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Adu DK, Nate Z, Alake J, Ike BW, Mahlalela MC, Mohite SB, Mokoena S, Chauhan R, Karpoormath R. Rapid and label-free A2 peptide epitope decorated CoFe 2O 4-C60 nanocomposite-based electrochemical immunosensor for detecting Visceral Leishmaniasis. Bioelectrochemistry 2024; 157:108662. [PMID: 38342074 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2024.108662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis is challenging due to the shared clinical features with malaria, typhoid, and tuberculosis. A CoFe2O4-C60 nanocomposite-based immunosensor decorated with a sensitive A2 peptide antigen was fabricated to detect anti-A2 antibodies for application in visceral leishmaniasis diagnosis. The flame-synthesised nanocomposite was characterised using Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Raman spectroscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques. N terminated specific A2 peptide epitope antigen (NH2-QSVGPLSVGP-OH) was synthesised and characterised by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS). Using EDC/NHS, A2 peptide antigen (Apg) was immobilised on the CoFe2O4-C60-modified electrode. The performance of the immunosensor, Apg-CoFe2O4-C60NP/GCE, was evaluated by testing its ability to detect varying concentrations of anti-A2 antibody solution in PBS and spiked serum with 1 mM [Fe(CN)6]3-/4- in 0.01 M PBS (pH 7.4) as supporting electrolyte. using differential pulse voltammetry. The immunosensor showed excellent reproducibility and a linear range of 10-10-10-1 µg/mL, with an experimental detection limit of 30.34 fg/mL. These results suggest that the fabricated sensor has great potential as a tool for diagnosing visceral leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darko Kwabena Adu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Zondi Nate
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville 7530, South Africa
| | - John Alake
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Blessing Wisdom Ike
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Mavela Cleopus Mahlalela
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Sachin Balaso Mohite
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Sithabile Mokoena
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Ruchika Chauhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Rajshekhar Karpoormath
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4000, South Africa.
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Pinto AI, Caldas C, Santarém N, Luelmo S, Costa I, Martins C, Monteiro R, Conde S, Tavares R, da Silva AC. Leishmania and HIV co-infection: first naturally Leishmania strain presenting decreased susceptibility to miltefosine, recovered from a patient in Portugal. J Infect Public Health 2024; 17:810-818. [PMID: 38522155 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2024.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Europe, up to 70% of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) cases occurring in adults living with HIV. People living with HIV with VL co-infection often display persistent parasitemia, requiring chronic intermittent anti-Leishmania therapies. Consequently, frequent VL relapses and higher mortality rates are common in these individuals. As such, it is of paramount importance to understand the reasons for parasite persistence to improve infection management. METHODS To outline possible causes for treatment failure in the context of HIV-VL, we followed a person living with HIV-VL co-infection for nine years in a 12-month period. We characterized: HIV-related clinicopathological alterations (CD4+ T counts and viremia) and Leishmania-specific seroreactivity, parasitemia, quantification of pro-inflammatory cytokines upon stimulation and studied a Leishmania clinical isolate recovered during this period. RESULTS The subject presented controlled viremia and low CD4+ counts. The subject remained PCR positive for Leishmania and also seropositive. The cellular response to parasite antigens was erratic. The isolate was identified as the first Leishmania infantum case with evidence of decreased miltefosine susceptibility in Portugal. CONCLUSION Treatment failure is a multifactorial process driven by host and parasite determinants. Still, the real-time determination of drug susceptibility profiles in clinical isolates is an unexplored resource in the monitoring of VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Isabel Pinto
- Host-Parasite Interaction Group, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, i3S, 4200-135 Oporto, Portugal.
| | - Cátia Caldas
- Infectious Disease Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de São João, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Oporto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Santarém
- Host-Parasite Interaction Group, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, i3S, 4200-135 Oporto, Portugal
| | - Sara Luelmo
- Host-Parasite Interaction Group, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, i3S, 4200-135 Oporto, Portugal
| | - Inês Costa
- Host-Parasite Interaction Group, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, i3S, 4200-135 Oporto, Portugal; Microbiology Department, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Oporto, Portugal
| | - Carlos Martins
- Host-Parasite Interaction Group, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, i3S, 4200-135 Oporto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Monteiro
- Host-Parasite Interaction Group, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, i3S, 4200-135 Oporto, Portugal; Microbiology Department, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Oporto, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Conde
- Clinical Pathology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de São João, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Oporto, Portugal
| | - Raquel Tavares
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Beatriz Ângelo, 2674-514 Loures, Portugal
| | - Anabela Cordeiro da Silva
- Host-Parasite Interaction Group, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, i3S, 4200-135 Oporto, Portugal; Microbiology Department, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Oporto, Portugal
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Amaral CA, Higino TMM, Silva KFC, dos Reis NR, Pereira MG, de Miranda RDCM, Aliança ASDS. Spatio-Temporal Analysis and Clinical-Epidemiological Characterization of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Maranhão, Brazil, from 2009 to 2020. Trop Med Infect Dis 2024; 9:76. [PMID: 38668537 PMCID: PMC11054192 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed9040076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
This study was carried out to identify the spatial distribution and characterize the clinical-epidemiological profile of Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) in Maranhão state, Brazil, from 2009 to 2020. This descriptive ecological study collected sociodemographic and clinical data of VL cases from the Brazilian Notifiable Diseases Information System database. A spatial autocorrelation analysis (Moran statistics) was performed. From 2009 to 2020, 5699 cases of VL were reported, with incidence of 6.5 cases/100,000 and prevalence of 7.1 cases/100,000. The temporal analysis showed a significant growth in incidence from 2009 to 2018, followed by a significant decrease between 2019 and 2020. The Moran map shows hotspots of high values in the central-west and central-east regions, and hotspots of low values in the northern region of Maranhão. The profile of patients affected by VL comprises males (OR = 1.8; IC95% = 1.72-1.92), aged under 14 years, brown, and with incomplete elementary schooling. The main symptoms reported were fever, fatigue, and edema. The main diagnostic method was laboratory. The mortality rate was 6.8%, and co-infection with HIV was reported by 8.5% of patients. The results of this study indicated the increase in incidence and lethality, as well as the expansion, of leishmaniasis in the state of Maranhão.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Azevedo Amaral
- Postgraduate Program in Microbial Biology, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Microbiana, Universidade CEUMA, São Luís 65075-120, MA, Brazil; (C.A.A.); (M.G.P.)
| | | | - Karen Fernanda Castro Silva
- Curso de Graduação em Biomedicina, Universidade CEUMA, São Luís 65075-120, MA, Brazil; (K.F.C.S.); (N.R.d.R.)
| | - Nathalia Rodrigues dos Reis
- Curso de Graduação em Biomedicina, Universidade CEUMA, São Luís 65075-120, MA, Brazil; (K.F.C.S.); (N.R.d.R.)
| | - Mariana Gomes Pereira
- Postgraduate Program in Microbial Biology, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Microbiana, Universidade CEUMA, São Luís 65075-120, MA, Brazil; (C.A.A.); (M.G.P.)
| | | | - Amanda Silva dos Santos Aliança
- Postgraduate Program in Microbial Biology, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Microbiana, Universidade CEUMA, São Luís 65075-120, MA, Brazil; (C.A.A.); (M.G.P.)
