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Frutos MC, Blanco S, Balangero M, Carrizo LH, Santos Rocha A, Figueiredo Barbosa-Stancioli E, Nates S, Gallego S. Seronegative human T-cell lymphotropic virus 1 carriers in blood banks: A potential viral source for silent transmission? Vox Sang 2022; 117:1090-1097. [PMID: 35768998 DOI: 10.1111/vox.13329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Transfusion-transmitted viruses count among the greatest threats to blood safety. In Argentina, current laws oblige testing all donated blood for the presence of antibodies against human T-cell lymphotropic viruses 1 and 2 (HTLV-1/2). In endemic zones of the country, a high rate of seronegative HTLV-1 individuals with clear evidence of infection because of symptoms and/or presence of tax sequences of HTLV-1 and/or IgG anti-Tax antibodies has been recently described. Migration from endemic to nonendemic zones of Argentina is very frequent. MATERIALS AND METHODS During a 1-year period, in the blood bank of Córdoba city, we performed molecular screening of all donors who were born in or arose from endemic zones for HTLV-1/2 in Argentina and neighbouring countries. RESULTS By screening 219 bp of HTLV-1/2 tax gene, 0.6% (2/317) of the blood donors proved to be positive for HTLV-1 tax sequence. One of the donors presented anti-Tax antibodies, demonstrating the transcriptional activity of the tax gene, and the other donor was also positive for LTR and pol gene sequences. The HTLV-1 genetic analysis of the LTR sequence determined that it belonged to the Cosmopolitan subtype HTLV-1aA. CONCLUSION These findings suggest potential limitations of some currently approved screening assays for HTLV-1 detection applied in some donor populations and the possibility of an HTLV-1 seronegative carrier state with the potential for silent transmission by blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- María C Frutos
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas - Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Sebastián Blanco
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas - Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Fundación Banco Central de Sangre, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Marcos Balangero
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas - Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | - Anderson Santos Rocha
- Laboratório de Virología Básica e Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Interdisciplinary HTLV Research Group, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Edel Figueiredo Barbosa-Stancioli
- Laboratório de Virología Básica e Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Interdisciplinary HTLV Research Group, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Silvia Nates
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas - Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Sandra Gallego
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas - Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Fundación Banco Central de Sangre, Córdoba, Argentina
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Gallego S, Frutos MC, Blanco S, Castro G, Balangero M, Elías Panigo D, Mangeaud A, Remondegui C, Santos Rocha A, Melo Franco G, Lobato Martins M, Barbosa-Stancioli EF, Nates S. First Description of Seronegative HTLV-1 Carriers in Argentina. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 102:889-895. [PMID: 32043459 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
In some areas of Argentina endemic for human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), tropical spastic paraparesis is frequent in subjects who lack antibodies against the virus; however, the relevance of this seronegative status in the country has not been investigated. In neighboring countries, HTLV-1 seronegative status has been described in patients with different diseases; however, data regarding features of seronegative HTLV-1 carriers are scarce. We investigated the seronegative status in 124 relatives of 28 HTLV-1 infected subjects from an endemic area in Northwest Argentina. Blood samples and clinical/epidemiological data were collected. Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 infection was diagnosed by serology and long terminal repeat (LTR) sequence, env and tax gene detection. IgG anti-Tax HTLV-1 antibody, tax gene sequence, and DNA proviral load were also evaluated. Seventy-five percent of the 124 relatives were negative for HTLV-1/2 antibodies; 35.5% were also negative by molecular assays and 64.5% were negative for HTLV-1 LTR and env sequences, but positive for two sequences of HTLV-1 tax gene. Also, 35.7% of these subjects had IgG anti-Tax antibodies. The seronegative HTLV-1 status was significantly associated with male gender, youth, and sensory symptoms/autonomic nervous system dysfunction. High rates of seronegative symptomatic and asymptomatic HTLV-1 carriers in Argentina are described. The evidence highlights that HTLV-1 prevalence may be underestimated worldwide. Larger cohort studies are required to assess disease outcome in these seronegative subjects. Also, the findings emphasize the limitations of ongoing screening assays for diagnosis and blood safety. Therefore, algorithms for HTLV-1 diagnosis should include not only serological but also molecular assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Gallego
