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Sindhu SS, Phour M, Choudhary SR, Chaudhary D. Phosphorus Cycling: Prospects of Using Rhizosphere Microorganisms for Improving Phosphorus Nutrition of Plants. GEOMICROBIOLOGY AND BIOGEOCHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-41837-2_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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Cole M, Wrubel J, Henegan P, Janzen C, Holt J, Tobin T. Development of a small-scale bioreactor method to monitor the molecular diversity and environmental impacts of bacterial biofilm communities from an acid mine drainage impacted creek. J Microbiol Methods 2011; 87:96-104. [PMID: 21821067 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2011.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Revised: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Shamokin Creek is a tributary of the Susquehanna River in central Pennsylvania that is heavily impacted by the acid mine drainage (AMD) caused by the oxidation of pyrite from the region's extensive anthracite coal mining industry. Recent studies have begun to characterize the microbial communities present in this and other AMD-impacted waters, but varying environmental conditions have complicated attempts to determine the ecological impacts of individual bacterial species within these communities. This study developed a small-scale biofilm reactor protocol that allowed us to simultaneously monitor the development of bacterial biofilm communities in AMD-impacted creek collected water using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis of 16S rRNA genes, while assessing the impacts that the developing biofilms were having on water quality. Our analysis confirmed that the diversity and composition of these small in situ biofilm communities could be monitored using molecular methods, and indicated the possible presence of many taxa frequently found in AMD environments, including Sulfobacillus, Nitrospira, Desulfovibrio, Geobacter, and Leptothrix species. A significant increase in the total sulfate was observed in the bioreactor, and as most likely due to the accumulation of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria such as Sulfobacillus in the biofilms. This system will allow us to study the microbial ecology of Shamokin Creek through controlled experiments that will ultimately integrate microscopic, molecular, physiological and chemical analyses, and that can be utilized to develop more effective and cost-efficient environmental remediation techniques for AMD-impacted areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Cole
- Biology Department, Susquehanna University, Selinsgrove, PA 17870, USA
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Abstract
Mahoney, Robert P. (Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, N.Y.), and Mercedes R. Edwards. Fine structure of Thiobacillus thiooxidans. J. Bacteriol. 92: 487-495. 1966.-Thin section analysis of the chemosynthetic autotroph Thiobacillus thiooxidans revealed structures comparable to gram-negative heterotrophic bacteria. Although this species is unique in that it oxidizes elemental sulfur for energy, uses carbon dioxide as its sole source of carbon, and can withstand a pH of less than 1, thin sections revealed a profile of the cell envelope (cell wall and plasmalemma) similar to other gram-negative species which have more common physiological traits. The cell wall is composed of five layers with an overall width of approximately 200 A, and the plasmalemma appears as a conventional "unit membrane" with a width of about 85 A. Volutin granules and less-dense bodies of similar shape and size were frequently observed in close association with the nucleoplasm. The nature and function of these bodies are unknown at this time.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Mahoney
- Biology Department, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, and Division of Laboratories and Research, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York
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Jones CA, Kelly DP. Growth of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans on ferrous iron in chemostat culture: Influence of product and substrate inhibition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/jctb.280330407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Korczynski MS, Agate AD, Lundgren DG. Phospholipids from the chemoautotroph Ferrobacillus ferrooxidans. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 29:457-62. [PMID: 16496519 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(67)90505-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M S Korczynski
- Biological Research Laboratories, Department of Bacteriology and Botany, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
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Martínez JP, Garay E, Alcaide E, Hernández E. The genus thiobacillus: Physiology and industrial applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/abio.370030202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Sasaki S, Yokoyama K, Tamiya E, Karube I, Hayashi C, Arikawa Y, Numata M. Sulfate sensor using Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. Anal Chim Acta 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(97)00170-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Vitaya VB, Koizumi JI, Toda K. A kinetic assessment of substantial oxidation by Sulfolobus acidocaldarius in pyrite dissolution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0922-338x(94)90123-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Barr D, Ingledew W, Norris P. Respiratory chain components of iron-oxidizing acidophilic bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1990. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1990.tb03781.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Fry IV, Lazaroff N, Packer L. Sulfate-dependent iron oxidation by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans: characterization of a new EPR detectable electron transport component on the reducing side of rusticyanin. Arch Biochem Biophys 1986; 246:650-4. [PMID: 3010867 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(86)90321-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Iron(II) oxidation by pH 2.5 HCl-washed cells of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans is known to be sulfate dependent. Sulfate dependence of the autooxidation of a novel component in the electron transport pathway is demonstrated. This component exhibits an electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) signal in the oxidized state at g = 2.005 distinguishable from the g = 2.08 signal attributed to rusticyanin. The novel component is proposed to be a three-iron-sulfur cluster based upon the g value, lineshape, and temperature dependence. Oxyanion specificity for the EPR signal has the same dependence on sulfate as does iron(II) oxidation. By using azide to inhibit electron transfer to oxygen, sulfate was shown to be involved in electron transfer from the g = 2.005 component to the copper of rusticyanin.
