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Isidean SD, Riddle MS, Savarino SJ, Porter CK. A systematic review of ETEC epidemiology focusing on colonization factor and toxin expression. Vaccine 2011; 29:6167-78. [PMID: 21723899 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.06.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Revised: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S D Isidean
- Enteric Diseases Department, Infectious Disease Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910-7500, USA
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Ansaruzzaman M, Bhuiyan NA, Begum YA, Kühn I, Nair GB, Sack DA, Svennerholm AM, Qadri F. Characterization of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli from diarrhoeal patients in Bangladesh using phenotyping and genetic profiling. J Med Microbiol 2007; 56:217-222. [PMID: 17244803 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.46473-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 99 isolates out of 370 colonization factor (CF)-positive, well-characterized enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strains belonging to 13 different CF types isolated from diarrhoeal patients admitted to the hospital of the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, were tested. The isolates were selected at random based on expression of the major CFs prevailing in Dhaka, Bangladesh, from 1996 to 1998. These isolates were characterized by O-antigenic serotyping, randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis and biochemical fingerprinting using the PhenePlate (PhP) system. The 99 ETEC isolates belonged to 10 O serogroups, the predominant ones being O6 (n=28), O115 (n=20) and O128 (n=20). Most isolates of serogroup O6 (CS1+CS3, 11/14; CS2+CS3, 5/8) belonged to the same PhP/RAPD type (H/f), whereas other isolates of serogroup O6 (n=12) belonged to different PhP/RAPD types (Si/f and F/c). Eleven serogroup O128 (CFA/I) isolates belonged to the same PhP/RAPD type (E/b), whereas the other O128 isolates formed different PhP/RAPD types. Fifteen (75%) serogroup O115 isolates (together with fourteen isolates from serogroups O25, O114, O142 and O159) demonstrated two closely related common groups by PhP typing (A and A1) and belonged to the same PhP/RAPD type (A/a). Three major clonal groups were identified among the ETEC strains in this study, largely based on O-antigenic type, CF expression pattern and toxin profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ansaruzzaman
- ICDDR, B (International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh), Centre for Health and Population Research, GPO Box 128, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
| | - N A Bhuiyan
- ICDDR, B (International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh), Centre for Health and Population Research, GPO Box 128, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
| | - Y A Begum
- ICDDR, B (International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh), Centre for Health and Population Research, GPO Box 128, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
| | - I Kühn
- Microbiology and Tumorbiology Centre, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - G B Nair
- ICDDR, B (International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh), Centre for Health and Population Research, GPO Box 128, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
| | - D A Sack
- ICDDR, B (International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh), Centre for Health and Population Research, GPO Box 128, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
| | - A-M Svennerholm
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Goteborg University, S-413 46 Goteborg, Sweden
| | - F Qadri
- ICDDR, B (International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh), Centre for Health and Population Research, GPO Box 128, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
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Lan R, Alles MC, Donohoe K, Martinez MB, Reeves PR. Molecular evolutionary relationships of enteroinvasive Escherichia coli and Shigella spp. Infect Immun 2004; 72:5080-8. [PMID: 15322001 PMCID: PMC517479 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.9.5080-5088.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC), a distinctive pathogenic form of E. coli causing dysentery, is similar in many properties to bacteria placed in the four species of Shigella. Shigella has been separated as a genus but in fact comprises several clones of E. coli. The evolutionary relationships of 32 EIEC strains of 12 serotypes have been determined by sequencing of four housekeeping genes and two plasmid genes which were used previously to determine the relationships of Shigella strains. The EIEC strains were grouped in four clusters with one outlier strain, indicating independent derivation of EIEC several times. Three of the four clusters contain more than one O antigen type. One EIEC strain (an O112ac:H- strain) was found in Shigella cluster 3 but is not identical to the Shigella cluster 3 D2 and B15 strains with the same O antigen. Two forms of the virulence plasmid pINV have been identified in Shigella strains by using the sequences of ipgD and mxiA genes, and all but two of our EIEC strains have pINV A. The EIEC strains were grouped in two subclusters with a very low level of variation, generally not intermingled with Shigella pINV A strains. The EIEC clusters based on housekeeping genes were reflected in the plasmid gene sequences, with some exceptions. Two strains were found in the pINV B form by using the ipgD sequence, with one strain having an mxiA sequence similar to the divergent sequence of D1. Clearly, EIEC and Shigella spp. form a pathovar of E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiting Lan
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Australia.
