1
|
Spatola M, Nziza N, Irvine EB, Cizmeci D, Jung W, Van LH, Nhat LTH, Ha VTN, Phu NH, Nghia HDT, Thwaites G, Lauffenburger DA, Fortune S, Thuong NTT, Alter G. Distinctive antibody responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in pulmonary and brain infection. Brain 2024:awae066. [PMID: 38442687 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awae066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), remains a global health burden. While Mtb is primarily a respiratory pathogen, it can spread to other organs, including the brain and meninges, causing TB meningitis (TBM). However, little is known about the immunological mechanisms that leads to differential disease across organs. Attention has focused on differences in T cell responses in the control of Mtb in the lungs, but emerging data point to a role for antibodies, as both biomarkers of disease control and as antimicrobial molecules. Given an increasing appreciation for compartmentalized antibody responses across the blood brain barrier, here we characterized the antibody profiles across the blood and brain compartments during TBM, and determined whether Mtb-specific humoral immune responses differed between Mtb infection of the lung (pulmonary TB) and TBM. Using a high throughput systems serology approach, we deeply profiled the antibody responses against 10 different Mtb antigens, including lipoarabinomannan (LAM) and purified protein derivative (PPD), in HIV-negative adults with pulmonary TB (n=10) vs TBM (n=60). Antibody studies included analysis of immunoglobulin isotypes (IgG, IgM, IgA) and subclass levels (IgG1-4), the capacity of Mtb-specific antibodies to bind to Fc receptors or C1q, and to activate innate immune effectors functions (complement and NK cells activation, monocyte or neutrophil phagocytosis). Machine learning methods were applied to characterize serum and CSF responses in TBM, identify prognostic factors associated with disease severity, and define the key antibody features that distinguish TBM from pulmonary TB. In individuals with TBM, we identified CSF-specific antibody profiles that marked a unique and compartmentalized humoral response against Mtb, characterized by an enrichment of Mtb-specific antibodies able to robustly activate complement and drive phagocytosis by monocytes and neutrophils, all of which were associated with milder TBM severity at presentation. Moreover, individuals with TBM exhibited Mtb-specific antibodies in the serum with an increased capacity to activate phagocytosis by monocytes, compared to individuals with pulmonary TB, despite having lower IgG titers and Fcγ receptors (FcγR)-binding capacity. Collectively, these data point to functionally divergent humoral responses depending on the site of infection (i.e. lungs vs brain), and demonstrate a highly compartmentalized Mtb-specific antibody response within the CSF during TBM. Moreover, our results suggest that phagocytosis- and complement-mediating antibodies may promote attenuated neuropathology and milder TBM disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Spatola
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nadège Nziza
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Edward B Irvine
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Deniz Cizmeci
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA0 2139, USA
| | - Wonyeong Jung
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA0 2139, USA
| | - Le Hong Van
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Centre for Tropical Medicine, 700000 Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Le Thanh Hoang Nhat
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Centre for Tropical Medicine, 700000 Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Vu Thi Ngoc Ha
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Centre for Tropical Medicine, 700000 Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Hoan Phu
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Centre for Tropical Medicine, 700000 Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University School of Medicine, 700000 Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Ho Dang Trung Nghia
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, 700000 Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, 700000 Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Guy Thwaites
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Centre for Tropical Medicine, 700000 Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, OX3 7LG, UK
| | - Douglas A Lauffenburger
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA0 2139, USA
| | - Sarah Fortune
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nguyen Thuy Thuong Thuong
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Centre for Tropical Medicine, 700000 Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, OX3 7LG, UK
