1
|
Sutton MS, Bucsan AN, Lehman CC, Kamath M, Pokkali S, Magnani DM, Seder R, Darrah PA, Roederer M. Antibody-mediated depletion of select leukocyte subsets in blood and tissue of nonhuman primates. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1359679. [PMID: 38529287 PMCID: PMC10961357 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1359679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the immunological control of pathogens requires a detailed evaluation of the mechanistic contributions of individual cell types within the immune system. While knockout mouse models that lack certain cell types have been used to help define the role of those cells, the biological and physiological characteristics of mice do not necessarily recapitulate that of a human. To overcome some of these differences, studies often look towards nonhuman primates (NHPs) due to their close phylogenetic relationship to humans. To evaluate the immunological role of select cell types, the NHP model provides distinct advantages since NHP more closely mirror the disease manifestations and immunological characteristics of humans. However, many of the experimental manipulations routinely used in mice (e.g., gene knock-out) cannot be used with the NHP model. As an alternative, the in vivo infusion of monoclonal antibodies that target surface proteins on specific cells to either functionally inhibit or deplete cells can be a useful tool. Such depleting antibodies have been used in NHP studies to address immunological mechanisms of action. In these studies, the extent of depletion has generally been reported for blood, but not thoroughly assessed in tissues. Here, we evaluated four depleting regimens that primarily target T cells in NHP: anti-CD4, anti-CD8α, anti-CD8β, and immunotoxin-conjugated anti-CD3. We evaluated these treatments in healthy unvaccinated and IV BCG-vaccinated NHP to measure the extent that vaccine-elicited T cells - which may be activated, increased in number, or resident in specific tissues - are depleted compared to resting populations in unvaccinated NHPs. We report quantitative measurements of in vivo depletion at multiple tissue sites providing insight into the range of cell types depleted by a given mAb. While we found substantial depletion of target cell types in blood and tissue of many animals, residual cells remained, often residing within tissue. Notably, we find that animal-to-animal variation is substantial and consequently studies that use these reagents should be powered accordingly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S. Sutton
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Allison N. Bucsan
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Chelsea C. Lehman
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Megha Kamath
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Supriya Pokkali
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Diogo M. Magnani
- Nonhuman Primate Reagent Resource, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Robert Seder
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Patricia A. Darrah
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Mario Roederer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sutton MS, Bucsan AN, Lehman CC, Kamath M, Pokkali S, Magnani DM, Seder R, Darrah PA, Roederer M. Antibody-mediated depletion of select T cell subsets in blood and tissue of nonhuman primates. bioRxiv 2023:2023.12.22.572898. [PMID: 38187627 PMCID: PMC10769432 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.22.572898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the immunological control of pathogens requires a detailed evaluation of the mechanistic contributions of individual cell types within the immune system. While knockout mouse models that lack certain cell types have been used to help define the role of those cells, the biological and physiological characteristics of mice do not necessarily recapitulate that of a human. To overcome some of these differences, studies often look towards nonhuman primates (NHPs) due to their close phylogenetic relationship to humans. To evaluate the immunological role of select cell types, the NHP model provides distinct advantages since NHP more closely mirror the disease manifestations and immunological characteristics of humans. However, many of the experimental manipulations routinely used in mice (e.g., gene knock-out) cannot be used with the NHP model. As an alternative, the in vivo infusion of monoclonal antibodies that target surface proteins on specific cells to either functionally inhibit or deplete cells can be a useful tool. Such depleting antibodies have been used in NHP studies to address immunological mechanisms of action. In these studies, the extent of depletion has generally been reported for blood, but not thoroughly assessed in tissues. Here, we evaluated four depleting regimens that primarily target T cells in NHP: anti-CD4, anti-CD8α, anti-CD8β, and immunotoxin-conjugated anti-CD3. We evaluated these treatments in healthy unvaccinated and IV BCG-vaccinated NHP to measure the extent that vaccine-elicited T cells - which may be activated, increased in number, or resident in specific tissues - are depleted compared to resting populations in unvaccinated NHPs. We report quantitative measurements of in vivo depletion at multiple tissue sites providing insight into the range of cell types depleted by a given mAb. While we found substantial depletion of target cell types in blood and tissue of many animals, residual cells remained, often residing within tissue. Notably, we find that animal-to-animal variation is substantial and consequently studies that use these reagents should be powered accordingly.
