have made TB a global health issue. Here, a multi-epitope vaccine have been designed against TB using five new antigenic protein and immunoinformatic tools. To do so, immunodominant MHC-I/MHC-II binding epitopes of Rv2346, Rv2347, Rv3614, Rv3615 and Rv2031 antigenic proteins have been selected using advanced computational procedures. The vaccine was designed by linking ten epitopes from the antigenic proteins and flagellin and TpD as adjuvant. Three-dimensional (3D) structure of the vaccine was modeled, was refined and was evaluated using bioinformatics tools. The 3D structure of the vaccine was docked into the toll-like-receptors (TLR3, 4, 8) to evaluate potential interaction between the vaccine and TLRs. Evaluation of immunological and physicochemical properties of the constructed vaccine have demonstrated the vaccine construct can induce significant humoral and cellular immune responses, the vaccine is non-allergenic and can be recognized by TLR proteins. The immunoinformatic results reported in the present study demonstrates that it is worth following the designed vaccine by experimental investigations.
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16
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Yimcharoen M, Saikaew S, Wattananandkul U, Phunpae P, Intorasoot S, Kasinrerk W, Tayapiwatana C, Butr-Indr B. The Regulation of ManLAM-Related Gene Expression in Mycobacterium tuberculosis with Different Drug Resistance Profiles Following Isoniazid Treatment. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15:399-412. [PMID: 35153492 PMCID: PMC8828085 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s346869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) remains a global health concern because of the development of drug resistance. The adaptability of MTB in response to a variety of environmental stresses is a crucial strategy that supports their survival and evades host defense mechanisms. Stress regulates gene expression, particularly virulence genes, leading to the development of drug tolerance. Mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan (ManLAM) is a critical component of the cell wall, functions as a virulence factor and influences host defense mechanisms. Purpose This study focuses on the effect of isoniazid (INH) stress on the regulation of ManLAM-related genes, to improve our understanding of virulence and drug resistance development in MTB. Materials and Methods MTB with distinct drug resistance profiles were used for gene expression analysis. Multiplex-real time PCR assay was performed to monitor stress-related genes (hspX, tgs1, and sigE). The expression levels of ManLAM-related genes (pimB, mptA, mptC, dprE1, dprE2, and embC) were quantified by qRT-PCR. Sequence analysis of drug resistance-associated genes (inhA, katG, and rpoB) and ManLAM-related genes were performed to establish a correlation between genetic variation and gene expression. Results INH treatment activates the stress response mechanism in MTB, resulting in a distinct gene expression pattern between drug resistance and drug-sensitive TB. In response to INH, hspX was up-regulated in RIF-R and MDR. tgs1 was strongly up-regulated in MDR, whereas sigE was dramatically up-regulated in the drug-sensitive TB. Interestingly, ManLAM-related genes were most up-regulated in drug resistance, notably MDR (pimB, mptA, dprE1, and embC), implying a role for drug resistance and adaptability of MTB via ManLAM modulation. Conclusion This study establishes a relationship between the antibiotic stress response mechanism and the expression of ManLAM-related genes in MTB samples with diverse drug resistance profiles. The novel gene expression pattern in this work is valuable knowledge that can be applied for TB monitoring and treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manita Yimcharoen
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Sukanya Saikaew
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Usanee Wattananandkul
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Ponrut Phunpae
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Sorasak Intorasoot
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Watchara Kasinrerk
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
- Biomedical Technology Research Center, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency at The Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Chatchai Tayapiwatana
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
- Biomedical Technology Research Center, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency at The Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
- Center of Biomolecular Therapy and Diagnostic, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Bordin Butr-Indr
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
- Correspondence: Bordin Butr-Indr, Tel +66 53945086 ext. 15, Fax +66 53217143, Email ;
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17
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Anna F, Lopez J, Moncoq F, Blanc C, Authié P, Noirat A, Fert I, Souque P, Nevo F, Pawlik A, Hardy D, Goyard S, Hudrisier D, Brosch R, Guinet F, Neyrolles O, Charneau P, Majlessi L. A lentiviral vector expressing a dendritic cell-targeting multimer induces mucosal anti-mycobacterial CD4 + T-cell immunity. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:1389-1404. [PMID: 36104497 PMCID: PMC9473479 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-022-00566-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Most viral vectors, including the potently immunogenic lentiviral vectors (LVs), only poorly direct antigens to the MHC-II endosomal pathway and elicit CD4+ T cells. We developed a new generation of LVs encoding antigen-bearing monomers of collectins substituted at their C-terminal domain with the CD40 ligand ectodomain to target and activate antigen-presenting cells. Host cells transduced with such optimized LVs secreted soluble collectin-antigen polymers with the potential to be endocytosed in vivo and reach the MHC-II pathway. In the murine tuberculosis model, such LVs induced efficient MHC-II antigenic presentation and triggered both CD8+ and CD4+ T cells at the systemic and mucosal levels. They also conferred a significant booster effect, consistent with the importance of CD4+ T cells for protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Given the pivotal role of CD4+ T cells in orchestrating innate and adaptive immunity, this strategy could have a broad range of applications in the vaccinology field.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Anna
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Pasteur-TheraVectys Joint Lab, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Jodie Lopez
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Pasteur-TheraVectys Joint Lab, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Fanny Moncoq
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Pasteur-TheraVectys Joint Lab, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Catherine Blanc
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Pasteur-TheraVectys Joint Lab, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Pierre Authié
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Pasteur-TheraVectys Joint Lab, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Amandine Noirat
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Pasteur-TheraVectys Joint Lab, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Ingrid Fert
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Pasteur-TheraVectys Joint Lab, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Philippe Souque
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Pasteur-TheraVectys Joint Lab, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Fabien Nevo
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Pasteur-TheraVectys Joint Lab, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Pawlik
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics Unit, CNRS UMR 3525, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - David Hardy
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Histopathology Platform, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Sophie Goyard
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Platform for Innovation and Development of Diagnostic Tests, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Denis Hudrisier
- grid.508721.9Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, CNRS, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Roland Brosch
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics Unit, CNRS UMR 3525, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Françoise Guinet
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Lymphocytes and Immunity Unit, INSERM U1223, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Neyrolles
- grid.508721.9Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, CNRS, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre Charneau
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Pasteur-TheraVectys Joint Lab, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Laleh Majlessi
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Pasteur-TheraVectys Joint Lab, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015 Paris, France
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18
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Mycobacterial MCE proteins as transporters that control lipid homeostasis of the cell wall. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2021; 132:102162. [PMID: 34952299 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2021.102162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian cell entry (mce) genes are not only present in genomes of pathogenic mycobacteria, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis (the causative agent of tuberculosis), but also in saprophytic and opportunistic mycobacterial species. MCE are conserved cell-wall proteins encoded by mce operons, which maintain an identical structure in all mycobacteria: two yrbE genes (A and B) followed by six mce genes (A, B, C, D, E and F). Although these proteins are known to participate in the virulence of pathogenic mycobacteria, the presence of the operons in nonpathogenic mycobacteria and other bacteria indicates that they play another role apart from host cell invasion. In this respect, more recent studies suggest that they are functionally similar to ABC transporters and form part of lipid transporters in Actinobacteria. To date, most reviews on mce operons in the literature discuss their role in virulence. However, according to data from transcriptional studies, mce genes, particularly the mce1 and mce4 operons, modify their expression according to the carbon source and upon hypoxia, starvation, surface stress and oxidative stress; which suggests a role of MCE proteins in the response of Mycobacteria to external stressors. In addition to these data, this review also summarizes the studies demonstrating the role of MCE proteins as lipid transporters as well as the relevance of their transport function in the interaction of pathogenic Mycobacteria with the hosts. Altogether, the evidence to date would indicate that MCE proteins participate in the response to the stress conditions that mycobacteria encounter during infection, by participating in the cell wall remodelling and possibly contributing to lipid homeostasis.
