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Blacksell SD, Dhawan S, Kusumoto M, Le KK, Summermatter K, O'Keefe J, Kozlovac J, Almuhairi SS, Sendow I, Scheel CM, Ahumibe A, Masuku ZM, Bennett AM, Kojima K, Harper DR, Hamilton K. The Biosafety Research Road Map: The Search for Evidence to Support Practices in the Laboratory-Zoonotic Avian Influenza and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. APPLIED BIOSAFETY 2023; 28:135-151. [PMID: 37736423 PMCID: PMC10510692 DOI: 10.1089/apb.2022.0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Introduction The Biosafety Research Road Map reviewed the scientific literature on a viral respiratory pathogen, avian influenza virus, and a bacterial respiratory pathogen, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This project aims at identifying gaps in the data required to conduct evidence-based biorisk assessments, as described in Blacksell et al. One significant gap is the need for definitive data on M. tuberculosis sample aerosolization to guide the selection of engineering controls for diagnostic procedures. Methods The literature search focused on five areas: routes of inoculation/modes of transmission, infectious dose, laboratory-acquired infections, containment releases, and disinfection and decontamination methods. Results The available data regarding biosafety knowledge gaps and existing evidence have been collated and presented in Tables 1 and 2. The guidance sources on the appropriate use of biosafety cabinets for specific procedures with M. tuberculosis require clarification. Detecting vulnerabilities in the biorisk assessment for respiratory pathogens is essential to improve and develop laboratory biosafety in local and national systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart D. Blacksell
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Research Medicine Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine Research Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sandhya Dhawan
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Research Medicine Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Marina Kusumoto
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Research Medicine Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kim Khanh Le
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Research Medicine Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Joseph O'Keefe
- Ministry for Primary Industries, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Joseph Kozlovac
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Indrawati Sendow
- Research Center for Veterinary Science, National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia
| | - Christina M. Scheel
- WHO Collaborating Center for Biosafety and Biosecurity, Office of the Associate Director for Laboratory Science, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Anthony Ahumibe
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Zibusiso M. Masuku
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Kazunobu Kojima
- Department of Epidemic and Pandemic Preparedness and Prevention, World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - David R. Harper
- The Royal Institute of International Affairs, London, United Kingdom
| | - Keith Hamilton
- World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), Paris, France
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Kokesch-Himmelreich J, Treu A, Race AM, Walter K, Hölscher C, Römpp A. Do Anti-tuberculosis Drugs Reach Their Target?─High-Resolution Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry Imaging Provides Information on Drug Penetration into Necrotic Granulomas. Anal Chem 2022; 94:5483-5492. [PMID: 35344339 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is characterized by mycobacteria-harboring centrally necrotizing granulomas. The efficacy of anti-TB drugs depends on their ability to reach the bacteria in the center of these lesions. Therefore, we developed a mass spectrometry (MS) imaging workflow to evaluate drug penetration in tissue. We employed a specific mouse model that─in contrast to regular inbred mice─strongly resembles human TB pathology. Mycobacterium tuberculosis was inactivated in lung sections of these mice by γ-irradiation using a protocol that was optimized to be compatible with high spatial resolution MS imaging. Different distributions in necrotic granulomas could be observed for the anti-TB drugs clofazimine, pyrazinamide, and rifampicin at a pixel size of 30 μm. Clofazimine, imaged here for the first time in necrotic granulomas of mice, showed higher intensities in the surrounding tissue than in necrotic granulomas, confirming data observed in TB patients. Using high spatial resolution drug and lipid imaging (5 μm pixel size) in combination with a newly developed data analysis tool, we found that clofazimine does penetrate to some extent into necrotic granulomas and accumulates in the macrophages inside the granulomas. These results demonstrate that our imaging platform improves the predictive power of preclinical animal models. Our workflow is currently being applied in preclinical studies for novel anti-TB drugs within the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF). It can also be extended to other applications in drug development and beyond. In particular, our data analysis approach can be used to investigate diffusion processes by MS imaging in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kokesch-Himmelreich