Collapse
|
3
|
King HAD, Pokkali S, Kim D, Brammer D, Song K, McCarthy E, Lehman C, Todd JP, Foulds KE, Darrah PA, Seder RA, Bolton DL, Roederer M. Immune Activation Profiles Elicited by Distinct, Repeated TLR Agonist Infusions in Rhesus Macaques. J Immunol 2023; 211:1643-1655. [PMID: 37861342 PMCID: PMC10656433 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
TLR agonists are a promising class of immune system stimulants investigated for immunomodulatory applications in cancer immunotherapy and viral diseases. In this study, we sought to characterize the safety and immune activation achieved by different TLR agonists in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), a useful preclinical model of complex immune interactions. Macaques received one of three TLR agonists, followed by plasma cytokine, immune cell subset representation, and blood cell activation measurements. The TLR4 agonist LPS administered i.v. induced very transient immune activation, including TNF-α expression and monocyte activation. The TLR7/8 agonist 2BXy elicited more persistent cytokine expression, including type I IFN, IL-1RA, and the proinflammatory IL-6, along with T cell and monocyte activation. Delivery of 2BXy i.v. and i.m. achieved comparable immune activation, which increased with escalating dose. Finally, i.v. bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination (which activates multiple TLRs, especially TLR2/4) elicited the most pronounced and persistent innate and adaptive immune response, including strong induction of IFN-γ, IL-6, and IL-1RA. Strikingly, monocyte, T cell, and NK cell expression of the proliferation marker Ki67 increased dramatically following BCG vaccination. This aligned with a large increase in total and BCG-specific cells measured in the lung. Principal component analysis of the combined cytokine expression and cellular activation responses separated animals by treatment group, indicating distinct immune activation profiles induced by each agent. In sum, we report safe, effective doses and routes of administration for three TLR agonists that exhibit discrete immunomodulatory properties in primates and may be leveraged in future immunotherapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah A. D. King
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD
| | - Supriya Pokkali
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Dohoon Kim
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD
| | - Daniel Brammer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Kaimei Song
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Chelsea Lehman
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - John-Paul Todd
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Kathryn E. Foulds
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Robert A. Seder
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Diane L. Bolton
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD
| | - Mario Roederer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Darrah PA, Zeppa JJ, Wang C, Irvine EB, Bucsan AN, Rodgers MA, Pokkali S, Hackney JA, Kamath M, White AG, Borish HJ, Frye LJ, Tomko J, Kracinovsky K, Lin PL, Klein E, Scanga CA, Alter G, Fortune SM, Lauffenburger DA, Flynn JL, Seder RA, Maiello P, Roederer M. Airway T cells are a correlate of i.v. Bacille Calmette-Guerin-mediated protection against tuberculosis in rhesus macaques. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:962-977.e8. [PMID: 37267955 PMCID: PMC10355173 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG), the only approved Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) vaccine, provides limited durable protection when administered intradermally. However, recent work revealed that intravenous (i.v.) BCG administration yielded greater protection in macaques. Here, we perform a dose-ranging study of i.v. BCG vaccination in macaques to generate a range of immune responses and define correlates of protection. Seventeen of 34 macaques had no detectable infection after Mtb challenge. Multivariate analysis incorporating longitudinal cellular and humoral immune parameters uncovered an extensive and highly coordinated immune response from the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). A minimal signature predicting protection contained four BAL immune features, of which three remained significant after dose correction: frequency of CD4 T cells producing TNF with interferon γ (IFNγ), frequency of those producing TNF with IL-17, and the number of NK cells. Blood immune features were less predictive of protection. We conclude that CD4 T cell immunity and NK cells in the airway correlate with protection following i.v. BCG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Darrah
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Joseph J Zeppa
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Chuangqi Wang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Anschuntz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Edward B Irvine
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Allison N Bucsan
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mark A Rodgers
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Supriya Pokkali
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Joshua A Hackney
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Megha Kamath
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alexander G White
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - H Jacob Borish
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - L James Frye
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Jaime Tomko
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Kara Kracinovsky
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Philana Ling Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, and Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15620, USA
| | - Edwin Klein
- Division of Animal Laboratory Resources, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Charles A Scanga
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sarah M Fortune
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Douglas A Lauffenburger
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - JoAnne L Flynn
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Robert A Seder
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Pauline Maiello
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Mario Roederer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zeppa JJ, Darrah PA, Sutton M, Pokkali S, Scanga CA, Maiello P, Lin PL, Roederer M, Seder RA, Flynn JL. Vaccine-Elicited T cells are Important for Intravenous BCG Mediated Protection in a Rhesus macaque Model of Tuberculosis. The Journal of Immunology 2020. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.168.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Our laboratories have shown that intravenous (IV) vaccination with Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG; 5×107 CFU) provides robust protection against low-dose Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection in rhesus macaques (9/10 protected [<50 thoracic Mtb CFU]; 100,000-fold reduction compared to intradermal [ID] BCG). IV BCG also resulted in a 100-fold increase in mycobacterium--specific T cells in the airways of animals compared to ID or aerosol administration. To investigate the role of T cells in this protective model, we employed two methodologies: 1. Vaccination with decreasing doses of BCG to stimulate lower-magnitude T cell responses and; 2. Antibody-mediated CD4 and CD8a T cell depletion post-vaccination but pre-infection. Animals were vaccinated for 6 months followed by a 2–3 month low-dose Mtb challenge. Surprisingly, even at low doses of BCG (0.4–2 × 105), a subset of animals was protected, with a range of outcomes across the doses. In the second study, depletion was successful in blood, airways and tissue. Interestingly, depletion of either T cell subset resulted in an intermediate total thoracic CFU phenotype. In both studies, correlates of immunity will be assessed comparing protection (CFU) to BAL and tissue resident immune responses. Our data supports that sterilizing protection is observed across the BCG IV dose spectrum and that T cells are important, but are likely not the only factors involved in this protection. Our findings are critical for identifying correlates of protection and generating a safe and effective vaccine against TB.