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella," Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María C Frutos
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella," Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Sebastián Blanco
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella," Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gonzalo Castro
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella," Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Marcos Balangero
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella," Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - David Elías Panigo
- Departamento de Matemática, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Arnaldo Mangeaud
- Departamento de Matemática, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Carlos Remondegui
- Servicio de Infectología y Enfermedades Tropicales, Hospital San Roque, San Salvador de Jujuy, Argentina
| | - Anderson Santos Rocha
- Interdisciplinary HTLV Research Group, Belo Horizonte, Brasil.,Laboratorio de Virología Básica e Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Federal de Minas Gerais-UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brasil
| | - Gabriela Melo Franco
- Interdisciplinary HTLV Research Group, Belo Horizonte, Brasil.,Laboratorio de Virología Básica e Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Federal de Minas Gerais-UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brasil
| | | | - Edel Figueiredo Barbosa-Stancioli
- Interdisciplinary HTLV Research Group, Belo Horizonte, Brasil.,Laboratorio de Virología Básica e Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Federal de Minas Gerais-UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brasil
| | - Silvia Nates
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella," Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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Barrientos A, Lopez M, Sotomayor C, Pilleux L, Calderón S, Navarrete M, Otth C. Prevalence of human T-Cell lymphotropic virus type 1 and 2 among patients with malignant hematological diseases in South Chile. J Med Virol 2011; 83:745-8. [PMID: 21328393 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.22015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Barrientos
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Microbiology, University Austral of Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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Domínguez MC, Enith González N, Sánchez A, García Vallejo F. Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV) Type I in vivo Integration in Oral Keratinocytes. Braz J Microbiol 2011; 42:310-20. [PMID: 24031637 PMCID: PMC3768932 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822011000100040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Revised: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the infection of HTLV-1 to cell components of the mouth have been previously reported, there was not until this report, a detailed study to show the characteristics of such infection. From 14 Tropical Spastic Paraparesis/HTLV-1-Associated Myelopathy (HAM/TSP) patients and 11 asymptomatic carrier individuals (AC) coming from HTLV-1 endemic areas of southwest Pacific of Colombia, infected oral mucosa cells were primary cultured during five days. These cell cultures were immunophenotyped by dual color fluorescence cell assortment using different lymphocyte CD markers and also were immunohistochemically processed using a polyclonal anti-keratin antibody. Five days old primary cultures were characterized as oral keratinocytes, whose phenotype was CD3- /CD4-/CD8-/CD19-/CD14-/CD45-/A575-keratin+. From DNA extracted of primary cultures LTR, pol, env and tax HTLV-1 proviral DNA regions were differentially amplified by PCR showing proviral integration. Using poly A+ RNA obtained of these primary cultures, we amplify by RT-PCR cDNA of tax and pol in 57.14% (8/14) HAM/TSP patients and 27.28% (3/11) AC. Tax and pol poly A+ RNA were expressed only in those sIgA positive subjects. Our results showed that proviral integration and viral gene expression in oral keratinocytes are associated with a HTLV-1 specific local mucosal immune response only in those HTLV-1 infected individuals with detectable levels of sIgA in their oral fluids. Altogether the results gave strong evidence that oral mucosa infection would be parte of the systemic spreading of HTLV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha C Domínguez
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Pathogenesis. Department of Physiological Sciences. Faculty of Health . University of Valle, Cali , Colombia