- Bioanalytical Sciences and Food Analysis, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth 95447, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig 38124, Germany
| | - Axel Treu
- Bioanalytical Sciences and Food Analysis, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth 95447, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig 38124, Germany
| | - Alan M Race
- Bioanalytical Sciences and Food Analysis, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth 95447, Germany
| | - Kerstin Walter
- Infection Immunology, Leibniz Lung Center, Research Center Borstel, Borstel 23845, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig 38124, Germany
| | - Christoph Hölscher
- Infection Immunology, Leibniz Lung Center, Research Center Borstel, Borstel 23845, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig 38124, Germany
| | - Andreas Römpp
- Bioanalytical Sciences and Food Analysis, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth 95447, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig 38124, Germany
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3
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Villellas C, Coeck N, Meehan CJ, Lounis N, de Jong B, Rigouts L, Andries K. Unexpected high prevalence of resistance-associated Rv0678 variants in MDR-TB patients without documented prior use of clofazimine or bedaquiline. J Antimicrob Chemother 2017; 72:684-690. [PMID: 28031270 PMCID: PMC5400087 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkw502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Resistance-associated variants (RAVs) in Rv0678 , a regulator of the MmpS5-MmpL5 efflux pump, have been shown to lead to increased MICs of bedaquiline (2- to 8- fold) and clofazimine (2- to 4-fold). The prevalence of these Rv0678 RAVs in clinical isolates and their impact on treatment outcomes are important factors to take into account in bedaquiline treatment guidelines. Methods Baseline isolates from two bedaquiline MDR-TB clinical trials were sequenced for Rv0678 RAVs and corresponding bedaquiline MICs were determined on 7H11 agar. Rv0678 RAVs were also investigated in non-MDR-TB sequences of a population-based cohort. Results Rv0678 RAVs were identified in 23/347 (6.3%) of MDR-TB baseline isolates. Surprisingly, bedaquiline MICs for these isolates were high (> 0.24 mg/L, n = 8), normal (0.03-0.24 mg/L, n = 11) or low (< 0.03 mg/L, n = 4). A variant at position -11 in the intergenic region mmpS5 - Rv0678 was identified in 39 isolates (11.3%) and appeared to increase the susceptibility to bedaquiline. In non-MDR-TB isolates, the frequency of Rv0678 RAVs was lower (6/852 or 0.7%). Competition experiments suggested that rifampicin was not the drug selecting for Rv0678 RAVs. Conclusions RAVs in Rv0678 occur more frequently in MDR-TB patients than previously anticipated, are not associated with prior use of bedaquiline or clofazimine, and in the majority of cases do not lead to bedaquiline MICs above the provisional breakpoint (0.24 mg/L). Their origin remains unknown. Given the variety of RAVs in Rv0678 and their variable effects on the MIC, only phenotypic drug-susceptibility methods can currently be used to assess bedaquiline susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nele Coeck
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Nacer Lounis
- Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - Leen Rigouts
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Koen Andries
- Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
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Jin Q, Vogt S, Lai B, Chen S, Finney L, Gleber SC, Ward J, Deng J, Mak R, Moonier N, Jacobsen C. Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation and its effects on elemental distributions in mouse embryonic fibroblast cells in x-ray fluorescence microanalysis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117437. [PMID: 25706293 PMCID: PMC4338249 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapidly-frozen hydrated (cryopreserved) specimens combined with cryo-scanning x-ray fluorescence microscopy provide an ideal approach for investigating elemental distributions in biological cells and tissues. However, because cryopreservation does not deactivate potentially infectious agents associated with Risk Group 2 biological materials, one must be concerned with contamination of expensive and complicated cryogenic x-ray microscopes when working with such materials. We employed ultraviolet germicidal irradiation to decontaminate previously cryopreserved cells under liquid nitrogen, and then investigated its effects on elemental distributions under both frozen hydrated and freeze dried states with x-ray fluorescence microscopy. We show that the contents and distributions of most biologically important elements remain nearly unchanged when compared with non-ultraviolet-irradiated counterparts, even after multiple cycles of ultraviolet germicidal irradiation and cryogenic x-ray imaging. This provides a potential pathway for rendering Risk Group 2 biological materials safe for handling in multiuser cryogenic x-ray microscopes without affecting the fidelity of the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoling Jin
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Stefan Vogt
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, USA
| | - Barry Lai
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, USA