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Barazorda-Ccahuana HL, Cárcamo-Rodriguez EG, Centeno-Lopez AE, Galdino AS, Machado-de-Ávila RA, Giunchetti RC, Coelho EAF, Chávez-Fumagalli MA. Targeting with Structural Analogs of Natural Products the Purine Salvage Pathway in Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum by Computer-Aided Drug-Design Approaches. Trop Med Infect Dis 2024; 9:41. [PMID: 38393130 PMCID: PMC10891554 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed9020041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) has a high death rate, with 500,000 new cases and 50,000 deaths occurring annually. Despite the development of novel strategies and technologies, there is no adequate treatment for the disease. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to find structural analogs of natural products as potential novel drugs to treat VL. We selected structural analogs from natural products that have shown antileishmanial activities, and that may impede the purine salvage pathway using computer-aided drug-design (CADD) approaches. For these, we started with the vastly studied target in the pathway, the adenine phosphoribosyl transferase (APRT) protein, which alone is non-essential for the survival of the parasite. Keeping this in mind, we search for a substance that can bind to multiple targets throughout the pathway. Computational techniques were used to study the purine salvage pathway from Leishmania infantum, and molecular dynamic simulations were used to gather information on the interactions between ligands and proteins. Because of its low homology to human proteins and its essential role in the purine salvage pathway proteins network interaction, the findings further highlight the significance of adenylosuccinate lyase protein (ADL) as a therapeutic target. An analog of the alkaloid Skimmianine, N,N-diethyl-4-methoxy-1-benzofuran-6-carboxamide, demonstrated a good binding affinity to APRT and ADL targets, no expected toxicity, and potential for oral route administration. This study indicates that the compound may have antileishmanial activity, which was granted in vitro and in vivo experiments to settle this finding in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruna Luz Barazorda-Ccahuana
- Computational Biology and Chemistry Research Group, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Arequipa 04000, Peru
| | - Eymi Gladys Cárcamo-Rodriguez
- Computational Biology and Chemistry Research Group, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Arequipa 04000, Peru
- Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Bioquímicas y Biotecnológicas, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Arequipa 04000, Peru
| | - Angela Emperatriz Centeno-Lopez
- Computational Biology and Chemistry Research Group, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Arequipa 04000, Peru
- Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Bioquímicas y Biotecnológicas, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Arequipa 04000, Peru
| | - Alexsandro Sobreira Galdino
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Microrganismos, Universidade Federal São João Del-Rei, Divinópolis 35501-296, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Rodolfo Cordeiro Giunchetti
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais, INCT-DT, Salvador 40015-970, BA, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Antonio Ferraz Coelho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, COLTEC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Miguel Angel Chávez-Fumagalli
- Computational Biology and Chemistry Research Group, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Arequipa 04000, Peru
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Chakhunashvili DG, Chakhunashvili K, Kvirkvelia E. Visceral leishmaniasis misdiagnosed as an upper respiratory infection and iron-deficiency anemia in a 20-month-old male patient: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2024; 18:37. [PMID: 38291520 PMCID: PMC10829240 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-024-04356-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visceral Leishmaniasis should be suspected in every patient with a history of splenomegaly, fever, and pancytopenia. It is one of the most dangerous forms of infection and prompt recognition is the key to positive outcome. CASE PRESENTATION A 20-month-old Caucasian male patient was brought to our hospital as an outpatient with the complaint of persistent fever, which did not improve with empiric antibiotic treatment (> 96 hour after the initial dose). The antibiotic treatment had been prescribed by primary care physician at polyclinic, who also referred the patient to hematologist due to anemia, who prescribed iron supplement. Despite multiple subspecialist visits, bicytopenia was, unfortunately, left unidentified. Upon physical examination no specific signs were detected, however, spleen seemed slightly enlarged. Patient was admitted to the hospital for further work-up, management and evaluation. Abdominal ultrasound, complete blood count and c-reactive protein had been ordered. Hematologist and infectionist were involved, both advised to run serology for Epstein-Barr Virus and Visceral Leishmaniasis. The latter was positive; therefore, patient was transferred to the specialized clinic for specific management. CONCLUSION Both in endemic and non-endemic areas the awareness about VL should be increased among the medical professionals. We also recommend that our colleagues take the same approach when dealing with bicytopenia and fever, just as with pancytopenia and fever. The medical community should make sure that none of the cases of fever and pancytopenia are overlooked, especially if we have hepatomegaly and/or splenomegaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davit G Chakhunashvili
- Department of Pediatrics, Alte University, Tbilisi, Georgia
- Children's Clinic After I. Tsitsishvili, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Konstantine Chakhunashvili
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia.
- Children's Clinic After I. Tsitsishvili, Tbilisi, Georgia.
| | - Eka Kvirkvelia
- Department of Gynecology, Caucasus University, Tbilisi, Georgia
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Hasan MM, Proma SB, Hossain MS, Arifuzzaman M, Islam N, Siddique MAB, Amiruzzaman. A case report on para-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis: an unresolved mystery. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:885. [PMID: 38110894 PMCID: PMC10729440 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08918-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) is a dermatosis that occurs 2-3 years after an apparently successful treatment of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). In rare cases, PKDL occurs concurrently with VL and is characterized by fever, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly or lymphadenopathy, and poor nutritional status and is known as Para-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (Para-KDL). Co-association of active VL in PKDL patients is documented in Africa, but very few case reports are found in South Asia. We present a case of Para-kala-azar Dermal Leishmaniasis (Para-KDL) in a 50-year-old male patient with a history of one primary Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) and 2 times relapse of Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL). The patient presented with fever, skin lesions, and hepatosplenomegaly. Laboratory tests revealed LD bodies in the slit skin smear and splenic biopsy. The patient was treated with two cycles of Amphotericin B with Miltefosine in between cycles for 12 weeks to obtain full recovery. CONCLUSION This case report serves as a reminder that Para-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis can develop as a consequence of prior visceral leishmaniasis episodes, even after apparently effective therapy. Since para-kala-azar is a source of infectious spread, endemics cannot be avoided unless it is effectively recognized and treated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mehedi Hasan
- Department of Medicine, Sir Salimullah Medical College Mitford Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - Sanghita Banik Proma
- Department of Medicine, Sir Salimullah Medical College Mitford Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Saddam Hossain
- Department of Medicine, Sir Salimullah Medical College Mitford Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Naylla Islam
- Department of Medicine, Sir Salimullah Medical College Mitford Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Amiruzzaman
- Department of Medicine, Sir Salimullah Medical College Mitford Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Munir A, Dahal P, Kumar R, Singh-Phulgenda S, Siddiqui NA, Naylor C, Wilson J, Buck G, Rahi M, Alves F, Malaviya P, Sundar S, Ritmeijer K, Stepniewska K, Pandey K, Guérin PJ, Musa A. Haematological dynamics following treatment of visceral leishmaniasis: a protocol for systematic review and individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e074841. [PMID: 38101841 PMCID: PMC10729213 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-074841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a parasitic disease with an estimated 30 000 new cases occurring annually. Despite anaemia being a common haematological manifestation of VL, the evolution of different haematological characteristics following treatment remains poorly understood. An individual participant data meta-analysis (IPD-MA) is planned to characterise the haematological dynamics in patients with VL. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The Infectious Diseases Data Observatory (IDDO) VL data platform is a global repository of IPD from therapeutic studies identified through a systematic search of published literature (PROSPERO registration: CRD42021284622). The platform currently holds datasets from clinical trials standardised to a common data format. Corresponding authors and principal investigators of the studies indexed in the IDDO VL data platform meeting the eligibility criteria for inclusion were invited to be part of the collaborative IPD-MA. Mixed-effects multivariable regression models will be constructed to identify determinants of haematological parameters by taking clustering within study sites into account. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This IPD-MA meets the criteria for waiver of ethical review as defined by the Oxford Tropical Research Ethics Committee (OxTREC) granted to IDDO, as the research consists of secondary analysis of existing anonymised data (exempt granted on 29 March 2023, OxTREC REF: IDDO). Ethics approval was granted by the ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences ethics committee (letter no.: RMRI/EC/30/2022) on 4 July 2022. The results of this analysis will be disseminated at conferences, the IDDO website and peer-reviewed publications in open-access journals. The findings of this research will be critically important for control programmes at regional and global levels, policymakers and groups developing new VL treatments. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42021284622.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdalla Munir
