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Yang H, Shi H, Feng B, Wang L, Chen L, Alvarez-Ordóñez A, Zhang L, Shen H, Zhu J, Yang S, Ding C, Prietod M, Yang F, Yu S. Protocol for bacterial typing using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. STAR Protoc 2023; 4:102223. [PMID: 37061919 PMCID: PMC10130498 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2023.102223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) signals obtained from bacterial samples are specific and reproducible, making FT-IR an efficient tool for bacterial typing at a subspecies level. However, the typing accuracy could be affected by many factors, including sample preparation and spectral acquisition. Here, we present a unified protocol for bacterial typing based on FT-IR spectroscopy. We describe sample preparation from bacterial culture and FT-IR spectrum collection. We then detail FT-IR spectrum preprocessing and multivariate analysis of spectral data for bacterial typing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huayan Yang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China; Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Haimei Shi
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China; Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Bin Feng
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China; Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Li Wang
- Kweichow Moutai Group, Renhuai, Guizhou 564501, China
| | | | | | - Li Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Hao Shen
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China; Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Jianhua Zhu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Shouning Yang
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Chuanfan Ding
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Miguel Prietod
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, 24071 León, Spain.
| | - Fan Yang
- Kweichow Moutai Group, Renhuai, Guizhou 564501, China.
| | - Shaoning Yu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China; Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China.
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2
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Matzko ME, Sephton-Clark PCS, Young EL, Jhaveri TA, Martinsen MA, Mojica E, Boykin R, Pierce VM, Cuomo CA, Bhattacharyya RP. A novel rRNA hybridization-based approach to rapid, accurate Candida identification directly from blood culture. Med Mycol 2022; 60:6674770. [PMID: 36002024 PMCID: PMC9989835 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myac065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections are increasingly common and carry high morbidity and mortality, yet fungal diagnostics lag behind bacterial diagnostics in rapidly identifying the causal pathogen. We previously devised a fluorescent hybridization-based assay to identify bacteria within hours directly from blood culture bottles without subculture, called phylogeny-informed rRNA-based strain identification (Phirst-ID). Here, we adapt this approach to unambiguously identify 11 common pathogenic Candida species, including C. auris, with 100% accuracy from laboratory culture (33 of 33 strains in a reference panel, plus 33 of 33 additional isolates tested in a validation panel). In a pilot study on 62 consecutive positive clinical blood cultures from two hospitals that showed yeast on Gram stain, Candida Phirst-ID matched the clinical laboratory result for 58 of 59 specimens represented in the 11-species reference panel, without misclassifying the 3 off-panel species. It also detected mixed Candida species in 2 of these 62 specimens, including the one discordant classification, that were not identified by standard clinical microbiology workflows; in each case the presence of both species was validated by both clinical and experimental data. Finally, in three specimens that grew both bacteria and yeast, we paired our prior bacterial probeset with this new Candida probeset to detect both pathogen types using Phirst-ID. This simple, robust assay can provide accurate Candida identification within hours directly from blood culture bottles, and the conceptual approach holds promise for pan-microbial identification in a single workflow. LAY SUMMARY Candida bloodstream infections cause considerable morbidity and mortality, yet slow diagnostics delay recognition, worsening patient outcomes. We develop and validate a novel molecular approach to accurately identify Candida species directly from blood culture one day faster than standard workflows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle E Matzko
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Poppy C S Sephton-Clark
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Eleanor L Young
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Tulip A Jhaveri
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Melanie A Martinsen
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Evan Mojica
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Rich Boykin
- NanoString Technologies, Inc., Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Virginia M Pierce
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Christina A Cuomo
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Roby P Bhattacharyya
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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3
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Chularojanamontri L, Pattanaprichakul P, Leeyaphan C, Suphatsathienkul P, Wongdama S, Bunyaratavej S. Overall Prevalence and Prevalence Compared among Psoriasis Treatments of Onychomycosis in Patients with Nail Psoriasis and Fungal Involvement. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:9113418. [PMID: 34938812 PMCID: PMC8687829 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9113418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether nail psoriasis can increase the risk of onychomycosis is still being debated, and data relating to the prevalence of onychomycosis among psoriasis patients receiving different treatments is limited. OBJECTIVES To investigate the overall prevalence and prevalence compared among psoriasis treatments of onychomycosis in patients with nail psoriasis and fungal involvement. METHODS A prospective study of three groups of nail psoriasis being treated with only topical medication, methotrexate, or biologics (25 patients per group, 150 nails) was conducted at Siriraj Hospital (Bangkok, Thailand) during November 2018 to September 2020. Demographic data, psoriasis severity, and nail psoriasis severity were recorded. The nail most severely affected with psoriasis on each hand was selected for mycological testing. Potassium hydroxide, periodic acid-Schiff stain, and fungal culture were performed. RESULTS The prevalence of onychomycosis in nail psoriasis was 35.3%. Among the treatment groups, the prevalence of onychomycosis was significantly higher in the methotrexate group than in the topical treatment and biologic treatment groups (p = 0.014). Candida spp. was the main causative organism, followed by Trichophyton rubrum. Thumb was most commonly affected (59.3%). The most common abnormality of the nail matrix and the nail bed was pitted nail (71.3%) and onycholysis (91.3%), respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed diabetes, wet-work exposure, and methotrexate treatment to be predictors of onychomycosis. CONCLUSIONS Several factors, including psoriasis treatment, were shown to increase the risk of onychomycosis in nail psoriasis. Further research is needed to determine whether biologic agents, especially interleukin-17 inhibitors, can increase risk of onychomycosis and Candida infection/colonization of the nails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena Chularojanamontri
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Penvadee Pattanaprichakul
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Charussri Leeyaphan
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Panittra Suphatsathienkul
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Supisara Wongdama
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sumanas Bunyaratavej
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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4
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Heidrich D, Koehler A, Ramírez-Castrillón M, Pagani DM, Ferrão MF, Scroferneker ML, Corbellini VA. Rapid classification of chromoblastomycosis agents genera by infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics supervised by sequencing of rDNA regions. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 254:119647. [PMID: 33744705 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.119647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chromoblastomycosis (CBM) is a skin and subcutaneous infection caused by species of seven fungal genera. Identification of CBM species is performed by DNA sequencing of one or more genes, which becomes a time-consuming work. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) has been used for the identification of other microorganisms, however, only one CBM genus was evaluated by FTIR analysis to date. Therefore, the study is aimed to differentiate the CBM agents for identification at genera level using FTIR supervised by Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) rDNA region. Seventy-seven isolates of the main five CBM genera were prepared for Attenuated Total Reflection FTIR (ATR-FTIR) with a new methodology using slices of dry fungus in glass fixing-modeling proposed in this study. The algorithm Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) was used to analyze the differences and similarities between species through the spectra. Orthogonal Partial Least Square Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA) allowed to correctly classify all samples of five CBM genera. The ATR-FTIR/OPLS-DA models highlighted important contributions of regions attributed to NH and OH stretching, amide I of proteins, polysaccharides bands and fingerprint region for the complete differentiation of the genera investigated. Thus, FTIR can be a fast and inexpensive alternative for identification of CBM agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiane Heidrich
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2400, CEP: 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Koehler
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2400, CEP: 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Ramírez-Castrillón
- Postgraduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Biotechnology Center, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, CEP: 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Danielle Machado Pagani
- Postgraduate Program in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, CEP: 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marco Flores Ferrão
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Chemistry Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves 9500, CEP: 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Maria Lúcia Scroferneker
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2400, CEP: 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, CEP: 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Valeriano Antonio Corbellini
- Department of Sciences, Humanities and Education, Postgraduate Program in Health Promotion, Postgraduate Program in Environmental Technology, Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul, Avenida Independência, 2293, CEP: 96815-900 Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil.
