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Nyirenda-Nyang’wa M, Manthalu G, Arnold M, Nkhoma D, Hosseinipour MC, Chagomerana M, Chibwe P, Mortimer K, Kennedy N, Fairley D, Mwapasa V, Msefula C, Mwandumba HC, Chinkhumba J, Klein N, Alber D, Obasi A. Costing and cost-effectiveness of Cepheid Xpert HIV -1 Qual Assay using whole blood protocol versus PCR by Abbott Systems in Malawi. JOURNAL OF GLOBAL HEALTH ECONOMICS AND POLICY 2022; 2:e2022013. [PMID: 37711180 PMCID: PMC10501532 DOI: 10.52872/001c.37787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Background Timely diagnosis of HIV in infants and children is an urgent priority. In Malawi, 40,000 infants annually are HIV exposed. However, gold standard polymerase-chain-reaction (PCR) based testing requires centralised laboratories, causing turn-around times (TAT) of 2 to 3 months and significant loss to follow-up. If feasible and acceptable, minimising diagnostic delays through HIV Point-of-care-testing (POCT) may be cost-effective. We assessed whether POCT Cepheid Xpert HIV-1 Qual assay whole blood (XpertHIV) was more cost-effective than PCR. Methods From July-August 2018, 700 PCR Abbott tests using dried blood spots (DBS) were performed on 680 participants who enrolled on the feasibility, acceptability and performance of the XpertHIV study. Newly identified HIV-positive We conducted a cost-minimisation and cost-effectiveness analysis of XpertHIV against PCR, as the standard of care. A random sample of 200 caregivers from the 680 participants had semi-structured interviews to explore costs from a societal perspective of XpertHIV at Mulanje District Hospital, Malawi. Analysis used TAT as the primary outcome measure. Results were extrapolated from the study period (29 days) to a year (240 working days). Sensitivity analyses characterised individual and joint parameter uncertainty and estimated patient cost per test. Results During the study period, XpertHIV was cost-minimising at $42.34 per test compared to $66.66 for PCR. Over a year, XpertHIV remained cost-minimising at $16.12 compared to PCR at $27.06. From the patient perspective (travel, food, lost productivity), the cost per test of XpertHIV was $2.45. XpertHIV had a mean TAT of 7.10 hours compared to 153.15 hours for PCR. Extrapolates accounting for equipment costs, lab consumables and losses to follow up estimated annual savings of $2,193,538.88 if XpertHIV is used nationally, as opposed to PCR. Conclusions This preliminary evidence suggests that adopting POCT XpertHIV will save time, allowing HIV-exposed infants to receive prompt care and may improve outcomes. The Malawi government will pay less due to XpertHIV's cost savings and associated benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie Nyirenda-Nyang’wa
- University College London, London, UK
- College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Malawi
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Gerald Manthalu
- Department of Planning and Policy, Ministry of Health, Malawi
| | - Matthias Arnold
- Institute for Applied Health Services Research , Berlin, Germany
- Health Economics Policy Unit (HEPU), College of Medicine, Malawi
| | - Dominic Nkhoma
- Health Economics Policy Unit (HEPU), College of Medicine, Malawi
| | - Mina C. Hosseinipour
- University of North Carolina Project–Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Maganizo Chagomerana
- University of North Carolina Project–Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Precious Chibwe
- Health Economics Policy Unit (HEPU), College of Medicine, Malawi
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Henry C. Mwandumba
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
- Malawi–Liverpool–Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Jobiba Chinkhumba
- College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Malawi
- Malaria Alert Centre, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
| | | | | | - Angela Obasi
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
- The Royal Liverpool University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust
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2
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Proulx J, Stacy S, Park IW, Borgmann K. A Non-Canonical Role for IRE1α Links ER and Mitochondria as Key Regulators of Astrocyte Dysfunction: Implications in Methamphetamine use and HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:906651. [PMID: 35784841 PMCID: PMC9247407 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.906651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are one of the most numerous glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS) and provide essential support to neurons to ensure CNS health and function. During a neuropathological challenge, such as during human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection or (METH)amphetamine exposure, astrocytes shift their neuroprotective functions and can become neurotoxic. Identifying cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying astrocyte dysfunction are of heightened importance to optimize the coupling between astrocytes and neurons and ensure neuronal fitness against CNS pathology, including HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) and METH use disorder. Mitochondria are essential organelles for regulating metabolic, antioxidant, and inflammatory profiles. Moreover, endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated signaling pathways, such as calcium and the unfolded protein response (UPR), are important messengers for cellular fate and function, including inflammation and mitochondrial homeostasis. Increasing evidence supports that the three arms of the UPR are involved in the direct contact and communication between ER and mitochondria through mitochondria-associated ER membranes (MAMs). The current study investigated the effects of HIV-1 infection and chronic METH exposure on astrocyte ER and mitochondrial homeostasis and then examined the three UPR messengers as potential regulators of astrocyte mitochondrial dysfunction. Using primary human astrocytes infected with pseudotyped HIV-1 or exposed to low doses of METH for 7 days, astrocytes had increased mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate (OCR), cytosolic calcium flux and protein expression of UPR mediators. Notably, inositol-requiring protein 1α (IRE1α) was most prominently upregulated following both HIV-1 infection and chronic METH exposure. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of the three UPR arms highlighted IRE1α as a key regulator of astrocyte metabolic function. To further explore the regulatory role of astrocyte IRE1α, astrocytes were transfected with an IRE1α overexpression vector followed by activation with the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin 1β. Overall, our findings confirm IRE1α modulates astrocyte mitochondrial respiration, glycolytic function, morphological activation, inflammation, and glutamate uptake, highlighting a novel potential target for regulating astrocyte dysfunction. Finally, these findings suggest both canonical and non-canonical UPR mechanisms of astrocyte IRE1α. Thus, additional studies are needed to determine how to best balance astrocyte IRE1α functions to both promote astrocyte neuroprotective properties while preventing neurotoxic properties during CNS pathologies.
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3
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Ochodo EA, Olwanda EE, Deeks JJ, Mallett S. Point-of-care viral load tests to detect high HIV viral load in people living with HIV/AIDS attending health facilities. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2022; 3:CD013208. [PMID: 35266555 PMCID: PMC8908762 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013208.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viral load (VL) testing in people living with HIV (PLHIV) helps to monitor antiretroviral therapy (ART). VL is still largely tested using central laboratory-based platforms, which have long test turnaround times and involve sophisticated equipment. VL tests with point-of-care (POC) platforms capable of being used near the patient are potentially easy to use, give quick results, are cost-effective, and could replace central or reference VL testing platforms. OBJECTIVES To estimate the diagnostic accuracy of POC tests to detect high viral load levels in PLHIV attending healthcare facilities. SEARCH METHODS We searched eight electronic databases using standard, extensive Cochrane search methods, and did not use any language, document type, or publication status limitations. We also searched the reference lists of included studies and relevant systematic reviews, and consulted an expert in the field from the World Health Organization (WHO) HIV Department for potentially relevant studies. The latest search was 23 November 2020. SELECTION CRITERIA We included any primary study that compared the results of a VL test with a POC platform to that of a central laboratory-based reference test to detect high viral load in PLHIV on HIV/AIDS care or follow-up. We included all forms of POC tests for VL as defined by study authors, regardless of the healthcare facility in which the test was conducted. We excluded diagnostic case-control studies with healthy controls and studies that did not provide sufficient data to create the 2 × 2 tables to calculate sensitivity and specificity. We did not limit our study inclusion to age, gender, or geographical setting. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently screened the titles, abstracts, and full texts of the search results to identify eligible articles. They also independently extracted data using a standardized data extraction form and conducted risk of bias assessment using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS-2) tool. Using participants as the unit of analysis, we fitted simplified univariable models for sensitivity and specificity separately, employing a random-effects model to estimate the summary sensitivity and specificity at the current and commonly reported World Health Organization (WHO) threshold (≥ 1000 copies/mL). The bivariate models did not converge to give a model estimate. MAIN RESULTS We identified 18 studies (24 evaluations, 10,034 participants) defining high viral loads at main thresholds ≥ 1000 copies/mL (n = 20), ≥ 5000 copies/mL (n = 1), and ≥ 40 copies/mL (n = 3). All evaluations were done on samples from PLHIV retrieved from routine HIV/AIDS care centres or health facilities. For clinical applicability, we included 14 studies (20 evaluations, 8659 participants) assessing high viral load at the clinical threshold of ≥ 1000 copies/mL in the meta-analyses. Of these, sub-Saharan Africa, Europe, and Asia contributed 16, three, and one evaluation respectively. All included participants were on ART in only nine evaluations; in the other 11 evaluations the proportion of participants on ART was either partial or not clearly stated. Thirteen evaluations included adults only (n = 13), five mixed populations of adults and children, whilst in the remaining two the age of included populations was not clearly stated. The majority of evaluations included commercially available tests (n = 18). Ten evaluations were POC VL tests conducted near the patient in a peripheral or onsite laboratory, whilst the other 10 were evaluations of POC VL tests in a central or reference laboratory setting. The test types evaluated as POC VL tests included Xpert HIV-1 Viral Load test (n = 8), SAMBA HIV-1 Semi-Q Test (n = 9), Alere Q NAT prototype assay for HIV-1 (n = 2) and m-PIMA HIV-1/2 Viral Load test (n = 1). The majority of evaluations (n = 17) used plasma samples, whilst the rest (n = 3) utilized whole blood samples. Pooled sensitivity (95% confidence interval (CI)) of POC VL at a threshold of ≥ 1000 copies/mL was 96.6% (94.8 to 97.8) (20 evaluations, 2522 participants), and pooled specificity (95% CI) was 95.7% (90.8 to 98.0) (20 evaluations, 6137 participants). Median prevalence for high viral load (≥ 1000 copies/mL) (n = 20) was 33.4% (range 6.9% to 88.5%). Limitations The risk of bias was mostly assessed as unclear across the four domains due to incomplete reporting. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS We found POC VL to have high sensitivity and high specificity for the diagnosis of high HIV viral load in PLHIV attending healthcare facilities at a clinical threshold of ≥ 1000 copies/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor A Ochodo
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
- Centre for Evidence-based Health Care, Department of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Jonathan J Deeks
- Test Evaluation Research Group, Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sue Mallett
- UCL Centre for Medical Imaging, Division of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London, UK
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4
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Quantification of Total HIV DNA as a Marker to Measure Viral Reservoir: Methods and Potential Implications for Clinical Practice. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 12:diagnostics12010039. [PMID: 35054206 PMCID: PMC8774405 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12010039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The focus of this review is to examine the importance of quantifying total HIV DNA to target the HIV reservoir and the clinical implications and challenges involved in its future application in clinical practice. Despite intrinsic limitations, the quantification of total HIV DNA is currently the most widely used marker for exploring the HIV reservoir. As it allows estimating all forms of HIV DNA in the infected cells, total HIV DNA load is the biomarker of the HIV reservoir that provides most of the insights into HIV pathogenesis. The clinical role of total HIV-DNA in both untreated and treated patients is extensively supported by important lines of evidence. Thus, predictive models that include total HIV DNA load together with other variables could constitute a prognostic tool for use in clinical practice. To date, however, this marker has been primarily used in experimental evaluations. The main challenge is technical. Although the implementation of droplet digital PCR could improve analytical performance over real-time PCR, the lack of standardization has made cross-comparisons of the data difficult. An effort by investigators to compare protocols is needed. Furthermore, the main effort now should be to involve the biomedical industry in the development of certified assays for in vitro diagnostics use.