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19
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Joshi H, Kandari D, Bhatnagar R. Insights into the molecular determinants involved in Mycobacterium tuberculosis persistence and their therapeutic implications. Virulence 2021; 12:2721-2749. [PMID: 34637683 PMCID: PMC8565819 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1990660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The establishment of persistent infections and the reactivation of persistent bacteria to active bacilli are the two hurdles in effective tuberculosis treatment. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, an etiologic tuberculosis agent, adapts to numerous antibiotics and resists the host immune system causing a disease of public health concern. Extensive research has been employed to combat this disease due to its sheer ability to persist in the host system, undetected, waiting for the opportunity to declare itself. Persisters are a bacterial subpopulation that possesses transient tolerance to high doses of antibiotics. There are certain inherent mechanisms that facilitate the persister cell formation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, some of those had been characterized in the past namely, stringent response, transcriptional regulators, energy production pathways, lipid metabolism, cell wall remodeling enzymes, phosphate metabolism, and proteasome protein degradation. This article reviews the recent advancements made in various in vitro persistence models that assist to unravel the mechanisms involved in the persister cell formation and to hunt for the possible preventive or treatment measures. To tackle the persister population the immunodominant proteins that express specifically at the latent phase of infection can be used for diagnosis to distinguish between the active and latent tuberculosis, as well as to select potential drug or vaccine candidates. In addition, we discuss the genes engaged in the persistence to get more insights into resuscitation and persister cell formation. The in-depth understanding of persistent cells of mycobacteria can certainly unravel novel ways to target the pathogen and tackle its persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant Joshi
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Divya Kandari
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Rakesh Bhatnagar
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
- Amity University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
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20
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Tkachenko O, Kozak N, Bilan M, Hlebeniuk V, Alekseeva N, Kovaleva L, Nedosekov V, Galatiuk O. The Effect of Long-Term Storage on Mycobacterium bovis. Pol J Microbiol 2021; 70:327-337. [PMID: 34584527 PMCID: PMC8459005 DOI: 10.33073/pjm-2021-031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It was established that when stored for many years (10–13 years) in low-temperature conditions (3°C), without sub-culture on a nutrient medium, Mycobacterium bovis grew as visible colonies along the line of inoculation. However, due to long-term storage in conditions of low temperature (3°C) morphology of mycobacteria differed significantly from initial cultures formed by rod-shaped bacteria. Some of them became pigment-forming and smooth on the surface. Unlike the initial strain of mycobacteria, a perennial bacteria stored under hard conditions did not cause the death of guinea pigs or their sensitization to a purified protein derivative for mammals. Morphological forms of the perennial mycobacteria had the following changes: pigment forming, L-forms of the vesicular type, non-acid-fast thread-like (filamentous) bacillary forms, and elementary bodies when compared to the initial strain. There were also some genetic changes in the target DNA due to the long-term storage of M. bovis. It may indicate a mutation in the pathogen’s DNA. These mycobacteria had altered biochemical activity during storage. The number of passages on the solid nutrient medium did not affect their fermentative activity. However, the low cultivation temperature increases mycobacterial catalase activity and the ability to hydrolyze Tween-80.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olexiy Tkachenko
- Dnipro State Agrarian and Economic University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Dnipro, Ukraine
| | - Natali Kozak
- Dnipro State Agrarian and Economic University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Dnipro, Ukraine
| | - Maryna Bilan
- Dnipro State Agrarian and Economic University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Dnipro, Ukraine
| | - Volodymyr Hlebeniuk
- Dnipro State Agrarian and Economic University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Dnipro, Ukraine
| | - Natalia Alekseeva
- Dnipro State Agrarian and Economic University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Dnipro, Ukraine
| | - Liliya Kovaleva
- Dnipro State Agrarian and Economic University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Dnipro, Ukraine
| | - Vitalii Nedosekov
- National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Olexandr Galatiuk
- Polissya National University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zhytomyr, Ukraine
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21
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Huang C, Pan L, Shen X, Tian H, Guo L, Zhang Z, Liu X. Hsp16.3 of mycobacterium tuberculosis in exosomes as a biomarker of tuberculosis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 40:2427-2430. [PMID: 33893878 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-021-04246-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are selectively packaged cell-derived vesicles that contain a rich cargo of nucleic acids and proteins. The small heat shock protein, Hsp16.3, is an important capsule protein produced by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). Exploring the distribution of Hsp16.3 in exosomes is valuable to tuberculosis biomarker development. Our results showed that Hsp16.3 protein overexpressed in cells can be efficiently packaged into exosomes. U937 cells infected with MTB secreted abnormally excessive amounts of Hsp16.3 protein in exosomes. Finally, a substantial number of Hsp16.3 proteins were detected in blood exosomes of tuberculosis patients. The research provides a potential exosome-based tuberculosis biomarker for MTB diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Huang
- CAS Key Lab of Bio-Medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215163, People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Pan
- Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Key Laboratory for Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Research, Beijing, 101149, China
| | - Xiaoli Shen
- CAS Key Lab of Bio-Medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215163, People's Republic of China
| | - Huimin Tian
- CAS Key Lab of Bio-Medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215163, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Guo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang Nursing College, Harbin, 150086, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zongde Zhang
- Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Key Laboratory for Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Research, Beijing, 101149, China.
| | - Xiaomei Liu
- CAS Key Lab of Bio-Medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215163, People's Republic of China.