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5
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Kochan K, Bedolla DE, Perez-Guaita D, Adegoke JA, Chakkumpulakkal Puthan Veettil T, Martin M, Roy S, Pebotuwa S, Heraud P, Wood BR. Infrared Spectroscopy of Blood. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 75:611-646. [PMID: 33331179 DOI: 10.1177/0003702820985856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The magnitude of infectious diseases in the twenty-first century created an urgent need for point-of-care diagnostics. Critical shortages in reagents and testing kits have had a large impact on the ability to test patients with a suspected parasitic, bacteria, fungal, and viral infections. New point-of-care tests need to be highly sensitive, specific, and easy to use and provide results in rapid time. Infrared spectroscopy, coupled to multivariate and machine learning algorithms, has the potential to meet this unmet demand requiring minimal sample preparation to detect both pathogenic infectious agents and chronic disease markers in blood. This focal point article will highlight the application of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to detect disease markers in blood focusing principally on parasites, bacteria, viruses, cancer markers, and important analytes indicative of disease. Methodologies and state-of-the-art approaches will be reported and potential confounding variables in blood analysis identified. The article provides an up to date review of the literature on blood diagnosis using infrared spectroscopy highlighting the recent advances in this burgeoning field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Kochan
- 2541Monash University - Centre for Biospectroscopy, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Diana E Bedolla
- 2541Monash University - Centre for Biospectroscopy, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - David Perez-Guaita
- 2541Monash University - Centre for Biospectroscopy, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - John A Adegoke
- 2541Monash University - Centre for Biospectroscopy, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Miguela Martin
- 2541Monash University - Centre for Biospectroscopy, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Supti Roy
- 2541Monash University - Centre for Biospectroscopy, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Savithri Pebotuwa
- 2541Monash University - Centre for Biospectroscopy, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Philip Heraud
- 2541Monash University - Centre for Biospectroscopy, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bayden R Wood
- 2541Monash University - Centre for Biospectroscopy, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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6
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Pawlak Z, Andrusiów S, Pajączkowska M, Janczura A. Identification of Fungi Isolated from Oral Cavity of Patients with HIV Using MALDI-TOF MS. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10081570. [PMID: 33917925 PMCID: PMC8068364 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10081570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A growing incidence of invasive fungal infections, especially among immunocompromised patients, has given increased significance to microbiological diagnostics of yeast-like fungi. More accurate and faster fungi identification methods that can compete with classical methods are being searched for. In this paper, classical microbiological methods are compared to MALDI-TOF MS (matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry). METHODS The diagnostic material was collected from buccal mucosa from 98 adults, including 69 with HIV. Only positive cultures were included in the study. RESULTS Matching results were obtained in 45 samples, and there were nonmatching results in 35 samples, with the majority of these in the study group, constituting 50% of identifications within this group. A particularly common mistake resulting from the use of classical methods is the false identification of C. dubliniensis as C. albicans. Additionally, C. tropicalis proves to be difficult to identify. CONCLUSIONS Our results and literature data suggest that MALDI-TOF MS should be considered an effective alternative to classical methods in terms of fungi identification, especially among HIV-positive patients, due to the different morphology of fungal colonies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzanna Pawlak
- Students Scientific Society of Infectious Diseases, Liver Diseases and Acquired Immune Deficiencies, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 51-149 Wroclaw, Poland; (Z.P.); (S.A.)
| | - Szymon Andrusiów
- Students Scientific Society of Infectious Diseases, Liver Diseases and Acquired Immune Deficiencies, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 51-149 Wroclaw, Poland; (Z.P.); (S.A.)
| | - Magdalena Pajączkowska
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Adriana Janczura
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland;
- Correspondence:
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7
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Černáková L, Rodrigues CF. Microbial interactions and immunity response in oral Candida species. Future Microbiol 2020; 15:1653-1677. [PMID: 33251818 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2020-0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral candidiasis are among the most common noncommunicable diseases, related with serious local and systemic illnesses. Although these infections can occur in all kinds of patients, they are more recurrent in immunosuppressed ones such as patients with HIV, hepatitis, cancer or under long antimicrobial treatments. Candida albicans continues to be the most frequently identified Candida spp. in these disorders, but other non-C. albicans Candida are rising. Understanding the immune responses involved in oral Candida spp. infections is a key feature to a successful treatment and to the design of novel therapies. In this review, we performed a literature search in PubMed and WoS, in order to examine and analyze common oral Candida spp.-bacteria/Candida-Candida interactions and the host immunity response in oral candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Černáková
- Department of Microbiology & Virology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Célia F Rodrigues
- Department of Chemical Engineering, LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology & Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Portugal
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8
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Khalandi H, Masoori L, Farahyar S, Delbandi AA, Raiesi O, Farzanegan A, Khalandi G, Mahmoudi S, Erfanirad T, Falahati M. Antifungal Activity of Capric Acid, Nystatin, and Fluconazole and Their In Vitro Interactions Against Candida Isolates from Neonatal Oral Thrush. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2020; 18:195-201. [PMID: 32392426 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2020.971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the increasing resistance of various Candida species to azole drugs, particularly fluconazole, it would be of significant importance to look for alternative therapies. The aim of this study was to investigate the antifungal activity of capric acid and its in vitro interactions with nystatin and fluconazole against Candida isolates. A total of 40 Candida isolates (C. albicans, 36; C. kefyr, 2; C. tropicalis, 1; C. glabrata, 1) collected from the oral cavity of neonates with oropharyngeal candidiasis and a reference strain of C. albicans (ATCC 10231) were used in this study. Antifungal activity of capric acid and two comparator antifungal drugs, namely fluconazole and nystatin, was tested according to CLSI M27-A3/M60 method. The in vitro interaction between capric acid with fluconazole and nystatin was determined following a checkerboard method and results were interpreted using fractional inhibitory concentration index. Nystatin had the lowest minimum inhibitory concentrations (range, 0.125-8 μg/mL; geometric mean [GM], 0.6229 μg/mL) followed by fluconazole (range, 0.5-16 μg/mL; GM, 1.9011 μg/mL) and capric acid (range, 128-2,048 μg/mL; GM, 835.9756 μg/mL). When tested in combination, capric acid with fluconazole demonstrated synergistic, indifferent, and antagonistic interactions in 3 (7.317%), 24 (58.536%), and 14 (34.146%) cases, respectively. For combination of capric acid with nystatin, synergistic, indifferent, and antagonistic interactions were observed in 1 (2.439%), 19 (46.341%), and 21 (51.219%) cases, respectively. All cases of synergistic interactions were against resistant or susceptible dose-dependent isolates. Fluconazole, nystatin, and capric acid seem to be more effective when they are used alone compared with their combination. However, their combination might be effective on resistant isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halala Khalandi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Masoori
- Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran.,Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Shirin Farahyar
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.,Microbial Biotechnology Research Center, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Delbandi
- Immunology Research Center, Immunology and Infectious Disease Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Omid Raiesi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Parasitology, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Ali Farzanegan
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Guilan University of Medical Science, Anzali International Campus, Guilan, Iran
| | | | - Shahram Mahmoudi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tayebeh Erfanirad
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehraban Falahati
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
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9
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Influence of the Sample Preparation Method in Discriminating Candida spp. Using ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25071551. [PMID: 32231044 PMCID: PMC7180699 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have investigated the capacity of ATR-FTIR spectroscopy for fungal species discrimination. However, preparation methods vary among studies. This study aims to ascertain the effect of sample preparation on the discriminatory capacity of ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. Candida species were streaked to obtain colonies and spectra were collected from each preparation type, which included: (a) untreated colonies being directly transferred to the ATR crystal, (b) following washing and (c) following 24-h fixation in formalin. Spectra were pre-processed and principal component analysis (PCA) and K-means cluster analysis (KMC) were performed. Results showed that there was a clear discrimination between preparation types. Groups of spectra from untreated and washed isolates clustered separately due to intense protein, DNA and polysaccharide bands, whilst fixed spectra clustered separately due to intense polysaccharide bands. This signified that sample preparation had influenced the chemical composition of samples. Nevertheless, across preparation types, significant species discrimination was observed, and the polysaccharide (1200-900 cm-1) region was a common critical marker for species discrimination. However, different discriminatory marker bands were observed across preparation methods. Thus, sample preparation appears to influence the chemical composition of Candida samples; however, does not seem to significantly impact the species discrimination potential for ATR-FTIR spectroscopy.