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Irvine EB, Reddy ST. Advancing Antibody Engineering through Synthetic Evolution and Machine Learning. J Immunol 2024; 212:235-243. [PMID: 38166249 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Abs are versatile molecules with the potential to achieve exceptional binding to target Ags, while also possessing biophysical properties suitable for therapeutic drug development. Protein display and directed evolution systems have transformed synthetic Ab discovery, engineering, and optimization, vastly expanding the number of Ab clones able to be experimentally screened for binding. Moreover, the burgeoning integration of high-throughput screening, deep sequencing, and machine learning has further augmented in vitro Ab optimization, promising to accelerate the design process and massively expand the Ab sequence space interrogated. In this Brief Review, we discuss the experimental and computational tools employed in synthetic Ab engineering and optimization. We also explore the therapeutic challenges posed by developing Abs for infectious diseases, and the prospects for leveraging machine learning-guided protein engineering to prospectively design Abs resistant to viral escape.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward B Irvine
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sai T Reddy
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Irvine EB, Darrah PA, Wang S, Wang C, McNamara RP, Roederer M, Seder RA, Lauffenburger DA, Flynn JL, Fortune SM, Alter G. Humoral correlates of protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis following intravenous Bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccination in rhesus macaques. bioRxiv 2023:2023.07.31.551245. [PMID: 37577655 PMCID: PMC10418074 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.31.551245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Altering the route of Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) immunization from low-dose intradermal vaccination to high-dose intravenous (IV) vaccination resulted in a high level of protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Mtb ) infection, providing an opportunity to uncover immune correlates and mechanisms of protection. In addition to strong T cell immunity, IV BCG vaccination was associated with a robust expansion of humoral immune responses that tracked with bacterial control. However, given the near complete protection afforded by high-dose IV BCG immunization, a precise correlate of immune protection was difficult to define. Here we leveraged plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) from a cohort of rhesus macaques that received decreasing doses of IV BCG and aimed to define the correlates of immunity across macaques that experienced immune protection or breakthrough infection following Mtb challenge. We show an IV BCG dose-dependent induction of mycobacterial-specific humoral immune responses, both in the plasma and in the airways. Moreover, antibody responses at peak immunogenicity significantly predicted bacterial control following challenge. Multivariate analyses revealed antibody-mediated complement and NK cell activating humoral networks as key functional signatures associated with protective immunity. Collectively, this work extends our understanding of humoral biomarkers and potential mechanisms of IV BCG mediated protection against Mtb .
Collapse
|
4
|
Peters JM, Irvine EB, Rosenberg JM, Wadsworth MH, Hughes TK, Sutton M, Nyquist SK, Bromley JD, Mondal R, Roederer M, Seder RA, Darrah PA, Alter G, Flynn JL, Shalek AK, Fortune SM, Bryson BD. Protective intravenous BCG vaccination induces enhanced immune signaling in the airways. bioRxiv 2023:2023.07.16.549208. [PMID: 37502895 PMCID: PMC10370046 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.16.549208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Intradermal (ID) Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is the most widely administered vaccine in the world. However, ID-BCG fails to achieve the level of protection needed in adults to alter the course of the tuberculosis epidemic. Recent studies in non-human primates have demonstrated high levels of protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Mtb ) following intravenous (IV) administration of BCG. However, the protective immune features that emerge following IV BCG vaccination remain incompletely defined. Here we used single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNAseq) to transcriptionally profile 157,114 unstimulated and purified protein derivative (PPD)-stimulated bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells from 29 rhesus macaques immunized with BCG across routes of administration and doses to uncover cell composition-, gene expression-, and biological network-level signatures associated with IV BCG-mediated protection. Our analyses revealed that high-dose IV BCG drove an influx of polyfunctional T cells and macrophages into the airways. These macrophages exhibited a basal activation phenotype even in the absence of PPD-stimulation, defined in part by IFN and TNF-α signaling up to 6 months following BCG immunization. Furthermore, intercellular immune signaling pathways between key myeloid and T cell subsets were enhanced following PPD-stimulation in high-dose IV BCG-vaccinated macaques. High-dose IV BCG also engendered quantitatively and qualitatively stronger transcriptional responses to PPD-stimulation, with a robust Th1-Th17 transcriptional phenotype in T cells, and augmented transcriptional signatures of reactive oxygen species production, hypoxia, and IFN-γ response within alveolar macrophages. Collectively, this work supports that IV BCG immunization creates a unique cellular ecosystem in the airways, which primes and enables local myeloid cells to effectively clear Mtb upon challenge.