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22
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Allué-Guardia A, García JI, Torrelles JB. Evolution of Drug-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Strains and Their Adaptation to the Human Lung Environment. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:612675. [PMID: 33613483 PMCID: PMC7889510 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.612675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last two decades, multi (MDR), extensively (XDR), extremely (XXDR) and total (TDR) drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) strains have emerged as a threat to public health worldwide, stressing the need to develop new tuberculosis (TB) prevention and treatment strategies. It is estimated that in the next 35 years, drug-resistant TB will kill around 75 million people and cost the global economy $16.7 trillion. Indeed, the COVID-19 pandemic alone may contribute with the development of 6.3 million new TB cases due to lack of resources and enforced confinement in TB endemic areas. Evolution of drug-resistant M.tb depends on numerous factors, such as bacterial fitness, strain's genetic background and its capacity to adapt to the surrounding environment, as well as host-specific and environmental factors. Whole-genome transcriptomics and genome-wide association studies in recent years have shed some insights into the complexity of M.tb drug resistance and have provided a better understanding of its underlying molecular mechanisms. In this review, we will discuss M.tb phenotypic and genotypic changes driving resistance, including changes in cell envelope components, as well as recently described intrinsic and extrinsic factors promoting resistance emergence and transmission. We will further explore how drug-resistant M.tb adapts differently than drug-susceptible strains to the lung environment at the cellular level, modulating M.tb-host interactions and disease outcome, and novel next generation sequencing (NGS) strategies to study drug-resistant TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Allué-Guardia
- Population Health Program, Tuberculosis Group, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | | | - Jordi B. Torrelles
- Population Health Program, Tuberculosis Group, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
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23
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Chang DPS, Guan XL. Metabolic Versatility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis during Infection and Dormancy. Metabolites 2021; 11:88. [PMID: 33540752 PMCID: PMC7913082 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11020088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), is a highly successful intracellular pathogen with the ability to withstand harsh conditions and reside long-term within its host. In the dormant and persistent states, the bacterium tunes its metabolism and is able to resist the actions of antibiotics. One of the main strategies Mtb adopts is through its metabolic versatility-it is able to cometabolize a variety of essential nutrients and direct these nutrients simultaneously to multiple metabolic pathways to facilitate the infection of the host. Mtb further undergo extensive remodeling of its metabolic pathways in response to stress and dormancy. In recent years, advancement in systems biology and its applications have contributed substantially to a more coherent view on the intricate metabolic networks of Mtb. With a more refined appreciation of the roles of metabolism in mycobacterial infection and drug resistance, and the success of drugs targeting metabolism, there is growing interest in further development of anti-TB therapies that target metabolism, including lipid metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation. Here, we will review current knowledge revolving around the versatility of Mtb in remodeling its metabolism during infection and dormancy, with a focus on central carbon metabolism and lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xue Li Guan
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921, Singapore;
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24
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Phosphorylation on PstP Regulates Cell Wall Metabolism and Antibiotic Tolerance in Mycobacterium smegmatis. J Bacteriol 2021; 203:JB.00563-20. [PMID: 33257524 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00563-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis and its relatives, like many bacteria, have dynamic cell walls that respond to environmental stresses. Modulation of cell wall metabolism in stress is thought to be responsible for decreased permeability and increased tolerance to antibiotics. The signaling systems that control cell wall metabolism under stress, however, are poorly understood. Here, we examine the cell wall regulatory function of a key cell wall regulator, the serine/threonine phosphatase PstP, in the model organism Mycobacterium smegmatis We show that the peptidoglycan regulator CwlM is a substrate of PstP. We find that a phosphomimetic mutation, pstP T171E, slows growth, misregulates both mycolic acid and peptidoglycan metabolism in different conditions, and interferes with antibiotic tolerance. These data suggest that phosphorylation on PstP affects its activity against various substrates and is important in the transition between growth and stasis.IMPORTANCE Regulation of cell wall assembly is essential for bacterial survival and contributes to pathogenesis and antibiotic tolerance in mycobacteria, including pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis However, little is known about how the cell wall is regulated in stress. We describe a pathway of cell wall modulation in Mycobacterium smegmatis through the only essential Ser/Thr phosphatase, PstP. We showed that phosphorylation on PstP is important in regulating peptidoglycan metabolism in the transition to stasis and mycolic acid metabolism in growth. This regulation also affects antibiotic tolerance in growth and stasis. This work helps us to better understand the phosphorylation-mediated cell wall regulation circuitry in Mycobacteria.
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25
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Sebastian J, Nair RR, Swaminath S, Ajitkumar P. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Cells Surviving in the Continued Presence of Bactericidal Concentrations of Rifampicin in vitro Develop Negatively Charged Thickened Capsular Outer Layer That Restricts Permeability to the Antibiotic. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:554795. [PMID: 33391194 PMCID: PMC7773709 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.554795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Majority of the cells in the bacterial populations exposed to lethal concentrations of antibiotics for prolonged duration succumbs to the antibiotics' sterilizing activity. The remaining cells survive by diverse mechanisms that include reduced permeability of the antibiotics. However, in the cells surviving in the continued presence of lethal concentrations of antibiotics, it is not known whether any cell surface alterations occur that in turn may reduce permeability of the antibiotics. Here we report the presence of a highly negatively charged, hydrophilic, thickened capsular outer layer (TCOL) on a small proportion of the rifampicin surviving population (RSP) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) cells upon prolonged continuous exposure to bactericidal concentrations of rifampicin in vitro. The TCOL reduced the intracellular entry of 5-carboxyfluorescein-rifampicin (5-FAM-rifampicin), a fluorochrome-conjugated rifampicin permeability probe of negligible bacteriocidal activity but comparable properties. Gentle mechanical removal of the TCOL enabled significant increase in the 5-FAM-rifampicin permeability. Zeta potential measurements of the cells' surface charge and hexadecane assay for cell surface hydrophobicity showed that the TCOL imparted high negative charge and polar nature to the cells' surface. Flow cytometry using the MLP and RSP cells, stained with calcofluor white, which specifically binds glucose/mannose units in β (1 → 4) or β (1 → 3) linkages, revealed the presence of lower content of polysaccharides containing such residues in the TCOL. GC-MS analyses of the TCOL and the normal capsular outer layer (NCOL) of MLP cells showed elevated levels of α-D-glucopyranoside, mannose, arabinose, galactose, and their derivatives in the TCOL, indicating the presence of high content of polysaccharides with these residues. We hypothesize that the significantly high thickness and the elevated negative charge of the TCOL might have functioned as a physical barrier restricting the permeability of the relatively non-polar rifampicin. This might have reduced intracellular rifampicin concentration enabling the cells' survival in the continued presence of high doses of rifampicin. In the context of our earlier report on the de novo emergence of rifampicin-resistant genetic mutants of Mtb from the population surviving under lethal doses of the antibiotic, the present findings attain clinical significance if a subpopulation of the tubercle bacilli in tuberculosis patients possesses TCOL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jees Sebastian
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Rashmi Ravindran Nair
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Sharmada Swaminath
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
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Tran AC, Diogo GR, Paul MJ, Copland A, Hart P, Mehta N, Irvine EB, Mussá T, Drake PMW, Ivanyi J, Alter G, Reljic R. Mucosal Therapy of Multi-Drug Resistant Tuberculosis With IgA and Interferon-γ. Front Immunol 2020; 11:582833. [PMID: 33193394 PMCID: PMC7606302 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.582833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
New evidence has been emerging that antibodies can be protective in various experimental models of tuberculosis. Here, we report on protection against multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MDR-TB) infection using a combination of the human monoclonal IgA 2E9 antibody against the alpha-crystallin (Acr, HspX) antigen and mouse interferon-gamma in mice transgenic for the human IgA receptor, CD89. The effect of the combined mucosal IgA and IFN-γ; treatment was strongest (50-fold reduction) when therapy was applied at the time of infection, but a statistically significant reduction of lung bacterial load was observed even when the therapy was initiated once the infection had already been established. The protection involving enhanced phagocytosis and then neutrophil mediated killing of infected cells was IgA isotype mediated, because treatment with an IgG version of 2E9 antibody was not effective in human IgG receptor CD64 transgenic mice. The Acr antigen specificity of IgA antibodies for protection in humans has been indicated by their elevated serum levels in latent tuberculosis unlike the lack of IgA antibodies against the virulence-associated MPT64 antigen. Our results represent the first evidence for potential translation of mucosal immunotherapy for the management of MDR-TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy C Tran
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gil R Diogo
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J Paul
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alastair Copland
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Hart
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nickita Mehta
- Ragon Institute, Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | | | - Tufária Mussá
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique.,Departamento de Plataformas Tecnológicas em Saúde, Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Pascal M W Drake
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Juraj Ivanyi
- Departamento de Plataformas Tecnológicas em Saúde, Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique.,Guy's Campus of King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute, Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Rajko Reljic
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's University, London, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Successful treatment of tuberculosis (TB) can be hampered by Mycobacterium tuberculosis populations that are temporarily able to survive antibiotic pressure in the absence of drug resistance-conferring mutations, a phenomenon termed drug tolerance. We summarize findings on M. tuberculosis tolerance published in the past 20 years. Key M. tuberculosis responses to drug pressure are reduced growth rates, metabolic shifting, and the promotion of efflux pump activity. Metabolic shifts upon drug pressure mainly occur in M. tuberculosis's lipid metabolism and redox homeostasis, with reduced tricarboxylic acid cycle activity in favor of lipid anabolism. Increased lipid anabolism plays a role in cell wall thickening, which reduces sensitivity to most TB drugs. In addition to these general mechanisms, drug-specific mechanisms have been described. Upon isoniazid exposure, M. tuberculosis reprograms several pathways associated with mycolic acid biosynthesis. Upon rifampicin exposure, M. tuberculosis upregulates the expression of its drug target rpoB Upon bedaquiline exposure, ATP synthesis is stimulated, and the transcription factors Rv0324 and Rv0880 are activated. A better understanding of M. tuberculosis's responses to drug pressure will be important for the development of novel agents that prevent the development of drug tolerance following treatment initiation. Such agents could then contribute to novel TB treatment-shortening strategies.