Collapse
|
6
|
Darrah PA, Zeppa JJ, Maiello P, Hackney JA, Wadsworth MH, Hughes TK, Pokkali S, Swanson PA, Grant NL, Rodgers MA, Kamath M, Causgrove CM, Laddy DJ, Bonavia A, Casimiro D, Lin PL, Klein E, White AG, Scanga CA, Shalek AK, Roederer M, Flynn JL, Seder RA. Prevention of tuberculosis in macaques after intravenous BCG immunization. Nature 2020; 577:95-102. [PMID: 31894150 PMCID: PMC7015856 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1817-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the leading cause of death from infection worldwide1. The only available vaccine, BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guérin), is given intradermally and has variable efficacy against pulmonary tuberculosis, the major cause of mortality and disease transmission1,2. Here we show that intravenous administration of BCG profoundly alters the protective outcome of Mtb challenge in non-human primates (Macaca mulatta). Compared with intradermal or aerosol delivery, intravenous immunization induced substantially more antigen-responsive CD4 and CD8 T cell responses in blood, spleen, bronchoalveolar lavage and lung lymph nodes. Moreover, intravenous immunization induced a high frequency of antigen-responsive T cells across all lung parenchymal tissues. Six months after BCG vaccination, macaques were challenged with virulent Mtb. Notably, nine out of ten macaques that received intravenous BCG vaccination were highly protected, with six macaques showing no detectable levels of infection, as determined by positron emission tomography-computed tomography imaging, mycobacterial growth, pathology and granuloma formation. The finding that intravenous BCG prevents or substantially limits Mtb infection in highly susceptible rhesus macaques has important implications for vaccine delivery and clinical development, and provides a model for defining immune correlates and mechanisms of vaccine-elicited protection against tuberculosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A. Darrah
- 0000 0001 2297 5165grid.94365.3dVaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Joseph J. Zeppa
- 0000 0004 1936 9000grid.21925.3dDepartment of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics and Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Pauline Maiello
- 0000 0004 1936 9000grid.21925.3dDepartment of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics and Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Joshua A. Hackney
- 0000 0001 2297 5165grid.94365.3dVaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Marc H. Wadsworth
- Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, MA USA ,0000 0001 2341 2786grid.116068.8Department of Chemistry, Institute for Medical Engineering and Sciences (IMES), MIT, Cambridge, MA USA ,grid.66859.34Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Travis K. Hughes
- Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, MA USA ,0000 0001 2341 2786grid.116068.8Department of Chemistry, Institute for Medical Engineering and Sciences (IMES), MIT, Cambridge, MA USA ,grid.66859.34Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Supriya Pokkali
- 0000 0001 2297 5165grid.94365.3dVaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Phillip A. Swanson
- 0000 0001 2297 5165grid.94365.3dVaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Nicole L. Grant
- 0000 0004 1936 9000grid.21925.3dDepartment of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Mark A. Rodgers
- 0000 0004 1936 9000grid.21925.3dDepartment of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics and Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Megha Kamath
- 0000 0001 2297 5165grid.94365.3dVaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Chelsea M. Causgrove
- 0000 0004 1936 9000grid.21925.3dDepartment of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics and Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | | | | | | | - Philana Ling Lin
- 0000 0000 9753 0008grid.239553.bDepartment of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of the University of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Edwin Klein
- 0000 0004 1936 9000grid.21925.3dDivision of Animal Laboratory Resources, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Alexander G. White
- 0000 0004 1936 9000grid.21925.3dDepartment of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics and Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Charles A. Scanga
- 0000 0004 1936 9000grid.21925.3dDepartment of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics and Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Alex K. Shalek
- Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, MA USA ,0000 0001 2341 2786grid.116068.8Department of Chemistry, Institute for Medical Engineering and Sciences (IMES), MIT, Cambridge, MA USA ,grid.66859.34Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA ,0000 0001 2341 2786grid.116068.8Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Mario Roederer
- 0000 0001 2297 5165grid.94365.3dVaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD USA
| | - JoAnne L. Flynn
- 0000 0004 1936 9000grid.21925.3dDepartment of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics and Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Robert A. Seder
- 0000 0001 2297 5165grid.94365.3dVaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ordonez AA, Pokkali S, Sanchez-Bautista J, Klunk MH, Urbanowski ME, Kübler A, Bishai WR, Elkington PT, Jain SK. Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibition in a Murine Model of Cavitary Tuberculosis Paradoxically Worsens Pathology. J Infect Dis 2019; 219:633-636. [PMID: 29920600 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) degrade extracellular matrix and are implicated in tuberculosis pathogenesis and cavitation. In particular, MMP-7 is induced by hypoxia and highly expressed around pulmonary cavities of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected C3HeB/FeJ mice. In this study, we evaluated whether administration of cipemastat, an orally available potent inhibitor of MMP-7, could reduce pulmonary cavitation in M. tuberculosis-infected C3HeB/FeJ mice. We demonstrate that, compared with untreated controls, cipemastat treatment paradoxically increases the frequency of cavitation (32% vs 7%; P = .029), immunopathology, and mortality. Further studies are needed to understand the role of MMP inhibitors as adjunctive treatments for pulmonary tuberculosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro A Ordonez
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Supriya Pokkali
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Julian Sanchez-Bautista
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mariah H Klunk
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michael E Urbanowski
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - André Kübler
- Queen's Hospital, Barking, Havering, and Redbridge University Hospital National Health Service Trust, Romford
| | - William R Bishai
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Paul T Elkington
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre.,Institute of Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Sanjay K Jain
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zeppa JJ, Darrah PA, Pokkali S, Hackney JA, Maiello PA, Scanga CA, Laddy DJ, Lin PL, Seder RA, Roederer M, Flynn JL. Intravenous Bacille Calmette-Guerin provides protection across a dose spectrum in a Rhesus macaque model of tuberculosis. The Journal of Immunology 2019. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.202.supp.139.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Our laboratory has demonstrated that intravenous (IV) vaccination with Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG; 5x107CFU) provides remarkably robust protection against low-dose Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection in Rhesus macaques (9/10 animals protected [<50 thoracic Mtb CFU]; 100,000-fold reduction compared to intradermal [ID] BCG). IV BCG also resulted in a 100-fold increase in mycobacterium-specific T cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) of animals compared to other routes of administration (ID or aerosol). These results led us to hypothesize that significant protection could be observed at lower IV BCG doses. We therefore vaccinated macaques with decreasing doses of BCG (5x107, 1.6x107, 5x106, 1.6x106, 5x105and 1.6 x105CFU) followed by six months of immune monitoring and a three-month low-dose Mtb challenge. As expected, a mycobacterium-specific T cell dose-dependent response was observed in both the BAL (FACS) and PBMCs (IFNgELIspot) prior to infection, as well as in the lung at time of necropsy (FACS). Remarkably, 17/25 animals had no thoracic Mtb CFU across all groups, and at least one animal from each group was protected (30–100% protection). Mycobacterium-specific CD4 T cell numbers in the BAL appear to be a correlate of protection. These results demonstrate that even at low doses IV BCG can be efficacious in preventing tuberculosis with a potential role for T cell-dependent immunity.