- Infectious Diseases Data Observatory (IDDO), Oxford, UK
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Prabin Dahal
- Infectious Diseases Data Observatory (IDDO), Oxford, UK
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rishikesh Kumar
- Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (RMRIMS), Patna, India
| | - Sauman Singh-Phulgenda
- Infectious Diseases Data Observatory (IDDO), Oxford, UK
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Caitlin Naylor
- Infectious Diseases Data Observatory (IDDO), Oxford, UK
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - James Wilson
- Infectious Diseases Data Observatory (IDDO), Oxford, UK
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Gemma Buck
- Infectious Diseases Data Observatory (IDDO), Oxford, UK
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Manju Rahi
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), New Delhi, India
| | - Fabiana Alves
- Drugs for Neglected Disease Initiative, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Paritosh Malaviya
- Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Shyam Sundar
- Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | | | - Kasia Stepniewska
- Infectious Diseases Data Observatory (IDDO), Oxford, UK
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Krishna Pandey
- Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (RMRIMS), Patna, India
| | - Philippe J Guérin
- Infectious Diseases Data Observatory (IDDO), Oxford, UK
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ahmed Musa
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
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Hassan AHE, Bayoumi WA, El-Sayed SM, Phan TN, Kim YJ, Lee CH, Cho SB, Oh T, Ham G, Mahmoud K, No JH, Lee YS. Rational repurposing, synthesis, in vitro and in silico studies of chromone-peptidyl hybrids as potential agents against Leishmania donovani. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2023; 38:2229071. [PMID: 37381756 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2023.2229071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A chromone-peptidyl hybrids series was synthesised and rationally repurposed towards identification of potential antileishmanial hits against visceral leishmaniasis. Three hybrids 7c, 7n, and 7h showed potential IC50 values (9.8, 10, and 12 µM, respectively) which were comparable to erufosine IC50 (9.8 µM) but lower potency than miltefosine IC50 (3.5 µM). Preliminary assessment of cytotoxicity using human THP-1 cells presented chromone-peptidyl hybrids 7c and 7n as non-cytotoxic up to 100 µM while erufosine and miltefosine had CC50 of 19.4 µM and >40 µM, respectively. In silico studies pinpointed the N-p-methoxyphenethyl substituent at the peptidyl moiety together with the oxygen-based substituted functions of the phenyl ring of the chromone moiety as crucial players in binding to LdCALP. Together, these findings present chromone-peptidyl hybrids 7c and 7n as potential and anticipated non-cytotoxic antileishmanial hit compounds for possible development of potential antileishmanial agents against visceral leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed H E Hassan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Waleed A Bayoumi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Selwan M El-Sayed
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Trong-Nhat Phan
- Host-Parasite Research Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Ju Kim
- Department of Fundamental Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae Hyeon Lee
- Department of Fundamental Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Bin Cho
- Department of Fundamental Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Taegeun Oh
- Department of Fundamental Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeongpyo Ham
- Department of Fundamental Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kazem Mahmoud
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Badr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Joo Hwan No
- Host-Parasite Research Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Sup Lee
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Fundamental Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Elwadhi A, KC N, Joshi K, Charan GK. Suspect the Unexpected: A Rare Association of Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia and Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis with Visceral Leishmaniasis: A Case Report and Review of Literature. EJIFCC 2023; 34:330-333. [PMID: 38303752 PMCID: PMC10828534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis is a common tropical infection presenting with a myriad of hematological abnormalities. We report an unusual case of an 11-year-old girl suffering from a febrile illness with hepatosplenomegaly and anemia. Laboratory findings included pancytopenia and hyperbilirubinemia. The leishmania antigen rK39 was positive and bone marrow examination revealed hemophagocytosis and amastigote forms of Leishmania donovani. Direct Coombs' test was positive (warm type, IgG) and LDH was elevated. Tests for other infections were negative. A diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis with autoimmune hemolytic anemia (warm antibody type, IgG) with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis was made. Patient showed response with anti-leishmanial treatment with improvement in clinical condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman Elwadhi
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Neha KC
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Kamal Joshi
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - G Krishna Charan
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
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Maruf S, Sagar SK, Rashid MU, Uddin MR, Ghosh D, Ghosh P, Nath R, Sohel ANM, Aktaruzzaman MM, Islam MN, Banjara MR, Kroeger A, Aseffa A, Mondal D. Assessment of treatment outcomes of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) treated cases and impact of COVID-19 on VL management and control services in Bangladesh. J Infect Public Health 2023; 16:1716-1721. [PMID: 37741011 PMCID: PMC10589821 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 has largely impacted the management of Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), like several other Neglected Tropical Diseases. The impact was particularly evident in Lower and Middle-Income countries where the already inadequate healthcare resources were diverted to managing the COVID-19 pandemic. Bangladesh achieved the elimination target for VL in 2016. To sustain this success, early diagnosis and treatment, effective vector control, and periodic surveillance are paramount. However, the specific control measures for VL in Bangladesh that were hampered during COVID-19 and their extent are unknown. METHODS This study aimed at identifying the gaps and challenges in the follow-up of treated VL patients by interviewing both the treated VL cases and their health service providers. We followed VL cases treated between 2019 and 2020 in five VL endemic subdistricts (upazilas) both retrospectively and prospectively to monitor clinical improvement, relapse, or other consequences. Moreover, interviews were conducted with the health service providers to assess the impact of COVID-19 on VL case detection, treatment, reporting, vector control operations, and logistic supply chain management. RESULTS There was no added delay for VL diagnosis; however, VL treatment initiation and reporting time increased almost two-fold due to COVID-19. Indoor Residual Spraying activity was significantly hampered due to a shortage of insecticides. Out of 44 enrolled and treated VL patients, two relapsed (4.5 %), two developed Para Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis (4.5 %), and three (6.8 %) Post Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis (PKDL). The health service providers highlighted patients` unwillingness to visit the hospital, financial constraints, and distance from the hospitals as the main reasons for missed follow-up visits (20.5 %). Building good communication in the community, awareness schemes, and incentive-based approaches were suggested as possible solutions to mitigate these problems. CONCLUSION Long-term follow-up is required for the early detection and management of VL relapse and PKDL cases. Effective vector control measures, capacity development, and identification of new VL hotspots are pivotal in the VL endemic regions to sustain the elimination goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shomik Maruf
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), 68 Shaheed Taj Uddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Soumik Kha Sagar
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), 68 Shaheed Taj Uddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Md Utba Rashid
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), 68 Shaheed Taj Uddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, USA
| | - Md Rasel Uddin
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), 68 Shaheed Taj Uddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Debashis Ghosh
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), 68 Shaheed Taj Uddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Prakash Ghosh
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), 68 Shaheed Taj Uddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Rupen Nath
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), 68 Shaheed Taj Uddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Abu Nayeem Mohammad Sohel
- Communicable Disease Control (CDC), Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS), Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - M M Aktaruzzaman
- Communicable Disease Control (CDC), Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS), Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Md Nazmul Islam
- Communicable Disease Control (CDC), Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS), Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Megha Raj Banjara
- UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Axel Kroeger
- University of Freiburg, Centre for Medicine and Society, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Abraham Aseffa
- UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dinesh Mondal
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), 68 Shaheed Taj Uddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh.