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In bacteria which grow on simple reductants, generation of a proton gradient involves extracytoplasmic oxidation of substrate. Microbiol Rev 1985; 49:140-57. [PMID: 2989673 PMCID: PMC373027 DOI: 10.1128/mr.49.2.140-157.1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Ingledew WJ. Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. The bioenergetics of an acidophilic chemolithotroph. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1982; 683:89-117. [PMID: 6295474 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4173(82)90007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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19
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Rinder G. [Effect of clays on the behavior of acidophilic Thiobacillus strains in suspensions]. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ALLGEMEINE MIKROBIOLOGIE 1979; 19:643-51. [PMID: 397686 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.3630190906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Chapter 6.3 Oxidative Reactions in the Sulfur Cycle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-1116(08)71064-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Torma AE. The role of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans in hydrometallurgical processes. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 1977. [DOI: 10.1007/3-540-08363-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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Hirt WE, Vestal JR. Physical and chemical studies of Thiobacillus ferroxidans lipopolysaccharides. J Bacteriol 1975; 123:642-50. [PMID: 238956 PMCID: PMC235771 DOI: 10.1128/jb.123.2.642-650.1975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of the obligate acidophile Thiobacillus ferroxidans grown on iron, sulfur, and glucose as energy sources were examined for various physical and chemical properties. Both qualitative and quantitative variation were found among the three preparations. The LPS extracted from iron-grown cells (Fe-LPS) contained less than 3% protein compared to 18 to 25% in LPS extracted from either sulfur-grown cells (S-LPS) or glucose-grown cells (G-LPS). S-LPS showed two distinct sedimentable species, 61S and 9.3S, which could be fractionated on a column of Sepharose 4B. The relative densities of both S-LPS and G-LPS were found to be significantly greater than that of Fe-LPS. Spectral differences were noted when each LPS was reacted with a carbocyanine dye. Fe-LPS showed a single absorbance maximum at 472 nm, S-LPS displayed its maximum at 650 nm, and G-LPS showed two maxima, the first at 468 nm and the other at 655 nm. Analysis of the methyl ester derivatives of the LPS fatty aicds using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed the presence of a very stable species, tentatively identified as a methoxy methyl ester with a formula of CH3-3-C10H10-COOCH3, as the major component from each LPS. beta-Hydroxymyristic acid was found only in Fe-LPS.