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Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli is an important cause of traveler's diarrhea and diarrheal illnesses in children in the developing world. In this presentation we will focus on the main virulence attributes of this pathogenic category of E. coli, and discuss the evolution of studies conducted in our laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Guth
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Rua Botucatu 862, 3o andar, 04023-062 São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
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Gonçalves AG, Campos LC, Gomes TA, Rodrigues J, Sperandio V, Whittam TS, Trabulsi LR. Virulence properties and clonal structures of strains of Escherichia coli O119 serotypes. Infect Immun 1997; 65:2034-40. [PMID: 9169729 PMCID: PMC175281 DOI: 10.1128/iai.65.6.2034-2040.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A total of 110 Escherichia coli strains of serogroup O119 were examined for the presence of virulence properties characteristic of enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC). Three virulence patterns were distinguished based on the detection of a chromosomal gene mediating intimate attachment (eaeA) and plasmid DNA involved in localized adherence (EAF and bfpA). The first pattern, represented by strains which hybridized with three gene probes, was the most common (68%) and, with a single exception, included only O119:H6 strains. Of these strains, 90% showed a typical localized adherence (LA) pattern in HEp-2 cells and 96% were positive for intimate attachment in a fluorescent-actin staining test with a 3-h incubation period. The second pattern was represented by strains which hybridized with the eaeA gene only. Most (89.5%) of these strains showed the LA phenotype but only after 6 h of incubation (LA-like phenotype). The third pattern consisted of strains which were positive for eaeA and bfpA but did not hybridize with the EAF probe. Most (80%) of these strains exhibited the LA-like phenotype. Analysis of several eaeA+ bfpA+ strains for the expression of the pilin subunit (BfpA) of the bundle-forming pili demonstrated that all LA strains expressed BfpA whereas the LA-like strains did not. The study of the clonal relationships, carried out by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis in 79 representative strains, defined 11 distinct electrophoretic types (ETs). ET1 included 66% of the strains, most of which displayed the eaeA+ bfpA+ EAF+ pattern and were serotyped as O119:H6 or O119:H-. The remaining 10 ETs were each represented by no more than five strains and, with the exception of ET8, included strains of a single serotype. The genetic relatedness of the ETs revealed two main clusters, with most strains in cluster A having the eaeA+ bfpA+ EAF+ combination and a O119:H6 serotype. Cluster B was represented by atypical EPEC strains with only the eaeA+ and the eaeA+ bfpA+ virulence pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Gonçalves
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo SP, Brazil
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Pacheco AB, Guth BE, Soares KC, Nishimura L, de Almeida DF, Ferreira LC. Random amplification of polymorphic DNA reveals serotype-specific clonal clusters among enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains isolated from humans. J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35:1521-5. [PMID: 9163473 PMCID: PMC229778 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.35.6.1521-1525.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The genetic diversity of 47 enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strains of serotypes O6:H16, O27:H7, O29:H21, O128ac:H12, and O153:H45, previously isolated from diarrheic patients in Brazil over a period of 15 years, was investigated by random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Informative band arrays were obtained with three 10-mer primers with G+C contents of 50, 60, and 70%. Based on the combination of the band profiles generated by the three primers 22 RAPD types were detected, and 5 major clonal clusters, each one with at least 80% identical bands, were established. The clonal clusters corresponded to strains having the same serotype which, in most cases, also had the same virulence factors (colonization factors and toxin types) and outer membrane protein and lipopolysaccharide sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis profiles. The results suggested a correlation between phenotypic properties and genetic relatedness of ETEC isolates of human origin and indicated that a reduced number of clonally related strains are found in areas of ETEC endemicity in Brazil. Moreover, the RAPD technique revealed intraserotype-specific variations, undetectable by the combination of several phenotypic typing methods, among the ETEC strains analyzed. These results show that RAPD typing represents a useful tool for population genetics as well as for epidemiological studies of ETEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Pacheco
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Nishimura LS, Ferreira LC, Pacheco AB, Guth BE. Relationship between outer membrane protein and lipopolysaccharide profiles and serotypes of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolated in Brazil. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1996; 143:253-8. [PMID: 8837479 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1996.tb08489.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The electrophoretic profiles of outer membrane proteins and lipopolysaccharide of sixty-five enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli of different serotypes and virulence-associated factors, toxin and colonization factors were determined. A close relationship between serotype and outer membrane protein and lipopolysaccharide patterns could be observed. No correlation could be found between the electrophoretic profiles and the expression of virulence-associated factors. The observed homogeneity of outer membrane protein and lipopolysaccharide profiles suggested the presence of only a few clones in the samples studied, and supported the use of outer membrane protein and lipopolysaccharide analysis as a useful epidemiological tool in the characterization of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Nishimura