| | - Si Chen
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, USA
| | - Lydia Finney
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, USA
| | - Sophie-Charlotte Gleber
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, USA
| | - Jesse Ward
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, USA
| | - Junjing Deng
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Rachel Mak
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Nena Moonier
- APS Engineering Support Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, USA
| | - Chris Jacobsen
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, USA
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
- * E-mail: (CJ)
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Cordeiro LF, Marques BF, Kist LW, Bogo MR, López G, Pagano G, Külkamp-Guerreiro IC, Monserrat JM. Toxicity of fullerene and nanosilver nanomaterials against bacteria associated to the body surface of the estuarine worm Laeonereis acuta (Polychaeta, Nereididae). MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 99:52-59. [PMID: 24984272 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2014.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study analyzed the growth and biochemical responses of six bacterial colonies isolated from the mucus of the estuarine polychaeta Laeonereis acuta (Nereididae) after exposure to a water suspension of fullerene (nC60) and nanosilver (nAg) separately (0.01; 0.10; and 1.00 mg/L) and together (0.01; 0.10; and 1.00 mg/L of nanosilver and 1.00 mg/L of fullerene added to each nAg concentration). Exposures were performed in darkness during 24 h and then samples were taken from the worms and inoculated on agar during 24 h to analyze colonies growth. After this the material was analyzed biochemically. Colonies growth (tested by wet biomass weight) was inhibited at 0.01 and 0.10 mg/L of nAg and 0.01 and 0.10 mg/L nAg + constant 1.00 mg/L of nC60 (p < 0.05). Lipid peroxidation damage was significant from the control for the concentrations of 0.01 and 0.10 mg/L of nC60 and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity was significantly higher for the concentration of 1.00 mg/L mg/L nAg + constant 1.00 mg/L of nC60 (p < 0.05). Although nC60 did not induced growth inhibition, it triggered lipid peroxidation alone and increased GST activity together with nAg.60 Contrary to nC60, nanosilver inhibited bacterial growth, although the biochemical measurements indicate that this response is not due to reactive oxygen species generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Freitas Cordeiro
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande-FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas-Fisiologia Animal Comparada - ICB - FURG, Brazil
| | - Bianca Fell Marques
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande-FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas-Fisiologia Animal Comparada - ICB - FURG, Brazil
| | - Luiza Wilges Kist
- Laboratório de Biologia Genômica e Molecular, Faculdade de Biociências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga, 6681, 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Maurício Reis Bogo
- Laboratório de Biologia Genômica e Molecular, Faculdade de Biociências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga, 6681, 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gerardo López
- Nanotek S.A., Argentina; Universidad Tecnológica Nacional, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Gisela Pagano
- Nanotek S.A., Argentina; Universidad Tecnológica Nacional, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Irene Clemes Külkamp-Guerreiro
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga, 2752, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - José Maria Monserrat
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande-FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas-Fisiologia Animal Comparada - ICB - FURG, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Nanomateriais de Carbono, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Rede de Nanotoxicologia (MCTI/CNPq), Nanotoxicologia ocupacional e ambiental: subsídios científicos para estabelecer marcos regulatórios e avaliação de riscos, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
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6
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Mehra A. Phagolysosomal Trafficking Assay. Bio Protoc 2014; 4:e1163. [PMID: 29675446 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.1163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagolysosomal trafficking is an important innate defense pathway that clears microbes by delivering them to lysosomes, the degradative compartment of the cell. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis, subverts this host defense mechanism by arresting maturation of the phagosome. The ability of Mtb to arrest its delivery to the lysosome can be demonstrated by the prolonged co-localization of bacteria containing phagosomes/vacuole with early phagosomal markers [such as, Ras-related proteins in the brain 5 (Rab5) and Transferrin receptor (TfR)], and a failure to acquire late phagosomal and lysosomal markers (such as Rab7 and LAMP1) (Deretic and Fratti, 1999, Mehra et al., 2013). Here, a protocol is outlined for infection of macrophages with mycobacterial species like pathogenic Mtb, vaccine strain Mycobacterium bovis- bacillus Calmatte- Guérin (BCG) and rapidly dividing non-pathogenic Mycobacterium smegmatis (Msmeg), followed by indirect-immunofluorescence microscopy to visualize host vacuolar markers. Thereafter, automated quantification of degree of co-localization between mycobacteria and host vacuolar markers like TfR and LAMP1 is done by processing the binary images of bacteria using mathematical tools. This results in quantification of the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of these host markers directly around the bacteria/bacterial clusters with increased sensitivity relative to when done manually. By manipulating host or pathogen, this assay can be used to evaluate host or bacterial determinants of intracellular trafficking. The basic method can be applied to studying trafficking of other bacteria or particles like beads, although the kinetics of infection and phagosome maturation will depend upon the phagocytic cargo. The mathematical analysis tools are available in many standard imaging analysis programs. However, any adaption for similar analysis should be confirmed by the individual user with their imaging and analysis platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alka Mehra
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
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Brantner CA, Hannah RM, Burans JP, Pope RK. Inactivation and ultrastructure analysis of Bacillus spp. and Clostridium perfringens spores. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2014; 20:238-244. [PMID: 24503289 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927613013949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial endospores are resistant to many environmental factors from temperature extremes to ultraviolet irradiation and are generally more difficult to inactivate or kill than vegetative bacterial cells. It is often considered necessary to treat spores or samples containing spores with chemical fixative solutions for prolonged periods of time (e.g., 1-21 days) to achieve fixation/inactivation to enable electron microscopy (EM) examination outside of containment laboratories. Prolonged exposure to chemical fixatives, however, can alter the ultrastructure of spores for EM analyses. This study was undertaken to determine the minimum amount of time required to inactivate/sterilize and fix spore preparations from several bacterial species using a universal fixative solution for EM that maintains the ultrastructural integrity of the spores. We show that a solution of 4% paraformaldehyde with 1% glutaraldehyde inactivated spore preparations of Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus thuringiensis, and Clostridium perfringens in 30 min, and Bacillus subtilis in 240 min. These results suggest that this fixative solution can be used to inactivate and fix spores from several major groups of bacterial spore formers after 240 min, enabling the fixed preparations to be removed from biocontainment and safely analyzed by EM outside of biocontainment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A Brantner
- National Bioforensic Analysis Center, National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Ryan M Hannah
- National Bioforensic Analysis Center, National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - James P Burans
- National Bioforensic Analysis Center, National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Robert K Pope
- National Bioforensic Analysis Center, National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, USA
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Expression of the ARPC4 subunit of human Arp2/3 severely affects mycobacterium tuberculosis growth and suppresses immunogenic response in murine macrophages. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69949. [PMID: 23894563 PMCID: PMC3718739 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The search for molecules against Mycobacterium tuberculosis is urgent. The mechanisms facilitating the intra-macrophage survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis are as yet not entirely understood. However, there is evidence showing the involvement of host cell cytoskeleton in every step of establishment and persistence of mycobacterial infection. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Here we show that expression of ARPC4, a subunit of the Actin related protein 2/3 (Arp2/3) protein complex, severely affects the pathogen's growth. TEM studies display shedding of the mycobacterial outer-coat. Furthermore, in infected macrophages, mycobacteria expressing ARPC4 were cleared off at a much faster rate, and were unable to mount a pro-inflammatory cytokine response. The translocation of ARPC4-expressing mycobacteria to the lysosome of the infected macrophage was also impaired. Additionally, the ARPC4 subunit was shown to interact with Rv1626, an essential secretory mycobacterial protein. Real-time PCR analysis showed that upon expression of ARPC4 in mycobacteria, Rv1626 expression is downregulated as much as six-fold. Rv1626 was found to also interact with mammalian cytoskeleton protein, Arp2/3, and enhance the rate of actin polymerization. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE With crystal structures for Rv1626 and ARPC4 subunit already known, our finding lays out the effect of a novel molecule on mycobacteria, and represents a viable starting point for developing potent peptidomimetics.