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Costerton JW, Ingram JM, Cheng KJ. Structure and function of the cell envelope of gram-negative bacteria. BACTERIOLOGICAL REVIEWS 1974; 38:87-110. [PMID: 4601163 PMCID: PMC413842 DOI: 10.1128/br.38.1.87-110.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Costerton JW, Ingram JM, Cheng KJ. Structure and function of the cell envelope of gram-negative bacteria. BACTERIOLOGICAL REVIEWS 1974. [PMID: 4601163 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.38.1.87-110.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
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Shafia F, Brinson KR, Heinzman MW, Brady JM. Transition of chemolithotroph Ferrobacillus ferrooxidans to obligate organotrophy and metabolic capabilities of glucose-grown cells. J Bacteriol 1972; 111:56-65. [PMID: 4669216 PMCID: PMC251239 DOI: 10.1128/jb.111.1.56-65.1972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Transition of chemolithotrophic Ferrobacillus ferrooxidans to organotrophy occurred after 60 hr of incubation in an organic medium. Three distinct phases, based on metabolic activities of cells, were observed during the course of transition. Conversion of cellular nutrition to organotrophy resulted in a gradual loss of Fe(2+) oxidation and cessation of CO(2) fixation. These changes were concomitant with a rapid increase in uptake of glucose and phosphate during the latter part of transition period. The outcome of transition was governed by the pH of the medium, temperature of incubation, availability of oxygen, age of the chemolithotrophic cells, and the type of energy and carbon source available to the bacterium. Presence or absence of p-aminobenzoic acid and Fe(2+) ions did not influence transition of cells. A defined medium containing glucose, mineral salts, and p-aminobenzoic acid at pH 2.5 was found to be most suitable for transition and for culture of heterotrophic convertants. Maximum growth rate of the heterotrophic cells was attained with vigorous aeration at 35 C. The bacterium could be cultured on a variety of organic compounds, including complex organic media, provided they were used in low concentrations. Serological studies on autotrophic cells and the heterotrophic convertant have shown a definite antigenic relationship between the two cell types.
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Tuovinen OH, Kelly DP. Biology of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans in relation to the microbiological leaching of sulphide ores. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ALLGEMEINE MIKROBIOLOGIE 1972; 12:311-46. [PMID: 4561082 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.3630120406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Tuovinen OH, Niemela SI, Gyllenberg HG. Effect of mineral nutrients and organic substances on the development ofThiobacillus ferrooxidans. Biotechnol Bioeng 1971. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260130406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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MacDonald DG, Clark RH. The oxidation of aqueous ferrous sulphate by thiobacillus ferrooxidans. CAN J CHEM ENG 1970. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.5450480604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
The ultrastructure of seven Thiobacillus species was studied. The structure of their cell envelopes is similar, if not identical, to that found in other gram-negative bacteria. Obvious differences were noted in the middle layer of the cell envelope of the seven cultures. Polyhedral inclusion bodies were apparent in four of the organisms: T. thioparus, T. neapolitanus, T. intermedius, and T. thiooxidans. Lamellar bodies, similar to those present in certain photosynthetic bacteria were found in a few cells of T. thioparus. Structures resembling mesosomes were discovered in T. dinitrificans. A few cells of T. intermedius possessed paracrystalline bodies. Other inclusions, probably volutin and polysaccharide, were present in some of the cultures.
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Schnaitman CA, Korczynski MS, Lundgren DG. Kinetic studies of iron oxidation by whole cells of Ferrobacillus ferrooxidans. J Bacteriol 1969; 99:552-7. [PMID: 5808080 PMCID: PMC250054 DOI: 10.1128/jb.99.2.552-557.1969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A colorimetric assay was developed for studying the kinetics of iron oxidation with whole cells of the chemoautotroph, Ferrobacillus ferrooxidans. The assay was more advantageous than the conventional method of Warburg manometry because of its simplicity, rapidity, and the small amount of cells required. The assay measured Fe(3+) as a chloride complex which absorbs at 410 nm. Kinetic analysis showed the apparent K(m) for iron oxidation to be 5.4 x 10(-3)m in an unbuffered system and 2.2 x 10(-3)m in the presence of beta-alanine-SO(4) (2-) buffer. Glycine and beta-alanine buffers were used in the measurement of the pH optimum for iron oxidation; the optimum ranged from 2.5 to 3.8. The effect of pH was primarily on the V(max) while the K(m) remained constant. Added SO(4) (2-) was found to stimulate iron oxidation by increasing the V(max) of iron oxidation by whole cells, but it did not affect the K(m). Results of assays of iron oxidation in systems containing various mole percentages of SO(4) (2-) and Cl(-) indicated that Cl(-) did not inhibit iron oxidation but that SO(4) (2-) was required. Sulfate could be partially replaced by HPO(4) (2-) and HAsO(4) (2-) but not by BO(3) (-), MoO(4) (2-), NO(3) (-), or Cl(-); formate and MoO(4) (2-) inhibited iron oxidation.