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Vijayakumar S, Laxman Kumar L, Borkotoky S, Murali A. The application of MD simulation to lead identification, vaccine design, and structural studies in combat against leishmaniasis - A review. Mini Rev Med Chem 2023:MRMC-EPUB-134205. [PMID: 37680156 DOI: 10.2174/1389557523666230901105231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Drug discovery, vaccine design, and protein interaction studies are rapidly moving toward the routine use of molecular dynamics simulations (MDS) and related methods. As a result of MDS, it is possible to gain insights into the dynamics and function of identified drug targets, antibody-antigen interactions, potential vaccine candidates, intrinsically disordered proteins, and essential proteins. The MDS appears to be used in all possible ways in combating diseases such as cancer, however, it has not been well documented as to how effectively it is applied to infectious diseases such as Leishmaniasis. As a result, this systematic review aims to survey the application of MDS in combating leishmaniasis. We have systematically collected articles that illustrate the implementation of MDS in drug discovery, vaccine development, and structural studies related to Leishmaniasis. Of all the articles reviewed, we identified that only a limited number of studies focused on the development of vaccines against Leishmaniasis through MDS. Also, the PCA and FEL studies were not carried out in most of the studies. These two were globally accepted utilities to understand the conformational changes and hence it is recommended that this analysis should be taken up in similar approaches in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Subhomoi Borkotoky
- Department of Biotechnology, Invertis University, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ayaluru Murali
- Department of Bioinformatics, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
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Sheikh SY, Ansari WA, Hassan F, Faruqui T, Khan MF, Akhter Y, Khan AR, Siddiqui MA, Al-Khedhairy AA, Nasibullah M. Drug repositioning to discover novel Ornithine Decarboxylase inhibitors against Visceral Leishmaniasis. J Mol Recognit 2023:e3021. [PMID: 37092713 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.3021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is caused by Leishmania donovani (Ld), and most cases occur in Brazil, East Africa, and India. The treatment for VL is limited and has many adverse effects. The development of safer and more efficacious drugs is urgently needed. Drug repurposing is one of the best processes to repurpose existing drugs. Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) is an important target against L. donovani in the polyamine biosynthesis pathway. In this study, we have modeled the 3D structure of ODC and performed high-throughput virtual screening (HTVS) of 8630 ZINC database ligands against Leishmania donovani ornithine decarboxylase (Ld ODC), selecting 45 ligands based on their high binding score. It is further validated through molecular docking simulation and the selection of the top two lead molecules (ceftaroline fosamil and rimegepant) for Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulation, DFT, and MMGBSA analysis. The results showed that the binding affinities of ceftaroline fosamil, and rimegepant are, respectively, -10.719 and 10.159 kcal/mol. The docking complexes of the two lead compounds, ceftaroline fosamil, and rimegepant, with the target ODC, were found stable during molecular dynamics simulations. Furthermore, the analysis of molecular mechanics generalized Born surface area (MMGBSA) revealed that these compounds had a high binding free energy. The DFT analysis showed that the top lead molecules were more reactive than the standard drug (pentamidine). In-silico findings demonstrated that ceftaroline fosamil, and rimegepant might be recognized as potent antagonists against ODC for the treatment of VL. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Waseem Ahmad Ansari
- Department of Biotechnology, Era University, Sarfarazganj, Hardoi Road, Lucknow, India
| | - Firoj Hassan
- Department of Chemistry, Integral University, Dasauli, Kursi road, Lucknow, India
| | - Tabrez Faruqui
- Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Dasauli, P.O. Basha, Kursi Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohammad Faheem Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, Era University, Sarfarazganj, Hardoi Road, Lucknow, India
| | - Yusuf Akhter
- Department of Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, VidyaVihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, India
| | - Abdul Rahman Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Integral University, Dasauli, Kursi road, Lucknow, India
| | - Maqsood A Siddiqui
- Chair for DNA Research, Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz A Al-Khedhairy
- Chair for DNA Research, Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Malik Nasibullah
- Department of Chemistry, Integral University, Dasauli, Kursi road, Lucknow, India
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13
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Hassan AHE, Mahmoud K, Phan TN, Shaldam MA, Lee CH, Kim YJ, Cho SB, Bayoumi WA, El-Sayed SM, Choi Y, Moon S, No JH, Lee YS. Bestatin analogs-4-quinolinone hybrids as antileishmanial hits: Design, repurposing rational, synthesis, in vitro and in silico studies. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 250:115211. [PMID: 36827952 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Amongst different forms of leishmaniasis, visceral leishmaniasis caused by L. donovani is highly mortal. Identification of new hit compounds might afford new starting points to develop novel therapeutics. In this lieu, a rationally designed small library of bestatin analogs-4-quinolone hybrids were prepared and evaluated. Analysis of SAR unveiled distinct profiles for hybrids type 1 and type 2, which might arise from their different molecular targets. Amongst type 1 bestatin analog-4-quinolone hybrids, hybrid 1e was identified as potential hit inhibiting growth of L. donovani promastigotes by 91 and 53% at 50 and 25 μM concentrations, respectively. Meanwhile, hybrid 2j was identified amongst type 2 bestatin analog-4-quinolone hybrids as potential hit compound inhibiting growth of L. donovani promastigotes by 50 and 38% at 50 and 25 μM concentrations, respectively. Preliminary safety evaluation of the promising hit compounds showed that they are 50-100 folds safer against human derived monocytic THP-1 cells relative to the drug erufosine. In silico study was conducted to predict the possible binding of hybrid 1e with methionine aminopeptidases 1 and 2 of L. donovani. Molecular dynamic simulations verified the predicted binding modes and provide more in depth understanding of the impact of hybrid 1e on LdMetAP-1 and LdMetAP-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed H E Hassan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt; Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kazem Mahmoud
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Badr City, Cairo, 11829, Egypt
| | - Trong-Nhat Phan