Collapse
|
9
|
Gupta S, Krug S, Pokkali S, Leanderson T, Isaacs JT, Srikrishna G, Bishai WR. Pharmacologic Exhaustion of Suppressor Cells with Tasquinimod Enhances Bacterial Clearance during Tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019; 199:386-389. [PMID: 30395729 PMCID: PMC6363972 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201805-0820le] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Gupta
- Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, Maryland
- Brown UniversityProvidence, Rhode Island
| | | | - Supriya Pokkali
- Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, Maryland
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIHBethesda, Marylandand
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ordonez AA, Pokkali S, Kim S, Carr B, Klunk MH, Tong L, Saini V, Chang YS, McKevitt M, Smith V, Gossage DL, Jain SK. Adjunct antibody administration with standard treatment reduces relapse rates in a murine tuberculosis model of necrotic granulomas. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197474. [PMID: 29758082 PMCID: PMC5951562 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 is a zinc-dependent protease associated with early immune responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, macrophage recruitment and granuloma formation. We evaluated whether adjunctive inhibition of MMP-9 could improve the response to standard TB treatment in a mouse model that develops necrotic lesions. Six weeks after an aerosol infection with M. tuberculosis, C3HeB/FeJ mice received standard TB treatment (12 weeks) comprising rifampin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide alone or in combination with either anti-MMP-9 antibody, etanercept (positive control) or isotype antibody (negative control) for 6 weeks. Anti-MMP-9 and the isotype control had comparable high serum exposures and expected terminal half-life. The relapse rate in mice receiving standard TB treatment was 46.6%. Compared to the standard TB treatment, relapse rates in animals that received adjunctive treatments with anti-MMP-9 antibody or etanercept were significantly decreased to 25.9% (P = 0.006) and 29.8% (P = 0.019) respectively, but were not different from the arm that received the isotype control antibody (25.9%). Immunostaining demonstrated localization of MMP-9 primarily in macrophages in both murine and human lung tissues infected with M. tuberculosis, suggesting the importance of MMP-9 in TB pathogenesis. These data suggest that the relapse rates in M. tuberculosis-infected mice may be non-specifically improved by administration of antibodies in conjunction with standard TB treatments. Future studies are needed to evaluate the mechanism(s) leading to improved outcomes with adjunctive antibody treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro A. Ordonez
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Supriya Pokkali
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sunhwa Kim
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Brian Carr
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Mariah H. Klunk
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Leah Tong
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Vikram Saini
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yong S. Chang
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Matthew McKevitt
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Victoria Smith
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - David L. Gossage
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Sanjay K. Jain
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Shaikh N, Gupte A, Dharmshale S, Pokkali S, Thakar M, Upadhye VJ, Ordonez AA, Kinikar A, Gupte N, Mave V, Kagal A, Gupta A, Lalvani A, Paranjpe R, Bharadwaj R, Jain SK. Novel interferon-gamma assays for diagnosing tuberculosis in young children in India. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2018; 21:412-419. [PMID: 28284256 DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.16.0428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
SETTING The tuberculin skin test (TST) and interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs) are used as supportive evidence to diagnose active tuberculosis (TB). Novel IGRAs could improve diagnosis, but data are lacking in young children. DESIGN Children (age 5 years) with suspected TB were prospectively screened at a tertiary hospital in Pune, India; the children underwent TST, and standard (early secretory antigenic target 6 and culture filtrate protein 10) and enhanced (five additional novel antigens) enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) assays. RESULTS Of 313 children (median age 30 months) enrolled, 92% had received bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccination, 53% were malnourished and 9% were coinfected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); 48 (15%) had TB, 128 (41%) did not, and TB could not be ruled out in 137 (44%). The sensitivity of enhanced (45%) and standard (42%) ELISpot assays for diagnosing TB was better than that of TST (20%) (P 0.03); however, enhanced ELISpot was not more sensitive than the standard ELISpot assay (P = 0.50). The specificity of enhanced ELISpot, standard ELISpot and TST was respectively 82% (95%CI 74-89), 88% (95%CI 81-94) and 98% (95%CI 93-100). Rv3879c and Rv3615c, previously reported to be promising antigens, failed to improve the diagnostic performance of the ELISpot assay. CONCLUSION The TST and the standard and novel ELISpot assays performed poorly in diagnosing active TB among young children in India.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Shaikh
- National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India
| | - A Gupte
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - S Dharmshale
- Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College, Pune, India
| | - S Pokkali
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - M Thakar
- National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India
| | | | - A A Ordonez
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - A Kinikar
- Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College, Pune, India
| | - N Gupte
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College, Pune, India
| | - V Mave
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College, Pune, India
| | - A Kagal
- Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College, Pune, India
| | - A Gupta
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - R Paranjpe
- National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India
| | - R Bharadwaj
- Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College, Pune, India
| | - S K Jain
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tucker EW, Pokkali S, Zhang Z, DeMarco VP, Klunk M, Smith ES, Ordonez AA, Penet MF, Bhujwalla Z, Jain SK, Kannan S. Microglia activation in a pediatric rabbit model of tuberculous meningitis. Dis Model Mech 2017; 9:1497-1506. [PMID: 27935825 PMCID: PMC5200899 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.027326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) tuberculosis (TB) is the most severe form of extra-pulmonary TB and disproportionately affects young children where the developing brain has a unique host response. New Zealand white rabbits were infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis via subarachnoid inoculation at postnatal day 4-8 and evaluated until 4-6 weeks post-infection. Control and infected rabbit kits were assessed for the development of neurological deficits, bacterial burden, and postmortem microbiologic and pathologic changes. The presence of meningitis and tuberculomas was demonstrated histologically and by in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The extent of microglial activation was quantified by in vitro immunohistochemistry as well as non-invasive in vivo imaging of activated microglia/macrophages with positron emission tomography (PET). Subarachnoid infection induced characteristic leptomeningeal and perivascular inflammation and TB lesions with central necrosis, a cellular rim and numerous bacilli on pathologic examination. Meningeal and rim enhancement was visible on MRI. An intense microglial activation was noted in M. tuberculosis-infected animals in the white matter and around the TB lesions, as evidenced by a significant increase in uptake of the tracer 124I-DPA-713, which is specific for activated microglia/macrophages, and confirmed by quantification of Iba-1 immunohistochemistry. Neurobehavioral analyses demonstrated signs similar to those noted in children with delayed maturation and development of neurological deficits resulting in significantly worse composite behavior scores in M. tuberculosis-infected animals. We have established a rabbit model that mimics features of TB meningitis in young children. This model could provide a platform for evaluating novel therapies, including host-directed therapies, against TB meningitis relevant to a young child's developing brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth W Tucker