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5
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Lebourgeois S, Chenane HR, Houhou-Fidouh N, Menidjel R, Ferré VM, Collin G, Benmalek N, Coppée R, Larrouy L, Yazdanpanah Y, Timsit JF, Charpentier C, Descamps D, Visseaux B. Earlier In Vitro Viral Production With SARS-CoV-2 Alpha Than With Beta, Gamma, B, or A.27 Variants. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:792202. [PMID: 34976868 PMCID: PMC8716835 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.792202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its emergence in China at the end of 2019, SARS-CoV-2 has rapidly spread across the world to become a global public health emergency. Since then, the pandemic has evolved with the large worldwide emergence of new variants, such as the Alpha (B.1.1.7 variant), Beta (B.1.351 variant), and Gamma (P.1 variant), and some other under investigation such as the A.27 in France. Many studies are focusing on antibody neutralisation changes according to the spike mutations, but to date, little is known regarding their respective replication capacities. In this work, we demonstrate that the Alpha variant provides an earlier replication in vitro, on Vero E6 and A549 cells, than Beta, Gamma, A.27, and historical lineages. This earlier replication was associated with higher infectious titres in cell-culture supernatants, in line with the higher viral loads observed among Alpha-infected patients. Interestingly, Beta and Gamma variants presented similar kinetic and viral load than the other non-Alpha-tested variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Lebourgeois
- Université de Paris, Infection Antimicrobials Modelling Evolution (IAME), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France
| | - Houssem Redha Chenane
- Université de Paris, Infection Antimicrobials Modelling Evolution (IAME), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France
| | - Nadhira Houhou-Fidouh
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), University Hospital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Laboratoire de Virologie, Paris, France
| | - Reyene Menidjel
- Université de Paris, Infection Antimicrobials Modelling Evolution (IAME), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France
| | - Valentine Marie Ferré
- Université de Paris, Infection Antimicrobials Modelling Evolution (IAME), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), University Hospital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Laboratoire de Virologie, Paris, France
| | - Gilles Collin
- Université de Paris, Infection Antimicrobials Modelling Evolution (IAME), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), University Hospital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Laboratoire de Virologie, Paris, France
| | - Nabil Benmalek
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), University Hospital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Laboratoire de Virologie, Paris, France
| | - Romain Coppée
- Université de Paris, Infection Antimicrobials Modelling Evolution (IAME), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France
| | - Lucile Larrouy
- Université de Paris, Infection Antimicrobials Modelling Evolution (IAME), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), University Hospital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Laboratoire de Virologie, Paris, France
| | - Yazdan Yazdanpanah
- Université de Paris, Infection Antimicrobials Modelling Evolution (IAME), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), University Hospital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Timsit
- Université de Paris, Infection Antimicrobials Modelling Evolution (IAME), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), University Hospital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Réanimation Médicale et Infectieuses, Paris, France
| | - Charlotte Charpentier
- Université de Paris, Infection Antimicrobials Modelling Evolution (IAME), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), University Hospital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Laboratoire de Virologie, Paris, France
| | - Diane Descamps
- Université de Paris, Infection Antimicrobials Modelling Evolution (IAME), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), University Hospital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Laboratoire de Virologie, Paris, France
| | - Benoit Visseaux
- Université de Paris, Infection Antimicrobials Modelling Evolution (IAME), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), University Hospital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Laboratoire de Virologie, Paris, France
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6
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Falak S, Macdonald R, Busby EJ, O'Sullivan DM, Milavec M, Plauth A, Kammel M, Zeichhardt H, Grunert HP, Kummrow A, Huggett JF. An assessment of the reproducibility of reverse transcription digital PCR quantification of HIV-1. Methods 2021; 201:34-40. [PMID: 33722693 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2021.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral load monitoring in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection is often performed using reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) to observe response to treatment and identify the development of resistance. Traceability is achieved using a calibration hierarchy traceable to the International Unit (IU). IU values are determined using consensus agreement derived from estimations by different laboratories. Such a consensus approach is necessary due to the fact that there are currently no reference measurement procedures available that can independently assign a reference value to viral reference materials for molecular in vitro diagnostic tests. Digital PCR (dPCR) is a technique that has the potential to be used for this purpose. In this paper, we investigate the ability of reverse transcriptase dPCR (RT-dPCR) to quantify HIV-1 genomic RNA without calibration. Criteria investigated included the performance of HIV-1 RNA extraction steps, choice of reverse transcription approach and selection of target gene with assays performed in both single and duplex format. We developed a protocol which was subsequently applied by two independent laboratories as part of an external quality assurance (EQA) scheme for HIV-1 genome detection. Our findings suggest that RT-dPCR could be used as reference measurement procedure to aid the value assignment of HIV-1 reference materials to support routine calibration of HIV-1 viral load testing by RT-qPCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samreen Falak
- Physikalisch Technische Bundesanstalt, Abbestr. 2-12, 10587 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Rainer Macdonald
- Physikalisch Technische Bundesanstalt, Abbestr. 2-12, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Eloise J Busby
- National Measurement Laboratory, LGC, Queens Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LY, United Kingdom
| | - Denise M O'Sullivan
- National Measurement Laboratory, LGC, Queens Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LY, United Kingdom
| | - Mojca Milavec
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Annabell Plauth
- Physikalisch Technische Bundesanstalt, Abbestr. 2-12, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Kammel
- INSTAND, Gesellschaft zur Foerderung der Qualitaetssicherung in medizinischen Laboratorien e.V., Ubierstr.20, D-40223 Düsseldorf, Germany; IQVD GmbH, Institut fuer Qualitaetssicherung in der Virusdiagnostik, Potsdamer Chaussee 80, 14129 Berlin, Germany
| | - Heinz Zeichhardt
- INSTAND, Gesellschaft zur Foerderung der Qualitaetssicherung in medizinischen Laboratorien e.V., Ubierstr.20, D-40223 Düsseldorf, Germany; IQVD GmbH, Institut fuer Qualitaetssicherung in der Virusdiagnostik, Potsdamer Chaussee 80, 14129 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Grunert
- GBD Gesellschaft fuer Biotechnologische Diagnostik mbH, Berlin, Potsdamer Chaussee 80, 14129 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Kummrow
- Physikalisch Technische Bundesanstalt, Abbestr. 2-12, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jim F Huggett
- National Measurement Laboratory, LGC, Queens Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LY, United Kingdom; School of Biosciences & Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Science, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom.
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7
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Flament H, Rouland M, Beaudoin L, Toubal A, Bertrand L, Lebourgeois S, Rousseau C, Soulard P, Gouda Z, Cagninacci L, Monteiro AC, Hurtado-Nedelec M, Luce S, Bailly K, Andrieu M, Saintpierre B, Letourneur F, Jouan Y, Si-Tahar M, Baranek T, Paget C, Boitard C, Vallet-Pichard A, Gautier JF, Ajzenberg N, Terrier B, Pène F, Ghosn J, Lescure X, Yazdanpanah Y, Visseaux B, Descamps D, Timsit JF, Monteiro RC, Lehuen A. Outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection is linked to MAIT cell activation and cytotoxicity. Nat Immunol 2021; 22:322-335. [PMID: 33531712 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-00870-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Immune system dysfunction is paramount in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) severity and fatality rate. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate-like T cells involved in mucosal immunity and protection against viral infections. Here, we studied the immune cell landscape, with emphasis on MAIT cells, in cohorts totaling 208 patients with various stages of disease. MAIT cell frequency is strongly reduced in blood. They display a strong activated and cytotoxic phenotype that is more pronounced in lungs. Blood MAIT cell alterations positively correlate with the activation of other innate cells, proinflammatory cytokines, notably interleukin (IL)-18, and with the severity and mortality of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. We also identified a monocyte/macrophage interferon (IFN)-α-IL-18 cytokine shift and the ability of infected macrophages to induce the cytotoxicity of MAIT cells in an MR1-dependent manner. Together, our results suggest that altered MAIT cell functions due to IFN-α-IL-18 imbalance contribute to disease severity, and their therapeutic manipulation may prevent deleterious inflammation in COVID-19 aggravation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héloïse Flament
- Laboratory of Immunological Dysfunction, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Bichat-Claude Bernard University Hospital, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Center for Research on Inflammation, Inserm U1149 & CNRS ERL8252, Inflamex Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Matthieu Rouland
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8104, Inflamex Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Lucie Beaudoin
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8104, Inflamex Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Amine Toubal
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8104, Inflamex Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Léo Bertrand
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8104, Inflamex Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Samuel Lebourgeois
- Department of Virology, AP-HP, Bichat-Claude Bernard University Hospital, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Infections Antimicrobials Modelling Evolution UMR 1137, Paris, France
| | - Camille Rousseau
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8104, Inflamex Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Pauline Soulard
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8104, Inflamex Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Zouriatou Gouda
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8104, Inflamex Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Lucie Cagninacci
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8104, Inflamex Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Antoine C Monteiro
- Department of Virology, AP-HP, Bichat-Claude Bernard University Hospital, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Infections Antimicrobials Modelling Evolution UMR 1137, Paris, France
| | - Margarita Hurtado-Nedelec
- Laboratory of Immunological Dysfunction, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Bichat-Claude Bernard University Hospital, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Center for Research on Inflammation, Inserm U1149 & CNRS ERL8252, Inflamex Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Luce
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8104, Inflamex Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Karine Bailly
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8104, Inflamex Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Muriel Andrieu
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8104, Inflamex Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Benjamin Saintpierre
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8104, Inflamex Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Franck Letourneur
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8104, Inflamex Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Youenn Jouan
- Université de Tours, Inserm, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires UMR 1100, Tours, France.,Intensive Care Medical Unit, Tours Regional University Hospital, Tours, France
| | - Mustapha Si-Tahar
- Université de Tours, Inserm, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires UMR 1100, Tours, France
| | - Thomas Baranek
- Université de Tours, Inserm, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires UMR 1100, Tours, France
| | - Christophe Paget
- Université de Tours, Inserm, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires UMR 1100, Tours, France
| | - Christian Boitard
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8104, Inflamex Laboratory, Paris, France.,Department of Diabetology, AP-HP, Cochin University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Anaïs Vallet-Pichard
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8104, Inflamex Laboratory, Paris, France.,Department of Hepatology, AP-HP, Cochin University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Gautier
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, AP-HP, Lariboisière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Nadine Ajzenberg
- Department of Hematology, AP-HP, Bichat-Claude Bernard University Hospital, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, LVTS, Inserm, Paris, France
| | - Benjamin Terrier
- Department of Internal Medicine, AP-HP, Cochin University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Pène
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8104, Inflamex Laboratory, Paris, France.,Medical Intensive Care Unit, AP-HP, Cochin University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Jade Ghosn
- Université de Paris, Infections Antimicrobials Modelling Evolution UMR 1137, Paris, France.,Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, AP-HP, Bichat-Claude Bernard University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Xavier Lescure
- Université de Paris, Infections Antimicrobials Modelling Evolution UMR 1137, Paris, France.,Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, AP-HP, Bichat-Claude Bernard University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Yazdan Yazdanpanah
- Université de Paris, Infections Antimicrobials Modelling Evolution UMR 1137, Paris, France.,Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, AP-HP, Bichat-Claude Bernard University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Benoit Visseaux
- Department of Virology, AP-HP, Bichat-Claude Bernard University Hospital, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Infections Antimicrobials Modelling Evolution UMR 1137, Paris, France
| | - Diane Descamps
- Department of Virology, AP-HP, Bichat-Claude Bernard University Hospital, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Infections Antimicrobials Modelling Evolution UMR 1137, Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Timsit
- Université de Paris, Infections Antimicrobials Modelling Evolution UMR 1137, Paris, France.,Medical and Infectious Diseases Intensive Care Unit, AP-HP, Bichat-Claude Bernard University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Renato C Monteiro
- Laboratory of Immunological Dysfunction, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Bichat-Claude Bernard University Hospital, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Center for Research on Inflammation, Inserm U1149 & CNRS ERL8252, Inflamex Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Agnès Lehuen
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8104, Inflamex Laboratory, Paris, France.