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10
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Rodrigues ME, Gomes F, Rodrigues CF. Candida spp./Bacteria Mixed Biofilms. J Fungi (Basel) 2019; 6:jof6010005. [PMID: 31861858 PMCID: PMC7151131 DOI: 10.3390/jof6010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to form biofilms is a common feature of microorganisms, such as bacteria or fungi. These consortiums can colonize a variety of surfaces, such as host tissues, dentures, and catheters, resulting in infections highly resistant to drugs, when compared with their planktonic counterparts. This refractory effect is particularly critical in polymicrobial biofilms involving both fungi and bacteria. This review emphasizes Candida spp.-bacteria biofilms, the epidemiology of this community, the challenges in the eradication of such biofilms, and the most relevant treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elisa Rodrigues
- CEB, Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO–Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (M.E.R.); (F.G.)
| | - Fernanda Gomes
- CEB, Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO–Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (M.E.R.); (F.G.)
| | - Célia F. Rodrigues
- LEPABE–Dep. of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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11
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Mundula T, Ricci F, Barbetta B, Baccini M, Amedei A. Effect of Probiotics on Oral Candidiasis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11102449. [PMID: 31615039 PMCID: PMC6836010 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral candidiasis (OC) is an increasing health problem due to the introduction of new drugs, population aging, and increasing prevalence of chronic illness. This study systematically reviews the effects of the oral intake of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics on Candida spp. counts (colony-forming units (CFU)/mL) in oral and palatal samples. A literature search was conducted. Twelve studies, eight randomized clinical trials (RCTs), and four pre-post studies, resulted as eligible for the meta-analysis, which was performed through a Bayesian random-effects model. All studies analyzed probiotics, and none of them analyzed prebiotics or synbiotics. The treatments effects were measured in terms of odds ratio (OR) of OC (CFU/mL >102, 103, or 104). The meta-analytic OR was 0.71 (95% credibility interval (CrI): 0.37, 1.32), indicating a beneficial effect of treatment; the I2 index was 56.3%. Focusing only on RCTs, the OR was larger and more precise at 0.53 (95% CrI: 0.27, 0.93). The effect of treatment appeared to be larger on denture wearers. Our findings indicate that the intake of probiotics can have a beneficial effect on OC and that the effects could vary according to the patients' characteristics. Due to the presence of medium-high-risk studies, the results should be interpreted with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Mundula
- Unit of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health. University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Federica Ricci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy.
| | - Beatrice Barbetta
- Department of Biostatistics, Rottapharm Biotech, 20900 Monza, Italy.
| | - Michela Baccini
- Department of Statistics, Computer Science, Applications, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy.
| | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy.
- SOD of Interdisciplinary Internal Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi (AOUC), 50134 Florence, Italy.
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12
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Montanari LB, Sartori FG, Ribeiro DBM, Leandro LF, Pires RH, Melhem MDSC, de Mello CA, Martins CHG. Yeast isolation and identification in water used in a Brazilian hemodialysis unit by classic microbiological techniques and Raman spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2018; 16:311-320. [PMID: 29676766 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2017.334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The use of poorly treated water in hemodialysis centers may lead to fungal contamination, which poses a serious threat to immunologically debilitated hemodialysis patients. This study aimed to isolate and identify yeast species in the water of a Brazilian hemodialysis center by using classic microbiological techniques and Raman spectroscopy. For 12 months, a total of 288 water samples were collected from different points of the hemodialysis treatment distribution center. One hundred and forty-six yeast species were isolated and identified in the samples that tested positive for the presence of yeasts such as Candida parapsilosis (100 isolates, or 68.50%), C. guilliermondii (17 isolates, or 11.65%), Rhodotorula mucilaginosa (23 isolates, or 15.75%), R. glutinis (three isolates, or 2.05%), and Trichosporon inkin (three isolates, or 2.05%). Yeast susceptibility to the antifungal fluconazole was also assayed. Only two C. guilliermondii isolates were resistant to fluconazole: the minimal inhibitory concentrations were higher than 64 μg/mL. The different yeast species present in the water of a Brazilian hemodialysis center call for more effective water disinfection procedures in this unit. Raman spectroscopy is an excellent tool to identify yeast species and is potentially applicable in routine water monitoring in hemodialysis units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Bueno Montanari
- Laboratory of Research in Applied Microbiology, University of Franca - UNIFRAN, Franca, 14404-600 São Paulo, Brazil E-mail:
| | - Flávio Garcia Sartori
- Laboratory of Research in Applied Microbiology, University of Franca - UNIFRAN, Franca, 14404-600 São Paulo, Brazil E-mail:
| | | | - Luís Fernando Leandro
- Laboratory of Research in Applied Microbiology, University of Franca - UNIFRAN, Franca, 14404-600 São Paulo, Brazil E-mail:
| | - Regina Helena Pires
- Laboratory of Research in Applied Microbiology, University of Franca - UNIFRAN, Franca, 14404-600 São Paulo, Brazil E-mail:
| | | | - César Alexandre de Mello
- Nucleus of Research in Sciences and Technology, University of Franca - UNIFRAN, Franca, 14404-600 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Henrique Gomes Martins
- Laboratory of Research in Applied Microbiology, University of Franca - UNIFRAN, Franca, 14404-600 São Paulo, Brazil E-mail:
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13
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Sampath A, Weerasekera M, Dilhari A, Gunasekara C, Bulugahapitiya U, Fernando N, Samaranayake L. Comparison of duplex PCR and phenotypic analysis in differentiating Candida dubliniensis from Candida albicans from oral samples. AMB Express 2017; 7:141. [PMID: 28658945 PMCID: PMC5487313 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-017-0435-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida dubliniensis shares a wide range of phenotypic characteristics with Candida albicans including a common trait called germ tube positivity. Hence, laboratory differentiation of these two species is cumbersome. Duplex PCR analyses for C. albicans and C. dubliniensis was performed directly on DNA extracted from a total of 122 germ tube positive isolates derived from 100 concentrated oral rinse samples from a random cohort of diabetics attending a clinic in Sri Lanka. These results were confirmed by DNA sequencing of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA of the yeasts. Performance efficacy of duplex PCR was then compared with phenotypic identification using a standard battery of phenotypic tests. Of the 122 germ tube positive isolates three were identified by duplex PCR as C. dubliniensis and the remainder as C. albicans. On the contrary, when the standard phenotypic tests, sugar assimilation and chlamydospore formation, were used to differentiate the two species 13 germ tube positive isolates were erroneously identified as C. dubliniensis. Duplex PCR was found to be rapid, sensitive and more specific than phenotypic identification methods in discriminating C. dubliniensis from C. albicans. This is also the first report on the oral carriage of C. dubliniensis in a Sri Lankan population.
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14
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Livério HO, Ruiz LDS, Freitas RSD, Nishikaku A, Souza ACD, Paula CR, Domaneschi C. Phenotypic and genotypic detection of Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis strains isolated from oral mucosa of AIDS pediatric patients. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2017; 59:e14. [PMID: 28423089 PMCID: PMC5398186 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946201759014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess a collection of yeasts to verify the presence of Candida dubliniensis among strains isolated from the oral mucosa of AIDS pediatric patients which were initially characterized as Candida albicans by the traditional phenotypic method, as well as to evaluate the main phenotypic methods used in the discrimination between the two species and confirm the identification through genotypic techniques, i.e., DNA sequencing. Twenty-nine samples of C. albicans isolated from this population and kept in a fungi collection were evaluated and re-characterized. In order to differentiate the two species, phenotypic tests (Thermotolerance tests, Chromogenic medium, Staib agar, Tobacco agar, Hypertonic medium) were performed and genotypic techniques using DNA sequencing were employed for confirmation of isolated species. Susceptibility and specificity were calculated for each test. No phenotypic test alone was sufficient to provide definitive identification of C. dubliniensis or C. albicans, as opposed to results of molecular tests. After amplification and sequencing of specific regions of the 29 studied strains, 93.1% of the isolates were identified as C. albicans and 6.9% as C. dubliniensis. The Staib agar assay showed a higher susceptibility (96.3%) in comparison with other phenotypic techniques. Therefore, genotypic methods are indispensable for the conclusive identification and differentiation between these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harisson Oliveira Livério
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Odontologia, Departamento de Estomatologia, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Roseli Santos de Freitas
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Angela Nishikaku
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Laboratório Especial de Micologia, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Clara de Souza
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Odontologia, Departamento de Estomatologia, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudete Rodrigues Paula
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Odontologia, Departamento de Estomatologia, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carina Domaneschi
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Odontologia, Departamento de Estomatologia, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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15
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Theill L, Dudiuk C, Morano S, Gamarra S, Nardin ME, Méndez E, Garcia-Effron G. Prevalence and antifungal susceptibility of Candida albicans and its related species Candida dubliniensis and Candida africana isolated from vulvovaginal samples in a hospital of Argentina. Rev Argent Microbiol 2016; 48:43-9. [PMID: 26922471 DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida africana taxonomical status is controversial. It was proposed as a separate species within the Candida albicans species complex; however, phylogenetic analyses suggested that it is an unusual variety of C. albicans. The prevalence of C. albicans-related species (Candida dubliniensis and C. africana) as vulvovaginal pathogens is not known in Argentina. Moreover, data on antifungal susceptibility of isolates causing vulvovaginal candidiasis is scarce. The aims of this study were to establish the prevalence of C. dubliniensis and C. africana in vaginal samples and to evaluate the antifungal susceptibilities of vaginal C. albicans species complex strains. We used a molecular-based method coupled with a new pooled DNA extraction methodology to differentiate C. dubliniensis and C. africana in a collection of 287 strains originally identified as C. albicans isolated from an Argentinian hospital during 2013. Antifungal susceptibilities to fluconazole, clotrimazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, nystatin, amphotericin B and terbinafine were evaluated by using the CLSI M27-A3 and M27-S4 documents. Of the 287 isolates, 4 C. dubliniensis and one C. africana strains (1.39% and 0.35% prevalence, respectively) were identified. This is the first description of C. africana in Argentina and its identification was confirmed by sequencing the ITS2 region and the hwp1 gene. C. dubliniensis and C. africana strains showed very low MIC values for all the tested antifungals. Fluconazole-reduced-susceptibility and azole cross-resistance were observed in 3.55% and 1.41% of the C. albicans isolates, respectively. These results demonstrate that antifungal resistance is still a rare phenomenon in this kind of isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Theill
- Laboratorio de Micología y Diagnóstico Molecular - Cátedra de Parasitología y Micología - Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral - CONICET, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Catiana Dudiuk
- Laboratorio de Micología y Diagnóstico Molecular - Cátedra de Parasitología y Micología - Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral - CONICET, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Susana Morano
- Sección Microbiología, Laboratorio Central, Hospital Dr. José María Cullen, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Soledad Gamarra
- Laboratorio de Micología y Diagnóstico Molecular - Cátedra de Parasitología y Micología - Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral - CONICET, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María Elena Nardin
- Sección Microbiología, Laboratorio Central, Hospital Dr. José María Cullen, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Emilce Méndez
- Sección Microbiología, Laboratorio Central, Hospital Dr. José María Cullen, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Guillermo Garcia-Effron
- Laboratorio de Micología y Diagnóstico Molecular - Cátedra de Parasitología y Micología - Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral - CONICET, Santa Fe, Argentina.