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Wang WS, Lundgren DG. Poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate in the chemolithotrophic bacterium Ferrobacillus ferrooxidans. J Bacteriol 1969; 97:947-50. [PMID: 5773037 PMCID: PMC249782 DOI: 10.1128/jb.97.2.947-950.1969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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Tuttle JH, Dugan PR, Macmillan CB, Randles CI. Microbial dissimilatory sulfur cycle in acid mine water. J Bacteriol 1969; 97:594-602. [PMID: 5773013 PMCID: PMC249733 DOI: 10.1128/jb.97.2.594-602.1969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferric, sulfate, and hydrogen ions are produced from pyritic minerals associated with coal as a result of autotrophic bacterial metabolism. Water carrying these ions accumulated behind a porous dam composed of wood dust originating at a log-cutting mill. As water seeped through the porous dam, it was enriched in organic nutrients which then supported growth and metabolism of heterotrophic bacteria in the water downstream from the dam. The heterotrophic microflora within and below the sawdust dam included dissimilatory sulfate-reducing anaerobic bacteria which reduce sulfate to sulfide. The sulfide produced caused the chemical reduction of ferric to ferrous ion, and black FeS precipitate was deposited on the pond bottom. A net increase in the pH of the lower pond water was observed when compared to the upper pond water. Microbial activity in the wood dust was demonstrated, and a sequence of cellulose degradation processes was inferred on the basis of sugar accumulation in mixed cultures in the laboratory, ultimately yielding fermentation products which serve as nutrients for sulfate-reducing bacteria. Some of the microorganisms were isolated and characterized. The biochemical and growth characteristics of pure culture isolates were generally consistent with observed reactions in the acidic environment, with the exception of sulfate-reducing bacteria. Mixed cultures which contained sulfate-reducing bacteria reduced sulfate at pH 3.0 in the laboratory with sawdust as the only nutrient. Pure cultures of sulfate-reducing bacteria isolated from the mixed cultures did not reduce sulfate below pH 5.5.
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Pope LM, Hoare DS, Smith AJ. Ultrastructure of Nitrobacter agilis grown under autotrophic and heterotrophic conditions. J Bacteriol 1969; 97:936-9. [PMID: 5773036 PMCID: PMC249779 DOI: 10.1128/jb.97.2.936-939.1969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrobacter agilis, grown through seven transfers heterotrophically in the absence of nitrite, was examined in the electron microscope. The ultrastructure of such cells closely resembled that of autotrophically grown N. agilis. It was thus futher established that the organisms growing heterotrophically were indeed N. agilis and, therefore, that N. agilis is a facultative autotroph. Acetate incorporation into poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate was confirmed cytologically.
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Rittenberg SC. The Roles of Exogenous Organic Matter in the Physiology of Chemolithotrophic Bacteria. Adv Microb Physiol 1969. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2911(08)60368-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Chapter 1 Isolation, Cultivation and Maintenance of Autotrophs. METHODS IN MICROBIOLOGY 1969. [DOI: 10.1016/s0580-9517(08)70500-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Remsen CC, Watson SW, Waterbury JB, Trüper HG. Fine structure of Ectothiorhodospira mobilis Pelsh. J Bacteriol 1968; 95:2374-92. [PMID: 5669908 PMCID: PMC315173 DOI: 10.1128/jb.95.6.2374-2392.1968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell wall structure, arrangement of photosynthetic membranes, and the attachment of flagella of Ectothiorhodospira mobilis strain 8112 were examined by using freeze-etching and conventional electron microscopic techniques. The outer coat of the multilayered cell wall is comprised of 50 A repeating subunits, arranged in a regular array. The photosynthetic membranes, which originate from and are attached to the plasma membrane, are arranged in a more complex pattern than previously seen in other bacteria. The tuft of flagella in E. mobilis is inserted into a polar organelle. The relationship of this organelle to the polar membrane and the mechanism of attachment of the flagella to the polar organelle is discussed.