- Host-Parasite Research Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Moataz A Shaldam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Chae Hyeon Lee
- Department of Fundamental Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Ju Kim
- Department of Fundamental Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Bin Cho
- Department of Fundamental Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Waleed A Bayoumi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Selwan M El-Sayed
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Yeonwoo Choi
- Department of Fundamental Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Suyeon Moon
- Department of Fundamental Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Hwan No
- Host-Parasite Research Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Sup Lee
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Fundamental Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
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Singh S, Madhukar M, Dikhit MR, Ravidas VN, Pandey K, Sen A. Transcriptome analysis of dermal fibroblasts derived from VL and PKDL patients reveal disease specific gene expression and pathological regulation. J Infect Dis 2023; 227:1132-1142. [PMID: 36821723 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL), a dermal form of the disease, occurs in some of the visceral leishmaniasis (VL) patients following treatment. The PKDL disease mechanism is yet not clearly understood. OBJECTIVES Here we have studied the role of dermal fibroblasts in VL and PKDL disease mechanism. METHODS Dermal fibroblasts were grown from skin biopsy explants collected from individual VL & PKDL patients and healthy controls. Fibroblasts from third passage were subjected to RNA-Seq for analyzing differentially-expressed genes (DEGs). Significantly important genes were further validated by RT-PCR and ELISA. RESULTS Transcriptome analysis of PKDL vs VL identified 516 DEGs (263 were overrepresented and 253 were underrepresented in PKDL). Among the top Hub-genes, MMP2, IL1β, CXCL8, IFIH1, NFKB1A, IL6, ISG15 and EGFR were underexpressed and ACTB, HSP90AA1, RAB7A and RPS27A were overexpressed in PKDL compared to VL. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicates that PKDL fibroblasts may present antigens through MHC I pathway activating CD8+ T-cell mediated response while the VL fibroblasts express NFκB mediated chemokines, IL1β, IL6 and IL8 resulting in the recruitment of NK-cells and monocytes to the site of infection leading to the clearance of parasite from the skin and visceralization of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Singh
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Major Madhukar
- Department of Clinical Medicine, ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Manas Ranjan Dikhit
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Vidya Nand Ravidas
- Department of Clinical Medicine, ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Krishna Pandey
- Department of Clinical Medicine, ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Abhik Sen
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India
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Kumari S, Kumar V, Tiwari RK, Ravidas V, Pandey K, Kumar A. - Amphotericin B: A drug of choice for Visceral Leishmaniasis. Acta Trop 2022; 235:106661. [PMID: 35998680 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis or Kala-azar is a vector-borne disease caused by an intracellular parasite of the genus leishmania. In India, Amphotericin B (AmB) is a first-line medication for treating leishmaniasis. After a large-scale resistance to pentavalent antimony therapy developed in Bihar state, it was rediscovered as an effective treatment for Leishmania donovani infection. AmB which binds to the ergosterol of protozoan cells causes a change in membrane integrity resulting in ions leakage, and ultimately leading to cell death. The treatment effect of liposomal AmB can be seen more quickly than deoxycholate AmB because, it has some toxic effects, but liposomal AmB is significantly less toxic. Evidence from studies suggested that ABLC (Abelcet) and ABCD (Amphotec) are as effective as L-AmB but Liposomal form (Ambisome) is a more widely accepted treatment option than conventional ones. Nevertheless, the world needs some way more efficient antileishmanial drugs that are less toxic and less expensive for people living with parasitic infections caused by Leishmania. So, academics, researchers, and sponsors need to focus on finding such drugs. This review provides a summary of the chemical, pharmacokinetic, drug-target interactions, stability, dose efficacy, and many other characteristics of the AmB and their various formulations. We have also highlighted the clinically significant aspects of PKDL and VL co-infection with HIV/TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shobha Kumari
- Department of Biochemistry, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna 800007, Bihar, India
| | - Vikash Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna 800007, Bihar, India
| | - Ritesh Kumar Tiwari
- Department of Biochemistry, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna 800007, Bihar, India
| | - Vidyanand Ravidas
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna 800007, Bihar, India
| | - Krishna Pandey
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna 800007, Bihar, India
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna 800007, Bihar, India.
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Dhamnetiya D, Jha RP, Shalini, Bhattacharyya K. India's performance in controlling Visceral Leishmaniasis as compared to Brazil over past three decades: findings from global burden of disease study. J Parasit Dis 2021; 45:877-86. [PMID: 34789968 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-021-01375-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a neglected tropical disease which contributes to the mortality and morbidity significantly in India and Brazil. This study was planned to compare the trends of incidence, prevalence, death and disability-adjusted life years (DALY) of VL burden in India and Brazil from 1990 to 2019 using Global burden of disease study (GBD) data. The metrics are presented as age-standardized rates per 100,000 inhabitants with their respective uncertainty intervals (95% UI) and relative percentages of change. The decline in the Incidence rate is more in case of India (16.82 cases per 100,000 in 1990 to 0.60 cases in 2019) as compared to Brazil (3.12 cases per 100,000 in 1990 to 2.65 cases in 2019). The annualized rate of change in number of prevalent cases for India is - 0.95 (95% UI - 0.98 to - 0.91) whereas for Brazil it is - 0.06 (95% UI - 0.41 to 0.52). The annualized rate of change in number of DALY for India is - 0.94 (95% UI - 0.96 to - 0.92) whereas for Brazil it is - 0.09 (95% UI - 0.25 to 0.28). The annualized rate of change in number of deaths for India is - 0.93 (95% UI - 0.95 to - 0.92) whereas for Brazil it is increasing i.e. 0.04 (95% UI - 0.12 to 0.51). India achieves significant reduction in the age standardized incidence, prevalence, mortality and DALY of VL as compared to Brazil during the period of 1990 to 2019. A multi-centric study is required to assess bottleneck in the existing strategies of VLSCP in Brazil.