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16
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Silva S, Tobaldini-Valerio F, Costa-de-Oliveira S, Henriques M, Azeredo J, Ferreira EC, Lopes JA, Sousa C. Discrimination of clinically relevant Candida species by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR). RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra16769a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate Candida species identification remains a challenge due to their phenotypic and genotypic similarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sónia Silva
- CEB-Centro de Engenharia Biológica
- Universidade do Minho
- Braga
- Portugal
| | - Flávia Tobaldini-Valerio
- CEB-Centro de Engenharia Biológica
- Universidade do Minho
- Braga
- Portugal
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina
| | | | - Mariana Henriques
- CEB-Centro de Engenharia Biológica
- Universidade do Minho
- Braga
- Portugal
| | - Joana Azeredo
- CEB-Centro de Engenharia Biológica
- Universidade do Minho
- Braga
- Portugal
| | | | - João A. Lopes
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa)
- Faculdade de Farmácia
- Universidade de Lisboa
- Lisboa
- Portugal
| | - Clara Sousa
- LAQV/REQUIMTE
- Departamento de Ciências Químicas
- Faculdade de Farmácia
- Universidade do Porto
- 4050-313 Porto
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17
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Gamarra S, Mancilla E, Dudiuk C, Garcia-Effron G. Candida dubliniensis and Candida albicans differentiation by colony morphotype in Sabouraud-triphenyltetrazolium agar. Rev Iberoam Micol 2015; 32:126-8. [PMID: 25613786 DOI: 10.1016/j.riam.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Candida dubliniensis is a germ tube and chlamydoconidia producing Candida species that may be misidentified as Candida albicans. Molecular-based methods are the most reliable techniques for C. albicans and C. dubliniensis differentiation. However, accurate, quick and inexpensive phenotypic tests are needed to be used in low-complexity mycology laboratories. AIMS To evaluate colony morphotypes on Sabouraud-triphenyltetrazolium agar as a tool for C. dubliniensis and C. albicans differentiation. METHODS The morphology of 126 C. albicans and C. dubliniensis strains was evaluated and compared with their identification by molecular methods. RESULTS The method showed 100% sensitivity and specificity when color and the presence or absence of large white mycelial halo was evaluated. CONCLUSIONS Colony morphotype on Sabouraud-triphenyltetrazolium agar should be considered as a new tool to differentiate C. dubliniensis and C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soledad Gamarra
- Laboratorio de Micología y Diagnóstico Molecular, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, CONICET, Santa Fe, Argentina; Catedra de Parasitología y Micología, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Estefanía Mancilla
- Laboratorio de Micología y Diagnóstico Molecular, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, CONICET, Santa Fe, Argentina; Catedra de Parasitología y Micología, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Catiana Dudiuk
- Laboratorio de Micología y Diagnóstico Molecular, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, CONICET, Santa Fe, Argentina; Catedra de Parasitología y Micología, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Guillermo Garcia-Effron
- Laboratorio de Micología y Diagnóstico Molecular, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, CONICET, Santa Fe, Argentina; Catedra de Parasitología y Micología, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina.
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18
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Albaina O, Sahand IH, Brusca MI, Sullivan DJ, Fernández de Larrinoa I, Moragues MD. Identification and characterization of nine atypical Candida dubliniensis clinical isolates. J Med Microbiol 2014; 64:147-156. [PMID: 25480879 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.078832-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida dubliniensis is a pathogenic yeast of the genus Candida closely related to Candida albicans. The phenotypic similarity of these two species often leads to misidentification of C. dubliniensis isolates in clinical samples. DNA-based methods continue to be the most effective means of discriminating accurately between the two species. Here, we report on the identification of nine unusual Candida isolates that showed ambiguous identification patterns on the basis of their phenotypic and immunological traits. The isolates were categorized into two groups. Group I isolates were unable to produce germ tubes and chlamydospores, and to agglutinate commercial latex particles coated with a mAb highly specific for C. dubliniensis. Group II isolates grew as pink and white colonies on CHROMagar Candida and ChromID Candida, respectively. Carbohydrate assimilation profiles obtained with API/ID32C together with PCR amplification with specific primers and DNA sequencing allowed reliable identification of the nine unusual clinical isolates as C. dubliniensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olatz Albaina
- Departamento de Inmunología, Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Ismail H Sahand
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hawler Medical University, Hawler, Kurdistan, Iraq
- Departamento de Inmunología, Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Bilbao, Spain
| | - María I Brusca
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Derek J Sullivan
- Microbiology Research Laboratory, Division of Oral Biosciences, School of Dental Science and Dublin Dental University Hospital, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Iñigo Fernández de Larrinoa
- Departamento de Química Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - María D Moragues
- Departamento de Enfermería I, Escuela Universitaria de Enfermería, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Bilbao, Spain
- Departamento de Inmunología, Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Bilbao, Spain
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19
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Mircescu NE, Zhou H, Leopold N, Chiş V, Ivleva NP, Niessner R, Wieser A, Haisch C. Towards a receptor-free immobilization and SERS detection of urinary tract infections causative pathogens. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:3051-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7761-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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20
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A filter-like AuNPs@MS SERS substrate for Staphylococcus aureus detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 53:519-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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21
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Yazdanpanah A, Khaithir TMN. Issues in identifying germ tube positive yeasts by conventional methods. J Clin Lab Anal 2013; 28:1-9. [PMID: 24375729 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.21635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida speciation is vital for epidemiology and management of candidiasis. Nonmolecular conventional methods often fail to identify closely related germ tube positive yeasts from clinical specimens. The present study was conducted to identify these yeasts and to highlight issues in conventional versus molecular methods of identification. A total of 98 germ tube positive yeasts from high vaginal swabs were studied over a 12-month period. Isolates were examined with various methods including growth at 42 °C and 45 °C on Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA), color development on CHROMagar Candida medium, chlamydospore production on corn meal agar at 25 °C, carbohydrate assimilation using ID 32C system, and polymerase chain reaction using a single pair of primers targeting the hyphal wall protein 1 (Hwp1) gene. Of all the isolates studied, 97 were molecularly confirmed as C. albicans and one isolate was identified as C. dubliniensis. No C. africana was detected in this study. The molecular method used in our study was an accurate and useful tool for discriminating C. albicans, C. dubliniensis, and C. africana. The conventional methods, however, were less accurate and riddled with many issues that will be discussed in further details.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atta Yazdanpanah
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre (UKMMC), Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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22
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Wenning M, Scherer S. Identification of microorganisms by FTIR spectroscopy: perspectives and limitations of the method. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:7111-20. [PMID: 23860713 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5087-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was introduced in 1991 as a technique to identify and classify microbes. Since then, it has gained growing interest and has undergone a remarkable evolution. Highly sophisticated spectrometers have been developed, enabling a high sample throughput. Today, the generation of high-quality data in a short time and the application of the technique for rapid and reliable identification of microbes to the species level are well documented. What makes FTIR spectroscopy even more attractive is the fact that spectral information can also be exploited for strain typing purposes, which is particularly important for epidemiological analyses and some technological applications. Accordingly, in recent years, FTIR spectroscopy has been increasingly used for typing and classifying microorganisms below the species level. The intention of this review is to give an overview over current knowledge and strategies of using FTIR spectroscopy for species identification and to describe different approaches for strain typing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Wenning
- Abteilung Mikrobiologie, Zentralinstitut für Ernährungs- und Lebensmittelforschung-ZIEL, Technische Universität München, Weihenstephaner Berg 3, D-85350 Freising, Germany.