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.,Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.,Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.,Center for Nanomedicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
| | - Supriya Pokkali
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.,Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.,Center for Nanomedicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Vincent P DeMarco
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.,Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Mariah Klunk
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.,Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Elizabeth S Smith
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.,Center for Nanomedicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Alvaro A Ordonez
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.,Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Marie-France Penet
- JHU ICMIC Program, Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Zaver Bhujwalla
- JHU ICMIC Program, Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Sanjay K Jain
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA .,Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Sujatha Kannan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA .,Center for Nanomedicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Gupta S, Cheung L, Pokkali S, Winglee K, Guo H, Murphy JR, Bishai WR. Suppressor Cell-Depleting Immunotherapy With Denileukin Diftitox is an Effective Host-Directed Therapy for Tuberculosis. J Infect Dis 2017; 215:1883-1887. [PMID: 28863467 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Host-directed therapies that augment host immune effector mechanisms may serve as important adjunctive therapies for tuberculosis treatment. We evaluated the activity of denileukin diftitox in an acute mouse model of tuberculosis (TB) infection and analyzed the cellular composition and bacterial burden in lungs and spleens. These in vivo studies show that denileukin diftitox potentiates standard TB treatment in the mouse model, an effect which may be due to depletion of T-regulatory and myeloid-derived suppressor cells during TB infection. Our results indicate that denileukin diftitox and other suppressor cell-depleting therapies may be useful adjunctive, host-directed therapies for TB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Gupta
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Laurene Cheung
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Supriya Pokkali
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kathryn Winglee
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Haidan Guo
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - John R Murphy
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories Institute, Boston University, Massachusetts
| | - William R Bishai
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ordonez AA, Weinstein EA, Bambarger LE, Saini V, Chang YS, DeMarco VP, Klunk MH, Urbanowski ME, Moulton KL, Murawski AM, Pokkali S, Kalinda AS, Jain SK. A Systematic Approach for Developing Bacteria-Specific Imaging Tracers. J Nucl Med 2016; 58:144-150. [PMID: 27635025 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.116.181792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The modern patient is increasingly susceptible to bacterial infections including those due to multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs). Noninvasive whole-body analysis with pathogen-specific imaging technologies can significantly improve patient outcomes by rapidly identifying a source of infection and monitoring the response to treatment, but no such technology exists clinically. METHODS We systematically screened 961 random radiolabeled molecules in silico as substrates for essential metabolic pathways in bacteria, followed by in vitro uptake in representative bacteria-Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and mycobacteria. Fluorine-labeled analogs, that could be developed as PET-based imaging tracers, were evaluated in a murine myositis model. RESULTS We identified 3 novel, nontoxic molecules demonstrating selective bacterial uptake: para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), with uptake in all representative bacteria including Mycobacterium tuberculosis; mannitol, with selective uptake in S. aureus and E. coli; and sorbitol, accumulating only in E. coli None accumulated in mammalian cells or heat-killed bacteria, suggesting metabolism-derived specificity. In addition to an extended bacterial panel of laboratory strains, all 3 molecules rapidly accumulated in respective clinical isolates of interest including MDROs such as methicillin-resistant S. aureus, extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing, and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. In a murine myositis model, fluorine-labeled analogs of all 3 molecules could rapidly detect and differentiate infection sites from sterile inflammation in mice (P = 0.03). Finally, 2-deoxy-2-[F-18]fluoro-d-sorbitol (18F-FDS) can be easily synthesized from 18F-FDG. PET, with 18F-FDS synthesized using current good manufacturing practice, could rapidly differentiate true infection from sterile inflammation to selectively localize E. coli infection in mice. CONCLUSION We have developed a systematic approach that exploits unique biochemical pathways in bacteria to develop novel pathogen-specific imaging tracers. These tracers have significant potential for clinical translation to specifically detect and localize a broad range of bacteria, including MDROs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro A Ordonez
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Edward A Weinstein
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Lauren E Bambarger
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Vikram Saini
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yong S Chang
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Vincent P DeMarco
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mariah H Klunk
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michael E Urbanowski
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and.,Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kimberly L Moulton
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Allison M Murawski
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Supriya Pokkali
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alvin S Kalinda
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sanjay K Jain