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8
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Le Hingrat Q, Ghanem M, Cazes A, Visseaux B, Collin G, Descamps D, Charpentier C, Crestani B. No association between human herpesvirus or herpesvirus saimiri and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. ERJ Open Res 2020; 6:00243-2020. [PMID: 32832526 PMCID: PMC7430142 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00243-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a high prevalence of human herpesviruses in lung samples of IPF patients but this does not differ from controls, neither regarding prevalence, viral load levels nor co-infection rates. Herpesvirus saimiri DNA is not detected in any lung samples. https://bit.ly/2ZrKiDJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Le Hingrat
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMR 1137 IAME, Paris, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Laboratoire de Virologie, Paris, France.,These authors contributed equally
| | - Mada Ghanem
- AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Service de Pneumologie, Centre de référence des maladies pulmonaires rares, Université de Paris, INSERM UMR1152, Paris, France.,These authors contributed equally
| | - Aurélie Cazes
- AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Service d'Anatomo-cytopathologie, Université de Paris, INSERM UMR1152F Paris, France
| | - Benoit Visseaux
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMR 1137 IAME, Paris, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Laboratoire de Virologie, Paris, France
| | - Gilles Collin
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMR 1137 IAME, Paris, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Laboratoire de Virologie, Paris, France
| | - Diane Descamps
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMR 1137 IAME, Paris, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Laboratoire de Virologie, Paris, France
| | - Charlotte Charpentier
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMR 1137 IAME, Paris, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Laboratoire de Virologie, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Crestani
- AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Service de Pneumologie, Centre de référence des maladies pulmonaires rares, Université de Paris, INSERM UMR1152, Paris, France
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9
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Curreli F, Ahmed S, Victor SMB, Debnath AK. Identification of Combinations of Protein Kinase C Activators and Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors That Potently Reactivate Latent HIV. Viruses 2020; 12:v12060609. [PMID: 32503121 PMCID: PMC7354613 DOI: 10.3390/v12060609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) is successful in maintaining undetectable levels of HIV in the blood; however, the persistence of latent HIV reservoirs has become the major barrier for a HIV cure. Substantial efforts are underway in finding the best latency-reversing agents (LRAs) to purge the latent viruses from the reservoirs. We hypothesize that identifying the right combination of LRAs will be the key to accomplishing that goal. In this study, we evaluated the effect of combinations of three protein kinase C activators (prostratin, (-)-indolactam V, and TPPB) with four histone deacetylase inhibitors (AR-42, PCI-24781, givinostat, and belinostat) on reversing HIV latency in different cell lines including in a primary CD4+ T-cell model. Combinations including indolactam and TPPB with AR-42 and PCI produced a strong synergistic effect in reactivating latent virus as indicated by higher p24 production and envelope gp120 expression. Furthermore, treatment with TPPB and indolactam greatly downregulated the cellular receptor CD4. Indolactam/AR-42 combination emerged from this study as the best combination that showed a strong synergistic effect in reactivating latent virus. Although AR-42 alone did not downregulate CD4 expression, indolactam/AR-42 showed the most efficient downregulation. Our results suggest that indolactam/AR-42 is the most effective combination, showing a strong synergistic effect in reversing HIV latency combined with the most efficient CD4 downregulation.
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10
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Thomas J, Ruggiero A, Paxton WA, Pollakis G. Measuring the Success of HIV-1 Cure Strategies. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:134. [PMID: 32318356 PMCID: PMC7154081 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 eradication strategies aim to achieve viral remission in the absence of antiretroviral therapy (ART). The development of an HIV-1 cure remains challenging due to the latent reservoir (LR): long-lived CD4 T cells that harbor transcriptionally silent HIV-1 provirus. The LR is stable despite years of suppressive ART and is the source of rebound viremia following therapy interruption. Cure strategies such as "shock and kill" aim to eliminate or reduce the LR by reversing latency, exposing the infected cells to clearance via the immune response or the viral cytopathic effect. Alternative strategies include therapeutic vaccination, which aims to prime the immune response to facilitate control of the virus in the absence of ART. Despite promising advances, these strategies have been unable to significantly reduce the LR or increase the time to viral rebound but have provided invaluable insight in the field of HIV-1 eradication. The development and assessment of an HIV-1 cure requires robust assays that can measure the LR with sufficient sensitivity to detect changes that may occur following treatment. The viral outgrowth assay (VOA) is considered the gold standard method for LR quantification due to its ability to distinguish intact and defective provirus. However, the VOA is time consuming and resource intensive, therefore several alternative assays have been developed to bridge the gap between practicality and accuracy. Whilst a cure for HIV-1 infection remains elusive, recent advances in our understanding of the LR and methods for its eradication have offered renewed hope regarding achieving ART free viral remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Thomas
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandra Ruggiero
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Immune and Infectious Disease Division, Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - William A Paxton
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Georgios Pollakis
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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11
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Le Hingrat Q, Visseaux B, Bertine M, Chauveau L, Schwartz O, Collin F, Damond F, Matheron S, Descamps D, Charpentier C. Genetic Variability of Long Terminal Repeat Region between HIV-2 Groups Impacts Transcriptional Activity. J Virol 2020; 94:e01504-19. [PMID: 31915276 PMCID: PMC7081896 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01504-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV-2 long terminal repeat (LTR) region contains several transcription factor (TF) binding sites. Efficient LTR transactivation by cellular TF and viral proteins is crucial for HIV-2 reactivation and viral production. Proviral LTRs from 66 antiretroviral-naive HIV-2-infected patients included in the French ANRS HIV-2 CO5 Cohort were sequenced. High genetic variability within the HIV-2 LTR was observed, notably in the U3 subregion, the subregion encompassing most known TF binding sites. Genetic variability was significantly higher in HIV-2 group B than in group A viruses. Notably, all group B viruses lacked the peri-ETS binding site, and 4 group B sequences (11%) also presented a complete deletion of the first Sp1 binding site. The lack of a peri-ETS binding site was responsible for lower transcriptional activity in activated T lymphocytes, while deletion of the first Sp1 binding site lowered basal or Tat-mediated transcriptional activities, depending on the cell line. Interestingly, the HIV-2 cellular reservoir was less frequently quantifiable in patients infected by group B viruses and, when quantifiable, the reservoirs were significantly smaller than in patients infected by group A viruses. Our findings suggest that mutations observed in vivo in HIV-2 LTR sequences are associated with differences in transcriptional activity and may explain the small cellular reservoirs in patients infected by HIV-2 group B, providing new insight into the reduced pathogenicity of HIV-2 infection.IMPORTANCE Over 1 million patients are infected with HIV-2, which is often described as an attenuated retroviral infection. Patients frequently have undetectable viremia and evolve at more slowly toward AIDS than HIV-1-infected patients. Several studies have reported a smaller viral reservoir in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in HIV-2-infected patients than in HIV-1-infected patients, while others have found similar sizes of reservoirs but a reduced amount of cell-associated RNA, suggesting a block in HIV-2 transcription. Recent studies have found associations between mutations within the HIV-1 LTR and reduced transcriptional activities. Until now, mutations within the HIV-2 LTR region have scarcely been studied. We conducted this research to discover if such mutations exist in the HIV-2 LTR and their potential association with the viral reservoir and transcriptional activity. Our study indicates that transcription of HIV-2 group B proviruses may be impaired, which might explain the small viral reservoir observed in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Le Hingrat
- Université de Paris, IAME, UMR 1137, IINSERM, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Virologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Benoit Visseaux
- Université de Paris, IAME, UMR 1137, IINSERM, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Virologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Mélanie Bertine
- Université de Paris, IAME, UMR 1137, IINSERM, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Virologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Lise Chauveau
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Virus et Immunité, Paris, France
| | | | - Fidéline Collin
- ISPED, UMR 897, INSERM, Université Bordeaux, Epidémiologie-Biostatistique, Bordeaux, France
| | - Florence Damond
- Université de Paris, IAME, UMR 1137, IINSERM, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Virologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Matheron
- Université de Paris, IAME, UMR 1137, IINSERM, Paris, France
- Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Diane Descamps
- Université de Paris, IAME, UMR 1137, IINSERM, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Virologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Charlotte Charpentier
- Université de Paris, IAME, UMR 1137, IINSERM, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Virologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
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12
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Kwon KJ, Timmons AE, Sengupta S, Simonetti FR, Zhang H, Hoh R, Deeks SG, Siliciano JD, Siliciano RF. Different human resting memory CD4 + T cell subsets show similar low inducibility of latent HIV-1 proviruses. Sci Transl Med 2020; 12:eaax6795. [PMID: 31996465 PMCID: PMC7875249 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aax6795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The latent reservoir of HIV-1 in resting CD4+ T cells is a major barrier to cure. It is unclear whether the latent reservoir resides principally in particular subsets of CD4+ T cells, a finding that would have implications for understanding its stability and developing curative therapies. Recent work has shown that proliferation of HIV-1-infected CD4+ T cells is a major factor in the generation and persistence of the latent reservoir and that latently infected T cells that have clonally expanded in vivo can proliferate in vitro without producing virions. In certain CD4+ memory T cell subsets, the provirus may be in a deeper state of latency, allowing the cell to proliferate without producing viral proteins, thus permitting escape from immune clearance. To evaluate this possibility, we used a multiple stimulation viral outgrowth assay to culture resting naïve, central memory (TCM), transitional memory (TTM), and effector memory (TEM) CD4+ T cells from 10 HIV-1-infected individuals on antiretroviral therapy. On average, only 1.7% of intact proviruses across all T cell subsets were induced to transcribe viral genes and release replication-competent virus after stimulation of the cells. We found no consistent enrichment of intact or inducible proviruses in any T cell subset. Furthermore, we observed notable plasticity among the canonical memory T cell subsets after activation in vitro and saw substantial person-to-person variability in the inducibility of infectious virus release. This finding complicates the vision for a targeted approach for HIV-1 cure based on T cell memory subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungyoon J Kwon
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrew E Timmons
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Srona Sengupta
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Francesco R Simonetti
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hao Zhang
- Flow Cytometry and Immunology Core, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rebecca Hoh
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Steven G Deeks
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Janet D Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robert F Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
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13
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Myerski A, Siegel A, Engstrom J, McGowan I, Brand RM. The Use of Droplet Digital PCR to Quantify HIV-1 Replication in the Colorectal Explant Model. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2019; 35:326-334. [PMID: 30618283 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2018.0227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ex vivo explant models are used to characterize in vitro efficacy of preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) agents. Tissue is challenged with virus in culture and HIV-1 p24 levels are quantified with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) on supernatants collected throughout a 14-21-day incubation. Due to the narrow dynamic range of HIV-1 p24 kits, we evaluated whether droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) provides an alternative method to quantify HIV-1 replication in supernatant samples. We used samples from the MWRI-01 study, which evaluated the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profile of long-acting rilpivirine using the explant model (McGowan et al. Lancet HIV 2016). HIV-1 pol RNA was measured with ddPCR, either directly with a one-step method or reverse transcribed to cDNA before ddPCR (two-step method) on supernatants from the MWRI-01 study. Previously analyzed HIV-1 p24 antigen levels (Alliance; Perkin-Elmer) were available for comparison purposes. Both ddPCR methods strongly correlated with HIV-1 p24 and displayed similar patterns of HIV-1 suppression before and after rilpivirine. Compared to the p24 ELISA, two-step and one-step ddPCR reduced the amount of hands-on time by approximately one-half and two-thirds, respectively. ddPCR also required less sample and based on p24 versus ddPCR correlation, could potentially reduce the explant culture time from 14 to 10 days (r2 = 0.78, p < .001) due to the increased sensitivity of ddPCR. We demonstrate that ddPCR is a suitable alternative to HIV-1 p24 ELISA to quantify HIV-1 infection in the explant model and has the potential to decrease explant culture time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Myerski
- Magee-Womens Research Institute and Foundation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Aaron Siegel
- Magee-Womens Research Institute and Foundation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jarret Engstrom
- Magee-Womens Research Institute and Foundation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ian McGowan
- Magee-Womens Research Institute and Foundation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Medicine University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Rhonda M. Brand
- Magee-Womens Research Institute and Foundation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Medicine University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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14
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Mortier V, Demecheleer E, Staelens D, Schauvliege M, Dauwe K, Dinakis S, Hebberecht L, Vancoillie L, Verhofstede C. Quantification of total HIV-1 DNA in buffy coat cells, feasibility and potential added value for clinical follow-up of HIV-1 infected patients on ART. J Clin Virol 2018; 106:58-63. [PMID: 30077957 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Successfully treated HIV-1 infected patients have a sustained undetectable viral RNA load. In these cases the total HIV-1 DNA load may constitute a valuable tool to further follow the overall viral burden. The value of this marker outside of cure research has been rarely studied. OBJECTIVES To develop a quantitative (q)PCR for total HIV-1 DNA quantification in buffy coat cells and to evaluate the value of this parameter in clinical follow-up. STUDY DESIGN A qPCR using primers and a probe in the conserved HIV-1 LTR region was adapted for use on DNA extracted from buffy coat cells. Sensitivity, accuracy and reproducibility were evaluated using 8E5 cells and samples from naive and treatment experienced patients. The clinical value of DNA load analysis was assessed by testing 119 longitudinal samples from 9 patients before and after ART initiation and 249 cross sectional samples from therapy-experienced patients. RESULTS Inter- and intra-assay coefficients of variability were 5.56 and 5.94 (%CV). HIV-1 DNA was detected in 249 of the 263 (94.7%) patients on ART for at least 5 months (median: 53 months; IQR: 28-84 months). The HIV-1 DNA load varied between 0.60 and 3.37 copies/106 blood cells and showed significant correlation with the pre-ART CD4+ T-cell count nadir and peak viral RNA load. ART initiation resulted in a slow and limited decline of the total HIV-1 DNA concentration. CONCLUSIONS Quantification of total HIV-1 DNA from buffy coat cells is feasible, sensitive and reliable. Although determination of the on-therapy HIV-1 DNA load may be informative, regular testing has limited clinical value because of the very slow evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Mortier
- AIDS Reference Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, Corneel Heymanslaan, 10-MRB2, B-9000, Gent, Belgium(1)
| | - Els Demecheleer
- AIDS Reference Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, Corneel Heymanslaan, 10-MRB2, B-9000, Gent, Belgium(1)
| | - Delfien Staelens
- AIDS Reference Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, Corneel Heymanslaan, 10-MRB2, B-9000, Gent, Belgium(1)
| | - Marlies Schauvliege
- AIDS Reference Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, Corneel Heymanslaan, 10-MRB2, B-9000, Gent, Belgium(1)
| | - Kenny Dauwe
- AIDS Reference Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, Corneel Heymanslaan, 10-MRB2, B-9000, Gent, Belgium(1)
| | - Sylvie Dinakis
- AIDS Reference Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, Corneel Heymanslaan, 10-MRB2, B-9000, Gent, Belgium(1)
| | - Laura Hebberecht
- AIDS Reference Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, Corneel Heymanslaan, 10-MRB2, B-9000, Gent, Belgium(1)
| | - Leen Vancoillie
- AIDS Reference Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, Corneel Heymanslaan, 10-MRB2, B-9000, Gent, Belgium(1)
| | - Chris Verhofstede
- AIDS Reference Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, Corneel Heymanslaan, 10-MRB2, B-9000, Gent, Belgium(1).