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28
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Features of the biochemistry of Mycobacterium smegmatis, as a possible model for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Infect Public Health 2020; 13:1255-1264. [PMID: 32674978 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2020.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An alternate host for mycobacteria is Mycobacterium smegmatis which is used frequently. It is a directly budding eco-friendly organism not emulated as human infection. It is mainly useful for the investigation of various microorganisms in the sort of Mycobacteria in cell culture laboratories. Some Mycobacterium species groups that is normal, unsafe ailments, likely to Mycobacterium leprae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis. At present, various laboratories are clean and culture this type of species to make an opinion that fascinating route of harmful Mycobacteria. This publication provides aggregate data on cell shape, genome studies, ecology, pathology and utilization of M. smegmatis.
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29
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Obuchowski I, Liberek K. Small but mighty: a functional look at bacterial sHSPs. Cell Stress Chaperones 2020; 25:593-600. [PMID: 32301005 PMCID: PMC7332594 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-020-01094-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Small heat shock proteins (sHSPs) are widespread in every kingdom of life, being indispensable for protein quality control networks. Alongside canonical chaperone functions, sHSPs seem to have been a very plastic scaffold for acquiring multiple related functions across evolution. This review aims to summarize what is known about sHSPs functioning in the Bacteria Kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Obuchowski
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG-MUG, University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Liberek
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG-MUG, University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307, Gdansk, Poland
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30
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Singh VK, Mishra A, Bark S, Mani A, Subbian S, Hunter RL, Jagannath C, Khan A. Human mesenchymal stem cell based intracellular dormancy model of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Microbes Infect 2020; 22:423-431. [PMID: 32562667 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2020.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the biology of the tuberculosis pathogen during dormant asymptomatic infection, called latent tuberculosis is crucial to decipher a resilient therapeutic strategy for the disease. Recent discoveries exhibiting presence of pathogen's DNA and bacilli in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) of human and mouse despite completion of antitubercular therapy, indicates that these specific cells could be one of the niches for dormant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in humans. To determine if in vitro infection of human MSCs could recapitulate the in vivo characteristics of dormant M. tuberculosis, we examined survival, phenotype, and drug susceptibility of the pathogen in MSCs. When a very low multiplicity of infection (1:1) was used, M. tuberculosis could survive in human bone marrow derived MSCs for more than 22 days without any growth. At this low level of infection, the pathogen did not cause any noticeable host cell death. During the later phase of infection, MSC-residing M. tuberculosis exhibited increased expression of HspX (a 16-kDa alpha-crystallin homolog) with a concurrent increase in tolerance to the frontline antitubercular drugs Rifampin and isoniazid. These results present a human MSC-based intracelllular model of M. tuberculosis infection to dissect the mechanisms through which the pathogen acquires and maintains dormancy in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipul K Singh
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Abhishek Mishra
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Steven Bark
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Science & Engineering Research Center, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77004, USA
| | - Arunmani Mani
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Sciences Center-Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Selvakumar Subbian
- Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Public Health Research Institute, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Robert L Hunter
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Chinnaswamy Jagannath
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Arshad Khan
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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31
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Lee BS, Sviriaeva E, Pethe K. Targeting the cytochrome oxidases for drug development in mycobacteria. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 152:45-54. [PMID: 32081616 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis strictly depends on oxygen to multiply, and the terminal oxidases are a vital part of the oxidative phosphorylation pathway. The bacterium possesses two aerobic respiratory branches: a cytochrome bcc-aa3 and a bacteria-specific cytochrome bd oxidase. The identification of small-molecule inhibitors of the cytochrome bcc-aa3 under numerous experimental conditions reflects the essentiality of the pathway for the optimum growth of M. tuberculosis. Recent findings on the biology of the cytochrome bcc-aa3 as well as the report of the first high-resolution structure of a mycobacterial cytochrome bcc-aa3 complex will help in the characterization and further development of potent inhibitors. Although the aerobic cytochrome bd respiratory branch is not strictly essential for growth, the discovery of a strong synthetic lethal interaction with the cytochrome bcc-aa3 placed the cytochrome bd oxidase under the spotlight as an attractive drug target for its synergistic role in potentiating the efficacy of cytochrome bcc-aa3 inhibitors and other drugs targeting oxidative phosphorylation. In this review, we are discussing current knowledge about the two mycobacterial aerobic respiratory branches, their potential as drug targets, as well as potential drawbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Shi Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637551, Singapore
| | - Ekaterina Sviriaeva
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637551, Singapore
| | - Kevin Pethe
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637551, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 636921, Singapore.
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32
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Sharma NK, Rathor N, Sinha R, Gupta S, Tyagi G, Garima K, Pathak R, Singh P, Jain A, Bose M, Varma-Basil M. Expression of mycolic acid in response to stress and association with differential clinical manifestations of tuberculosis. Int J Mycobacteriol 2020; 8:237-243. [PMID: 31512599 DOI: 10.4103/ijmy.ijmy_69_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB), accounting for 10%-20% of all cases of tuberculosis (TB), is known to be determined by host immunity. However, the contribution of bacterial factors to the development of EPTB has not been studied extensively. Mycolic acids are predominant lipids constituting the cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and keto-mycolic acid is involved in the synthesis of foamy macrophages that facilitate persistence of mycobacteria. Hence, the present study was performed to gain an insight into variable expression of mycolic acids in clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis under stress. Methods Pansusceptible clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis from patients with lymph node TB (LNTB) (n = 10) and pulmonary TB (PTB) (n = 10) were subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) stress, and the expression of mycolic acid and its biosynthetic genes was compared. Any bias arising due to the genotype of the clinical isolates was ruled out by performing single-nucleotide polymorphism cluster grouping (SCG), wherein no significant difference was observed between the SCG of LNTB or PTB isolates. Results The expression of α-mycolic acid during the exposure to SDS was high in 7/10 (70%) LNTB and 6/10 (60%) PTB isolates. Methoxy mycolic acid showed an increased expression in 7/10 (70%) LNTB isolates and 4/10 (40%) PTB isolates. Increased expression of keto-mycolic acid on exposure with SDS was observed in 8/10 (80%) M. tuberculosis LNTB and 3/10 (30%) PTB isolates. Similarly, the mycolic acid synthesis gene, fas, was upregulated more in LNTB isolates than PTB isolates in vitro and ex vivo. SCG 3a was the most common SCG observed in 40% (8/20) of the isolates, followed by SCG 3b in 30% (6/20) of the isolates. There was no significant difference between the SCG of LNTB or PTB isolates. Conclusion The higher expression of keto-mycolic acid in LNTB as against PTB isolates may indicate better survival in LNTB isolates in the presence of stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh Kumar Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Nisha Rathor
- Department of Microbiology, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Rajesh Sinha
- Department of Microbiology, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Shraddha Gupta
- Department of Microbiology, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Gaurav Tyagi
- Department of Microbiology, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Kushal Garima
- Department of Microbiology, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Rakesh Pathak
- Department of Microbiology, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Pooja Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Ashima Jain
- Department of Microbiology, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Mridula Bose
- Department of Microbiology, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Mandira Varma-Basil
- Department of Microbiology, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