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland .,Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ordonez AA, DeMarco VP, Klunk MH, Pokkali S, Jain SK. Imaging Chronic Tuberculous Lesions Using Sodium [(18)F]Fluoride Positron Emission Tomography in Mice. Mol Imaging Biol 2016; 17:609-14. [PMID: 25750032 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-015-0836-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Calcification is a hallmark of chronic tuberculosis (TB) in humans, often noted years to decades (after the initial infection) on chest radiography, but not visualized well with traditional positron emission tomography (PET). We hypothesized that sodium [(18)F]fluoride (Na[(18)F]F) PET could be used to detect microcalcifications in a chronically Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected murine model. PROCEDURES C3HeB/FeJ mice, which develop necrotic and hypoxic TB lesions, were aerosol-infected with M. tuberculosis and imaged with Na[(18)F]F PET. RESULTS Pulmonary TB lesions from chronically infected mice demonstrated significantly higher Na[(18)F]F uptake compared with acutely infected or uninfected animals (P < 0.01), while no differences were noted in the blood or bone compartments (P > 0.08). Ex vivo biodistribution studies confirmed the imaging findings, and tissue histology demonstrated microcalcifications in TB lesions from chronically infected mice, which has not been demonstrated previously in a murine model. CONCLUSION Na[(18)F]F PET can be used for the detection of chronic TB lesions and could prove to be a useful noninvasive biomarker for TB studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro A Ordonez
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University, 1550 Orleans Street, CRB-II, Rm 1.09, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Vincent P DeMarco
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University, 1550 Orleans Street, CRB-II, Rm 1.09, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mariah H Klunk
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University, 1550 Orleans Street, CRB-II, Rm 1.09, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Supriya Pokkali
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University, 1550 Orleans Street, CRB-II, Rm 1.09, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sanjay K Jain
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University, 1550 Orleans Street, CRB-II, Rm 1.09, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ordonez AA, Tasneen R, Pokkali S, Xu Z, Converse PJ, Klunk MH, Mollura DJ, Nuermberger EL, Jain SK. Mouse model of pulmonary cavitary tuberculosis and expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9. Dis Model Mech 2016; 9:779-88. [PMID: 27482816 PMCID: PMC4958312 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.025643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cavitation is a key pathological feature of human tuberculosis (TB), and is a well-recognized risk factor for transmission of infection, relapse after treatment and the emergence of drug resistance. Despite intense interest in the mechanisms underlying cavitation and its negative impact on treatment outcomes, there has been limited study of this phenomenon, owing in large part to the limitations of existing animal models. Although cavitation does not occur in conventional mouse strains after infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, cavitary lung lesions have occasionally been observed in C3HeB/FeJ mice. However, to date, there has been no demonstration that cavitation can be produced consistently enough to support C3HeB/FeJ mice as a new and useful model of cavitary TB. We utilized serial computed tomography (CT) imaging to detect pulmonary cavitation in C3HeB/FeJ mice after aerosol infection with M. tuberculosis Post-mortem analyses were performed to characterize lung lesions and to localize matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) previously implicated in cavitary TB in situ A total of 47-61% of infected mice developed cavities during primary disease or relapse after non-curative treatments. Key pathological features of human TB, including simultaneous presence of multiple pathologies, were noted in lung tissues. Optical imaging demonstrated increased MMP activity in TB lesions and MMP-9 was significantly expressed in cavitary lesions. Tissue MMP-9 activity could be abrogated by specific inhibitors. In situ, three-dimensional analyses of cavitary lesions demonstrated that 22.06% of CD11b+ signal colocalized with MMP-9. C3HeB/FeJ mice represent a reliable, economical and tractable model of cavitary TB, with key similarities to human TB. This model should provide an excellent tool to better understand the pathogenesis of cavitation and its effects on TB treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro A Ordonez
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Rokeya Tasneen
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Supriya Pokkali
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Ziyue Xu
- Center for Infectious Disease Imaging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Paul J Converse
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Mariah H Klunk
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Daniel J Mollura
- Center for Infectious Disease Imaging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Eric L Nuermberger
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Sanjay K Jain
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Weinstein EA, Ordonez AA, DeMarco VP, Murawski AM, Pokkali S, MacDonald EM, Klunk M, Mease RC, Pomper MG, Jain SK. Imaging Enterobacteriaceae infection in vivo with 18F-fluorodeoxysorbitol positron emission tomography. Sci Transl Med 2015; 6:259ra146. [PMID: 25338757 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3009815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The Enterobacteriaceae are a family of rod-shaped Gram-negative bacteria that normally inhabit the gastrointestinal tract and are the most common cause of Gram-negative bacterial infections in humans. In addition to causing serious multidrug-resistant, hospital-acquired infections, a number of Enterobacteriaceae species are also recognized as biothreat pathogens. As a consequence, new tools are urgently needed to specifically identify and localize infections due to Enterobacteriaceae and to monitor antimicrobial efficacy. In this report, we used commercially available 2-[(18)F]-fluorodeoxyglucose ((18)F-FDG) to produce 2-[(18)F]-fluorodeoxysorbitol ((18)F-FDS), a radioactive probe for Enterobacteriaceae, in 30 min. (18)F-FDS selectively accumulated in Enterobacteriaceae, but not in Gram-positive bacteria or healthy mammalian or cancer cells in vitro. In a murine myositis model, (18)F-FDS positron emission tomography (PET) rapidly differentiated true infection from sterile inflammation with a limit of detection of 6.2 ± 0.2 log10 colony-forming units (CFU) for Escherichia coli. Our findings were extended to models of mixed Gram-positive and Gram-negative thigh co-infections, brain infection, Klebsiella pneumonia, and mice undergoing immunosuppressive chemotherapy. This technique rapidly and specifically localized infections due to Enterobacteriaceae, providing a three-dimensional holistic view within the animal. Last, (18)F-FDS PET monitored the efficacy of antimicrobial treatment, demonstrating a PET signal proportionate to the bacterial burden. Therapeutic failures associated with multidrug-resistant, extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli infections were detected in real time. Together, these data show that (18)F-FDS is a candidate imaging probe for translation to human clinical cases of known or suspected infections owing to Enterobacteriaceae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward A Weinstein
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA. Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Alvaro A Ordonez
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA. Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Vincent P DeMarco
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Allison M Murawski
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Supriya Pokkali
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Elizabeth M MacDonald
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA. Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Mariah Klunk
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA. Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Ronnie C Mease
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Martin G Pomper
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA. Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Sanjay K Jain