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15
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Granade TC, Kodani M, Wells SK, Youngpairoj AS, Masciotra S, Curtis KA, Kamili S, Owen SM. Characterization of real-time microarrays for simultaneous detection of HIV-1, HIV-2, and hepatitis viruses. J Virol Methods 2018; 259:60-65. [PMID: 29874550 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Real-time PCR assays for nucleic acid testing (NAT) of hepatitis viruses A-E and for HIV-1 and HIV-2 have been developed; however, a multiplex assay that can simultaneously detect all of these agents is not yet available. Standardized TaqMan assays for detection of hepatitis viruses A-E have been described and applied to TaqMan Array Cards (TAC) which are capable of multiple pathogen detection using a single set of optimized PCR conditions. Assays for three gene regions of HIV-1 (long-terminal repeat (LTR), gag, and polymerase) and HIV-2 (overlap of LTR and gag, protease and integrase) were designed using the hepatitis assay conditions. Nucleic acid extracts of HIV-1-infected samples (44 plasma, 41 whole blood, 20 HIV-1 viral stocks) were tested on the TAC cards; 98 were reactive (92%) with 70 in multiple gene regions. Twenty-four of the 27 (89%) HIV-2 specimens (10 plasma, 1 PBMC lysate, 6 whole blood and 10 plasmids containing HIV-2 polymerase) were detected on TAC. No HIV or hepatitis virus sequences were detected in 30 HIV-negative samples (specificity 100%). Three HBV and 18 HCV co-infections were identified in the HIV-1-infected specimens. Multi-pathogen detection using TAC could provide a rapid, sensitive and more efficient method of surveying for a variety of infectious disease nucleic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy C Granade
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30333, United States.
| | - Maja Kodani
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Viral Hepatitis, Atlanta, GA, 30333, United States
| | - Susan K Wells
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30333, United States
| | - Ae S Youngpairoj
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30333, United States
| | - Silvina Masciotra
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30333, United States
| | - Kelly A Curtis
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30333, United States
| | - Saleem Kamili
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Viral Hepatitis, Atlanta, GA, 30333, United States
| | - S Michele Owen
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for HIV, Hepatitis, STD and TB Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30333, United States
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16
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Einsiedel L, Pham H, Wilson K, Walley R, Turpin J, Bangham C, Gessain A, Woodman RJ. Human T-Lymphotropic Virus type 1c subtype proviral loads, chronic lung disease and survival in a prospective cohort of Indigenous Australians. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018. [PMID: 29529032 PMCID: PMC5874075 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Human T-Lymphotropic Virus type 1c subtype (HTLV-1c) is highly endemic to central Australia where the most frequent complication of HTLV-1 infection in Indigenous Australians is bronchiectasis. We carried out a prospective study to quantify the prognosis of HTLV-1c infection and chronic lung disease and the risk of death according to the HTLV-1c proviral load (pVL). Methodology/Principal findings 840 Indigenous adults (discharge diagnosis of bronchiectasis, 154) were recruited to a hospital-based prospective cohort. Baseline HTLV-1c pVL were determined and the results of chest computed tomography and clinical details reviewed. The odds of an association between HTLV-1 infection and bronchiectasis or bronchitis/bronchiolitis were calculated, and the impact of HTLV-1c pVL on the risk of death was measured. Radiologically defined bronchiectasis and bronchitis/bronchiolitis were significantly more common among HTLV-1-infected subjects (adjusted odds ratio = 2.9; 95% CI, 2.0, 4.3). Median HTLV-1c pVL for subjects with airways inflammation was 16-fold higher than that of asymptomatic subjects. There were 151 deaths during 2,140 person-years of follow-up (maximum follow-up 8.13 years). Mortality rates were higher among subjects with HTLV-1c pVL ≥1000 copies per 105 peripheral blood leukocytes (log-rank χ2 (2df) = 6.63, p = 0.036) compared to those with lower HTLV-1c pVL or uninfected subjects. Excess mortality was largely due to bronchiectasis-related deaths (adjusted HR 4.31; 95% CI, 1.78, 10.42 versus uninfected). Conclusion/Significance Higher HTLV-1c pVL was strongly associated with radiologically defined airways inflammation and with death due to complications of bronchiectasis. An increased risk of death due to an HTLV-1 associated inflammatory disease has not been demonstrated previously. Our findings indicate that mortality associated with HTLV-1c infection may be higher than has been previously appreciated. Further prospective studies are needed to determine whether these results can be generalized to other HTLV-1 endemic areas. The Human T-Lymphotropic Virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infects up to 20 million people worldwide who predominantly reside in resource-limited areas. The virus is associated with a haematological malignancy (adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma, ATL), and inflammatory diseases involving organ systems including the spinal cord, eyes and lungs. Determining the outcomes of infection in most HTLV-1 endemic areas is extremely difficult; however, the virus is highly endemic to central Australia where the Indigenous population has access to sophisticated medical facilities. We prospectively followed a large hospital-based cohort of Indigenous Australian adults that was well characterized with regard to base-line comorbid conditions, HTLV-1 serostatus and HTLV-1 proviral load (pVL). A higher baseline HTLV-1 pVL was strongly associated with an increased risk of airway inflammation (bronchitis/bronchiolitis and bronchiectasis) and death, which most often resulted from complications of bronchiectasis. Increased mortality due to an HTLV-1-associated inflammatory condition has not been demonstrated previously. The morbidity and mortality associated with HTLV-1 infection may therefore be substantially higher than has been assumed from an analysis of cohorts of subjects with adult T-cell leukaemia or HTLV-1-associated myelopathy. These findings have important implications for epidemiological research and for determining health care priorities in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lloyd Einsiedel
- Aboriginal Health Domain, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute central Australia, Alice Springs Hospital, Alice Springs, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Hai Pham
- Aboriginal Health Domain, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute central Australia, Alice Springs Hospital, Alice Springs, Australia
| | - Kim Wilson
- National Serology Reference Laboratory, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rebecca Walley
- Flinders University/Northern Territory Rural Clinical School, Alice Springs Hospital, Alice Springs, Australia
| | - Jocelyn Turpin
- Section of Virology, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charles Bangham
- Section of Virology, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, United Kingdom
| | - Antoine Gessain
- Institut Pasteur, Unité d’Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Département de Virologie, Paris, France, CNRS UMR 3569
| | - Richard J. Woodman
- Flinders Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
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17
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Busby E, Whale AS, Ferns RB, Grant PR, Morley G, Campbell J, Foy CA, Nastouli E, Huggett JF, Garson JA. Instability of 8E5 calibration standard revealed by digital PCR risks inaccurate quantification of HIV DNA in clinical samples by qPCR. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1209. [PMID: 28446770 PMCID: PMC5430807 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01221-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
ABTRACT Establishing a cure for HIV is hindered by the persistence of latently infected cells which constitute the viral reservoir. Real-time qPCR, used for quantification of this reservoir by measuring HIV DNA, requires external calibration; a common choice of calibrator is the 8E5 cell line, which is assumed to be stable and to contain one HIV provirus per cell. In contrast, digital PCR requires no external calibration and potentially provides 'absolute' quantification. We compared the performance of qPCR and dPCR in quantifying HIV DNA in 18 patient samples. HIV DNA was detected in 18 by qPCR and in 15 by dPCR, the difference being due to the smaller sample volume analysed by dPCR. There was good quantitative correlation (R2 = 0.86) between the techniques but on average dPCR values were only 60% of qPCR values. Surprisingly, investigation revealed that this discrepancy was due to loss of HIV DNA from the 8E5 cell calibrant. 8E5 extracts from two other sources were also shown to have significantly less than one HIV DNA copy per cell and progressive loss of HIV from 8E5 cells during culture was demonstrated. We therefore suggest that the copy number of HIV in 8E5 extracts be established by dPCR prior to use as calibrator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloise Busby
- Molecular and Cell Biology Team, LGC, Teddington, UK
| | | | - R Bridget Ferns
- Department of Infection, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Paul R Grant
- Department of Clinical Virology, University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, and the UCL/UCLH NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Gary Morley
- Molecular and Cell Biology Team, LGC, Teddington, UK
| | | | - Carole A Foy
- Molecular and Cell Biology Team, LGC, Teddington, UK
| | - Eleni Nastouli
- Department of Clinical Virology, University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, and the UCL/UCLH NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK.,Department of Population Policy and Practice, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Jim F Huggett
- Molecular and Cell Biology Team, LGC, Teddington, UK. .,School of Biosciences & Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Science, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK.
| | - Jeremy A Garson
- Department of Infection, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK. .,National Transfusion Microbiology Laboratories, NHS Blood and Transplant, Colindale, London, UK.