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia y Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo Escola Paulista de Medicina, Brazil
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Pacheco AB, Guth BE, de Almeida DF, Ferreira LC. Characterization of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli by random amplification of polymorphic DNA. Res Microbiol 1996; 147:175-82. [PMID: 8761736 DOI: 10.1016/0923-2508(96)80217-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Two enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strains (H10407 and 4011-1) were characterized by random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) profiles using 10-mer oligonucleotides with diverse GC content. All tested primers yielded arrays of amplified DNA products ranging in size from 200 to 3000 bp. The effects of annealing temperature, template concentration and GC content of the primers were evaluated and an optimal reaction procedure was established. Application of the RAPD analysis to ten ETEC strains belonging to five different serotypes showed that strains of the same serotype shared identical or almost identical band profiles, suggesting a similar genetic composition. The use of RAPD profiles as a tool in epidemiological analysis of ETEC is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Pacheco
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro-CCS
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Schumacher G, Steinrûck H, Geyid A, Kollberg B, Ljungh Å. Virulence Properties of Escherichia coli Isolated from the Rectal Mucosa of Patients with First Attacks of Colitis. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 1995. [DOI: 10.3109/08910609509141375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Schumacher
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Danderyd Hospital, Danderyd, Sweden
| | - H. Steinrûck
- Escherichia coli Laboratory, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - A. Geyid
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden
| | - B. Kollberg
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Danderyd Hospital, Danderyd, Sweden
| | - Å. Ljungh
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden
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Guth BE, Aguiar EG, Griffin PM, Ramos SR, Gomes TA. Prevalence of colonization factor antigens (CFAs) and adherence to HeLa cells in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolated from feces of children in São Paulo. Microbiol Immunol 1994; 38:695-701. [PMID: 7854210 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1994.tb01844.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Fifty-eight enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strains, isolated from children with and without diarrhea in São Paulo, were examined for the presence of colonization factor antigens (CFAs) and their ability to adhere to HeLa cells. Antisera to CFA/I, the coli surface (CS) antigens CS1CS3, CS2CS3, and CS2 of CFA/II, CFA/III, and CS5CS6 and CS6 of CFA/IV were used. CFAs were identified in 43% of the ETEC strains: 40% of the CFAs strains with CFAs harbored CFA/I, 24% carried CFA/II (CS1CS3), 24% carried CFA/IV (CS6), and 12% carried CFA/IV (CS5CS6). CFAs occurred mainly among ETEC strains producing only heat-stable (ST-I) enterotoxin and in strains also producing heat-labile toxin (LT-I). No ETEC strains tested expressed CFA/III. A marked change in serotypes of ST-I-producing strains was found in São Paulo between 1979 and 1990. Adherence to HeLa cells was detected in 14% of the ETEC strains. All of them had a diffuse adherence pattern and produced only ST-I, and 88% carried CS6 antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Guth
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, Brazil
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Abstract
Escherichia coli, rotaviruses, and Cryptosporidium parvum are discussed in this review as they relate to enteric disease in calves, lambs, and pigs. These microorganisms are frequently incriminated as causative agents in diarrheas among neonatal food animals, and in some cases different strains or serotypes of the same organism cause diarrhea in humans. E. coli causes diarrhea by mechanisms that include production of heat-labile or heat-stable enterotoxins and synthesis of potent cytotoxins, and some strains cause diarrhea by yet undetermined mechanisms. Rotaviruses and C. parvum induce various degrees of villous atrophy. Rotaviruses infect and replicate within the cytoplasm of enterocytes, whereas C. parvum resides in an intracellular, extracytoplasmic location. E. coli, rotavirus, and C. parvum infections are of concern to producers, veterinarians, and public health officials. These agents are a major cause of economic loss to the producer because of costs associated with therapy, reduced performance, and high morbidity and mortality rates. Moreover, diarrheic animals may harbor, incubate, and act as a source to healthy animals and humans of some of these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Holland
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
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