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA. Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Pokkali S, Ordonez A, Chenna V, Maitra A, Jain S. NanoCurcumin inhibits TNF-α in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected macrophages (MPF3P.821). The Journal of Immunology 2014. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.192.supp.132.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Host response to M. tuberculosis (M.tb) infection leads to tissue destruction and impairs the ability of drugs to reach the bacteria. New anti-inflammatory adjuvant therapies could enhance bacterial clearance. Curcumin (diferuloylmethane) is a lipophilic phytochemical present in turmeric (Curcuma longa). Encapsulation of curcumin with polymers (NanoCurcuminTM) increased absorption and bioavailability of curcumin and is being investigated as host-directed therapies for the treatment various diseases. Methods and Results: We investigated the effect of free and encapsulated NanocurcuminTM on M.tb induced host inflammatory responses in M.tb infected J774 macrophages. Bacterial burden and cytokine levels were enumerated by standard microbiological and immunological methods. We utilized physiologically achievable levels of NanocurcuminTM (based on prior in vivo studies) and found a dose dependent decrease in the levels of TNF-α in M.tb infected J774 macrophages. Conclusions: NanoCurcumin™ can modulate TNF-α and could be utilized as a host-directed therapy to enhanced bacterial clearance and potentially shorten TB drug regimen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Venugopal Chenna
- 2The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Anirban Maitra
- 2The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Pokkali
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Dhanushkodi NR, Mohankumar V, Pokkali S, Raju R. Lipopolysaccharide inhibits Sindbis virus-induced IP-10 release in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Viral Immunol 2011; 24:237-43. [PMID: 21668365 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2010.0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokines play a pivotal role in the innate response to both bacterial and viral infections, and in mixed infections. To determine chemokine responses to Sindbis virus (SIN) in a co-infection model, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) derived from healthy volunteers were exposed to SIN in the presence and absence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Culture supernatants recovered at 2, 24, and 72 h post-exposure were evaluated for virus replication and analyzed for chemokines by ELISA. None of the PBMC cultures showed new virus release, GFP reporter expression, or viral RNA synthesis. While SIN had little effect on the induction of IL-8 and RANTES, the chemokines MCP-1, MIP1-α (p < 0.001), and MIP1-β (p < 0.0004) were drastically upregulated by SIN as well as LPS. Both live and UV-inactivated SIN induced secretion of IP-10 and I-TAC. Although LPS did not induce release of IP-10, it sharply inhibited (p = 0.004) SIN-mediated IP-10 secretion. On the contrary, the release of SLC was blocked by SIN. The adjuvant activity of IP-10, its antiangiogenic function, and antagonism between SIN and LPS for the release of select chemokines may be useful in understanding the pathogenesis of mixed infections, cross-talk between cellular pathways, and may have applications in cancer and sepsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nisha R Dhanushkodi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College, School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Dhanushkodi N, Mohankumar V, Pokkali S, Raju R. Cross-regulation of innate response in human PBMC by an enveloped RNA virus and LPS (67.11). The Journal of Immunology 2011. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.186.supp.67.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The innate response to polymicrobial infections and their pathways are poorly understood. In this work, we used Sindbis virus (SIN), an enveloped RNA virus and LPS as inducers of innate response. PBMC from healthy volunteers were exposed to SIN Toto 1101, in the presence and absence of E.coli LPS. We observed absence of new virus release, SIN/GFP reporter expression and viral RNA synthesis suggesting poor replication of SIN in human PBMC. However, significant lymphocyte activation, cytokine and chemokine release were seen upon exposure of PBMC to SIN. Analysis of lymphocyte activation markers showed that, LPS was a better inducer of CD69 expression in CD4, CD8, and CD19 lymphocytes than SIN. Increased secretion of IL-12p40, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-18, IL-10, IL-8, RANTES, MCP-1, MIP1-α and MIP1-β was induced by LPS whereas, SIN induced IL-6, IFN-α, MCP-1, MIP1-α, MIP1-β, I-TAC and IP-10 secretion. SIN downregulated LPS induced IL-12p40 secretion, whereas LPS inhibited virus induced IFN-α and IP-10. SIN also suppressed both the spontaneous and LPS induced secretion of IFN-α, IL-17, IL-13 and SLC from PBMC. To analyze involvement of specific PBMC subsets and associated signaling events, ELISPOT and phosphoflow are used. The absence and presence of antagonism between SIN and LPS for lymphocyte activation and secretion of select cytokines and chemokines may help in understanding pathogenesis of mixed infections, and find applications in vaccine development and virotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Dhanushkodi
- 1Immunology and Microbiology, Meharry medical College, Nashville, TN
| | | | - Supriya Pokkali
- 1Immunology and Microbiology, Meharry medical College, Nashville, TN
| | - Ramaswamy Raju
- 1Immunology and Microbiology, Meharry medical College, Nashville, TN
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Rajavelu P, Pokkali S, P U, Bhatt K, Narayanan PR, Salgame P, Das SD. Comparative evaluation of cytokines, T-cell apoptosis, and costimulatory molecule expression in tuberculous and nontuberculous pleurisy. Clin Transl Sci 2010; 1:209-14. [PMID: 20443851 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-8062.2008.00057.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we compared several immune parameters in tuberculosis (TB) and nontuberculosis (NTB) pleurisy to gain an understanding of the mechanism behind enhanced Th1 apoptosis that occurs at sites of active Myobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) infection. An initial evaluation of the accumulated cytokines in pleural fluid (PF) demonstrated that both TB and NTB pleurisy were associated with prointflammatory cytokines, while only TB pleurisy had augmented expression of interferon (IFN)-gamma and soluble Fas ligand (sFASL). Despite enhanced expression of the apoptosis-inducing molecule in TB pleurisy, T cells derived from both types of pleurisy exhibited significant apoptosis. In both groups, T-cell apoptosis correlated with low expression of CD80 on PF-derived macrophages and elevated accumulation of TGF-beta in the PF. A causative correlation between TGF-beta and low CD80 expression in the two groups was established by in vitro studies demonstrating TGF-beta inhibition of CD80 upregulation in a macrophage cell line. Together, the findings allude to the possibility that activation in the absence of appropriate CD80 costimulation is the mechanism that leads to T-cell apoptosis at sites of active M. tuberculosis infection. Furthermore, the findings also indicate that T-cell apoptosis is perhaps a host regulatory mechanism to limit inflammation, rather than a pathogen-induced immune deviation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priya Rajavelu