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Rodrigues WF, Mendes NS, de Carvalho Ribeiro P, Mendes Filho D, Parreira RC, Chaves KCB, de Abreu MCM, Miguel CB. A critical review of the applicability of serological screening for Leishmaniasis in blood banks in Brazil. J Parasit Dis 2021; 45:109-117. [PMID: 33746394 PMCID: PMC7921252 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-020-01283-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a group of diseases caused by several species of protozoa. It is a major public health concern in its visceral form, accounting annually for 59,000 deaths, and an estimated 12 million infected patients per year. The importance of VL resides not only in its high incidence and wide distribution but also in the possibility of the disease progressing to the severe and lethal forms, especially in children and immunosuppressed individuals, when associated with malnutrition and concomitant infections. This study is a bibliographical review, aiming to understand the sensitivity and specificity parameters of the tests used to detect Leishmaniasis, as well as to understand if there is any relevance in proposing a serological screening for Leishmaniasis in blood banks. In general, we observed that there are currently several types of tests for detecting Leishmaniasis: parasitological, serological and molecular. In such tests, many serological methods and kits are available for the detection of asymptomatic visceral leishmaniasis, but there is variability in sensitivity and specificity among the methods. The gold standard for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis is the parasitological method, through the aspiration of bone marrow, with higher sensitivity by splenic puncture. Due to the relevance of the disease and the available data from research centers, there is evidence to propose a transfusion serological screening for visceral Leishmaniasis, pointing to the need for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Niege Silva Mendes
- Department of Genetics, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Patrícia de Carvalho Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Immunology and Experimental Transplantation, Medical School of São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP), São José do Rio Preto, SP Brazil
- Nanocell Institute, Divinópolis, Brazil
| | - Daniel Mendes Filho
- Nanocell Institute, Divinópolis, Brazil
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Ricardo Cambraia Parreira
- Nanocell Institute, Divinópolis, Brazil
- Biochemistry and Immunology by the Institute of Biological Sciences of the Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil
- University Centre of Mineiros (UNIFIMES), Trindade, GO Brazil
| | | | | | - Camila Botelho Miguel
- University Centre of Mineiros (UNIFIMES), Rua 22, Setor Aeroporto, Mineiros, GO 75.830-000 Brazil
- Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, MG Brazil
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Zou L, Chen G, Zhou Y, Ye W, Wen Y, Chen L, Li X. Continuous hypergammaglobulinemia and proteinuria after the recovery of the visceral Leishmaniasis: a case report. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:124. [PMID: 33509123 PMCID: PMC7844912 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-05819-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kidney involvement of visceral Leishmaniasis is previously reported, but knowledge is limited. Hypergammaglobulinemia is common in visceral leishmaniasis patients. Whether hypergammaglobulinemia after leishmaniasis depletion can cause kidney injury is not well reported yet. CASE PRESENTATION We reported a patient who recovered from visceral Leishmaniasis but showed persistent hypergammaglobulinemia and elevated urinary protein. Kidney biopsy showed glomerular hypertrophy with mild segmental mesangial proliferation without tubulointerstitial involvement in light microscopy. No immune complex deposit was found in the mesangial area by neither immunofluorescent staining nor electronic microscope. Increased lysosomes were observed in proximal tubules by electronic microscope. Valsartan was administered to decrease urinary protein, and no immune-suppressive therapy was added. The urinary protein and serum IgG level gradually dropped, and serum creatinine level remained stable during three- month follow up. CONCLUSIONS Hypergammaglobulinemia is unlikely to cause renal structural or functional damage in the short term. Angiotensin blockade significantly reduced urine protein, with a minor effect on IgG elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linfeng Zou
- Department of Internal Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
- Department of Nephrology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Yangzhong Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Wei Ye
- Department of Nephrology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yubin Wen
- Department of Nephrology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Limeng Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Xuemei Li
- Department of Nephrology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
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Gize A, Workineh A, Hailu T. A trend prevalence of visceral Leishmaniasis in West Armachiho District, Amhara Region, Northwest Ethiopia. Trop Dis Travel Med Vaccines 2020; 6:23. [PMID: 33292689 PMCID: PMC7694413 DOI: 10.1186/s40794-020-00125-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a disease caused by an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite that affects animals and humans. An estimated 3.2 million people are at risk of VL, and 3700–7400 cases occur annually in Ethiopia. The highest numbers of VL cases have been previously reported from the North Western parts of the country, especially in West Armachiho District. The aim of this study was to determine the trend prevalence of VL at the study area. Methods Health center based retrospective data were collected to determine the trend prevalence of VL among patients who had blood examination from January 2010 to August 2015. The blood samples were collected by finger pricking and the infections were confirmed by using rK39 antibody test. Result Of the 9299 VL suspected cases, 1948 (21%) were positive for rK39 antibody test. Of these, 1757 (90.2%) were primary kala-azar cases, 167 (8.6%) were relapse and the remaining 24 (1.2%) were post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis cases. Conclusions The prevalence of VL is still high in the study area. Therefore, early case detection, diagnosis, treatment, and timely analysis are essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Addisu Gize
- Department of Microbiology, St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Addisu Workineh
- Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Directorate, Amhara National Regional State Health Bureau, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Taddesse Hailu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
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20
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Mukherjee A, Barik S, Sar P, Sarkar A. Role of thrombopoiesis in leishmaniasis. Cytokine 2021; 147:155310. [PMID: 33127256 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The blood vascular system of mammals is unique in nature; inhabited with a pool of tiny small cell fragments called platelets; attributed with the most important patrolling tasks to check integrity of the entire endothelial landscape. Their production is tightly coupled with hematopoietic system where everything starts from self renewable multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) which eventually undergo dual step (megakaryopoiesis-thrombopoiesis) thrombocytes production. Several cytokines tune the fate of every progenitor cells during hematopoiesis through temporal activation of specific transcription factors. Though platelets generated through steady state hematopoiesis are involved in the regulation of vascular homeostasis, these cells can sense pathogens through its innate immune sensors and can mount crucial responses against the invading pathogen. For this, the primary aim of many infections including Leishmania is to induce thrombocytopenia within infected host. But the underlying mechanism of this induced thrombocytopenia in Leishmania infection has not been evaluated. Elucidation of these mechanisms will be fruitful to design new chemotherapeutic strategies.
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21
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Kumar A, Pandey SC, Samant M. DNA-based microarray studies in visceral leishmaniasis: identification of biomarkers for diagnostic, prognostic and drug target for treatment. Acta Trop 2020; 208:105512. [PMID: 32389452 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is one of the major infectious diseases affecting the poorest regions of the world. Current therapy is not very much satisfactory. The alarming rise of drug resistance and the unavailability of an effective vaccine against VL urges research towards identifying new targets or biomarkers for its effective treatment. New technology developments offer some fresh hope in its diagnosis, treatment, and control. DNA microarray approach is now broadly used in parasitology research to facilitate the thoughtful of mechanisms of disease and identification of drug targets and biomarkers for diagnostic and therapeutic development. An electronic search on "VL" and "Microarray" was conducted in Medline and Scopus and papers published in the English mentioning use of DNA microarray on VL were selected and read to write this paper review. Functional analysis and interpretation of microarray results remain very challenging due to the inherent nature of experimental workflows, access, cost, and complexity of data obtained. We have explained and emphasized the use of curate knowledge of microarray in the case of VL for the identification of therapeutic target and biomarker and their selection/implementation in clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awanish Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Raipur (Chhattisgarh), INDIA
| | - Satish Chandra Pandey
- Cell and Molecular biology laboratory, Department of Zoology, Kumaun University, SSJ Campus, Almora (Uttarakhand), INDIA; Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University Nainital, Bhimtal Campus, Bhimtal, Nainital (Uttarakhand), INDIA
| | - Mukesh Samant
- Cell and Molecular biology laboratory, Department of Zoology, Kumaun University, SSJ Campus, Almora (Uttarakhand), INDIA.