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Yamashita Y, Oe T, Kawakami K, Osada-Oka M, Ozeki Y, Terahara K, Yasuda I, Edwards T, Tanaka T, Tsunetsugu-Yokota Y, Matsumoto S, Ariyoshi K. CD4 + T Responses Other Than Th1 Type Are Preferentially Induced by Latency-Associated Antigens in the State of Latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2807. [PMID: 31849981 PMCID: PMC6897369 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) produces a diverse range of antigenic proteins in its dormant phase. The cytokine profiles of CD4+ T cell responses, especially subsets other than Th1 type (non-Th1 type), against these latency-associated M. tuberculosis antigens such as α-crystallin (Acr), heparin-binding hemagglutinin (HBHA), and mycobacterial DNA-binding protein 1 (MDP-1) remain elusive in relation to the clinical stage of M. tuberculosis infection. In the present study, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) collected from different stages of M. tuberculosis-infected cases and control PBMCs were stimulated with these antigens and ESAT-6/CFP-10. Cytokine profiles of CD4+ T cells were evaluated by intracellular cytokine staining using multicolor flow cytometry. Our results demonstrate that Th1 cytokine responses were predominant after TB onset independent of the type of antigen stimulation. On the contrary, non-Th1 cytokine responses were preferentially induced by latency-associated M. tuberculosis antigens, specifically IL-10 response against Acr in latent M. tuberculosis infection. From these results, we surmise a shift in the CD4+ T cell response from mixed non-Th1 to Th1 dominant type during TB progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiro Yamashita
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Oe
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Higashi-Saga Hospital, Miyaki, Japan
| | - Kenji Kawakami
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Nagasaki-Kawatana Medical Center, Kawatana, Japan
| | - Mayuko Osada-Oka
- Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuriko Ozeki
- Department of Bacteriology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medicine, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Terahara
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ikkoh Yasuda
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Tansy Edwards
- Tropical Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Takeshi Tanaka
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,Infection Control and Education Center, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yasuko Tsunetsugu-Yokota
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Medical Technology, School of Health Science, Tokyo University of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sohkichi Matsumoto
- Department of Bacteriology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medicine, Niigata, Japan.,Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Koya Ariyoshi
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Global Health, School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki, Japan
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34
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Jakkala K, Ajitkumar P. Hypoxic Non-replicating Persistent Mycobacterium tuberculosis Develops Thickened Outer Layer That Helps in Restricting Rifampicin Entry. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2339. [PMID: 31681204 PMCID: PMC6797554 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria undergo adaptive morphological changes to survive under stress conditions. The present work documents the morphological changes in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) cells cultured under hypoxic condition using Wayne’s in vitro hypoxia model involving non-replicating persistence stages 1 and 2 (NRP stage 1 and NRP stage 2) and reveals their physiological significance. Transmission electron microscopy of the NRP stage 2 cells showed uneven but thick outer layer (TOL), unlike the evenly thin outer layer of the actively growing mid-log phase (MLP) cells. On the contrary, the saprophytic Mycobacterium smegmatis NRP stage 2 cells lacked TOL. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) of the Mtb NRP stage 2 cells confirmed the rough uneven surface unlike the smooth surface of the MLP cells. Zeta potential measurements showed high negative charge on the surface of NRP stage 2 cells and polysaccharide specific calcofluor white (CFW) staining of the cells revealed high content of polysaccharide in the TOL. This observation was supported by the real-time PCR data showing high levels of expression of the genes involved in the synthesis of sugars, such as trehalose, mannose and others, which are implicated in polysaccharide synthesis. Experiments to understand the physiological significance of the TOL revealed restricted entry of the biologically low-active 5-carboxyfluorescein-rifampicin (5-FAM-RIF), at concentrations equivalent to microbicidal concentrations of the unconjugated biologically active rifampicin, into the NRP stage 2 cells, unlike in the MLP cells. Further, as expected, mechanical removal of the TOL by mild bead beating or release of the NRP stage 2 cells from hypoxia into normoxia in fresh growth medium also significantly increased 5-FAM-RIF permeability into the NRP stage 2 cells to an extent comparable to that into the MLP cells. Taken together, these observations revealed that Mtb cells under hypoxia develop TOL that helps in restricting rifampicin entry, thereby conferring rifampicin tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishor Jakkala
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
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35
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Drapal M, Wheeler PR, Fraser PD. The assessment of changes to the nontuberculous mycobacterial metabolome in response to anti-TB drugs. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2019; 365:5045314. [PMID: 29945244 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fny153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium species can cause a range of nontuberculous infections of healthy and immunocompromised people as well as infected people during and after surgical procedures. The similarity of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) to the tuberculosis bacilli (TB) could ultimately enable the use of anti-TB drugs for the genus. Hence, three NTM (Mycobacterium smegmatis, Mycobacterium phlei and Mycobacterium avium) were cultured under different lab conditions, causing two mycobacterial phenotypes (active and dormant), and treated with isoniazid (INH) and ethambutol (EMB) independently or in combination. Metabolite profiling was applied to facilitate the investigation and characterisation of intracellular targets affected by the antibiotics. Aliquots of the cell culture were taken over the treatment period and the metabolite profile of the cells analysed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Comparative analysis of the metabolite levels to untreated mycobacteria confirmed the successful action of the antibiotics on the metabolism of all three species. Furthermore, single metabolites and metabolite pathways affected by the antibiotics could be identified and included, besides the known target sites for INH and EMB on mycobacterial cells, changes in e.g. nucleotide and saccharide levels. The combined treatment highlighted the property of EMB to enhance the effects of INH even under hypoxic culture conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margit Drapal
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham Hill, Egham TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Paul R Wheeler
- Tuberculosis Research Group, Veterinary Laboratories Agency Weybridge, New Hall, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Paul D Fraser
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham Hill, Egham TW20 0EX, UK
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36
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Murray LW, Satti I, Meyerowitz J, Jones M, Willberg CB, Ussher JE, Goedhals D, Hurst J, Phillips RE, McShane H, Vuuren CV, Frater J. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Impairs Th1 and Th17 Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Specific T-Cell Responses. J Infect Dis 2019; 217:1782-1792. [PMID: 29546381 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals have a higher risk of developing active tuberculosis (TB) than HIV-uninfected individuals, but the mechanisms underpinning this are unclear. We hypothesized that depletion of specific components of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses contributed to this increased risk. Methods Mtb-specific T-cell responses in 147 HIV-infected and 44 HIV-uninfected control subjects in a TB-endemic setting in Bloemfontein, South Africa, were evaluated. Using a whole-blood flow cytometry assay, we measured expression of interferon gamma, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 2, and interleukin 17 in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in response to Mtb antigens (PPD, ESAT-6/CFP-10 [EC], and DosR regulon-encoded α-crystallin [Rv2031c]). Results Fewer HIV-infected individuals had detectable CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses to PPD and Rv2031c than HIV-uninfected subjects. Mtb-specific T cells showed distinct patterns of cytokine expression comprising both Th1 (CD4 and CD8) and Th17 (CD4) cytokines, the latter at highest frequency for Rv2031c. Th17 antigen-specific responses to all antigens tested were specifically impaired in HIV-infected individuals. Conclusions HIV-associated impairment of CD4+ and CD8+Mtb-specific T-cell responses is antigen specific, particularly impacting responses to PPD and Rv2031c. Preferential depletion of Th17 cytokine-expressing CD4+ T cells suggests this T-cell subset may be key to TB susceptibility in HIV-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyle W Murray
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Iman Satti
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jodi Meyerowitz
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Jones
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Christian B Willberg
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom.,Oxford National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, United Kingdom