Collapse
|
5
|
Darrah PA, Zeppa JJ, Wang C, Irvine EB, Bucsan AN, Rodgers MA, Pokkali S, Hackney JA, Kamath M, White AG, Borish HJ, Frye LJ, Tomko J, Kracinovsky K, Lin PL, Klein E, Scanga CA, Alter G, Fortune SM, Lauffenburger DA, Flynn JL, Seder RA, Maiello P, Roederer M. Airway T cells are a correlate of i.v. Bacille Calmette-Guerin-mediated protection against tuberculosis in rhesus macaques. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:962-977.e8. [PMID: 37267955 PMCID: PMC10355173 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG), the only approved Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) vaccine, provides limited durable protection when administered intradermally. However, recent work revealed that intravenous (i.v.) BCG administration yielded greater protection in macaques. Here, we perform a dose-ranging study of i.v. BCG vaccination in macaques to generate a range of immune responses and define correlates of protection. Seventeen of 34 macaques had no detectable infection after Mtb challenge. Multivariate analysis incorporating longitudinal cellular and humoral immune parameters uncovered an extensive and highly coordinated immune response from the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). A minimal signature predicting protection contained four BAL immune features, of which three remained significant after dose correction: frequency of CD4 T cells producing TNF with interferon γ (IFNγ), frequency of those producing TNF with IL-17, and the number of NK cells. Blood immune features were less predictive of protection. We conclude that CD4 T cell immunity and NK cells in the airway correlate with protection following i.v. BCG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Darrah
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Joseph J Zeppa
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Chuangqi Wang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Anschuntz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Edward B Irvine
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Allison N Bucsan
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mark A Rodgers
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Supriya Pokkali
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Joshua A Hackney
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Megha Kamath
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alexander G White
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - H Jacob Borish
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - L James Frye
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Jaime Tomko
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Kara Kracinovsky
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Philana Ling Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, and Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15620, USA
| | - Edwin Klein
- Division of Animal Laboratory Resources, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Charles A Scanga
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sarah M Fortune
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Douglas A Lauffenburger
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - JoAnne L Flynn
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Robert A Seder
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Pauline Maiello
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Mario Roederer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nziza N, Cizmeci D, Davies L, Irvine EB, Jung W, Fenderson BA, de Kock M, Hanekom WA, Franken KLMC, Day CL, Ottenhoff THM, Alter G. Defining Discriminatory Antibody Fingerprints in Active and Latent Tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:856906. [PMID: 35514994 PMCID: PMC9066635 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.856906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is among the leading causes of death worldwide from a single infectious agent, second only to COVID-19 in 2020. TB is caused by infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), that results either in a latent or active form of disease, the latter associated with Mtb spread. In the absence of an effective vaccine, epidemiologic modeling suggests that aggressive treatment of individuals with active TB (ATB) may curb spread. Yet, clinical discrimination between latent (LTB) and ATB remains a challenge. While antibodies are widely used to diagnose many infections, the utility of antibody-based tests to diagnose ATB has only regained significant traction recently. Specifically, recent interest in the humoral immune response to TB has pointed to potential differences in both targeted antigens and antibody features that can discriminate latent and active TB. Here we aimed to integrate these observations and broadly profile the humoral immune response across individuals with LTB or ATB, with and without HIV co-infection, to define the most discriminatory humoral properties and diagnose TB disease more easily. Using 209 Mtb antigens, striking differences in antigen-recognition were observed across latently and actively infected individuals that was modulated by HIV serostatus. However, ATB and LTB could be discriminated, irrespective of HIV-status, based on a combination of both antibody levels and Fc receptor-binding characteristics targeting both well characterized (like lipoarabinomannan, 38 kDa or antigen 85) but also novel Mtb antigens (including Rv1792, Rv1528, Rv2435C or Rv1508). These data reveal new Mtb-specific immunologic markers that can improve the classification of ATB versus LTB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadege Nziza
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Deniz Cizmeci
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Leela Davies
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Edward B. Irvine
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Wonyeong Jung
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Brooke A. Fenderson
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Marwou de Kock
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI) and School of Child and Adolescent Health, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Willem A. Hanekom
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Cheryl L. Day