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18
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Total HIV-1 DNA, a Marker of Viral Reservoir Dynamics with Clinical Implications. Clin Microbiol Rev 2017; 29:859-80. [PMID: 27559075 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00015-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 DNA persists in infected cells despite combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), forming viral reservoirs. Recent trials of strategies targeting latent HIV reservoirs have rekindled hopes of curing HIV infection, and reliable markers are thus needed to evaluate viral reservoirs. Total HIV DNA quantification is simple, standardized, sensitive, and reproducible. Total HIV DNA load influences the course of the infection and is therefore clinically relevant. In particular, it is predictive of progression to AIDS and death, independently of HIV RNA load and the CD4 cell count. Baseline total HIV DNA load is predictive of the response to cART. It declines during cART but remains quantifiable, at a level that reflects both the history of infection (HIV RNA zenith, CD4 cell count nadir) and treatment efficacy (residual viremia, cumulative viremia, immune restoration, immune cell activation). Total HIV DNA load in blood is also predictive of the presence and severity of some HIV-1-associated end-organ disorders. It can be useful to guide individual treatment, notably, therapeutic de-escalation. Although it does not distinguish between replication-competent and -defective latent viruses, the total HIV DNA load in blood, tissues, and cells provides insights into HIV pathogenesis, probably because all viral forms participate in host cell activation and HIV pathogenesis. Total HIV DNA is thus a biomarker of HIV reservoirs, which can be defined as all infected cells and tissues containing all forms of HIV persistence that participate in pathogenesis. This participation may occur through the production of new virions, creating new cycles of infection and disseminating infected cells; maintenance or amplification of reservoirs by homeostatic cell proliferation; and viral transcription and synthesis of viral proteins without new virion production. These proteins can induce immune activation, thus participating in the vicious circle of HIV pathogenesis.
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19
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Suttiprapa S, Rinaldi G, Tsai IJ, Mann VH, Dubrovsky L, Yan HB, Holroyd N, Huckvale T, Durrant C, Protasio AV, Pushkarsky T, Iordanskiy S, Berriman M, Bukrinsky MI, Brindley PJ. HIV-1 Integrates Widely throughout the Genome of the Human Blood Fluke Schistosoma mansoni. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005931. [PMID: 27764257 PMCID: PMC5072744 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is the most important helminthic disease of humanity in terms of morbidity and mortality. Facile manipulation of schistosomes using lentiviruses would enable advances in functional genomics in these and related neglected tropical diseases pathogens including tapeworms, and including their non-dividing cells. Such approaches have hitherto been unavailable. Blood stream forms of the human blood fluke, Schistosoma mansoni, the causative agent of the hepatointestinal schistosomiasis, were infected with the human HIV-1 isolate NL4-3 pseudotyped with vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein. The appearance of strong stop and positive strand cDNAs indicated that virions fused to schistosome cells, the nucleocapsid internalized and the RNA genome reverse transcribed. Anchored PCR analysis, sequencing HIV-1-specific anchored Illumina libraries and Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) of schistosomes confirmed chromosomal integration; >8,000 integrations were mapped, distributed throughout the eight pairs of chromosomes including the sex chromosomes. The rate of integrations in the genome exceeded five per 1,000 kb and HIV-1 integrated into protein-encoding loci and elsewhere with integration bias dissimilar to that of human T cells. We estimated ~ 2,100 integrations per schistosomulum based on WGS, i.e. about two or three events per cell, comparable to integration rates in human cells. Accomplishment in schistosomes of post-entry processes essential for HIV-1replication, including integrase-catalyzed integration, was remarkable given the phylogenetic distance between schistosomes and primates, the natural hosts of the genus Lentivirus. These enigmatic findings revealed that HIV-1 was active within cells of S. mansoni, and provided the first demonstration that HIV-1 can integrate into the genome of an invertebrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sutas Suttiprapa
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Phyathai, Rachthewee, Bangkok
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Muang Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Gabriel Rinaldi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Isheng J. Tsai
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Victoria H. Mann
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Larisa Dubrovsky
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Hong-bin Yan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, The People's Republic of China
| | - Nancy Holroyd
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Huckvale
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Durrant
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anna V. Protasio
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Tatiana Pushkarsky
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Sergey Iordanskiy
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Matthew Berriman
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Michael I. Bukrinsky
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Paul J. Brindley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
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20
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Wilburn KM, Mwandumba HC, Jambo KC, Boliar S, Solouki S, Russell DG, Gludish DW. Heterogeneous loss of HIV transcription and proviral DNA from 8E5/LAV lymphoblastic leukemia cells revealed by RNA FISH:FLOW analyses. Retrovirology 2016; 13:55. [PMID: 27515378 PMCID: PMC4982266 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-016-0289-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
8E5/LAV cells harbor a single HIV provirus, and are used frequently to generate standards for HIV genome quantification. Using flow cytometry-based in situ mRNA hybridization validated by qPCR, we find that different batches of 8E5 cells contain varying numbers of cells lacking viral mRNA and/or viral genomes. These findings raise concerns for studies employing 8E5 cells for quantitation, and highlight the value of mRNA FISH and flow cytometry in the detection and enumeration of HIV-positive cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaley M Wilburn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Henry C Mwandumba
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Kondwani C Jambo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.,Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Saikat Boliar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Sabrina Solouki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - David G Russell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - David W Gludish
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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21
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Abeijon C, Daifalla N, Krautz-Peterson G, Pizzirani S, Beamer G, Frazatti-Gallina NM, Raw I, Campos-Neto A. Immunogenicity in dogs and protection against visceral leishmaniasis induced by a 14kDa Leishmania infantum recombinant polypeptide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 5:1-7. [PMID: 26640609 DOI: 10.1016/j.trivac.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In areas were human visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is endemic, the domestic dog is the main parasite reservoir in the infectious cycle of Leishmania infantum. Development of prophylactic strategies to lower the parasite burden in dogs would reduce sand fly transmission thus lowering the incidence of zoonotic VL. Here we demonstrate that vaccination of dogs with a recombinant 14kDa polypeptide of L. infantum nuclear transport factor 2 (Li-ntf2) mixed with adjuvant BpMPLA-SE resulted in the production of specific anti-Li-ntf2 IgG antibodies as well as IFN-γ release by the animals' peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with the antigen. In addition, immunization with this single and small 14kDa poplypeptide resulted in protracted progression of the infection of the animals after challenging with a high dose of virulent L. infantum. Five months after challenge the parasite load was lower in the bone marrow of immunized dogs compared to non-immunized animals. The antibody response to K39, a marker of active VL, at ten months after challenge was strong and significantly higher in the control dogs than in vaccinated animals. At the study termination vaccinated animals showed significantly more liver granulomas and lymphoid hyperplasia than non-vaccinated animals, which are both histological markers of resistance to infection. Together, these results indicate that the 14kDa polypeptide is an attractive protective molecule that can be easily incorporated in a leishmanial polyprotein vaccine candidate to augment/complement the overall protective efficacy of the final product.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Gillian Beamer
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts, Grafton MA
| | | | - Isaias Raw
- BioIndustrial Division, Butantan Institute/Foundation, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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22
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Liang J, Liu L, Cheung M, Lee MP, Wang H, Li CH, Chan CC, Nishiura K, Tang X, Tan Z, Peng J, Cheung KW, Yam WC, Chen Z. Community-Based HIV-1 Early Diagnosis and Risk Behavior Analysis of Men Having Sex with Men in Hong Kong. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125715. [PMID: 25915755 PMCID: PMC4410921 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of HIV-1 among men having sex with men (MSM) calls for an investigation of HIV-1 prevalence and incidence in MSM by early diagnosis to assist with early preventive interventions in Hong Kong. The participants were recruited randomly from MSM communities within a one-year period. Rapid HIV Test (RHT) and real-time dried blood spot (DBS)-based quantitative polymerase chain reaction (DBS-qPCR) were used for the early diagnosis of 474 participants. Risk behavior analysis was performed by studying information obtained from the participants during the study period. The HIV-1 prevalence and incident rates in the studied MSM population were 4.01% (19/474) and 1.47% (7/474), respectively. Three infected participants were found at the acute phase of infection by DBS-qPCR. Only 46.4% (220/474) MSM were using condoms regularly for anal sex. HIV infection significantly correlated with unprotected receptive anal sex and syphilis infection. An increased number of infections was found among foreign MSM in Hong Kong. This study is the first to use DBS-qPCR to identify acutely infected individuals in a community setting and to provide both the prevalence and incident rates of HIV-1 infection among MSM in Hong Kong. The risk analysis provided evidence that behavior intervention strengthening is necessary to fight against the increasing HIV-1 epidemic among MSM in Hong Kong and surrounding regions in Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Liang
- AIDS Institute and Department of Microbiology, Research Center for Infection and Immunity, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Li Liu
- AIDS Institute and Department of Microbiology, Research Center for Infection and Immunity, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- * E-mail: (LL); (ZC)
| | - Mandy Cheung
- AIDS Concern, 17B, Block F, 3 Lok Man Road, Chai Wan, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Man-Po Lee
- Department of Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Haibo Wang
- AIDS Institute and Department of Microbiology, Research Center for Infection and Immunity, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Chun-ho Li
- AIDS Concern, 17B, Block F, 3 Lok Man Road, Chai Wan, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Chun-Chung Chan
- AIDS Concern, 17B, Block F, 3 Lok Man Road, Chai Wan, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Kenji Nishiura
- AIDS Institute and Department of Microbiology, Research Center for Infection and Immunity, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Xian Tang
- AIDS Institute and Department of Microbiology, Research Center for Infection and Immunity, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Zhiwu Tan
- AIDS Institute and Department of Microbiology, Research Center for Infection and Immunity, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Jie Peng
- AIDS Institute and Department of Microbiology, Research Center for Infection and Immunity, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Ka-Wai Cheung
- AIDS Institute and Department of Microbiology, Research Center for Infection and Immunity, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Wing-Cheong Yam
- Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Zhiwei Chen
- AIDS Institute and Department of Microbiology, Research Center for Infection and Immunity, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- * E-mail: (LL); (ZC)
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23
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Alidjinou EK, Bocket L, Hober D. Quantification of viral DNA during HIV-1 infection: A review of relevant clinical uses and laboratory methods. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 63:53-9. [PMID: 25201144 DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Effective antiretroviral therapy usually leads to undetectable HIV-1 RNA in the plasma. However, the virus persists in some cells of infected patients as various DNA forms, both integrated and unintegrated. This reservoir represents the greatest challenge to the complete cure of HIV-1 infection and its characteristics highly impact the course of the disease. The quantification of HIV-1 DNA in blood samples constitutes currently the most practical approach to measure this residual infection. Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) is the most common method used for HIV-DNA quantification and many strategies have been developed to measure the different forms of HIV-1 DNA. In the literature, several "in-house" PCR methods have been used and there is a need for standardization to have comparable results. In addition, qPCR is limited for the precise quantification of low levels by background noise. Among new assays in development, digital PCR was shown to allow an accurate quantification of HIV-1 DNA. Total HIV-1 DNA is most commonly measured in clinical routine. The absolute quantification of proviruses and unintegrated forms is more often used for research purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E K Alidjinou
- Laboratoire de virologie EA3610, faculté de médecine, institut Hippocrate, université Lille 2, CHRU Lille, 152, rue du Dr-Yersin, 59120 Loos-lez-Lille, France
| | - L Bocket
- Laboratoire de virologie EA3610, faculté de médecine, institut Hippocrate, université Lille 2, CHRU Lille, 152, rue du Dr-Yersin, 59120 Loos-lez-Lille, France
| | - D Hober
- Laboratoire de virologie EA3610, faculté de médecine, institut Hippocrate, université Lille 2, CHRU Lille, 152, rue du Dr-Yersin, 59120 Loos-lez-Lille, France.