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Tuttle JH, Randles CI, Dugan PR. Activity of microorganisms in acid mine water. I. Influence of acid water on aerobic heterotrophs of a normal stream. J Bacteriol 1968; 95:1495-503. [PMID: 5650063 PMCID: PMC252168 DOI: 10.1128/jb.95.5.1495-1503.1968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Comparison of microbial content of acid-contaminated and nonacid-contaminated streams from the same geographical area indicated that nonacid streams contained relatively low numbers of acid-tolerant heterotrophic microorganisms. The acid-tolerant aerobes survived when acid entered the stream and actually increased in number to about 2 x 10(3) per ml until the pH approached 3.0. The organisms then represented the heterotrophic aerobic microflora of the streams comprised of a mixture of mine drainage and nonacid water. A stream which was entirely acid drainage did not have a similar microflora. Most gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria died out very rapidly in acidic water, and they comprised a very small percentage of the microbial population of the streams examined. Iron- and sulfur-oxidizing autotrophic bacteria were present wherever mine water entered a stream system. The sulfur-oxidizing bacteria predominated over iron oxidizers. Ecological data from the field were verified by laboratory experiments designed to simulate stream conditions.
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Din GA, Suzuki I, Lees H. Ferrous iron oxidation by Ferrobacillus ferrooxidans. Purification and properties of Fe++-cytochrome c reductase. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1967; 45:1523-46. [PMID: 4294133 DOI: 10.1139/o67-183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The electron transport chain and Fe++-cytochrome c reductase of Ferrobacillus ferrooxidans were studied to elucidate the mechanism of iron oxidation by this autotrophic bacterium.The iron oxidation involved the cytochrome c and a type cytochrome of F. ferrooxidans in the electron transport system. The initial enzyme of the oxidation system was found to be Fe++-cytochrome c reductase. The iron oxidase system was labile to freezing or sonication; either treatment disrupted some link between the cellular cytochromes c and a. Fe++-cytochrome c reductase and cytochrome oxidase retained their individual activities after either treatment.Fe++-cytochrome c reductase was purified 60-fold to 70-fold. The enzyme was judged to be approximately 90% pure by disc electrophoresis, sedimentation, and DEAE-cellulose chromatography. A suitable assay system with a veronal–acetate buffer was developed for the determination of enzyme activity. The effects of inhibitors and potential activators were studied. No specific inhibitor or cofactor was found, although the enzyme was inhibited by various ionic compounds.Fe++-cytochrome c reductase was dissociated into two subunits, one protein and the other ribonucleic acid (RNA). Neither of the subunits had enzymatic activity and efforts to reconstitute the holoenzyme from the two subunits were unsuccessful. The molecular weights of the holoenzyme, protein subunit, and RNA subunit were determined as 100,000–110,000, 27,000–30,000, and 315,000–330,000, respectively. The protein subunit contained one non-heme iron atom per protein molecule. It was concluded that RNA is an essential component of the enzyme and the failure to recover the activity from subunits is due to the aggregation of RNA after dissociation.
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Landesman J, Duncan DW, Walden CC. Iron oxidation by washed cell suspensions of the chemoautotroph, Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. Can J Microbiol 1966; 12:25-33. [PMID: 5923135 DOI: 10.1139/m66-005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Experimental variables in the manometric study of iron oxidation by washed cell suspensions of the obligate chemoautotroph Thiobacillus ferrooxidans have been examined. To obtain maximum respiration rates, extremely low cell concentrations (11–15 μg nitrogen) must be used, the substrate level must be between 400 arid 800 μmoles Fe++in the form of ferrous sulfate, and physiologically young cells must be employed. With this procedure, Qo2(N) values range from 19,000 to 22,500, nearly double any previously reported results. Optimum pH and temperature for iron oxidation are 1.75 and 40 C, respectively. Water-soluble vitamins and surfactants have no effect on the rate of respiration, Two basal salts of the growth medium (9K), i.e., potassium chloride and potassium phosphate, inhibit iron oxidation if added individually; however, concurrent addition of all the basal salts stimulates respiration significantly. Addition of small amounts of ferric iron reduces the lag and stimulates iron oxidation, whereas larger quantities inhibit respiration. During the first 5 minutes of exposure of resting cells to ferrous sulfate, ferric iron production is twice the amount predicted on the basis of oxygen consumption. Subsequently, ferric iron production levels off to approximate theoretical calculations.
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