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Kumar K, Tharad M, Ganapathy S, Ram G, Narayan A, Khan JA, Pratap R, Ghosh A, Samuchiwal SK, Kumar S, Bhalla K, Gupta D, Natarajan K, Singh Y, Ranganathan A. Phenylalanine-rich peptides potently bind ESAT6, a virulence determinant of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and concurrently affect the pathogen's growth. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7615. [PMID: 19901982 PMCID: PMC2768790 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2009] [Accepted: 10/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The secretory proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) have been known to be involved in the virulence, pathogenesis as well as proliferation of the pathogen. Among this set, many proteins have been hypothesized to play a critical role at the genesis of the onset of infection, the primary site of which is invariably the human lung. Methodology/Principal Findings During our efforts to isolate potential binding partners of key secretory proteins of M. tuberculosis from a human lung protein library, we isolated peptides that strongly bound the virulence determinant protein Esat6. All peptides were less than fifty amino acids in length and the binding was confirmed by in vivo as well as in vitro studies. Curiously, we found all three binders to be unusually rich in phenylalanine, with one of the three peptides a short fragment of the human cytochrome c oxidase-3 (Cox-3). The most accessible of the three binders, named Hcl1, was shown also to bind to the Mycobacterium smegmatis (M. smegmatis) Esat6 homologue. Expression of hcl1 in M. tuberculosis H37Rv led to considerable reduction in growth. Microarray analysis showed that Hcl1 affects a host of key cellular pathways in M. tuberculosis. In a macrophage infection model, the sets expressing hcl1 were shown to clear off M. tuberculosis in much greater numbers than those infected macrophages wherein the M. tuberculosis was not expressing the peptide. Transmission electron microscopy studies of hcl1 expressing M. tuberculosis showed prominent expulsion of cellular material into the matrix, hinting at cell wall damage. Conclusions/Significance While the debilitating effects of Hcl1 on M. tuberculosis are unrelated and not because of the peptide's binding to Esat6–as the latter is not an essential protein of M. tuberculosis–nonetheless, further studies with this peptide, as well as a closer inspection of the microarray data may shed important light on the suitability of such small phenylalanine-rich peptides as potential drug-like molecules against this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishan Kumar
- Recombinant Gene Products Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Megha Tharad
- Recombinant Gene Products Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Swetha Ganapathy
- Recombinant Gene Products Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Geeta Ram
- Recombinant Gene Products Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Azeet Narayan
- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
| | | | - Rana Pratap
- School of Life Sciences, Jawahar Lal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Anamika Ghosh
- Recombinant Gene Products Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Sachin Kumar Samuchiwal
- Recombinant Gene Products Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Sushil Kumar
- Recombinant Gene Products Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Kuhulika Bhalla
- Recombinant Gene Products Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Deepti Gupta
- Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Krishnamurthy Natarajan
- Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Yogendra Singh
- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
| | - Anand Ranganathan
- Recombinant Gene Products Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
- * E-mail:
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10
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Dowall SD, Graham VA, Tipton TRW, Hewson R. Multiplex cytokine profiling with highly pathogenic material: use of formalin solution in luminex analysis. J Immunol Methods 2009; 348:30-5. [PMID: 19560467 PMCID: PMC7094240 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2009.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2009] [Revised: 05/28/2009] [Accepted: 06/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Work with highly pathogenic material mandates the use of biological containment facilities, involving microbiological safety cabinets and specialist laboratory engineering structures typified by containment level 3 (CL3) and CL4 laboratories. Consequences of working in high containment are the practical difficulties associated with containing specialist assays and equipment often essential for experimental analyses. In an era of increased interest in biodefence pathogens and emerging diseases, immunological analysis has developed rapidly alongside traditional techniques in virology and molecular biology. For example, in order to maximise the use of small sample volumes, multiplexing has become a more popular and widespread approach to quantify multiple analytes simultaneously, such as cytokines and chemokines. The luminex microsphere system allows for the detection of many cytokines and chemokines in a single sample, but the detection method of using aligned lasers and fluidics means that samples often have to be analysed in low containment facilities. In order to perform cytokine analysis in materials from high containment (CL3 and CL4 laboratories), we have developed an appropriate inactivation methodology after staining steps, which although results in a reduction of median fluorescent intensity, produces statistically comparable outcomes when judged against non-inactivated samples. This methodology thus extends the use of luminex technology for material that contains highly pathogenic biological agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart D Dowall
- Health Protection Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, SP4 0JG, UK.