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24
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Damhorst GL, Watkins NN, Bashir R. Micro- and nanotechnology for HIV/AIDS diagnostics in resource-limited settings. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2013; 60:715-26. [PMID: 23512111 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2013.2244894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Thirty-four million people are living with HIV worldwide, a disproportionate number of whom live in resource-limited settings. Proper clinical management of AIDS, the disease caused by HIV, requires regular monitoring of both the status of the host's immune system and levels of the virus in their blood. Therefore, more accessible technologies capable of performing a CD4+ T cell count and HIV viral load measurement in settings where HIV is most prevalent are desperately needed to enable better treatment strategies and ultimately quell the spread of the virus within populations. This review discusses micro- and nanotechnology solutions to performing these key clinical measurements in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory L Damhorst
- Department of Bioengineering and the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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25
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Wada K, Nagai H, Hagiwara T, Ibe S, Utsumi M, Kaneda T. Delayed HIV-1 Infection of CD4+T Lymphocytes from Therapy-Naïve Patients Demonstrated by Quantification of HIV-1 DNA Copy Numbers. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 48:767-72. [PMID: 15502410 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2004.tb03603.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Measuring the amount of HIV-1 DNA in infected cells is important to estimate the size of the viral reservoir in patients. However, the clinical impact of the intracellular viral DNA level remains unclear. The present study examines the clinical significance of the HIV-1 DNA level in peripheral CD4+ T lymphocytes from 21 therapy-naïve patients. HIV-1 DNA levels in purified peripheral CD4+ T lymphocytes were measured by the real-time PCR method using the Roche LightCycler system that can detect 200 copies/10(6) cells. We detected intracellular HIV-1 DNA in 15 (71.4%) of 21 patients at levels ranging from 270 to 98,120 copies/10(6) CD4+ cells, with a median of 2,220 copies/10(6) cells. We also found HIV-1 DNA that was below the detection limit in the remaining 6 patients, although 8,800-150,000 copies/ml of HIV-1 RNA were detected in plasma. Circular HIV-1 DNA was not detected in 5 of 6 cases, suggesting that reverse transcription in CD4+ T lymphocytes of these cases was not active. Thus, delayed HIV-1 infection of CD4+ T lymphocytes was demonstrated in these patients. The level of HIV-1 DNA in peripheral CD4+ T lymphocytes indicates the clinical status of therapy-naïve patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Wada
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center (Tokai Area Central Hospital for AIDS Treatment and Research), Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
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Maeda Y, Yamaguchi T, Hijikata Y, Morita Y, Tanaka M, Hirase C, Takai S, Tatsumi Y, Kanamaru A. All-trans retinoic acid attacks reverse transcriptase resulting in inhibition of HIV-l replication. Hematology 2013; 12:263-6. [PMID: 17558705 DOI: 10.1080/10245330701255130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) inhibited growth in HTLV-1-positive T-cell lines and fresh cells from patients with adult T-cell leukemia. Interestingly, ATRA significantly inhibited reverse transcriptase (RT) activity similar to azidothimidine (AZT) in HTLV-1-positive T-cell lines. To clarify whether ATRA has an inhibitory effect on the replication of HIV, we examined HIV proviral DNA in a HIV-1-positive cell line (8E5) using real time PCR. ATRA as well as AZT reduced the proviral DNA load of 8E5 in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that there is a common element of ATRA signaling in both HTLV-1 and HIV. Furthermore, we examined the effects of ATRA on viral replication in primary lymphocytes of three individuals infected with HIV. ATRA reduced viral replication significantly similar to AZT. These findings suggested that ATRA acts as a RT inhibitor, reducing the HIV-1 proviral DNA load. Finally, we conclude that ATRA may be a potential therapeutic agent for HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Maeda
- Department of Hematology, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
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GAPDH Pseudogenes and the Quantification of Feline Genomic DNA Equivalents. Mol Biol Int 2013; 2013:587680. [PMID: 23738070 PMCID: PMC3655645 DOI: 10.1155/2013/587680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) is broadly used to detect and quantify nucleic acid targets. In order to determine cell copy number and genome equivalents, a suitable reference gene that is present in a defined number in the genome is needed, preferably as a single copy gene. For most organisms, a variable number of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) pseudogenes have been reported. However, it has been suggested that a single-copy of the GAPDH pseudogene is present in the feline genome and that a GAPDH assay can therefore be used to quantify feline genomic DNA (gDNA). The aim of this study was to determine whether one or more GAPDH pseudogenes are present in the feline genome and to provide a suitable alternative qPCR system for the quantification of feline cell copy number and genome equivalents. Bioinformatics and sequencing results revealed that not just one but several closely related GAPDH-like sequences were present in the cat genome. We thus identified, developed, optimized, and validated an alternative reference gene assay using feline albumin (fALB). Our data emphasize the need for an alternative reference gene, apart from the GAPDH pseudogene, for the normalization of gDNA levels. We recommend using the fALB qPCR assay for future studies.
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Pasternak AO, Lukashov VV, Berkhout B. Cell-associated HIV RNA: a dynamic biomarker of viral persistence. Retrovirology 2013; 10:41. [PMID: 23587031 PMCID: PMC3637491 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-10-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In most HIV-infected individuals adherent to modern antiretroviral therapy (ART), plasma viremia stays undetectable by clinical assays and therefore, additional virological markers for monitoring and predicting therapy responses and for measuring the degree of HIV persistence in patients on ART should be identified. For the above purposes, quantitation of cell-associated HIV biomarkers could provide a useful alternative to measurements of viral RNA in plasma. This review concentrates on cell-associated (CA) HIV RNA with the emphasis on its use as a virological biomarker. We discuss the significance of CA HIV RNA as a prognostic marker of disease progression in untreated patients and as an indicator of residual virus replication and the size of the dynamic viral reservoir in ART-treated patients. Potential value of this biomarker for monitoring the response to ART and to novel HIV eradication therapies is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander O Pasternak
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam-CINIMA, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands.
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Du F, Streckenbach F, Chen H, Huang X, Tang Z, Marx A. RNA pathogen detection with one-step reverse transcription PCR and strand-displacement based signal amplification. Analyst 2013; 138:1544-8. [PMID: 23348105 DOI: 10.1039/c2an36688f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A novel detection method for RNA pathogens based on one-step reverse transcription PCR is introduced here. This method utilized the reverse transcriptase activity and the 5'-nuclease activity of TaqM1 DNA polymerase to transform target RNA into cDNA. The following PCR process released a fragment from the 5' end as a specific probe. Afterwards this fragment triggered a strand-displacement based signal amplification to release large amounts of G-quadruplex DNAzymes. All the probes applied in our method were unmodified DNA oligonucleotides. The detection results could be reported without sophisticated instruments either in the colorimetric way through oxidizing ABTS or in the fluorometric way by using tyramine as substrate. This approach could successfully detect HIV-1 in a blood sample and it has a linear concentration range of 6 fM to 60 pM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Du
- Natural Products Research Center, Chengdu Institution of Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
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Rohrman BA, Richards-Kortum RR. A paper and plastic device for performing recombinase polymerase amplification of HIV DNA. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:3082-8. [PMID: 22733333 PMCID: PMC3569001 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc40423k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Despite the importance of early diagnosis and treatment of HIV, only a small fraction of HIV-exposed infants in low- and middle-income countries are tested for the disease. The gold standard for early infant diagnosis, DNA PCR, requires resources that are unavailable in poor settings, and no point-of-care HIV DNA test is currently available. We have developed a device constructed of layers of paper, glass fiber, and plastic that is capable of performing isothermal, enzymatic amplification of HIV DNA. The device is inexpensive, small, light-weight, and easy to assemble. The device stores lyophilized enzymes, facilitates mixing of reaction components, and supports recombinase polymerase amplification in five steps of operation. Using commercially available lateral flow strips as a detection method, we demonstrate the ability of our device to amplify 10 copies of HIV DNA to detectable levels in 15 min. Our results suggest that our device, which is designed to be used after DNA extraction from dried-blood spots, may serve in conjunction with lateral flow strips as part of a point-of-care HIV DNA test to be used in low resource settings.
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HIV-1 proviral DNA loads (as determined by quantitative PCR) in patients subjected to structured treatment interruption after antiretroviral therapy failure. J Clin Microbiol 2012; 50:2132-3. [PMID: 22422851 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00393-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of Structured Treatment Interruption (STI) in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) proviral reservoirs in 41 highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)-treated viremic individuals at baseline and 12 weeks after STI was determined using quantitative PCR (qPCR). Viral load increased 0.7 log(10) and CD4 decreased 97.5 cells/mm(3) after 12 weeks. A total of 28 of the 41 individuals showed an increased proviral load, 19 with a statistically significant increase above 10%. An increase in active viral replication is an important factor in the replenishment of the proviral reservoir even for short time periods.
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Performance of Xpert MTB/RIF RUO assay and IS6110 real-time PCR for Mycobacterium tuberculosis detection in clinical samples. J Clin Microbiol 2011; 49:3458-62. [PMID: 21849695 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.05212-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The Cepheid Xpert MTB/RIF research-use-only (RUO) assay and a laboratory-developed test (LDT) targeting IS6110 were evaluated and compared to mycobacterial culture as the gold standard. The performance characteristics of both molecular assays were determined by using 112 specimens from 90 patients, including 89 pulmonary specimens and 23 extrapulmonary specimens. Of the specimens tested, 37 (33%) were culture positive for the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex; 29 were pulmonary, and 8 were extrapulmonary. Of these culture-positive specimens, 83% of the pulmonary specimens and 50% of the extrapulmonary specimens were smear positive. There was complete concordance between the smear-positive culture-positive specimens, independent of the anatomical site (100% sensitivity). The sensitivity of the MTB/RIF RUO assay for smear-negative specimens was 60% for pulmonary and 75% for extrapulmonary specimens, while the IS6110 LDT sensitivities were 40% and 0%, respectively. There was also complete concordance among the culture-negative specimens tested. Both assays showed 95% specificity, with four culture-negative specimens testing as positive. A review of patient records indicated that there was a high likelihood of the presence of M. tuberculosis complex DNA in the false-positive specimens. Biosafety analysis was performed and showed an acceptable reduction in organism viability using the processing methods described above. Both molecular assays are suitable for the detection of M. tuberculosis isolates in smear-positive pulmonary and extrapulmonary specimens, while the sensitivity of the detection of M. tuberculosis isolates in smear-negative specimens was variable.
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Molecular Detection and Characterization of HIV‐1. Mol Microbiol 2011. [DOI: 10.1128/9781555816834.ch35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Katano H, Kano M, Nakamura T, Kanno T, Asanuma H, Sata T. A novel real-time PCR system for simultaneous detection of human viruses in clinical samples from patients with uncertain diagnoses. J Med Virol 2011; 83:322-30. [PMID: 21181930 PMCID: PMC7166515 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A novel simultaneous detection system for human viruses was developed using a real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) system to identify causes of infection in clinical samples from patients with uncertain diagnoses. This system, designated as the “multivirus real‐time PCR,” has the potential to detect 163 human viruses (47 DNA viruses and 116 RNA viruses) in a 96‐well plate simultaneously. The specificity and sensitivity of each probe–primer set were confirmed with cells or tissues infected with specific viruses. The multivirus real‐time PCR system showed profiles of virus infection in 20 autopsies of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients, and detected frequently TT virus, cytomegalovirus, human herpesvirus 6, and Epstein–Barr virus in various organs; however, RNA viruses were detected rarely except for human immunodeficiency virus‐1. Pathology samples from 40 patients with uncertain diagnoses were examined, including cases of encephalitis, hepatitis, and myocarditis. Herpes simplex virus 1, human herpesvirus 6, and parechovirus 3 were identified as causes of diseases in four cases of encephalitis, while no viruses were identified in other cases as causing disease. This multivirus real‐time PCR system can be useful for detecting virus in specimens from patients with uncertain diagnoses. J. Med. Virol. 83:322–330, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harutaka Katano
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan.