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23
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Eddouzi J, Lohberger A, Vogne C, Manai M, Sanglard D. Identification and antifungal susceptibility of a large collection of yeast strains isolated in Tunisian hospitals. Med Mycol 2013; 51:737-46. [PMID: 23768242 DOI: 10.3109/13693786.2013.800239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) was used as a rapid method to identify yeasts isolated from patients in Tunisian hospitals. When identification could not be exstablished with this procedure, sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer with 5.8S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) and D1/D2 domain of large-subunit (LSU rDNA) were employed as a molecular approach for species differentiation. Candida albicans was the dominant species (43.37% of all cases), followed by C. glabrata (16.55%), C. parapsilosis (13.23%), C. tropicalis (11.34%), C. dubliniensis (4.96%), and other species more rarely encountered in human diseases such as C. krusei, C. metapsilosis, C. lusitaniae, C. kefyr, C. palmioleophila, C. guilliermondii, C. intermedia, C. orthopsilosis, and C. utilis. In addition, other yeast species were obtained including Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Debaryomyces hansenii (anamorph known as C. famata), Hanseniaspora opuntiae, Kodamaea ohmeri, Pichia caribbica (anamorph known as C. fermentati), Trichosporon spp. and finally a novel yeast species, C. tunisiensis. The in vitro antifungal activities of fluconazole and voriconazole were determined by the agar disk diffusion test and Etest, while the susceptibility to additional antifungal agents was determined with the Sensititre YeastOne system. Our results showed low incidence of azole resistance in C. albicans (0.54%), C. tropicalis (2.08%) and C. glabrata (4.28%). In addition, caspofungin was active against most isolates of the collection with the exception of two K. ohmeri isolates. This is the first report to describe caspofungin resistant isolates of this yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamel Eddouzi
- * Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Lausanne and University Hospital Center , Lausanne , Switzerland
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Epidemiology, antifungal susceptibility, and pathogenicity of Candida africana isolates from the United Kingdom. J Clin Microbiol 2013; 51:967-72. [PMID: 23303503 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02816-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida africana was previously proposed as a new species within the Candida albicans species complex, together with C. albicans and C. dubliniensis, although further phylogenetic analyses better support its status as an unusual variant within C. albicans. Here we show that C. africana can be distinguished from C. albicans and C. dubliniensis by pyrosequencing of a short region of ITS2, and we have evaluated its occurrence in clinical samples by pyrosequencing all presumptive isolates of C. albicans submitted to the Mycology Reference Laboratory over a 9-month period. The C. albicans complex constituted 826/1,839 (44.9%) of yeast isolates received over the study period and included 783 isolates of C. albicans, 28 isolates of C. dubliniensis, and 15 isolates of C. africana. In agreement with previous reports, C. africana was isolated exclusively from genital specimens, in women in the 18-to-35-year age group. Indeed, C. africana constituted 15/251 (6%) of "C. albicans" isolates from female genital specimens during the study period. C. africana isolates were germ tube positive, grew significantly more slowly than C. albicans and C. dubliniensis on conventional mycological media, could be distinguished from the other members of the C. albicans complex by appearance on chromogenic agar, and were incapable of forming chlamydospores. Here we present the detailed evaluation of epidemiological, phenotypic, and clinical features and antifungal susceptibility profiles of United Kingdom isolates of C. africana. Furthermore, we demonstrate that C. africana is significantly less pathogenic than C. albicans and C. dubliniensis in the Galleria mellonella insect systemic infection model.
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25
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Sardi JCO, Scorzoni L, Bernardi T, Fusco-Almeida AM, Mendes Giannini MJS. Candida species: current epidemiology, pathogenicity, biofilm formation, natural antifungal products and new therapeutic options. J Med Microbiol 2013. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.045054-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 730] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J. C. O. Sardi
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Laboratory of Clinical Mycology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNESP, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - L. Scorzoni
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Laboratory of Clinical Mycology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNESP, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - T. Bernardi
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Laboratory of Clinical Mycology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNESP, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - A. M. Fusco-Almeida
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Laboratory of Clinical Mycology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNESP, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - M. J. S. Mendes Giannini
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Laboratory of Clinical Mycology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNESP, Araraquara, Brazil
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Ge YP, Wang L, Lu GX, Shen YN, Liu WD. A simple and reliable PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay to identify Candida albicans and its closely related Candida dubliniensis. Braz J Microbiol 2012; 43:873-9. [PMID: 24031901 PMCID: PMC3768858 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822012000300004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Revised: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida dubliniensis is an emerging pathogen capable of causing superficial as well as systemic infections. Due to its close similarity to C. albcians, conventional methods based on phenotypic traits are not always reliable in identification of C. dubliniensis. In this study, we developed a PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assay to identify and discriminate between the two closely related species. The D1/D2 region of 28S rDNA was amplified by PCR and enzymatically digested by ApaI and BsiEI respectively. PCR products of both species were digested into two fragments by ApaI, but those of other yeast species were undigested. BsiEI cut the PCR products of C. albicans into two fragments but not those of C. dubliniensis. Thus two species were differentiated. We evaluated 10 reference strains representing 10 yeast species, among which C. albicans and C. dubliniensis were successfully identified. A total of 56 phenotypically characterized clinical isolates (42 C. albicans isolates and 14 C. dubliniensis isolates) were also investigated for intra-species variability. All tested isolates produced identical RFLP patterns to their respective reference strains except one initially misidentified isolate. Our method offers a simple, rapid and reliable molecular method for the identification of C. albicans and C. dubliniensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ping Ge
- Department of Medical Mycology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , Nanjing, Jiangsu Province , China
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Ribeiro PM, Bacal F, Koga-Ito CY, Junqueira JC, Jorge AOC. Presence of Candida spp. in the oral cavity of heart transplantation patients. J Appl Oral Sci 2011; 19:6-10. [PMID: 21437462 PMCID: PMC4245856 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-77572011000100003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2009] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida spp. can lead to infections or even fungal sepsis
particularly among immunocompromized individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Monteiro Ribeiro
- Department of Bioscience and Oral Diagnosis, São José dos Campos Dental School, São Paulo State University, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
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Ribeiro PM, Querido SMR, Back-Brito GN, Mota AJ, Koga-Ito CY, Jorge AOC. Research on Candida dubliniensis in a Brazilian yeast collection obtained from cardiac transplant, tuberculosis, and HIV-positive patients, and evaluation of phenotypic tests using agar screening methods. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2011; 71:81-6. [PMID: 21763095 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2011.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Revised: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to research Candida dubliniensis among isolates present in a Brazilian yeast collection and to evaluate the main phenotypic methods for discrimination between C. albicans and C. dubliniensis from oral cavity. A total of 200 isolates, presumptively identified as C. albicans or C. dubliniensis obtained from heart transplant patients under immunosuppressive therapy, tuberculosis patients under antibiotic therapy, HIV-positive patients under antiretroviral therapy, and healthy subjects, were analyzed using the following phenotypic tests: formation and structural arrangement of chlamydospores on corn meal agar, casein agar, tobacco agar, and sunflower seed agar; growth at 45 °C; and germ tube formation. All strains were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In a preliminary screen for C. dubliniensis, 48 of the 200 isolates on corn meal agar, 30 of the 200 on casein agar, 16 of the 200 on tobacco agar, and 15 of the 200 on sunflower seed agar produced chlamydoconidia; 27 of the 200 isolates showed no or poor growth at 45 °C. All isolates were positive for germ tube formation. These isolates were considered suggestive of C. dubliniensis. All of them were subjected to PCR analysis using C. dubliniensis-specific primers. C. dubliniensis isolates were not found. C. dubliniensis isolates were not recovered in this study done with immunocompromised patients. Sunflower seed agar was the medium with the smallest number of isolates of C. albicans suggestive of C. dubliniensis. None of the phenotypic methods was 100% effective for discrimination between C. albicans and C. dubliniensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Monteiro Ribeiro