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Irvine EB, O'Neil A, Darrah PA, Shin S, Choudhary A, Li W, Honnen W, Mehra S, Kaushal D, Gideon HP, Flynn JL, Roederer M, Seder RA, Pinter A, Fortune S, Alter G. Robust IgM responses following intravenous vaccination with Bacille Calmette-Guérin associate with prevention of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in macaques. Nat Immunol 2021; 22:1515-1523. [PMID: 34811542 PMCID: PMC8642241 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-01066-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Development of an effective tuberculosis (TB) vaccine has suffered from an incomplete understanding of the correlates of protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Intravenous (i.v.) vaccination with Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) provides nearly complete protection against TB in rhesus macaques, but the antibody response it elicits remains incompletely defined. Here we show that i.v. BCG drives superior antibody responses in the plasma and the lungs of rhesus macaques compared to traditional intradermal BCG administration. While i.v. BCG broadly expands antibody titers and functions, IgM titers in the plasma and lungs of immunized macaques are among the strongest markers of reduced bacterial burden. IgM was also enriched in macaques that received protective vaccination with an attenuated strain of Mtb. Finally, an Mtb-specific IgM monoclonal antibody reduced Mtb survival in vitro. Collectively, these data highlight the potential importance of IgM responses as a marker and mediator of protection against TB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward B Irvine
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anthony O'Neil
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Patricia A Darrah
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sally Shin
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alok Choudhary
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Wenjun Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - William Honnen
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Smriti Mehra
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Deepak Kaushal
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Hannah Priyadarshini Gideon
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics and Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - JoAnne L Flynn
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics and Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mario Roederer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robert A Seder
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Abraham Pinter
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Sarah Fortune
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Irvine EB, Alter G. Understanding the role of antibody glycosylation through the lens of severe viral and bacterial diseases. Glycobiology 2020; 30:241-253. [PMID: 32103252 PMCID: PMC7109349 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwaa018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Abundant evidence points to a critical role for antibodies in protection and pathology across infectious diseases. While the antibody variable domain facilitates antibody binding and the blockade of infection, the constant domain (Fc) mediates cross talk with the innate immune system. The biological activity of the Fc region is controlled genetically via class switch recombination, resulting in the selection of distinct antibody isotypes and subclasses. However, a second modification is made to all antibodies, via post-translational changes in antibody glycosylation. Studies from autoimmunity and oncology have established the role of immunoglobulin G (IgG) Fc glycosylation as a key regulator of humoral immune activity. However, a growing body of literature, exploring IgG Fc glycosylation through the lens of infectious diseases, points to the role of inflammation in shaping Fc-glycan profiles, the remarkable immune plasticity in antibody glycosylation across pathogen-exposed populations, the canonical and noncanonical functions of glycans and the existence of antigen-specific control over antibody Fc glycosylation. Ultimately, this work provides critical new insights into the functional roles for antibody glycosylation as well as lays the foundation for leveraging antibody glycosylation to drive prevention or control across diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward B Irvine
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tran AC, Diogo GR, Paul MJ, Copland A, Hart P, Mehta N, Irvine EB, Mussá T, Drake PMW, Ivanyi J, Alter G, Reljic R. Mucosal Therapy of Multi-Drug Resistant Tuberculosis With IgA and Interferon-γ. Front Immunol 2020; 11:582833. [PMID: 33193394 PMCID: PMC7606302 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.582833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
New evidence has been emerging that antibodies can be protective in various experimental models of tuberculosis. Here, we report on protection against multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MDR-TB) infection using a combination of the human monoclonal IgA 2E9 antibody against the alpha-crystallin (Acr, HspX) antigen and mouse interferon-gamma in mice transgenic for the human IgA receptor, CD89. The effect of the combined mucosal IgA and IFN-γ; treatment was strongest (50-fold reduction) when therapy was applied at the time of infection, but a statistically significant reduction of lung bacterial load was observed even when the therapy was initiated once the infection had already been established. The protection involving enhanced phagocytosis and then neutrophil mediated killing of infected cells was IgA isotype mediated, because treatment with an IgG version of 2E9 antibody was not effective in human IgG receptor CD64 transgenic mice. The Acr antigen specificity of IgA antibodies for protection in humans has been indicated by their elevated serum levels in latent tuberculosis unlike the lack of IgA antibodies against the virulence-associated MPT64 antigen. Our results represent the first evidence for potential translation of mucosal immunotherapy for the management of MDR-TB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andy C Tran
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gil R Diogo
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J Paul
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alastair Copland
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Hart
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nickita Mehta
- Ragon Institute, Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | | | - Tufária Mussá
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique.,Departamento de Plataformas Tecnológicas em Saúde, Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Pascal M W Drake
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Juraj Ivanyi
- Departamento de Plataformas Tecnológicas em Saúde, Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique.,Guy's Campus of King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute, Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Rajko Reljic