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Piuri M, Jacobs WR, Hatfull GF. Fluoromycobacteriophages for rapid, specific, and sensitive antibiotic susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4870. [PMID: 19300517 PMCID: PMC2654538 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2009] [Accepted: 02/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid antibiotic susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is of paramount importance as multiple- and extensively- drug resistant strains of M. tuberculosis emerge and spread. We describe here a virus-based assay in which fluoromycobacteriophages are used to deliver a GFP or ZsYellow fluorescent marker gene to M. tuberculosis, which can then be monitored by fluorescent detection approaches including fluorescent microscopy and flow cytometry. Pre-clinical evaluations show that addition of either Rifampicin or Streptomycin at the time of phage addition obliterates fluorescence in susceptible cells but not in isogenic resistant bacteria enabling drug sensitivity determination in less than 24 hours. Detection requires no substrate addition, fewer than 100 cells can be identified, and resistant bacteria can be detected within mixed populations. Fluorescence withstands fixation by paraformaldehyde providing enhanced biosafety for testing MDR-TB and XDR-TB infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Piuri
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - William R. Jacobs
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Graham F. Hatfull
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Larsen MH, Biermann K, Tandberg S, Hsu T, Jacobs WR. Genetic Manipulation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; Chapter 10:Unit 10A.2. [PMID: 18770603 DOI: 10.1002/9780471729259.mc10a02s6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This unit includes protocols for the genetic manipulation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, including nucleic acid extraction (plasmid DNA, genomic DNA, and mRNA), and methods for electroporation (transformation), transduction (including allelic exchange), and transposon mutagenesis. Considerations for working with M. tuberculosis at Biosafety Level 3 containment are also discussed.
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Larsen MH, Biermann K, Jacobs WR. Laboratory maintenance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; Chapter 10:Unit 10A.1. [PMID: 18770602 DOI: 10.1002/9780471729259.mc10a01s6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This unit includes protocols for the laboratory maintenance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, including growth on liquid and solid media as well as recommendations for long-term strain storage. Considerations for working with M. tuberculosis at Biosafety Level 3 containment are also discussed.
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Vilchèze C, Jacobs WR. Isolation and analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis mycolic acids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; Chapter 10:Unit 10A.3. [PMID: 18770604 DOI: 10.1002/9780471729259.mc10a03s05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Mycolic acids are an important constituent of the mycobacterial cell wall. Changes in the structure or composition of mycolic acids have been associated with modification of cell wall permeability and attenuation of pathogenic Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains. This unit describes the isolation of M. tuberculosis mycolic acids and their analysis by either thin-layer chromatography or high-performance liquid chromatography. Both techniques have been extensively used to study (1) mycolic acid biosynthesis, (2) the role of mycolic acids in mycobacterial virulence, (3) the effect of antituberculosis drugs targeting the cell wall, and (4) taxonomic purposes.
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Larsen MH, Biermann K, Jacobs WR. Analyses of Mycobacterium tuberculosis proteins. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN MICROBIOLOGY 2007; Chapter 10:Unit 10A.4. [PMID: 18770605 DOI: 10.1002/9780471729259.mc10a04s6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This unit includes protocols for the isolation of proteins from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Considerations for working with M. tuberculosis at Biosafety Level 3 containment are also discussed.