| | - James E Ussher
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Dominique Goedhals
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Virology, National Health Laboratory Service/University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Jacob Hurst
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom.,Oxford Martin School, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rodney E Phillips
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom.,Oxford Martin School, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Helen McShane
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Cloete van Vuuren
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - John Frater
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom.,Oxford National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, United Kingdom.,Oxford Martin School, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Gordhan BG, Peters J, Kana BD. Application of model systems to study adaptive responses of Mycobacterium tuberculosis during infection and disease. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2019; 108:115-161. [PMID: 31495404 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) claims more human lives than any other infectious organism. The lethal synergy between TB-HIV infection and the rapid emergence of drug resistant strains has created a global public health threat that requires urgent attention. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of TB is an exquisitely well-adapted human pathogen, displaying the ability to promptly remodel metabolism when encountering stressful environments during pathogenesis. A careful study of the mechanisms that enable this adaptation will enhance the understanding of key aspects related to the microbiology of TB disease. However, these efforts require microbiological model systems that mimic host conditions in the laboratory. Herein, we describe several in vitro model systems that generate non-replicating and differentially culturable mycobacteria. The changes that occur in the metabolism of M. tuberculosis in some of these models and how these relate to those reported for human TB disease are discussed. We describe mechanisms that tubercle bacteria use to resuscitate from these non-replicating conditions, together with phenotypic heterogeneity in terms of culturabiliy of M. tuberculosis in sputum. Transcriptional changes in M. tuberculosis that allow for adaptation of the organism to the lung environment are also summarized. Finally, given the emerging importance of the microbiome in various infectious diseases, we provide a description of how the lung and gut microbiome affect susceptibility to TB infection and response to treatment. Consideration of these collective aspects will enhance the understanding of basic metabolism, physiology, drug tolerance and persistence in M. tuberculosis to enable development of new therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavna Gowan Gordhan
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand and the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Julian Peters
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand and the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Bavesh Davandra Kana
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand and the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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Metabolite Profiling: A Tool for the Biochemical Characterisation of Mycobacterium sp. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7050148. [PMID: 31130621 PMCID: PMC6560386 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7050148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decades, the prevalence of drug-resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis, has increased. These findings have rekindled interest in elucidating the unique adaptive molecular and biochemistry physiology of Mycobacterium. The use of metabolite profiling independently or in combination with other levels of "-omic" analyses has proven an effective approach to elucidate key physiological/biochemical mechanisms associated with Mtb throughout infection. The following review discusses the use of metabolite profiling in the study of tuberculosis, future approaches, and the technical and logistical limitations of the methodology.
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Mansury D, Ghazvini K, Amel Jamehdar S, Badiee A, Tafaghodi M, Nikpoor AR, Amini Y, Jaafari MR. Increasing Cellular Immune Response in Liposomal Formulations of DOTAP Encapsulated by Fusion Protein Hspx, PPE44, And Esxv, as a Potential Tuberculosis Vaccine Candidate. Rep Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 7:156-166. [PMID: 30805395 PMCID: PMC6374059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to the ineffectiveness of the BCG vaccine, especially in adult pulmonary tuberculosis (TB), and variable efficacies against childhood forms of TB, developing an effective TB vaccine is a major priority in controlling this disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunogenicity of a DOTAP liposome formulation containing a fusion protein (FP) containing Mycobacterium tuberculosis HspX, PPE44, and EsxV. METHODS The FP was expressed in E. coli BL21 cells and confirmed by SDS-PAGE and Western blots. The FP was then encapsulated in various liposomal formulations. Afterwards, liposomal size, zeta potential, and encapsulation efficiency were evaluated. Mice were subcutaneously vaccinated on days 0, 14, and 28 with liposomes containing the FP. Two weeks after the last injection, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-17, and IL-12 in spleen cell culture supernatants, and IgG2a, IgG1, and IgG2b titers in sera were measured. RESULTS The FP concentration was 1mg/ml. The encapsulation efficiency of the liposomes varied from 69% in Lip (DOTAP/TDB/CHOL/FP) to 80% in Lip (DOTAP/CHOL/FP). The greatest IFN-γ and IL-12 levels were observed in BCG-primed mice that were boosted with Lip (DOTAP/CHOL/FP). In addition, IL-17 production was significantly greater in all groups than controls except in those that received histidine buffer and FP. The IgG2a/IgG1 ratios were greater in the Lip (DOTAP/TDB/CHOL/FP), Lip (DOTAP/CHOL/FP), Lip (DOTAP/CHOL), and BCG-primed and Lip (DOTAP/CHOL/FP)-boosted groups than in the other groups, indicating a cellular immune response. CONCLUSION The liposomes containing DOTAP combined with the fusion protein induced a Th1 response. The mice that first received BCG and then Lip (DOTAP/CHOL/FP), produced the most IFN-γ and IL-12, indicating a strong Th1 response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davood Mansury
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Kiarash Ghazvini
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Saeid Amel Jamehdar
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Ali Badiee
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Mohsen Tafaghodi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Amin Reza Nikpoor
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Yousef Amini
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Science, Zahedan, Iran.
| | - Mahmoud Reza Jaafari
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Biotechnology Research Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Kasempimolporn S, Premchaiporn P, Thaveekarn W, Boonchang S, Sitprija V. Comparative Proteomic Profiling of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the Thai Vaccine Strain Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Guerin Tokyo172: Diverse Biomarker Candidates for Species Differentiation. J Glob Infect Dis 2018; 10:196-200. [PMID: 30581260 PMCID: PMC6276322 DOI: 10.4103/jgid.jgid_149_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Bacille Calmette–Guerin (BCG)-related complications can occur in vaccinated children. Comparison of the composition of cellular proteins of virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) H37Rv with of attenuated Mycobacterium bovis BCG Tokyo172 vaccine strain used in Thailand and identify protein candidates of value for differentiation between the two mycobacterial species may facilitate the diagnosis of etiologic agent of mycobacterial disease in vaccinated children, as most cases have been believed to have originated from BCG vaccine. Materials and Methods: The two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE) proteomic profiles of cellular proteins from the Thai vaccine strain M. bovis BCG Tokyo172 and MTB were compared and the matched spots in 2DE gels were submitted to mass spectrometry analysis. Results: There were a number of similar protein contents with different intensity or position between MTB and M. bovis BCG Tokyo172. A higher expression of some immunogenic proteins was shown in BGG Tokyo172 when compared to MTB, while some were shown the opposite pattern. Conclusions: Proteomic approach reveals key proteins participating in different species of Mycobacteria, and may be useful for discrimination between MTB and the BCG Tokyo172 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songsri Kasempimolporn
- Department of Research and Development, Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Pornpimol Premchaiporn
- Department of Research and Development, Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Wichit Thaveekarn
- Department of Research and Development, Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Supatsorn Boonchang
- Department of Research and Development, Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Visith Sitprija