- Department of Immunology, Tuberculosis Research Centre (ICMR), Chennai, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Pokkali S, Rajavelu P, Sudhakar R, Das SD. Phenotypic modulation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infected neutrophil during tuberculosis. Indian J Med Res 2009; 130:185-192. [PMID: 19797817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE Polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN) or neutrophils infiltrate to the inflammatory sites and phagocytose mycobacteria thereby inhibiting the bacillary spread initially until the accumulated macrophages get activated. The present study was carried out to highlight the interaction of neutrophils with the two clinical isolates (S7 and S10) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the subsequent morphological changes. METHODS Dextran purified neutrophils from normal and TB patients infected with M. tuberculosis isolates were cultured for 3 and 18 h time points. At the end of termination, the cell surface expression of CD16, CD69, CXCR2 and induction of apoptosis were analyzed using flow cytometry. Cytokines and chemokines were estimated in supernatants by ELISA. RESULTS All infected PMN showed decrease in CD16 at both time points in normals while at 18 h in TB group. Interestingly, CD69 expression was significantly high at early time point in TB-PMN compared to normals. The high expression of CXCR2 was sustained in infected TB-PMN at both the time points. S7 and S10 infected neutrophils showed high phagocytic indices compared to H37Rv in both the groups. A significant increase in apoptosis was observed at both the time points in infected TB-PMN but only at 18 h in normals. Increased pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF-alpha) and chemokine (IL-8) response was observed in infected neutrophils at 3 h in both the groups. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION This study demonstrates the varying degree of modulation of neutrophil functions in both the groups. TB-PMN was more competent in amplifying the innate immune response and conferring protection at the early phase of infection. However, the response was not strain specific in either of these groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Pokkali
- Department of Immunology, Tuberculosis Research Centre (ICMR), Chennai, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Pokkali S, Das SD, Selvaraj A. Differential upregulation of chemokine receptors on CD56 NK cells and their transmigration to the site of infection in tuberculous pleurisy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 55:352-60. [PMID: 19159432 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2008.00520.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines and their receptors orchestrate leukocyte recruitment and confer immunity during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. The immunoregulatory and cytotoxic activities of natural killer (NK) cells are essential at the site of infection during tuberculous pleurisy. The frequency, subtypes, and expression of phenotype markers and chemokine receptors on NK cells were assessed by flow cytometry in tuberculous (TB) and nontuberculous (NTB) pleural fluid (PF). Chemotaxis was also shown in response to chemokines. A significant decrease in CD56(dim) with no change in CD56(bright) NK cells was observed, while a significant increase in activation markers and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) was observed on TB-PF CD56(bright) NK cells. Significantly increased expression of chemokine receptors CCR1, CCR2 and CCR7 on CD56(bright) and CCR5 on CD56(dim) NK cells was observed in the TB group. Transmigration of TB-PF NK cells was significantly high in response to IL-8, IP-10, MCP-1 and SLC. Transmigrated TB-NK cells showed a significant increase in CXCR2, CCR2 and CCR7 expression. The study suggests that CD56(bright) NK cells may recognize M. tuberculosis directly using TLRs, HLA-DR and express CD69 as an early activation marker. In addition, CC chemokines induce activation signals in chemokine receptors mediating differential NK cell migration to the site. Thus, NK cells act as first direct sensors and effectors in mycobacterial infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Pokkali
- Department of Immunology, Tuberculosis Research Centre ICMR, Chennai, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Pokkali S, Das SD. Augmented chemokine levels and chemokine receptor expression on immune cells during pulmonary tuberculosis. Hum Immunol 2008; 70:110-5. [PMID: 19100801 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2008.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2008] [Revised: 10/31/2008] [Accepted: 11/13/2008] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The systemic changes in immune mediators such as cytokine and chemokines, and their synchronized interaction that regulates the cell trafficking during Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) infection, were studied. Cytokines and chemokines were evaluated by cytometric bead array (CBA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 34 pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) patients and 30 healthy subjects. The expression of chemokine receptors was assessed by flow cytometry. A significant increase in IP-10, MIG, interleukin-8, RANTES, and interleukin-6 levels was found, whereas a decrease in interferon-gamma, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and transforming growth factor-beta was observed during PTB. Significant correlation within chemokines and between cytokines was observed in PTB. All immune cells except monocytes and B cells expressed significantly higher levels of CCR1, CCR2, and CXCR2 whereas CCR7 expression was upregulated only on monocytes and neutrophils in PTB. Both T and B cells expressed significantly high levels of CXCR3 which also correlated well with the chemokine levels in PTB. Thus, it was found that chemokines function coordinately and consistently during PTB. This balanced chemokine and cytokine relationship at the periphery may aid in amplified effector immune cell trafficking and retarded monocyte migration through differential chemokine receptor expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Pokkali
- Department of Immunology, Tuberculosis Research Centre (ICMR), Chennai, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Pokkali S, Das SD, R L. Expression of CXC and CC type of chemokines and its receptors in tuberculous and non-tuberculous effusions. Cytokine 2008; 41:307-14. [PMID: 18226915 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2007.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2007] [Revised: 12/05/2007] [Accepted: 12/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines mediate their biological functions by transmigration of various immune cells to the site of infection. Tuberculous pleurisy provides an effective model to study the role of chemokines in the recruitment of immune cells to the pleura. Our aim was to understand the cumulative effect of chemokines (IP-10, MIG, IL-8, MCP-1, MIP-1alpha and RANTES) and its receptors (CXCR2, CXCR3, CCR1, CCR2, CCR5 and CCR7) in the recruitment of CD4(+) T cells obtained from blood (BL) and pleural fluid (PF) of tuberculous (TB) and non-tuberculous (NTB) patients. We observed significant increase in CD4(+) T cells in TB PF indicating lymphocytic rich effusion. All chemokines except RANTES were significantly high in PF compared to BL in TB group, whereas IL-8 and MCP-1 showed significant increase only in NTB PF. The significantly high levels of IFN-gamma and TauNuF-alpha in TB PF and their positive correlation with IP-10 and MIP-1alpha indicated their synergistic action to elicit a strong protective Th1 response. In spite of high levels of Th1 cytokines and chemokines in TB PF, significantly lower levels of RANTES indicated its limited role at the site. The CXC receptors in PF of both the groups and CC receptors except CCR5 in TB PF were significantly high compared to BL. Only CXCR2, CCR5 and CCR7 showed significant increase in TB compared to NTB. Thus a selective concentration of chemokines, cytokines and abundant expression of chemokine receptors confirm the accumulation of activated and memory T cells at the site of infection and help in polarizing Th1 immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Pokkali
- Department of Immunology, Tuberculosis Research Centre, Mayor V.R. Ramanathan Road, Chetpet, Chennai 600 031, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|