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, São José dos Campos Dental School, Univ. Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Silveira-Gomes F, Sarmento DN, Espírito-Santo EPTD, Souza NDO, Pinto TM, Marques-da-Silva SH. Differentiation between Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis using hypertonic Sabouraud broth and tobacco agar. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2011; 44:457-60. [PMID: 21860890 DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822011000400011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Opportunistic fungal infections in immunocompromised hosts are caused by Candida species, and the majority of such infections are due to Candida albicans. However, the emerging pathogen Candida dubliniensis demonstrates several phenotypic characteristics in common with C. albicans, such as production of germ tubes and chlamydospores, calling attention to the development of stable resistance to fluconazole in vitro. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of biochemistry identification in the differentiating between C. albicans and C. dubliniensis, by phenotyping of yeast identified as C. albicans. METHODS Seventy-nine isolates identified as C. albicans by the API system ID 32C were grown on Sabouraud dextrose agar at 30°C for 24-48h and then inoculated on hypertonic Sabouraud broth and tobacco agar. RESULTS Our results showed that 17 (21.5%) isolates were growth-inhibited on hypertonic Sabouraud broth, a phenotypic trait inconsistent with C. albicans in this medium. However, the results observed on tobacco agar showed that only 9 (11.4%) of the growth-inhibited isolates produced characteristic colonies of C. dubliniensis (rough colonies, yellowish-brown with abundant fragments of hyphae and chlamydospores). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that this method is a simple tool for screening C. albicans and non-albicans yeast and for verification of automated identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabíola Silveira-Gomes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brasil
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Abstract
Candida albicans is increasing as an opportunistic pathogen causing candidemia and candidiasis worldwide. In addition, other non-albicans Candida species are now also associated with pertinent infections. These include the closely related C. dubliniensis, which shares many phenotypic similarities with C. albicans. These similarities pose problems in the identification of isolates and have previously led to misidentification of these species. As a result, several identification techniques based on phenotypic and genotypic characteristics have been developed to differentiate between these Candida species. This review will focus on the similarities and differences between these two Candida species highlighting different identification methods and their advantages and disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruan Ells
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
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Ozcan K, Ilkit M, Ates A, Turac-Bicer A, Demirhindi H. Performance of Chromogenic Candida agar and CHROMagar Candida in recovery and presumptive identification of monofungal and polyfungal vaginal isolates. Med Mycol 2010; 48:29-34. [PMID: 19191167 DOI: 10.3109/13693780802713224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromogenic Candida agar (OCCA) is a novel medium facilitating isolation and identification of Candida albicans, C. tropicalis, and C. krusei, as well as indicating polyfungal population in clinical samples. We compare the performance of OCCA, to CHROMagar Candida (CAC) and Sabouraud chloramphenicol agar (SCA). Vaginal swab samples from 392 women were simultaneously inoculated onto three study media. A total of 161 (41.1%) were found to be positive for fungi of which 140 (87%) were monofungal, and 21 (13%) polyfungal. One-hundred and fifty-seven samples (97.5%) were positive on CAC, 156 (96.9%) on OCCA, 148 (91.9%) on SCA and 144 (89.4%) samples were positive on all three media. The yeasts were identified by conventional methods including germ tube test, microscopic morphology on cornmeal-Tween 80 agar, and the commercial API 20C AUX. The 182 isolates were C. albicans (n = 104), C. glabrata (n = 51), C. krusei (n = 7), C. tropicalis (n = 5), C. famata (n = 3), C. kefyr (n = 3), C. zeylanoides (n = 3), C. colliculosa (n = 2), and other species of Candida (n = 4). Among the 21 polyfungal populations, 20 (95.2%) were detected in OCCA, 14 (66.7%) in CAC, and 13 (61.9%) in CAC and OCCA (P <0.05). Most polyfungal populations (47.6%) yielded C. albicans + C. glabrata. The efficiency of both chromogenic media for C. albicans was >or=92.9% at 72 h. OCCA is more efficient and reliable for rapidly identifying C. albicans and polyfungal populations than CAC. However, CAC is more efficient for identifying C. krusei and C. tropicalis. A chromogenic agar with a higher isolation rate of yeasts and better detection of polyfungal populations than SCA, is suggested as a medium of first choice when available.
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Pasligh J, Radecke C, Fleischhacker M, Ruhnke M. Comparison of phenotypic methods for the identification of Candida dubliniensis. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2010; 43:147-54. [PMID: 20457432 DOI: 10.1016/s1684-1182(10)60023-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2008] [Revised: 10/08/2008] [Accepted: 11/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Mixed infections caused by different Candida species are the rule rather than the exception. The discrimination between the two closely related species Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis is not trivial. Therefore, there is a need for fast, reliable, and inexpensive methods with high specificity for the identification and differentiation of these two Candida species, which are frequently detected in the oral cavities of patients with a human immunodeficiency virus infection. METHODS We applied several phenotypic identification methods (growth on Rice-agar, Bird-seed agar, CHROMagar Candida, API ID 32C; growth at 42 degrees C and 45 degrees C) and compared them with genotyping by arbitrarily primed-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS A sensitivity of 44% for the identification of C. dubliniensis was achieved for growth on Rice-agar, 97% for discrimination on Bird-seed agar, 95% with the assimilation profile index API ID 32C, and 97% when grown at 45 degrees C. We found two API codes not described for C. dubliniensis so far. Additionally, 88% of our C. dubliniensis isolates assimilated palatinose, in contrast to the 1% described in the API reference manual. CONCLUSION According to our results, cultivation of Candida isolates on Bird-seed agar after screening on CHROMagar Candida is a very sensitive, simple, and cost-effective method for discriminating C. dubliniensis from C. albicans in routine practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Pasligh
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charité Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
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Abstract
Candida africana is a recently described opportunistic yeast pathogen that has been linked to vaginal candidiasis. This yeast was first described, in 1995, as atypical chlamydospore-negative Candida albicans strain, and subsequently proposed as a new Candida species on the basis of morphological, biochemical and physiological characteristics clearly different from those of typical C. albicans isolates. Phylogenetic studies based on the comparison of ribosomal DNA sequences demonstrated that C. africana and C. albicans isolates are too closely related to draw any conclusions regarding the status of a new species. Therefore, on the basis of these studies, some authors considered C. africana as a biovar of C. albicans even if genetic differences may be found if additional regions of genomic DNA are sequenced. The taxonomic situation of C. africana and its phylogenetic relationship with other Candida species is still controversial and remains, at present, a matter of debate. Our goal is to review the current knowledge about C. africana and highlight the development of rapid and accurate tests for its discrimination from C. albicans, Candida dubliniensis and Candida stellatoidea. Furthermore, through the analysis of literature data, we have found that C. africana has a worldwide distribution and a considerable number of features making its study particularly interesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orazio Romeo
- Department of Life Sciences Marcello Malpighi, Section of Microbiological, Genetic and Molecular Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Marinho SA, Teixeira AB, Santos OS, Cazanova RF, Ferreira CAS, Cherubini K, de Oliveira SD. Identification of Candida spp. by phenotypic tests and PCR. Braz J Microbiol 2010; 41:286-94. [PMID: 24031493 PMCID: PMC3768677 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822010000200004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2009] [Revised: 07/16/2009] [Accepted: 02/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The correct identification of Candida species is of great importance, as it presents prognostic and therapeutical significance, allowing an early and appropriate antifungical therapy. The purpose of this study was to identify isolates of Candida spp. from oral mucosa of 38 patients with oral candidosis evaluated in 2004 by phenotypic methods and PCR, discriminating C. albicans from the other Candida species. The tests used for phenotypic analysis were germ-tube and chlamydoconidia production, culture in CHROMAgar™ Candida, carbohydrate assimilation test, growth at 45ºC and culture in Tween 80 agar. Genotypic confirmation was performed by PCR. Phenotypic tests showed that 63.2% strains formed germ-tubes, 73.7% produced chlamydoconidia, and 63.2% showed green colonies in chromogenic medium, presumptively indicating C. albicans or C. dubliniensis. The carbohydrate assimilation test confirmed these results. A total of 21% strains were identified as C. krusei and 13.2% were indicative of C. tropicalis. Of these later strains, three produced chlamydoconidia. The association of other phenotypic tests with culture in Tween 80 agar identified 95.8% of strains as C. albicans and 4.2% as C. dubliniensis. All 24 strains indicative of C. albicans and C. dubliniensis were confirmed by PCR as C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Aparecida Marinho
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Microbiologia, Faculdade de Biociências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre, RS , Brasil ; Serviço de Estomatologia, Hospital São Lucas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre, RS , Brasil