- Department of Research and Development, Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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Kumar K, Sagar BKC, Giribhattanavar P, Patil SA. Ultrastructural analysis of cell wall of drug resistant and sensitive Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated from cerebrospinal fluid by transmission electron microscope. Microsc Res Tech 2018; 82:122-127. [PMID: 30575195 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Drug-resistant tuberculosis is being increasingly recognized and is one among the leading cause of death worldwide. Remarkable impermeability of cell wall to antituberculous drugs protects the mycobacteria from drug action. The present study analyzed the cell wall thickness among first-line drug resistant and sensitive Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) isolated from cerebrospinal fluid by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The average thickness of the cell wall of sensitive isolates was 13.60 ± 0.98 nm. The maximum difference (26.48%) in the cell wall thickness was seen among multi-drug resistant (18.50 ± 1.71 nm) isolates and the least difference (4.14%) was shown by streptomycin-resistant (14.18 ± 1.38 nm) isolates. The ultrastructural study showed evident differences in the cell wall thickness among sensitive and resistant isolates. Preliminary TEM examination of cells indicates that morphological changes occur in the cell wall which might be attributed to the drug resistance. The thickened wall of Mtb appears to help the bacilli to overcome the action of antituberculous drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavitha Kumar
- Department of Neuromicrobiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - B K Chandrasekhar Sagar
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Prashant Giribhattanavar
- Department of Neuromicrobiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Shripad A Patil
- Department of Neuromicrobiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Jee B, Kumar S, Yadav R, Singh Y, Kumar A, Sharma N. Ursolic acid and carvacrol may be potential inhibitors of dormancy protein small heat shock protein16.3 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2018; 36:3434-3443. [PMID: 28984500 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2017.1389305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Small heat shock protein16.3 (sHSP16.3) is a crucial protein for survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) in its host. Besides, this protein acts as a molecular chaperone during stress and is indispensable for MTB's growth, virulence and cell-wall thickening. sHSP16.3 is also a promising candidate for vaccine, serodiagnosis and drug design as well. In the present study, we have targeted sHSP16.3 with two phytochemicals, namely ursolic acid and carvacrol using in silico approach. Molecular docking analysis showed that both phytochemicals (ursolic acid and carvacrol) have docked with sHSP16.3 and shown tendency to inhibit the function of this vital protein of MTB. In addition, both compounds have exhibited strong compatibility with sHSP16.3 during whole 60 ns duration of molecular dynamics simulation. Further, the molecular mechanic/generalized Born/Poisson-Boltzmann surface area (MM/G/P/BSA) free energies were calculated which showed that both phytocompounds have stable and favourable binding energies causing strong binding with binding site of sHSP16.3. Taking together, the data of present study suggest that both phytocompounds may be potential inhibitor of sHSP16.3 of MTB and a best alternative to standard anti-tuberculosis drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babban Jee
- a Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare , Government of India , New Delhi 110001 , India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- b Molecular and Structural Biology Division , Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow 226031 , India
| | - Renu Yadav
- c Department of Biotechnology , Acharya Nagarjuna University , Guntur 522510 , India
| | - Yogesh Singh
- d Institute of Physiology I , Eberhard-Karls-Tübingen University , Gmelinstraße5, Tübingen D-72076 , Germany
| | - Anuj Kumar
- e Advance Center for Computational and Applied Biotechnology, Uttarakhand Council for Biotechnology (UCB) , Dehradun 248007 , India
| | - Naveen Sharma
- a Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare , Government of India , New Delhi 110001 , India
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Raghavendra T, Patil S, Mukherjee R. Peptidoglycan in Mycobacteria: chemistry, biology and intervention. Glycoconj J 2018; 35:421-432. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-018-9842-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Trutneva K, Shleeva M, Nikitushkin V, Demina G, Kaprelyants A. Protein Composition of Mycobacterium smegmatis Differs Significantly Between Active Cells and Dormant Cells With Ovoid Morphology. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2083. [PMID: 30233550 PMCID: PMC6131537 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacteria are able to form dormant cells, which survive for a long time without multiplication. The molecular mechanisms behind prolonged survival of dormant cells are not fully described. In particular, little information is known on biochemical processes which might take place in cells under dormancy. To gain insight into this problem, Mycobacterium smegmatis cells in deep dormant state were obtained after gradual acidification of the growth medium in prolonged stationary phase followed by 1 month of storage at room temperature. Such cells were characterized by low metabolic activity, including respiration, resistance to antibiotics, and altered morphology. The protein composition of cytoplasm and membrane fractions obtained from active and dormant cells were compared by 2D electrophoresis. Almost half of the proteins found in the proteome of dormant cells were absent in that of active cells. This result differs significantly from published results obtained in other studies employing different models of mycobacterium dormancy. This discrepancy could be explained by a deeper dormancy developed in the present model. A feature of a “dormant proteome” is high representation of enzymes involved in glycolysis and defense systems that inactivate or detoxify reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, aldehydes, and oxidized lipids. Dormant mycobacteria are enriched by degradative enzymes, which could eliminate damaged molecules, or the products of such degradation could be reutilized by the cell during prolonged storage. We suggest that some enzymes in dormant cells are inactive, having been used upon transition to the dormant state, or proteins stored in dormant cells for further cell reactivation. At the same time, some proteins could be functional and play roles in maintenance of cell metabolism, albeit at a very slow rate. This study provides a clue as to which biochemical processes could be active under dormancy to ensure long-term viability of dormant mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kseniya Trutneva
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Centre 'Fundamentals of Biotechnology' of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Margarita Shleeva
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Centre 'Fundamentals of Biotechnology' of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vadim Nikitushkin
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Centre 'Fundamentals of Biotechnology' of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Galina Demina
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Centre 'Fundamentals of Biotechnology' of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Arseny Kaprelyants
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Centre 'Fundamentals of Biotechnology' of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Murugan K, Vasudevan N. Intracellular toxicity exerted by PCBs and role of VBNC bacterial strains in biodegradation. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 157:40-60. [PMID: 29605643 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are xenobiotic compounds that persists in the environment for long-term, though its productivity is banned. Abatement of the pollutants have become laborious due to it's recalcitrant nature in the environment leading to toxic effects in humans and other living beings. Biphenyl degrading bacteria co-metabolically degrade low chlorinated PCBs using the active metabolic pathway. bph operon possess different genetic arrangements in gram positive and gram negative bacteria. The binding ability of the genes and the active sites were determined by PCB docking studies. The active site of bphA gene with conserved amino acid residues determines the substrate specificity and biodegradability. Accumulation of toxic intermediates alters cellular behaviour, biomass production and downturn the metabolic activity. Several bacteria in the environment attain unculturable state which is viable and metabolically active but not cultivable (VBNC). Resuscitation-promoting factor (Rpf) and Rpf homologous protein retrieve the culturability of the so far uncultured bacteria. Recovery of this adaptive mechanism against various physical and chemical stressors make a headway in understanding the functionality of both environmental and medically important unculturable bacteria. Thus, this paper review about the general aspects of PCBs, cellular toxicity exerted by PCBs, role of unculturable bacterial strains in biodegradation, genes involved and degradation pathways. It is suggested to extrapolate the research findings on extracellular organic matters produced in culture supernatant of VBNC thus transforming VBNC to culturable state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karuvelan Murugan
- Centre for Environmental Studies, Anna University, CEG Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Namasivayam Vasudevan
- Centre for Environmental Studies, Anna University, CEG Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Ghazaei C. Mycobacterium tuberculosis and lipids: Insights into molecular mechanisms from persistence to virulence. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN MEDICAL SCIENCES 2018; 23:63. [PMID: 30181745 PMCID: PMC6091133 DOI: 10.4103/jrms.jrms_904_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a causative agent of tuberculosis that causes deaths across the world. The pathogen apart from causing disease manifestations can also enter into a phase of latency to re-emerge later. Among the various factors associated with the virulence of pathogen, the lipids composing the cell wall of the bacillus have drawn much interest among. The unique composition of the cell wall composed of mycolic acid, glycolipids such as diacyltrehaloses, polyacyltrehalose, lipomannan, lipoarabinomannan (LAM), mannose-capped-LAM, sulfolipids, and trehalose-6,6'-dimycolate, all have been implicated in providing the pathogen an advantage in the host. The pathogen also alters its metabolism of fatty acids to survive the conditions in the host that is reflected in an altered cell wall composition in terms of lipids. In addition, the lipid profile of the cell wall has been shown to modulate the immune responses launched by the host, especially in the suppression, or production of inflammatory factors, cytokines, and phagocytic cells, such as dendritic cells and macrophages. Apart from M. tuberculosis, the paper also briefly looks at the role of Mycobacterium bovis and its role in tuberculosis in humans along with its lipid profile of its cell wall. This review aims to summarize the various lipids of the cell wall of M. tuberculosis along with their roles in enabling the pathogen to maintain its virulence to infect further humans and its persistence inside the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciamak Ghazaei