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Perini F, Casabianca A, Battocchi C, Accoroni S, Totti C, Penna A. New approach using the real-time PCR method for estimation of the toxic marine dinoflagellate Ostreopsis cf. ovata in marine environment. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17699. [PMID: 21408606 PMCID: PMC3048288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We describe the development and validation of a new quantitative real time PCR (qrt-PCR) method for the enumeration of the toxic benthic dinoflagellate Ostreopsis cf. ovata in marine environment. The benthic Ostreopsis sp. has a world-wide distribution and is associated during high biomass proliferation with the production of potent palytoxin-like compounds affecting human health and environment. Species-specific identification, which is relevant for the complex of different toxins production, by traditional methods of microscopy is difficult due to the high morphological variability, and thus different morphotypes can be easily misinterpreted. Methodology/Findings The method is based on the SYBR I Green real-time PCR technology and combines the use of a plasmid standard curve with a “gold standard” created with pooled crude extracts from environmental samples collected during a bloom event of Ostreopsis cf. ovata in the Mediterranean Sea. Based on their similar PCR efficiencies (95% and 98%, respectively), the exact rDNA copy number per cell was obtained in cultured and environmental samples. Cell lysates were used as the templates to obtain total recovery of DNA. The analytical sensitivity of the PCR was set at two rDNA copy number and 8.0×10−4 cell per reaction for plasmid and gold standards, respectively; the sensitivity of the assay was of cells g−1 fw or 1−1 in macrophyte and seawater samples, respectively. The reproducibility was determined on the total linear quantification range of both curves confirming the accuracy of the technical set-up in the complete ranges of quantification over time. Conclusions/Significance We developed a qrt-PCR assay specific, robust and high sample throughput for the absolute quantification of the toxic dinoflagellate Ostreopsis cf. ovata in the environmental samples. This molecular approach may be considered alternative to traditional microscopy and applied for the monitoring of benthic toxic microalgal species in the marine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Perini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Pesaro, Italy
| | - Anna Casabianca
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Pesaro, Italy
| | - Cecilia Battocchi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Pesaro, Italy
| | - Stefano Accoroni
- Department of Marine Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Cecilia Totti
- Department of Marine Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Antonella Penna
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Pesaro, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Katsoulidou A, Rokka C, Issaris C, Haida C, Tzannis K, Sypsa V, Detsika M, Paraskevis D, Hatzakis A. Comparative evaluation of the performance of the Abbott RealTime HIV-1 assay for measurement of HIV-1 plasma viral load on genetically diverse samples from Greece. Virol J 2011; 8:10. [PMID: 21219667 PMCID: PMC3032708 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-1 is characterized by increased genetic heterogeneity which tends to hinder the reliability of detection and accuracy of HIV-1 RNA quantitation assays. METHODS In this study, the Abbott RealTime HIV-1 (Abbott RealTime) assay was compared to the Roche Cobas TaqMan HIV-1 (Cobas TaqMan) and the Siemens Versant HIV-1 RNA 3.0 (bDNA 3.0) assays, using clinical samples of various viral load levels and subtypes from Greece, where the recent epidemiology of HIV-1 infection has been characterized by increasing genetic diversity and a marked increase in subtype A genetic strains among newly diagnosed infections. RESULTS A high correlation was observed between the quantitative results obtained by the Abbott RealTime and the Cobas TaqMan assays. Viral load values quantified by the Abbott RealTime were on average lower than those obtained by the Cobas TaqMan, with a mean (SD) difference of -0.206 (0.298) log(10) copies/ml. The mean differences according to HIV-1 subtypes between the two techniques for samples of subtype A, B, and non-A/non-B were 0.089, -0.262, and -0.298 log(10) copies/ml, respectively. Overall, differences were less than 0.5 log(10) for 85% of the samples, and >1 log(10) in only one subtype B sample. Similarly, Abbott RealTime and bDNA 3.0 assays yielded a very good correlation of quantitative results, whereas viral load values assessed by the Abbott RealTime were on average higher (mean (SD) difference: 0.160 (0.287) log(10) copies/ml). The mean differences according to HIV-1 subtypes between the two techniques for subtype A, B and non-A/non-B samples were 0.438, 0.105 and 0.191 log(10) copies/ml, respectively. Overall, the majority of samples (86%) differed by less than 0.5 log(10), while none of the samples showed a deviation of more than 1.0 log(10). CONCLUSIONS In an area of changing HIV-1 subtype pattern, the Abbott RealTime assay showed a high correlation and good agreement of results when compared both to the Cobas TaqMan and bDNA 3.0 assays, for all HIV-1 subtypes tested. All three assays could determine viral load from samples of different HIV-1 subtypes adequately. However, assay variation should be taken into account when viral load monitoring of the same individual is assessed by different systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antigoni Katsoulidou
- National Retrovirus Reference Center, Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Athens University Medical School, Goudi, Greece.
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Iordanskiy S, Waltke M, Feng Y, Wood C. Subtype-associated differences in HIV-1 reverse transcription affect the viral replication. Retrovirology 2010; 7:85. [PMID: 20939905 PMCID: PMC2964588 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-7-85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The impact of the products of the pol gene, specifically, reverse transcriptase (RT) on HIV-1 replication, evolution, and acquisition of drug resistance has been thoroughly characterized for subtype B. For subtype C, which accounts of almost 60% of HIV cases worldwide, much less is known. It has been reported that subtype C HIV-1 isolates have a lower replication capacity than B; however, the basis of these differences remains unclear. Results We analyzed the impact of the pol gene products from HIV-1 B and C subtypes on the maturation of HIV virions, accumulation of reverse transcription products, integration of viral DNA, frequency of point mutations in provirus and overall viral replication. Recombinant HIV-1 viruses of B and C subtypes comprising the pol fragments encoding protease, integrase and either the whole RT or a chimeric RT from different isolates of the C and B subtypes, were used for infection of cells expressing CXCR4 or CCR5 co-receptors. The viruses carrying different fragments of pol from the isolates of B and C subtypes did not reveal differences in Gag and GagPol processing and viral RNA incorporation into the virions. However, the presence of the whole RT from subtype C, or the chimeric RT containing either the polymerase or the connection and RNase H domains from C isolates, caused significantly slower viral replication regardless of B or C viral backbone. Subtype C RT carrying viruses displayed lower levels of accumulation of strong-stop cDNA in permeabilized virions during endogenous reverse transcription, and decreased accumulation of both strong-stop and positive strand reverse transcription products in infected cells and in isolated reverse transcription complexes. This decreased accumulation correlated with lower levels of viral DNA integration in cells infected with viruses carrying the whole RT or RT domains from subtype C isolates. The single viral genome assay analysis did not reveal significant differences in the frequency of point mutations between the RT from B or C subtypes. Conclusions These data suggest that the whole RT as well as distinct polymerase and connection-RNase H domains from subtype C HIV-1 confer a lower level of accumulation of reverse transcripts in the virions and reverse transcription complexes as compared to subtype B, resulting in a lower overall level of virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Iordanskiy
- Nebraska Center for Virology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 4240 Fair Street, East Campus, Lincoln, NE 68583-0900 USA.
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Li P, Ruel T, Fujimoto K, Hatano H, Yukl S, Eller LA, Liegler T, Kamya M, Gassasira A, Dorsey G, Rosenthal PJ, Havlir DV, Wong JK. Novel application of Locked Nucleic Acid chemistry for a Taqman assay for measuring diverse human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtypes. J Virol Methods 2010; 170:115-20. [PMID: 20863855 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2009] [Revised: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
There remains a need for sensitive and cost-effective assays to monitor therapy in human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) infection. However, the genetic diversity of HIV poses difficulties for traditional real-time PCR assays that require long oligonucleotides probes. LNA™ probes may be useful in overcoming these limits to traditional probe design. A new application of LNA™ chemistry in a Taqman assay applicable to a wide range of HIV-1 subtypes is described. This assay, based on a 13-mer LNA™ probe that matches the majority of HIV-1 sequences in the Los Alamos database, exhibited a wide dynamic range (10(1)-10(7) copies of HIV DNA), high sensitivity (limit of detection of 1 copy of HIV DNA in 10(5) cells), and broad applicability to a range of HIV-1 subtypes (including A, B, C, D, F, H, B/C, and A/E CRFs). Using the LNA™ probe assay, HIV-1 DNA was detected in all dried blood spots (DBS) from treatment naïve HIV-1 positive Ugandan children, and HIV DNA levels significantly correlated with viral RNA levels in plasma (r=0.765, p<0.0001). This approach to Taqman probe design should be explored further for use in diagnosis and monitoring of HIV in resource-limited settings, especially where several subtypes co-circulate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peilin Li
- University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), Department of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
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Arnott A, Jardine D, Wilson K, Gorry PR, Merlin K, Grey P, Law MG, Dax EM, Kelleher AD, Smith DE, McPhee DA. High viral fitness during acute HIV-1 infection. PLoS One 2010; 5. [PMID: 20844589 PMCID: PMC2936565 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2010] [Accepted: 08/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Several clinical studies have shown that, relative to disease progression, HIV-1 isolates that are less fit are also less pathogenic. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between viral fitness and control of viral load (VL) in acute and early HIV-1 infection. Samples were obtained from subjects participating in two clinical studies. In the PULSE study, antiretroviral therapy (ART) was initiated before, or no later than six months following seroconversion. Subjects then underwent multiple structured treatment interruptions (STIs). The PHAEDRA study enrolled and monitored a cohort of individuals with documented evidence of primary infection. The subset chosen were individuals identified no later than 12 months following seroconversion to HIV-1, who were not receiving ART. The relative fitness of primary isolates obtained from study participants was investigated ex vivo. Viral DNA production was quantified using a novel real time PCR assay. Following intermittent ART, the fitness of isolates obtained from 5 of 6 PULSE subjects decreased over time. In contrast, in the absence of ART the fitness of paired isolates obtained from 7 of 9 PHAEDRA subjects increased over time. However, viral fitness did not correlate with plasma VL. Most unexpected was the high relative fitness of isolates obtained at Baseline from PULSE subjects, before initiating ART. It is widely thought that the fitness of strains present during the acute phase is low relative to strains present during chronic HIV-1 infection, due to the bottleneck imposed upon transmission. The results of this study provide evidence that the relative fitness of strains present during acute HIV-1 infection may be higher than previously thought. Furthermore, that viral fitness may represent an important clinical parameter to be considered when deciding whether to initiate ART during early HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Arnott
- National Serology Reference Laboratory, St Vincent’s Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Darren Jardine
- National Serology Reference Laboratory, St Vincent’s Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kim Wilson
- National Serology Reference Laboratory, St Vincent’s Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul R. Gorry
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kate Merlin
- National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Patricia Grey
- National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Matthew G. Law
- National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Elizabeth M. Dax
- National Serology Reference Laboratory, St Vincent’s Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anthony D. Kelleher
- National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St. Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Don E. Smith
- National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dale A. McPhee
- National Serology Reference Laboratory, St Vincent’s Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Chaillet P, Tayler-Smith K, Zachariah R, Duclos N, Moctar D, Beelaert G, Fransen K. Evaluation of four rapid tests for diagnosis and differentiation of HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections in Guinea-Conakry, West Africa. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2010; 104:571-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2010.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2009] [Accepted: 05/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Rodríguez-Sáinz C, Ramos R, Valor L, López F, Santamaría B, Hernández DC, Cruz JSP, Navarro J, Modrego J, Alecsandru D, Fernández-Cruz E. Prognostic value of peripheral blood mononuclear cell-associated HIV-1 DNA for virological outcome in asymptomatic HIV-1 chronic infection. J Clin Virol 2010; 48:168-72. [PMID: 20399705 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2010.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2009] [Revised: 03/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies in primary HIV-1 infection and advanced HIV-1 disease have demonstrated that HIV-1 DNA associated with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC HIV-1 DNA) has predictive value for disease progression. OBJECTIVES To analyse in asymptomatic HIV-1 chronic infection the predictive value of PBMC HIV-1 DNA for virological failure. STUDY DESIGN In 115 individuals who had previously participated in study STIR-2102, we retrospectively analysed the PBMC HIV-1 DNA by quantitative real-time PCR. Antiretroviral naïve patients (baseline pre-ART) received 6 weeks of ART prior to randomisation (baseline post-ART). The predictive value of PBMC HIV-1 DNA, HIV-1 RNA in plasma and CD4+ T cells, at baselines pre-ART and post-ART, was determined by Kaplan-Meier and Proportional Hazards Regression analyses. RESULTS At baseline post-ART, 82% of patients showed suppression of HIV-1 RNA, however they maintained significant amounts of HIV-1 DNA (geometric mean: 690 copies/10(6) PBMC). Pre-ART and post-ART levels of HIV-1 DNA and pre-ART levels of HIV-1 RNA showed predictive value (Log-Rank test: p<0.001, p<0.001, p=0.003, respectively). In a multivariate model post-ART PBMC HIV-1 DNA was the stronger predictive variable (adjusted HR, 2.51 [95% CI, 1.33-4.73, p=0.004]) independently of HIV-1 RNA (HR 1.74 [95% CI, 1.16-2.61, p=0.007]). CONCLUSIONS PBMC HIV-1 DNA is an effective prognostic marker for virological outcome in individuals with asymptomatic HIV-1 chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Rodríguez-Sáinz
- Clinical Immunology Division, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Microbiology Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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Adenovirus DNA in Guthrie cards from children who develop acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). Br J Cancer 2010; 102:796-8. [PMID: 20197772 PMCID: PMC2833262 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In search of a proposed viral aetiology of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), the common species C adenoviruses were analysed in Guthrie cards. METHODS Guthrie cards from 243 children who later developed ALL and from 486 matched controls were collected and analysed by nested polymerase chain reaction for the presence of adenovirus DNA. RESULTS Adenovirus DNA was reliably detected from only two subjects, both of whom developed ALL. CONCLUSION Adenovirus DNA is detected in Guthrie card samples at too low a frequency to reveal an association between adenovirus and the development of leukaemia.