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Oropharyngeal candidiasis and oral yeast colonization in Iranian Human Immunodeficiency Virus positive patients. J Mycol Med 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2009.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Boriollo MFG, Bassi RC, dos Santos Nascimento CMG, Feliciano LM, Francisco SB, Barros LM, Spolidório LC, Palomari Spolidório DM. Distribution and hydrolytic enzyme characteristics of Candida albicans strains isolated from diabetic patients and their non-diabetic consorts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 24:437-50. [PMID: 19832795 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.2009.00524.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to investigate the oral colonization profile of Candida albicans strains isolated from diabetic patients and their non-diabetic consorts. In addition hydrolytic enzyme activity of these isolates was analysed. METHODS The genetic diversity of C. albicans oral isolates from 52 couples was established using isoenzyme marker and cluster analysis. Hydrolytic enzyme characteristics, namely secreted aspartyl proteinases (SAPs) and phospholipases (PLs) were also analysed. RESULTS Simultaneous colonization by C. albicans was observed in the consorts of 12 couples (23.1%). Patterns of monoclonal and polyclonal oral colonization by C. albicans strains were identified and the coexistence of identical or highly related strains was observed in both members of eight couples. The genetic diversity observed in the total yeast population revealed four large, genetically distinct groups (A to D) and the coexistence of strains in couples or consorts conjugally unrelated. SAP and PL activity was observed in the majority of C. albicans isolates without any association to particular strain, strain clusters (highly related isolates), or clinical characteristics of the consorts (diabetic, non-diabetic, and gender). CONCLUSION Possible sources of transmission and oral propagation of groups (clusters) of strains of C. albicans can occur between diabetic and non-diabetic consorts. A conjugal genotypic identity exists in most C. albicans-positive couples, that is, both consorts share identical or highly related strains; however, this identity is not couple-specific as seen by the coexistence of clusters in couples and unrelated consorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F G Boriollo
- Genetic and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Medicine School of University of Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Jewtuchowicz VM, Mujica MT, Malzone MC, Cuesta A, Nastri ML, Iovannitti CA, Rosa AC. Genetic relatedness of subgingival and buccal Candida dubliniensis isolates in immunocompetent subjects assessed by RAPD-PCR. J Oral Microbiol 2009; 1. [PMID: 21523209 PMCID: PMC3077006 DOI: 10.3402/jom.v1i0.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Revised: 09/14/2009] [Accepted: 09/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is recognized that Candida dubliniensis commonly colonizes oral and subgingival sites in immunocompetent subjects with periodontal disease. Objective Since there are few data available on genetic characterization of C. dubliniensis in periodontal pockets and other oral sites, the aim of this study was to characterize subgingival and mucosal C. dubliniensis isolates recovered from immunocompetent subjects and to assay the genetic similarity of such isolates from both niches in the same patient by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Design C. dubliniensis recovered from subgingival plaque and from buccal cavity samples were studied in 240 immunocompetent non-smoking individuals. Arbitrary amplification was carried out by RAPD-polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results RAPD analysis showed identical genotypes of C. dubliniensis in different sampling sites (buccal cavity and subgingival areas) in eight of 10 patients except for those derived from two participants who presented presumably unrelated isolates. Conclusions On the basis of the findings presented, the origin of the colonization of C. dubliniensis in subgingival biofilm seems to be the buccal cavity in a single patient. Consequently, it may be assumed that most of C. dubliniensis in these sites arise from the endogenous commensal strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Marta Jewtuchowicz
- Department of Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Sahand IH, Maza JL, Eraso E, Montejo M, Moragues MD, Aguirre JM, Quindós G, Pontón J. Evaluation of CHROM-Pal medium for the isolation and direct identification of Candida dubliniensis in primary cultures from the oral cavity. J Med Microbiol 2009; 58:1437-1442. [PMID: 19608690 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.011320-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is the species most frequently isolated from oral specimens, but the recovery of other Candida species such as Candida dubliniensis is increasing. Differentiation of C. dubliniensis from C. albicans requires special tests and both species are misidentified in some studies. CHROM-Pal (CH-P) is a novel chromogenic medium used in our laboratory for differentiation between C. albicans and C. dubliniensis on the basis of colony colour and morphology, and chlamydospore production. The performance of CH-P and CHROMagar Candida (CAC) was compared for primary isolation and presumptive identification of yeasts from oral specimens from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected and uninfected individuals. The identification of Candida species on both media was compared with two reference identification methods (API ID 32 C and multiplex PCR). A total of 137/205 oral swabs (66.8 %) plated onto CH-P and CAC media were positive by culture and resulted in the growth of 171 isolates of Candida species on CH-P, whilst only 159 isolates grew on CAC. C. albicans was the most frequently isolated species in both groups of patients, followed by Candida parapsilosis in the HIV-negative group, and by C. dubliniensis in the HIV-infected group. The other Candida species isolated were Candida guilliermondii, Candida glabrata, Candida krusei, Candida tropicalis, Candida famata, Candida rugosa, Candida kefyr, Candida pelliculosa and Candida pulcherrima. The sensitivity and specificity for identifying C. albicans, C. krusei, C. tropicalis and C. dubliniensis on CH-P were over 98.5 %, always equal to or higher than those obtained when CAC was used. CH-P is a simple reliable medium for primary isolation and presumptive identification of yeast isolates from oral samples. The ability of CH-P to discriminate between C. dubliniensis and C. albicans was significantly higher (P <0.05) than that of CAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail H Sahand
- Departamento de Inmunología, Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universidad del País Vasco-Euskal Herriko Unibersitatea, Apartado 699, 48080 Bilbao, Vizcaya, Spain
| | - José L Maza
- Departamento de Estomatología, Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universidad del País Vasco, Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Vizcaya, Spain
| | - Elena Eraso
- Departamento de Inmunología, Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universidad del País Vasco-Euskal Herriko Unibersitatea, Apartado 699, 48080 Bilbao, Vizcaya, Spain
| | - Miguel Montejo
- Unidad de Enfermedades infecciosas, Hospital de Cruces, Universidad del País Vasco, Baracaldo, Vizcaya, Spain
| | - María D Moragues
- Departamento de Enfermería 1, Universidad del País Vasco, Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Vizcaya, Spain
| | - José M Aguirre
- Departamento de Estomatología, Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universidad del País Vasco, Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Vizcaya, Spain
| | - Guillermo Quindós
- Departamento de Inmunología, Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universidad del País Vasco-Euskal Herriko Unibersitatea, Apartado 699, 48080 Bilbao, Vizcaya, Spain
| | - José Pontón
- Departamento de Inmunología, Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universidad del País Vasco-Euskal Herriko Unibersitatea, Apartado 699, 48080 Bilbao, Vizcaya, Spain
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Urzúa B, Hermosilla G, Gamonal J, Morales-Bozo I, Canals M, Barahona S, Cóccola C, Cifuentes V. Yeast diversity in the oral microbiota of subjects with periodontitis: Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis colonize the periodontal pockets. Med Mycol 2009; 46:783-93. [PMID: 18608938 DOI: 10.1080/13693780802060899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The term periodontitis encompasses several polymicrobial infectious diseases, of multifactorial etiology, with chronic and aggressive forms. In spite of the etiopathogenic differences between these two forms of the disease, few studies have analyzed the subgingival colonization by yeast. The objective of this investigation was to analyze the composition of the yeast microbiota present in the mucosa and subgingival sites of healthy individuals and patients with aggressive and chronic periodontitis. For this, samples were recovered from these two locations and the yeast recovered identified by phenotypic and genotypic methods. Patients with chronic periodontitis showed significant differences in relation to the other groups with respect to carrier status (69.2% versus 35.7% of healthy individuals; [chi(i)(2) test; p=0.014]), the total number of isolated colony forming units or CFU (mean and ranges 281.6 (0-6048) [K-W(2)=6.998; p=0.03]), the Simpson diversity index (I) in site b (I(b)=0.344 versus healthy subjet and aggresive periodontitis where I=0 [multiple t-test comparisons with the Bonferronni correction, p<0.05]), and the species profile. Interestingly, in spite of the varied profiles of the species present in the mucosa of the three groups analyzed we noted that only C. albicans and C. dubliniensis were capable of colonizing the periodontal pockets in patients with chronic periodontitis, while only C. albicans was identified in the subgingiva of healthy individuals and patients with aggressive periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Urzúa
- Departamento de Ciencias Fisicas y Quimicas