- Department of Microbiology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
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47
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Chen YE, Fischbach MA, Belkaid Y. Skin microbiota-host interactions. Nature 2018; 553:427-436. [PMID: 29364286 DOI: 10.1038/nature25177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 369] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The skin is a complex and dynamic ecosystem that is inhabited by bacteria, archaea, fungi and viruses. These microbes-collectively referred to as the skin microbiota-are fundamental to skin physiology and immunity. Interactions between skin microbes and the host can fall anywhere along the continuum between mutualism and pathogenicity. In this Review, we highlight how host-microbe interactions depend heavily on context, including the state of immune activation, host genetic predisposition, barrier status, microbe localization, and microbe-microbe interactions. We focus on how context shapes the complex dialogue between skin microbes and the host, and the consequences of this dialogue for health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Erin Chen
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Bioengineering and ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Michael A Fischbach
- Department of Bioengineering and ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Yasmine Belkaid
- NIAID Microbiome Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Singh P, Rameshwaram NR, Ghosh S, Mukhopadhyay S. Cell envelope lipids in the pathophysiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Future Microbiol 2018; 13:689-710. [PMID: 29771143 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2017-0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an intracellular bacterium that persists and replicates inside macrophages. The bacterium possesses an unusual lipid-rich cell envelope that provides a hydrophobic impermeable barrier against many environmental stressors and allows it to survive extremely hostile intracellular surroundings. Since the lipid-rich envelope is crucial for M. tuberculosis virulence, the components of the cell wall lipid biogenesis pathways constitute an attractive target for the development of vaccines and antimycobacterial chemotherapeutics. In this review, we provide a detailed description of the mycobacterial cell envelope lipid components and their contributions to the physiology and pathogenicity of mycobacteria. We also discussed the current status of the antimycobacterial drugs that target biosynthesis, export and regulation of cell envelope lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Singh
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnostics (CDFD), Inner Ring Road, Uppal, Hyderabad, 500 039, India.,Graduate Studies, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576 104, India
| | - Nagender Rao Rameshwaram
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnostics (CDFD), Inner Ring Road, Uppal, Hyderabad, 500 039, India
| | - Sudip Ghosh
- Molecular Biology Division, National Institute of Nutrition (ICMR), Jamai-Osmania PO, Hyderabad, 500 007, India
| | - Sangita Mukhopadhyay
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnostics (CDFD), Inner Ring Road, Uppal, Hyderabad, 500 039, India
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Azzurri A, Kanaujia G, Sow O, Bah B, Diallo A, Prete GD, Gennaro M. Serological Markers of Pulmonary Tuberculosis and of Response to Anti-Tuberculosis Treatment in a Patient Population in Guinea. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/205873920601900120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate serological correlates of active tuberculosis and of response to antituberculosis treatment in a cohort of HIV-negative patients with pulmonary tuberculosis studied at diagnosis and during treatment at the Service de Pneumo-Phtisiologie, Centre Hospitalier-Universitaire Ignace Deen, Conakry, Republic of Guinea. Two similar cohorts of HIV-negative healthy households of patients and healthy community controls were included in the study. Plasma samples were obtained from 168 untreated tuberculosis patients, 167 healthy household controls, and 168 healthy community controls. Serial plasma samples were also obtained from the tuberculosis patients at 2 and 8 months after initiation of chemotherapy. IgG antibody levels were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using ten purified M. tuberculosis antigens. ELISA results were analysed by comparing geometric means of data. Of the ten antigens tested, five (14kDa Ag, 19kDa Ag, AlaDH, MS, and MPT83) elicited similar antibody responses in untreated TB patients and controls. In contrast, levels of three antibodies (ESAT-6, LAM, and 38kDa Ag) were higher in untreated TB patients than in household or community controls (p < 0.0001). Levels were higher in untreated patients than in community controls also for the anti-Rv2626c antibody (p = 0.0001) and, at a lower significance level, for the anti-FdxA antibody (p < 0.025). Antibody levels against ESAT-6 and Rv2626c decreased during therapy, while antibody levels to the 38 kDa antigen and LAM increased during therapy; FdxA antibody levels did not vary with treatment. Neither severity of presentation nor chest X-ray patterns affected levels of these antibodies before treatment. In contrast, after the 8-month therapeutic course, patients who presented with moderate/severe disease had higher levels of anti-ESAT-6, anti-FdxA, and anti-38kDa antibodies than those of patients with mild disease onset. Patients with bilateral lung lesions had significantly higher anti-38kDa and anti-LAM levels, both at diagnosis and after 8-month treatment, than patients with lesions involving only one lung. Antibodies to alanine dehydrogenase and malate synthetase measured at initiation of treatment were higher in tuberculosis patients who subsequently failed therapy than in those who were cured. The main conclusions of the study are: a) plasma levels of antibodies to a number of M. tuberculosis represent serological correlates of active disease; b) these correlates are affected in an antigen-specific fashion by anti-tuberculosis treatment; c) particular serological markers may be predictive of treatment outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Azzurri
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Florence, Italy
| | | | - O.Y. Sow
- Service de Pneumo-Phtisiologie, Centre Hospitalier-Universitaire Ignace Deen, Conakry, Republic of Guinea
| | - B. Bah
- Service de Pneumo-Phtisiologie, Centre Hospitalier-Universitaire Ignace Deen, Conakry, Republic of Guinea
| | - A. Diallo
- Service de Pneumo-Phtisiologie, Centre Hospitalier-Universitaire Ignace Deen, Conakry, Republic of Guinea
| | - G. Del Prete
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Florence, Italy
| | - M.L. Gennaro
- Public Health Research Institute, Newark, NJ, USA
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Arora D, Chawla Y, Malakar B, Singh A, Nandicoori VK. The transpeptidase PbpA and noncanonical transglycosylase RodA of Mycobacterium tuberculosis play important roles in regulating bacterial cell lengths. J Biol Chem 2018. [PMID: 29530985 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.811190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a complex structure that protects the pathogen in hostile environments. Peptidoglycan (PG), which helps determine the morphology of the cell envelope, undergoes substantial remodeling under stress. This meshwork of linear chains of sugars, cross-linked through attached peptides, is generated through the sequential action of enzymes termed transglycosylases and transpeptidases. The Mtb genome encodes two classical transglycosylases and four transpeptidases, the functions of which are not fully elucidated. Here, we present work on the yet uncharacterized transpeptidase PbpA and a nonclassical transglycosylase RodA. We elucidate their roles in regulating in vitro growth and in vivo survival of pathogenic mycobacteria. We find that RodA and PbpA are required for regulating cell length, but do not affect mycobacterial growth. Biochemical analyses show PbpA to be a classical transpeptidase, whereas RodA is identified to be a member of an emerging class of noncanonical transglycosylases. Phosphorylation of RodA at Thr-463 modulates its biological function. In a guinea pig infection model, RodA and PbpA are found to be required for both bacterial survival and formation of granuloma structures, thus underscoring the importance of these proteins in mediating mycobacterial virulence in the host. Our results emphasize the fact that whereas redundant enzymes probably compensate for the absence of RodA or PbpA during in vitro growth, the two proteins play critical roles for the survival of the pathogen inside its host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Arora
- From the National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067 India and
| | - Yogesh Chawla
- From the National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067 India and
| | - Basanti Malakar
- From the National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067 India and
| | - Archana Singh
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, 110025 New Delhi, India
| | - Vinay Kumar Nandicoori
- From the National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067 India and
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