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's University, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Karsten CB, Mehta N, Shin SA, Diefenbach TJ, Slein MD, Karpinski W, Irvine EB, Broge T, Suscovich TJ, Alter G. A versatile high-throughput assay to characterize antibody-mediated neutrophil phagocytosis. J Immunol Methods 2019; 471:46-56. [PMID: 31132351 PMCID: PMC6620195 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils, the most abundant white blood cell, play a critical role in anti-pathogen immunity via phagocytic clearance, secretion of enzymes and immunomodulators, and the release of extracellular traps. Neutrophils non-specifically sense infection through an array of innate immune receptors and inflammatory sensors, but are also able to respond in a pathogen/antigen-specific manner when leveraged by antibodies via Fc-receptors. Among neutrophil functions, antibody-dependent neutrophil phagocytosis (ADNP) results in antibody-mediated opsonization, enabling neutrophils to sense and respond to infection in a pathogen-appropriate manner. Here, we describe a high-throughput flow cytometric approach to effectively visualize and quantify ADNP and its downstream consequences. The assay is easily adaptable, supporting both the use of purified neutrophils or white blood cells, the use of purified Ig or serum, and the broad utility of any target antigen. Thus, this ADNP assay represents a high-throughput platform for the in-depth characterization of neutrophil function. A high-throughput antibody-dependent neutrophil phagocytosis (ADNP) assay was developed. This flow cytometry assay is flexible and can be easily adapted to any pathogen. Analysis of sample sets by ADNP assay is fast, robust and cost-effective. Additional neutrophil functions can be profiled in secondary analyses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina B Karsten
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nickita Mehta
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sally A Shin
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Thomas J Diefenbach
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Matthew D Slein
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Wiktor Karpinski
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Edward B Irvine
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Thomas Broge
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Todd J Suscovich
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Tuberculosis infects one quarter of the world's population and is the leading cause of death by a single infectious agent, responsible for a reported 1.3 million deaths in 2017. While Mycobacterium tuberculosis is treatable with antibiotic therapy, the increased prevalence of drug resistance, coupled with the variable efficacy of the only widely approved vaccine, has highlighted the need for creative approaches to therapeutic and vaccine development. Historically, a productive immune response to M. tuberculosis has been thought to be nearly entirely cell-mediated, with humoral immunity being largely dismissed. However, in this review, we will discuss the historical skepticism surrounding the role of the humoral immune response to M. tuberculosis, and examine more recent evidence suggesting that antibodies may play a valuable role in host defense against the pathogen. Despite the amount of data portraying antibodies in a negative light, emerging data have begun to highlight the unexpected role of antibodies in M. tuberculosis control. Specifically, it has become clear that antibody features of both the variable and constant domain (Fc) ultimately determine the extent to which antibodies modulate disease. Thus, a more precise definition of the antigen-binding and innate immune recruiting functions of antibodies that contribute to M. tuberculosis restriction, are sure to help guide the development of next-generation therapeutics and vaccines to curb this global epidemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Y. Kawahara
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Edward B. Irvine
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Xu J, Mercado-López X, Grier JT, Kim WK, Chun LF, Irvine EB, Del Toro Duany Y, Kell A, Hur S, Gale M, Raj A, López CB. Identification of a Natural Viral RNA Motif That Optimizes Sensing of Viral RNA by RIG-I. mBio 2015; 6:e01265-15. [PMID: 26443454 PMCID: PMC4611036 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01265-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Stimulation of the antiviral response depends on the sensing of viral pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by specialized cellular proteins. During infection with RNA viruses, 5'-di- or -triphosphates accompanying specific single or double-stranded RNA motifs trigger signaling of intracellular RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) and initiate the antiviral response. Although these molecular signatures are present during the replication of many viruses, it is unknown whether they are sufficient for strong activation of RLRs during infection. Immunostimulatory defective viral genomes (iDVGs) from Sendai virus (SeV) are among the most potent natural viral triggers of antiviral immunity. Here we describe an RNA motif (DVG(70-114)) that is essential for the potent immunostimulatory activity of 5'-triphosphate-containing SeV iDVGs. DVG(70-114) enhances viral sensing by the host cell independently of the long stretches of complementary RNA flanking the iDVGs, and it retains its stimulatory potential when transferred to otherwise inert viral RNA. In vitro analysis showed that DVG(70-114) augments the binding of RIG-I to viral RNA and promotes enhanced RIG-I polymerization, thereby facilitating the onset of the antiviral response. Together, our results define a new natural viral PAMP enhancer motif that promotes viral recognition by RLRs and confers potent immunostimulatory activity to viral RNA. IMPORTANCE A discrete group of molecular motifs, including 5'-triphosphates associated with double-stranded RNA, have been identified as essential for the triggering of antiviral immunity. Most RNA viruses expose these motifs during their replication; however, successful viruses normally evade immune recognition and replicate to high levels before detection, indicating that unknown factors drive antiviral immunity. DVGs from SeV are among the most potent natural viral stimuli of the antiviral response known to date. These studies define a new natural viral motif present in DVGs that maximizes viral recognition by the intracellular sensor RIG-I, allowing fast and strong antiviral responses even in the presence of viral-encoded immune antagonists. This motif can be harnessed to increase the immunostimulatory potential of otherwise inert viral RNAs and represents a novel immunostimulatory enhancer that could be used in the development of vaccine adjuvants and antivirals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xu
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Xiomara Mercado-López
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jennifer T Grier
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Won-keun Kim
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lauren F Chun
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Edward B Irvine
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yoandris Del Toro Duany
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alison Kell
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sun Hur
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael Gale
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Arjun Raj
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Carolina B López
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|