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Martins C, de Resende M, da Silva D, Magalhães T, Modolo L, Pilli R, de Fátima Â. In vitro studies of anticandidal activity of goniothalamin enantiomers. J Appl Microbiol 2009; 107:1279-86. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04307.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Khlif M, Sellami H, Sellami A, Chelly H, Makni F, Bouaziz M, Ayadi A. Candida dubliniensis: first identification in Sfax hospital, Tunisia. Mycoses 2009; 52:171-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2008.01546.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Jewtuchowicz VM, Mujica MT, Brusca MI, Sordelli N, Malzone MC, Pola SJ, Iovannitti CA, Rosa AC. Phenotypic and genotypic identification of Candida dubliniensis from subgingival sites in immunocompetent subjects in Argentina. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 23:505-9. [PMID: 18954358 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.2008.00465.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It is generally recognized that Candida dubliniensis is commonly found in immunocompromised patients, such as those with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection, at sites of periodontal disease. Since there are no data available for Argentina, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of and to identify C. dubliniensis in periodontal pockets from immunocompetent subjects living in Buenos Aires, Argentina, through a comparison of phenotypic and molecular assays. METHODS Yeasts recovered from subgingival plaque samples were studied for 180 immunocompetent non-smoking patients with periodontal disease. Yeasts were identified by conventional mycological methods and by specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Fluconazole and voriconazole susceptibility studies were performed in keeping with the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. RESULTS Among 76 yeasts isolated, C. dubliniensis comprised 10.5% (n = 8; 95% confidence interval 4.7-19.7), which corresponded to 4.4% of patients studied (8/180). C. albicans was the most frequently isolated species of yeast. A great majority of C. dubliniensis isolates was susceptible with only one isolate resistant to both antifungals. CONCLUSION Micromorphology on Staib agar was the phenotypic method that was most concordant with PCR and it was useful for selecting presumptive C. dubliniensis. This is the first report to use PCR to identify C. dubliniensis in subgingival fluid from immunocompetent individuals with periodontal disease in Argentina. On the basis of the findings presented here, we confirm that C. dubliniensis can colonize periodontal pockets of immunocompetent patients with periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Jewtuchowicz
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Dentistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Khlif M, Sellami A, Sellami H, Makni F, Ayadi A. [Candida dubliniensis: Identification methods and epidemiologic implication]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 59:166-72. [PMID: 19046828 DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2008.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2008] [Accepted: 09/18/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Candida dubliniensis was recently described (1995) associated with oral candidiasis in HIV-positive patients. This organism is very closely related to the pathogenic human yeast, Candida albicans, and share a great number of phenotypic and genotypic characters. This great similarity limits the discrimination between these two species. Several phenotypic and molecular methods were developed. The phenotypic methods are simply used in routine discrimination between these two species and depend on the growth at high temperature, sugar assimilation, growth on special mediums and chlamydospore production…; but these methods are insensitive in discrimination between these two species. The molecular biology methods are highly reliable and able to confirm rapidly the identification of this species. In this article, we will review the various studies run out concerning the methods deployed for the identification of C. dubliniensis as well as the epidemiological implication of this new pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Khlif
- Laboratoire de biologie moléculaire, parasitaire et fongique, faculté de médecine de Sfax, avenue Magida-Boulila, 3029 Sfax, Tunisie
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Qian J, Cutler JE, Cole RB, Cai Y. MALDI-TOF mass signatures for differentiation of yeast species, strain grouping and monitoring of morphogenesis markers. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 392:439-49. [PMID: 18690424 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2288-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2008] [Revised: 07/01/2008] [Accepted: 07/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) is demonstrated to be a potentially useful tool for the rapid identification of yeasts, the grouping of Candida albicans strains, and the monitoring of germ tube-specific markers. Co-crystallized with sinapinic acid as the MALDI matrix, intact yeast cells yielded a sufficient number of medium-sized ions (4-15 kDa) in MALDI mass spectra to provide "mass signatures" that were diagnostic of strain type. For most isolates, the mass signatures were affected by the growth medium, length of incubation and the cell preparation method. While the overall past success of this methodology for fungal cells has been relatively low compared to its application to bacteria, fixing the yeast cells in 50% methanol inactivated the cells, reduced cell aggregation in aqueous suspension solution, and more importantly, it significantly improved the mass signature quality. This simple but critical advance in sample treatment improved mass spectrometric signal-to-noise ratios and allowed the identification of yeasts by a mass signature approach. Under optimized conditions, Candida species (C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. krusei, C. kefyr), Aspergillus species (A. terreus, A. fumigatus, A. syndowii) and other yeast genera (Cryptococcus neoformans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and a Rhodotorula sp.) could be distinguished. Within the C. albicans species, several common ions in the m/z 5,000-10,000 range were apparent in the mass spectra of all tested strains. In addition to shared ions, the mass spectra of individual C. albicans strains permitted grouping of the strains. Principal component analysis (PCA) was employed to confirm spectral reproducibility and C. albicans strain grouping by mass signatures. Finally, C. albicans germ tubes produced MALDI-TOF mass signatures that differed from yeast forms of this species. This is a rapid, sensitive and simple method for identifying yeasts, grouping strains and following the morphogenesis of C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Qian
- Children's Hospital, New Orleans--The Research Institute for Children, 200 Henry Clay Ave., New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
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Ghelardi E, Pichierri G, Castagna B, Barnini S, Tavanti A, Campa M. Efficacy of Chromogenic Candida Agar for isolation and presumptive identification of pathogenic yeast species. Clin Microbiol Infect 2008; 14:141-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2007.01872.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Blanco MT, Sacristán B, Beteta A, Fernández-Calderón MC, Hurtado C, Pérez-Giraldo C, Gómez-García AC. Cellular surface hydrophobicity as an additional phenotypic criterion applied to differentiate strains of Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2008; 60:129-31. [PMID: 17900846 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2007.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2007] [Revised: 07/19/2007] [Accepted: 07/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We have evaluated the cellular surface hydrophobicity (CSH) determination as an additional criterion to differentiate Candida albicans from Candida dubliniensis. Our results show that C. albicans when grown at 37 degrees C in Sabouraud is always hydrophilic, and C. dubliniensis presents high CSH levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- María-Teresa Blanco
- Area of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain.
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Abstract
The focus of this review is the evolution of biochemical phenotypic yeast identification methods with emphasis on conventional approaches, rapid screening tests, chromogenic agars, comprehensive commercial methods, and the eventual migration to genotypic methods. As systemic yeast infections can be devastating and resistance is common in certain species, accurate identification to the species level is paramount for successful therapy and appropriate patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Pincus
- bioMérieux, Inc., Hazelwood, Missouri 63042, USA.
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Beekes M, Lasch P, Naumann D. Analytical applications of Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy in microbiology and prion research. Vet Microbiol 2007; 123:305-19. [PMID: 17540519 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A genuine biophysical method, Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy has become a versatile research tool in biochemistry and biomedicine. Topical applications in microbiology and prion research are impressive illustrations of the vigorous evolution of the technique. FT-IR spectroscopy has established itself as a powerful method for the rapid differentiation and identification of microorganisms, thereby contributing to both clinical medicine and the prevention of bioterrorism. It has also led to considerable progress in various other fields of basic research, not least in prion sciences. In this field, FT-IR spectroscopy has been increasingly applied as a tool for elucidating structural features of the pathological prion protein, and also to study the molecular changes induced by prions in neuronal tissue and blood. This article sets out to give a review of current examples of the analytical potential of FT-IR spectroscopy in microbiology and prion research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Beekes
- P24 - Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies, Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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Us E, Cengiz SA. Prevalence and phenotypic evaluation of Candida dubliniensis in pregnant women with vulvovaginal candidosis in a university hospital in Ankara. Mycoses 2007; 50:13-20. [PMID: 17302742 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2006.01289.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Candida dubliniensis is very similar to Candida albicans in terms of genotypic and phenotypic characteristics. As the hormonal milieu of the vagina during pregnancy, characterised by a lack of maternal cell-mediated immunity, enhances Candida colonisation and serves as a risk factor for symptomatic expression, investigation into the isolation of C. dubliniensis in vaginal discharges of pregnant women with vulvovaginal candidosis was made. A total of 77 Candida isolates obtained from 60 patients positive for vulvovaginal candidosis collected from 218 pregnant women were investigated for C. dubliniensis subsistence. In total 41 Candida species phenotypically identified as C. albicans on the basis of a positive germ tube test and carbohydrate assimilation tests were screened for the presence of C. dubliniensis. Phenotypic tests for differentiation of C. dubliniensis from C. albicans, such as growth at 42 and 45 degrees C on Sabouraud dextrose agar, appearance on CHROMagar and colony morphology on Cornmeal-Tween-80 agar and Staib agar were carried out. Only one strain (2.43%) was phenotypically identified as C. dubliniensis. According to our study, a combination of at least five phenotypic methods is necessary for an exact diagnosis of C. dubliniensis. Large-scale studies of pregnant women are required to discover the aetiological importance of this yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Us
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
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