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Morozov VA, Syrtsev AV, Ellerbrok H, Nikolaeva EV, Bavykin AS, Pauli G. Mycosis fungoides in European Russia: No Antibodies to Human T Cell Leukemia Virus Type I Structural Proteins, but Virus-Like Sequences in Blood and Saliva. Intervirology 2005; 48:362-71. [PMID: 16024940 DOI: 10.1159/000086063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2004] [Accepted: 12/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mycosis fungoides (MF) is the most frequent form of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL). Human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) involvement in MF progression is a matter of debate. The goal of the investigation was to search for HTLV-1 markers in a group of MF patients from a nonendemic area to HTLV-1. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty MF patients and 60 healthy donors from Moscow and the Moscow region were examined for HTLV-1 markers by Western blot, PCR, nested PCR, PCR/Southern hybridization, TaqMan real-time PCR and sequencing. RESULTS Plasma samples from MF patients were repeatedly negative for antibodies to HTLV-1 structural proteins. HTLV-1 tax-related sequences (corresponding to the second exon) were found in blood from 20 of 50 MF patients and in 3 of 5 saliva specimens. Three of 8 sequenced tax-like amplimers were identical and 5 of 8 contained 1-2 substitutions. tax transcripts and antibodies to p40(tax) were detected in some 'PCR-tax'-positive MF patients. Defective HTLV-1 genomes were demonstrated in 2 of 50 MF patients. Phylogenetic analysis of the defective genome 5'-LTR sequence revealed a relationship with HTLV-1a sequences from the transcontinental subgroup of HTLV-1. CONCLUSIONS HTLV-1 tax-like sequences were revealed in blood and for the first time in saliva from MF patients living in an HTLV-1 nonendemic region. Expression of tax-like sequences was confirmed by both reverse transcription PCR and Western blot.
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Dezzutti CS, Guenthner PC, Daniel S, Utz U, Cabrera T, Marshall JH, Bianco C, Lal RB, Cowan EP. Detection of human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) tax sequences in New York City blood donors seronegative for HTLV types 1 and 2. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2003; 10:715-7. [PMID: 12853410 PMCID: PMC164244 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.10.4.715-717.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A potential public health concern is the reported detection of the human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) tax gene in the lymphocytes of up to 11% of a low-risk group of New York City blood donors (NYBD). This study aimed to independently confirm the prevalence of HTLV tax sequences in 293 NYBD. All NYBD tested negative for antibodies to HTLV types 1 and 2 and HTLV Tax. HTLV tax sequences were not detected in the NYBD lymphocytes. These data demonstrate the lack of HTLV-1 tax in this group of NYBD at low risk for HTLV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlene S Dezzutti
- Division of AIDS, STD, and TB Laboratory Research, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.
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Abstract
The tropical spastic paraparesis or human T-cell lymphotropic virus associated myelopathy (TSP/HAM), has been related with an overexpression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), especially MMP-9. Initial studies of reverse zymography with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from TSP/HAM patients, and controls showed the presence of TIMPs, endogenous MMP inhibitors. We determined in CSF the levels of TIMPs by immunoanalysis in 25 patients with TSP/HAM, and compared with two groups: controls and patients with acute and subacute inflammatory neurological diseases. We found that TIMP-2, TIMP-3 and TIMP-4 levels were significantly higher than in controls in both TSP/HAM and inflammatory patients, while TIMP-1 was increased only in the inflammatory group. Levels of MMP-3 and MMP-9 from the two groups of patients showed a significant upregulation in CSF. In the CSF of around the 70% of TSP-HAM and inflammatory patients the presence MMP-9 was detected by zymography, but not in controls. MMP-2 was only overexpressed in the acute inflammatory group. The active form of MMP-2 was observed in both groups of patients with a similar high frequency (60%). MMPs overexpressions are independent of the evolution time of the disease in TSP/HAM. The chronic overexpression of these extracelullar matrix proteins detected in CSF of TSP/HAM should be indirectly produced by secreted viral proteins being responsible for the progression of this disease, accounting for the observed differences with acute inflammatory patients. Our results support the existence of an imbalance between MMPs and their endogenous tissue inhibitors, which could be a pathogenic factor in the chronicity of TSP/HAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Kettlun
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 233 Correo 1, Santiago, Chile