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Kim YH, Kang UB, Konishi K, Lee C. Rhodococcus sp. strain TM1 plays a synergistic role in the degradation of piperidine by Mycobacterium sp. strain THO100. Arch Microbiol 2006; 186:183-93. [PMID: 16832627 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-006-0132-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2006] [Revised: 06/02/2006] [Accepted: 06/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium sp. strain THO100 and Rhodococcus sp. strain TM1 were isolated from a morpholine-containing enrichment culture of activated sewage sludge. Strain THO100, but not strain TM1, was able to degrade alicyclic amines such as morpholine, piperidine, and pyrrolidine. The mixed strains THO100 and TM1 showed a better growth on piperidine as the substrate than the pure strain THO100 because strain TM1 was able to reduce the level of glutaraldehyde (GA) produced during piperidine degradation. GA was toxic to strain THO100 (IC(50) = 28.3 microM) but less toxic to strain TM1 (IC(50) = 215 microM). Strain THO100 possessed constitutive semialdehyde dehydrogenases, namely Sad1 and Sad2, whose activities toward succinic semialdehyde (SSA) were strongly inhibited by GA. The two isozymes were identified as catalase-peroxidase (KatG = Sad1) and semialdehyde dehydrogenase (Sad2) based on mass spectrometric analyses of tryptic peptides and database searches of the partial DNA sequences of their genes. In contrast, strain TM1 containing another constitutive enzyme Gad1 could oxidize both SSA and GA. This study suggested that strain TM1 possessing Gad1 played a synergistic role in reducing the toxic and inhibitory effects of GA produced in the degradation of piperidine by strain THO100.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Hak Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, San 56-1 Shinrim, Kwanak, Seoul 151-747, Republic of Korea.
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Blackwood KS, Burdz TV, Turenne CY, Sharma MK, Kabani AM, Wolfe JN. Viability testing of material derived from Mycobacterium tuberculosis prior to removal from a containment level-III laboratory as part of a Laboratory Risk Assessment Program. BMC Infect Dis 2005; 5:4. [PMID: 15667662 PMCID: PMC548516 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-5-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2004] [Accepted: 01/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the field of clinical mycobacteriology, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) can be a difficult organism to manipulate due to the restrictive environment of a containment level 3 (CL3) laboratory. Tests for rapid diagnostic work involving smears and molecular methods do not require CL3 practices after the organism has been rendered non-viable. While it has been assumed that after organism deactivation these techniques can be performed outside of a CL3, no conclusive study has consistently confirmed that the organisms are noninfectious after the theoretical 'deactivation' steps. Previous studies have shown that initial steps (such as heating /chemical fixation) may not consistently kill MTB organisms. Methods An inclusive viability study (n = 226) was undertaken to determine at which point handling of culture extraction materials does not necessitate a CL3 environment. Four different laboratory protocols tested for viability included: standard DNA extractions for IS6110 fingerprinting, crude DNA preparations for PCR by boiling and mechanical lysis, protein extractions, and smear preparations. For each protocol, laboratory staff planted a proportion of the resulting material to Bactec 12B medium that was observed for growth for 8 weeks. Results Of the 208 isolates initially tested, 21 samples grew within the 8-week period. Sixteen (7.7%) of these yielded positive results for MTB that included samples of: deactivated culture resuspensions exposed to 80°C for 20 minutes, smear preparations and protein extractions. Test procedures were consequently modified and tested again (n = 18), resulting in 0% viability. Conclusions This study demonstrates that it cannot be assumed that conventional practices (i.e. smear preparation) or extraction techniques render the organism non-viable. All methodologies, new and existing, should be examined by individual laboratories to validate the safe removal of material derived from MTB to the outside of a CL3 laboratory. This process is vital to establish in house biosafety-validated practices with the aim of protecting laboratory workers conducting these procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kym S Blackwood
- National Reference Centre for Mycobacteriology, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Tamara V Burdz
- National Reference Centre for Mycobacteriology, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Christine Y Turenne
- National Reference Centre for Mycobacteriology, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Meenu K Sharma
- National Reference Centre for Mycobacteriology, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Amin M Kabani
- National Reference Centre for Mycobacteriology, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Joyce N Wolfe