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22
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Lozano-Sardaneta YN, Sánchez-Montes S, Sánchez-Cordero V, Becker I, Paternina LE. Molecular detection of Leishmania infantum in sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) from Veracruz, Mexico. Acta Trop 2020; 207:105492. [PMID: 32298655 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Phlebotomine sand flies are vectors of Leishmania parasites causing different clinical forms of leishmaniases that represent a serious emerging public health problem worldwide. Mexico harbours a large diversity of sand flies, yet only six species have been considered suspected vectors of Leishmania. The disease has been recorded in 25 states, where the State of Veracruz has recorded the highest number of cases with leishmaniases, although no systematic or epidemiological surveillance studies of Leishmania vectors have been carried out in the region. For that reason, the aim of this study was to perform the molecular detection of Leishmania DNA in phlebotomine sand flies collected from a humid tropical region in Veracruz. We confirmed the presence of Leishmania DNA in eight sand fly species. Sand flies with the highest infection were Psathyromyia aclydifera and Pychodopygus panamensis. This is also the first report of Leishmania DNA in Psathyromyia aclydifera, Psathyromyia carpenteri, Dampfomyia beltrani and Brumptomyia mesai. Our findings highlight the importance of entomological surveys and epidemiological studies, since they enable to determine whether sand fly species may be potential Leishmania vectors in a given area of the Mexico, as transmission dynamics can vary in the different regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yokomi N Lozano-Sardaneta
- Centro de Medicina Tropical, Unidad de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 06720, México
| | - Sokani Sánchez-Montes
- Centro de Medicina Tropical, Unidad de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 06720, México
| | - Víctor Sánchez-Cordero
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, México
| | - Ingeborg Becker
- Centro de Medicina Tropical, Unidad de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 06720, México.
| | - Luís E Paternina
- Grupo Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Sucre, Carrera 14 No. 16B-32 (CP 700003), Sincelejo, Sucre, Colombia.
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Saurabh S, Roy P, Pandey DK, Ray D, Tarak S, Pandey R, Kumar D, Jamil S, Paulraj A, Kumar A, Dutta S. Changing clinico-epidemiology of post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) in India: Results of a survey in four endemic states. J Vector Borne Dis 2020; 57:161-169. [PMID: 34290161 DOI: 10.4103/0972-9062.310875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES Detection and treatment of post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) cases is considered important for kala-azar elimination. The objective of our study was to find out the proportion of different forms of lesions, interruption of treatment and rate of treatment completion, cure rates of PKDL, risk factors for developing severe forms of PKDL and utilization of services offered by the kala-azar elimination program. METHODS A cross-sectional survey of PKDL patients registered for treatment at all levels of care during 2015 and 2016 was done. RESULTS 576 PKDL patients who had started treatment in 2015 and 2016 were studied. Three-fourths of all patients were found to be clinically cured after a year of follow-up. Around 90% lesions were of macular type. Interruption of treatment was observed in one-fourth of PKDL patients. Median duration between kala-azar treatment and development of PKDL was 4.5 years. Around 79% patients had past history of kala-azar treatment. Discontinuation of treatment during earlier kala-azar episode was significantly associated with the development of papular and nodular forms of lesion. 43% of patients had received the incentive of INR 2000 after completion of treatment. Around three-fourths women in the reproductive age group were found not to use any contraceptive method during PKDL treatment. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION PKDL treatment interruption should be reduced through ensuring drug supply and timely retrieval of patients. Directly observed treatment should be implemented and combination regimen should be explored to improve final cure rate. Delivery of financial incentive to PKDL patients and counselling and contraception to women of reproductive age group should be improved.
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Tiwari RK, Gupta CL, Bajpai P. Impelling TLR9: Road to perspective vaccine for visceral leishmaniasis. Drug Dev Res 2020; 83:222-224. [PMID: 32216115 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Recent trends in immunotherapy have shown enthusiasm in exploring Toll-like receptors (TLRs) for designing therapeutical interventions against numerous deadly diseases. TLRs are subfamily of pathogen recognition receptor playing pivotal role in innate immunity. TLR9 is one such critical member belonging to intracellular TLRs which is associated with mounting inflammatory response in response to intruders. Explorative studies have shown CG motifs from the prokaryotic origin as activators of TLR9 culminating in the expression of NFκB. These CG rich short stranded DNA sequences have been further delineated into different classes based on their structural specificities and immunomodulatory properties. Here we discuss the progress of how activation of TLR9 can be utilized with novel parasitic CpG islands to function as potential adjuvants specifically against protozoan parasitic diseases primarily visceral leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania donovani.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Kumar Tiwari
- Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Chhedi Lal Gupta
- Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Preeti Bajpai
- Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Bora N, Jha AN. In silico Metabolic Pathway Analysis Identifying Target Against Leishmaniasis - A Kinetic Modeling Approach. Front Genet 2020; 11:179. [PMID: 32211028 PMCID: PMC7068213 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The protozoan Leishmania donovani, from trypanosomatids family is a deadly human pathogen responsible for causing Visceral Leishmaniasis. Unavailability of proper treatment in the developing countries has served as a major threat to the people. The absence of vaccines has made treatment possibilities to rely solely over chemotherapy. Also, reduced drug efficacy due to emerging resistant strains magnifies the threat. Despite years of formulations for an effective drug therapy, complexity of the disease is also unfortunately increasing. Absence of potential drug targets has worsened the scenario. Therefore exploring new therapeutic approach is a priority for the scientific community to combat the disease. One of the most reliable ways to alter the adversities of the infection is finding new biological targets for designing potential drugs. An era of computational biology allows identifying targets, assisting experimental studies. It includes sorting the parasite’s metabolic pathways that pins out proteins essential for its survival. We have directed our study towards a computational methodology for determining targets against L. donovani from the “purine salvage” pathway. This is a mainstay pathway towards the maintenance of purine amounts in the parasitic pool of nutrients proving to be mandatory for its survival. This study represents an integration of metabolic pathway and Protein-Protein Interactions analysis. It consists of incorporating the available experimental data to the theoretical methods with a prospective to develop a kinetic model of Purine salvage pathway. Simulation data revealed the time course mechanism of the enzymes involved in the synthesis of the metabolites. Modeling of the metabolic pathway helped in marking of crucial enzymes. Additionally, the PPI analysis of the pathway assisted in building a static interaction network for the proteins. Topological analysis of the PPI network through centrality measures (MCC and Closeness) detected targets found common with Dynamic Modeling. Therefore our analysis reveals the enzymes ADSL (Adenylosuccinate lyase) and IMPDH (Inosine-5′-monophosphate dehydrogenase) to be important having a central role in the modeled network based on PPI and kinetic modeling techniques. Further the available three dimensional structure of the enzyme “ADSL” aided towards the search for potential inhibitors against the protein. Hence, the study presented the significance of integrating methods to identify key proteins which might be putative targets against the treatment of Visceral Leishmaniasis and their potential inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Bora
- Computational Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur, India
| | - Anupam Nath Jha
- Computational Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur, India
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26