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Rozera G, Abbate I, Bruselles A, Bartolini B, D'Offizi G, Nicastri E, Tommasi C, Capobianchi MR. Comparison of real-time PCR methods for measurement of HIV-1 proviral DNA. J Virol Methods 2009; 164:135-8. [PMID: 19963009 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2009] [Revised: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The use of HIV-1 DNA quantitation in cellular reservoirs to predict disease progression and treatment outcome in infected patients is hampered by the lack of standardization among the available methods. In the present study, real-time PCR methods used commonly for HIV-1 proviral DNA evaluation were compared, showing strong differences in the results, probably as a consequence of genome variability in the target regions. Standardization of HIV-1 proviral DNA quantitation assays is needed for use in clinical management of patients with HIV-1.
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Validation of 2006 WHO prediction scores for true HIV infection in children less than 18 months with a positive serological HIV test. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5312. [PMID: 19390690 PMCID: PMC2669178 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2008] [Accepted: 02/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction All infants born to HIV-positive mothers have maternal HIV antibodies, sometimes persistent for 18 months. When Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is not available, August 2006 World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations suggest that clinical criteria may be used for starting antiretroviral treatment (ART) in HIV seropositive children <18 months. Predictors are at least two out of sepsis, severe pneumonia and thrush, or any stage 4 defining clinical finding according to the WHO staging system. Methods and Results From January 2005 to October 2006, we conducted a prospective study on 236 hospitalized children <18 months old with a positive HIV serological test at the national reference hospital in Kigali. The following data were collected: PCR, clinical signs and CD4 cell count. Current proposed clinical criteria were present in 148 of 236 children (62.7%) and in 95 of 124 infected children, resulting in 76.6% sensitivity and 52.7% specificity. For 87 children (59.0%), clinical diagnosis was made based on severe unexplained malnutrition (stage 4 clinical WHO classification), of whom only 44 (50.5%) were PCR positive. Low CD4 count had a sensitivity of 55.6% and a specificity of 78.5%. Conclusion As PCR is not yet widely available, clinical diagnosis is often necessary, but these criteria have poor specificity and therefore have limited use for HIV diagnosis. Unexplained malnutrition is not clearly enough defined in WHO recommendations. Extra pulmonary tuberculosis (TB), almost impossible to prove in young children, may often be the cause of malnutrition, especially in HIV-affected families more often exposed to TB. Food supplementation and TB treatment should be initiated before starting ART in children who are staged based only on severe malnutrition.
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Early HIV-1 diagnosis using in-house real-time PCR amplification on dried blood spots for infants in remote and resource-limited settings. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2009; 49:465-71. [PMID: 18989220 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0b013e31818e2531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In resource-limited settings, most perinatally HIV-1-infected infants do not receive timely antiretroviral therapy because early HIV-1 diagnosis is not available or affordable. OBJECTIVE To assess the performance of a low-cost in-house real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay to detect HIV-1 DNA in infant dried blood spots (DBS). METHODS One thousand three hundred nineteen DBS collected throughout Thailand from non-breast-fed infants born to HIV-1-infected mothers were shipped at room temperature to a central laboratory.In-house real-time DNA PCR results were compared with Roche Amplicor HIV-1 DNA test (Version 1.5) results. In addition, we verified the Roche test performance on DBS sampled from 1218 other infants using as reference HIV serology result at 18 months of age. RESULTS Real-time DNA PCR and Roche DNA PCR results were 100% concordant. Compared with HIV serology results, the Roche test sensitivity was 98.6% (95% confidence interval: 92.6% to 100.0%) and its specificity at 4 months of age was 99.7% (95% confidence interval: 99.2% to 99.9%). CONCLUSIONS In-house real-time PCR performed as well as the Roche test in detecting HIV-1 DNA on DBS in Thailand. Combined use of DBS and real-time PCR assays is a reliable and affordable tool to expand access to early HIV-1 diagnosis in remote and resource-limited settings, enabling timely treatment for HIV-1-infected infants.
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Avettand-Fènoël V, Chaix ML, Blanche S, Burgard M, Floch C, Toure K, Allemon MC, Warszawski J, Rouzioux C. LTR real-time PCR for HIV-1 DNA quantitation in blood cells for early diagnosis in infants born to seropositive mothers treated in HAART area (ANRS CO 01). J Med Virol 2009; 81:217-23. [PMID: 19107966 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 diagnosis in babies born to seropositive mothers is one of the challenges of HIV epidemics in children. A simple, rapid protocol was developed for quantifying HIV-1 DNA in whole blood samples and was used in the ANRS French pediatric cohort in conditions of prevention of mother-to-child transmission. A quantitative HIV-1 DNA protocol (LTR real-time PCR) requiring small blood volumes was developed. First, analytical reproducibility was evaluated on 172 samples. Results obtained on blood cell pellets and Ficoll-Hypaque separated mononuclear cells were compared in 48 adult HIV-1 samples. Second, the protocol was applied to HIV-1 diagnosis in infants in parallel with plasma HIV-RNA quantitation. This prospective study was performed in children born between May 2005 and April 2007 included in the ANRS cohort. The assay showed good reproducibility. The 95% detection cut-off value was 6 copies/PCR, that is, 40 copies/10(6) leukocytes. HIV-DNA levels in whole blood were highly correlated with those obtained after Ficoll-Hypaque separation (r = 0.900, P < 0.0001). A total of 3,002 specimens from 1,135 infants were tested. The specificity of HIV-DNA and HIV-RNA assays was 100%. HIV-1 infection was diagnosed in nine infants before age 60 days. HIV-DNA levels were low, underlining the need for sensitive assays when highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has been given. The performances of this HIV-DNA assay showed that it is adapted to early diagnosis in children. The results were equivalent to those of HIV-RNA assay. HIV-DNA may be used even in masked primary infection in newborns whose mothers have received HAART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Avettand-Fènoël
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, CHU Necker-Enfants Malades, Service de Virologie, Paris, France.
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Kondo M, Sudo K, Tanaka R, Sano T, Sagara H, Iwamuro S, Takebe Y, Imai M, Kato S. Quantitation of HIV-1 group M proviral DNA using TaqMan MGB real-time PCR. J Virol Methods 2009; 157:141-6. [PMID: 19126416 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2008.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2008] [Revised: 12/05/2008] [Accepted: 12/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The level of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) proviral DNA is likely to be an important marker of the long-term effectiveness of highly active antiretroviral therapy. A new method was developed for quantifying HIV-1 group M proviral DNA using TaqMan real-time PCR, in which degenerate primers and an MGB probe were used to resolve the difference in amplification efficiencies among different subtypes. The present assay provided good linearity and accuracy in the range of 4-5000 copies of proviral DNA in 0.5microg of cellular DNA. The intra-assay and inter-assay coefficients were <31.6% and <30.1%, respectively. In 19 HIV-1 clinical isolates of six subtypes (A, B, C, CRF01_AE, F, and G), quantitation values by the real-time PCR assay matched closely those by Poisson distribution analysis of PCR results at endpoint dilution (R(2)=0.988). This assay is characterized by the use of degenerate primers and having been validated by comparing with a Poisson distribution-based assay. The present real-time PCR assay is highly sensitive, linear, reproducible, accurate, and independent of group M subtypes. The assay will be useful for studying the relationship between HIV-1 proviral loads and the long-term efficacy of antiretroviral therapy for subtype B as well as non-B subtype strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makiko Kondo
- Kanagawa Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Shimomachiya, Chigasaki, Japan.
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Le Tortorec A, Satie AP, Denis H, Rioux-Leclercq N, Havard L, Ruffault A, Jégou B, Dejucq-Rainsford N. Human prostate supports more efficient replication of HIV-1 R5 than X4 strains ex vivo. Retrovirology 2008; 5:119. [PMID: 19117522 PMCID: PMC2649003 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-5-119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2008] [Accepted: 12/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In order to determine whether human prostate can be productively infected by HIV-1 strains with different tropism, and thus represent a potential source of HIV in semen, an organotypic culture of prostate from men undergoing prostatic adenomectomy for benign prostate hypertrophy (BPH) was developed. The presence of potential HIV target cells in prostate tissues was investigated using immunohistochemistry. The infection of prostate explants following exposures with HIV-1 R5, R5X4 and X4 strains was analyzed through the measure of RT activity in culture supernatants, the quantification of HIV DNA in the explants and the detection of HIV RNA+ cells in situ. RESULTS The overall prostate characteristics were retained for 21/2 weeks in culture. Numerous potential HIV-1 target cells were detected in the prostate stroma. Whilst HIV-1 R5SF162 strain consistently productively infected prostatic T lymphocytes and macrophages, the prototypic X4IIIB strain and a primary R5X4 strain showed less efficient replication in this organ. CONCLUSION The BPH prostate is a site of HIV-1 R5 replication that could contribute virus to semen. A limited spreading of HIV-1 X4 and R5X4 in this organ could participate to the preferential sexual transmission of HIV-1 R5 strains.
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Abstract
Quantification of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) proviral DNA is increasingly used to measure the HIV-1 cellular reservoirs, a helpful marker to evaluate the efficacy of antiretroviral therapeutic regimens in HIV-1-infected individuals. Furthermore, the proviral DNA load represents a specific marker for the early diagnosis of perinatal HIV-1 infection and might be predictive of HIV-1 disease progression independently of plasma HIV-1 RNA levels and CD4(+) T-cell counts. The high degree of genetic variability of HIV-1 poses a serious challenge for the design of a universal quantitative assay capable of detecting all the genetic subtypes within the main (M) HIV-1 group with similar efficiency. Here, we describe a highly sensitive real-time PCR protocol that allows for the correct quantification of virtually all group-M HIV-1 strains with a higher degree of accuracy compared with other methods. The protocol involves three stages, namely DNA extraction/lysis, cellular DNA quantification and HIV-1 proviral load assessment. Owing to the robustness of the PCR design, this assay can be performed on crude cellular extracts, and therefore it may be suitable for the routine analysis of clinical samples even in developing countries. An accurate quantification of the HIV-1 proviral load can be achieved within 1 d from blood withdrawal.
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Yoder KE, Fishel R. Real-time quantitative PCR and fast QPCR have similar sensitivity and accuracy with HIV cDNA late reverse transcripts and 2-LTR circles. J Virol Methods 2008; 153:253-6. [PMID: 18762215 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2008.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2008] [Revised: 05/08/2008] [Accepted: 07/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR (universal QPCR) methods are used routinely in both academic and clinical research to measure HIV cDNA. Fast QPCR allows for faster ramping times between cycles and smaller reaction volumes, but may lose sensitivity and accuracy. We demonstrate that primer sets for HIV late reverse transcripts and 2-LTR circles have similar sensitivity and accuracy with either universal or fast QPCR methods. However, both cost and time are reduced with fast QPCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine E Yoder
- Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 400 W. 12th Ave. Room 351, Columbus, OH 43210, United States.
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