- National Reference Centre for Mycobacteriology, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Rivera-Marrero CA, Stewart J, Shafer WM, Roman J. The down-regulation of cathepsin G in THP-1 monocytes after infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis is associated with increased intracellular survival of bacilli. Infect Immun 2004; 72:5712-21. [PMID: 15385470 PMCID: PMC517540 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.10.5712-5721.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin G (CatG) is a serine protease found in the azurophilic granules of monocytes that is known to have antimicrobial properties, but its role in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is unknown. We found that M. tuberculosis infection of human THP-1 monocytic cells induced the down-regulation of CatG mRNA expression, as demonstrated by gene array analysis and reverse transcription-PCR. This was associated with a concomitant decrease in CatG protein and enzymatic activity. In contrast, the expression of lysosomal cathepsins B and D was up-regulated in infected cells. This effect was also observed when THP-1 cells were induced to differentiate into adherent macrophages by exposure to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In agreement with this, CatG expression was null in adherent macrophages isolated from bronchoalveolar lavages and normal blood. We wanted to determine if the down-regulation of CatG would be relevant to M. tuberculosis infection. First, we found that addition of CatG to THP-1 cells prior to infection resulted in decreased bacillary viability, presumably due to extracellular killing of bacilli. However, pretreatment of cells with LPS, which decreases intracellular CatG expression, resulted in increased bacillary viability. Second, we found that CatG cationic peptides killed M. tuberculosis bacilli and were five- to sevenfold more bactericidal than full-length CatG. These observations suggest that M. tuberculosis infection of human monocytic cells results in a "cathepsin switch" with down-regulation of CatG rendering M. tuberculosis bacilli more viable. Therefore, the down-regulation of CatG in macrophages is advantageous to M. tuberculosis bacilli and possibly is an important mechanism by which M. tuberculosis is able to evade the host immune defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Rivera-Marrero
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care Division, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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Schwebach JR, Chen B, Glatman-Freedman A, Casadevall A, McKinney JD, Harb JL, McGuire PJ, Barkley WE, Bloom BR, Jacobs WR. Infection of mice with aerosolized Mycobacterium tuberculosis: use of a nose-only apparatus for delivery of low doses of inocula and design of an ultrasafe facility. Appl Environ Microbiol 2002; 68:4646-9. [PMID: 12200325 PMCID: PMC124060 DOI: 10.1128/aem.68.9.4646-4649.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerosolized delivery of virulent or hypervirulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis requires careful consideration of methodology and safety. To maximize safety, we installed a nose-only aerosol apparatus that can reproducibly deliver a low dose (<100 CFU per mouse) of M. tuberculosis in a carefully designed biohazard facility.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Reid Schwebach
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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Schwebach JR, Glatman-Freedman A, Gunther-Cummins L, Dai Z, Robbins JB, Schneerson R, Casadevall A. Glucan is a component of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis surface that is expressed in vitro and in vivo. Infect Immun 2002; 70:2566-75. [PMID: 11953397 PMCID: PMC127896 DOI: 10.1128/iai.70.5.2566-2575.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The outermost layer of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is composed primarily of two polysaccharides, glucan (GC) and arabinomannan. To analyze the surface polysaccharide composition of M. tuberculosis, we generated a monoclonal antibody (MAb) that binds M. tuberculosis GC and is known as MAb 24c5. Immunofluorescence and whole-mount immunoelectron microscopy indicated that GC is on the outermost portion of the bacteria. M. tuberculosis strains Erdman and CDC 1551 were analyzed for their ability to bind MAb 24c5 after in vitro growth in media with and without the detergent Tween 80. MAb 24c5 bound to Erdman and CDC 1551 at all culture times with only slightly greater apparent affinity after extended culture in the absence of Tween 80, indicating that a stable amount of GC polysaccharide antigen is associated with the cell surface of M. tuberculosis. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay indicated that GC is antigenically similar to glycogen, and the amount of GC antigen increased in the media of M. tuberculosis cultures grown either with or without the detergent Tween 80. Other nontuberculosis mycobacteria have antigenically similar GCs on their surfaces after in vitro growth. Inoculation of mice with live bacilli but not inoculation with dead bacilli elicited a strong antibody response to GC consistent with production of this antigen in vivo. Our results provide a more comprehensive picture of the M. tuberculosis cell envelope and the conditions that allow expression of M. tuberculosis GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Reid Schwebach
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461,, USA
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