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Ramirez E, Fernandez J, Cartier L, Villota C, Rios M. Defective human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) provirus in seronegative tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-I-associated myelopathy (TSP/HAM) patients. Virus Res 2003; 91:231-9. [PMID: 12573502 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1702(02)00276-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Infection with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) have been associated with the development of the tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-I-associated myelopathy (TSP/HAM). We studied the presence of HTLV-I provirus in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 72 Chilean patients with progressive spastic paraparesis by polymerase chain reaction: 32 seropositive and 40 seronegative cases. We amplified different genomic regions of HTLV-I using primers of 5' ltr, tax, env/tax, pX, pol and env genes. These genes were detected from all seropositive patients. The seronegative patients were negative with 5' ltr, pol, env, and pX primers. However, amplified product of tax and env/tax genes was detected from 16 and four seronegative patients, respectively. Three of them were positive with both genetic regions. The results of this study show that the complete HTLV-I provirus is found in 100% of seropositive cases. In seronegative cases, clinically very similar of seropositive cases, was found only tax gene in 42.5% (17/40) of patients. These results suggest the presence of a defective HTLV-I provirus in some seronegative patients with progressive spastic paraparesis, and suggest a pathogenic role of this truncate provirus for a group of TSP/HAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ramirez
- Section of Virology, Public Health Institute of Chile, Avenida Marathon 1000, Santiago, Chile.
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Nagai M, Utsunomiya T, Takenouchi N, Izumo S, Osame M. Failure to detect HTLV type 1 DNA from HTLV type 1-seronegative patients with chronic progressive spastic paraparesis in Kagoshima. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2002; 18:1089-90. [PMID: 12396460 DOI: 10.1089/08892220260235443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Abstract
We reviewed the historical, clinical and etiological aspects of the progressive chronic spastic myelopathies of unknown etiology, disserting on the clinical similarities between HTLV-I seropositive and seronegative tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP), as well as focusing on the PCR studies of the seronegative TSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Castro-Costa
- Service of Neurology, University Hospital, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil.
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Cowan EP, Nemo GJ, Williams AE, Alexander RK, Vallejo A, Hewlett IK, Lal RB, Dezzutti CS, Gallahan D, George K, Pancake BA, Zucker-Franklin D, McCurdy PR, Tabor E. Absence of human T-lymphotropic virus type I tax sequences in a population of normal blood donors in the Baltimore, MD/Washington, DC, area: results from a multicenter study. Transfusion 1999; 39:904-9. [PMID: 10504129 DOI: 10.1046/j.1537-2995.1999.39080904.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It was reported recently that sequences corresponding to the human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) tax gene were detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 8 to 11 percent of healthy blood donors without detectable antibodies to HTLV-I. A multicenter blind study was conducted to determine if these results could be independently confirmed. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Specimens were collected from 100 anti-HTLV-I-negative healthy blood donors and from 11 anti-HTLV-I- or anti-HTLV-II-positive individuals. All samples were coded and distributed to each of four independent testing laboratories for polymerase chain reaction analysis to detect sequences of the HTLV-I or HTLV-II tax gene, using detailed procedures specified by the laboratory reporting the original observation. Each laboratory also tested a dilution panel of a plasmid containing HTLV-I tax to determine the analytical sensitivity of the procedure. RESULTS The analytical sensitivity of the screening methods permitted detection of as few as 1 to 10 copies of the tax gene. However, HTLV-I tax sequences could not be detected in any of the anti-HTLV-I-negative blood donors at more than one test site. CONCLUSION HTLV-I tax sequences appear not to be present in this population of 100 blood donors negative for anti-HTLV-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- E P Cowan
- Transfusion Medicine Scientific Research Group, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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Kojima K, Sawada T, Ikezoe T, Matsuo Y, Kobayashi H, Yano T, Sugimoto T, Imoto S, Nakagawa T, Matsui T, Yasukawa M, Hara M, Taguchi H. Defective human T-lymphotrophic virus type I provirus in T-cell prolymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol 1999. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1999.01329.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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