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Humbert MV, Costa LE, Katis I, Fonseca Ramos F, Sanchéz Machado A, Sones C, Ferraz Coelho EA, Christodoulides M. A rapid diagnostic test for human Visceral Leishmaniasis using novel Leishmania antigens in a Laser Direct-Write Lateral Flow Device. Emerg Microbes Infect 2019; 8:1178-1185. [PMID: 31381478 PMCID: PMC6713177 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2019.1635430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) causes high morbidity and mortality in low-to-middle-income countries worldwide. In this study, we used Laser Direct-Write (LDW) technology to develop a new Lateral Flow Device (LFD) with double-channel geometry on a low-cost paper platform as a rapid and accurate serodiagnostic assay for human VL. This Duplex VL-LFD was based on a laser-patterned microfluidic device using two recombinant Leishmania proteins, β-tubulin and LiHyp1, as novel diagnostic antigens. The VL-LFD assay was tested with blood/serum samples from patients diagnosed with VL, Tegumentary Leishmaniasis, Leishmaniasis of unknown identity, other parasitic diseases with similar clinical symptoms, i.e. Leprosy Disease and Chagas Disease, and blood from healthy donors, and compared in parallel with commercial rK39 IT-LEISH® Kit. Clinical diagnosis and real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction assay were used as reference standards. VL-LFD Sensitivity (S ± 95% Confidence Intervals (CI)) of 90.9 (78.9-100) and Specificity (Sp ± 95% CI) of 98.7 (96.1-100) outperformed the IT-LEISH® Kit [S = 77.3 (59.8-94.8), Sp = 94.7 (89.6-99.8)]. This is the first study reporting successful development of an LFD assay using the LDW technology and the VL-LFD warrants comparative testing in larger patient cohorts and in areas with endemic VL in order to improve diagnosis and disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Victoria Humbert
- a Neisseria Research Group, Molecular Microbiology, School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital , Southampton , England
| | - Lourena Emanuele Costa
- b Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| | - Ioannis Katis
- c Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton , Southampton , England
| | - Fernanda Fonseca Ramos
- b Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| | - Amanda Sanchéz Machado
- b Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| | - Collin Sones
- c Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton , Southampton , England
| | - Eduardo Antonio Ferraz Coelho
- b Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil.,d Departamento de Patologia Clínica, COLTEC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| | - Myron Christodoulides
- a Neisseria Research Group, Molecular Microbiology, School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital , Southampton , England
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Herrera G, Castillo A, Ayala MS, Flórez C, Cantillo-Barraza O, Ramirez JD. Evaluation of four rapid diagnostic tests for canine and human visceral Leishmaniasis in Colombia. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:747. [PMID: 31455227 PMCID: PMC6712844 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4353-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmaniasis caused by different species of Leishmania affect 98 countries worldwide. Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is the mortal clinical presentation of the disease that causes the dead to more than 90% of the patients who suffer it. The diagnosis of VL is made by the direct observation of the parasite in bone marrow, spleen and/or liver aspirates that requires complex proceedings. Therefore, serum samples are submitted to Indirect Immunofluorescence to identify the presence of anti-Leishmania antibodies. Despite the variability in the diagnostic performance of the Immunochromatographic Tests (ICTs), there are many evidences that suggest that ICTs can be used for epidemiological screening. However, in Colombia there are not any evidence about the performance of the ICTs for VL diagnosis, both for human and canine serum samples. Therefore, this study evaluated the diagnostic performance of 4 ICTs for VL (2 ICTs in human sera and 2 ICTs in canine sera) in samples from endemic areas of Colombia. METHODS We selected a total of 156 human serum samples (82 positive and 74 negative for VL) and 126 canine serum samples (71 positive and 54 negative) diagnosed by in house Indirect Immunofluorescence (IIF). The samples were submitted to the ICTs following the manufacturers' instructions. Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of each ICT in comparison with the IIF. PCR for HSP70 gene and sanger sequencing was performed in samples with negative results for both ICTs. RESULTS The sensitivity (S) of both ICTs for human samples (Ad-bio Leishmania IgG/IgM Combo Rapid Test and Kalazar Detect™) was 91.5% and specificity (E) were 93.2 and 89.2% respectively, while for the ICTs tested on canine samples (Kalazar Detect™ Rapid Test, Canine and DPP® CVL rapid test) we found S values between 82.9 and 85.7% and E values between 79.6 and 92.6%. We found L. infantum by PCR and sequencing in 2 human samples, and L. braziliensis and L. amazonensis in canine serum samples that were negative by both ICTs. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that both tests evaluated on human samples have a similar diagnostic performance, while the Kalazar Detect™ Rapid Test, Canine showed a better diagnostic performance than the DPP® CVL rapid test evaluated on canine samples. Also, we suggest that it is necessary to design tests with antigens of the circulating strains to increase its diagnostic utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanny Herrera
- Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas-UR (GIMUR), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Adriana Castillo
- Grupo de Parasitología, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Martha S. Ayala
- Grupo de Parasitología, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Carolina Flórez
- Grupo de Parasitología, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Omar Cantillo-Barraza
- Grupo Biología y Control de Enfermedades Infecciosas (BCEI), Sede de Investigación Universitaria, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Juan David Ramirez
- Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas-UR (GIMUR), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
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Reza S, Hasan NA, Maryam NF, Fahimeh B, Ghahremani A, GholamReza H, Amin GM. Cytokine profile and nitric oxide levels in macrophages exposed to Leishmania infantum FML. Exp Parasitol 2019; 203:1-7. [PMID: 31128104 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Fucose-mannose ligand (FML) is a soluble antigen purified from Leishmania donovani complex and used for diagnosis, prognosis, and vaccine development against visceral leishmaniasis (VL). We aimed to explore the effects of FML on the production of cytokines, chemokines and nitric oxide (NO) by macrophages in vitro. Peritoneal macrophages from BALB/c mice were treated with various concentrations of FML purified from Leishmania infantum in the absence or presence of LPS Peritoneal macrophages. After 48hr, cell culture supernatants were recovered and the levels of TNF-α, IL-10, IL-12p70 and IP-10 measured by Sandwich ELISA and NO concentration by Griess reaction. We found that FML significantly increase NO, IL-12p70 and IP-10 production in both LPS-treated and untreated macrophages and increase IL-10 levels only in LPS-treated macrophages. However, FML could not alert TNF-α levels in both LPS-treated and untreated macrophages. Further analysis revealed that FML can also increase IL-12p70/IL-10 ratio in LPS-treated macrophages. We concluded that FML can polarize macrophages to an appropriate phenotype similar to M1 phenotype against Leishmania donovani complex, although IL10 and TNF results are controversial.
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Colomba C, Saporito L, Di Carlo P, Tolomeo M, Cervo A, Firenze A, Trizzino M, Cascio A. Direct-acting antivirals and visceral leishmaniasis: a case report. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:328. [PMID: 30999874 PMCID: PMC6471807 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-3947-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Visceral leishmaniasis is a vector-borne parasitic disease caused by protozoa belonging to the genus Leishmania. The clinical presentation of visceral leishmaniasis strictly depends on the host immunocompetency, whereas depressive conditions of the immune system impair the capability to resolve the infection and allow reactivation from sites of latency of the parasite. Case presentation We describe a case of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) that occurred in a patient with chronic hepatitis C treated with direct-acting antiviral drugs (DAA). The hypothesized mechanism is the alteration of protective inflammation mechanisms secondary to DAA therapy. Downregulation of type II and III IFNs, their receptors, which accompany HCV clearance achieved during treatment with sofosbuvir and ribavirin might have a negative impact on a risk for reactivation of a previous Leishmania infection. We know indeed that IFN-γ is important to enhance killing mechanisms in macrophages, which are the primary target cells of Leishmania. Conclusion Since VL is endemic in Sicily as well as in other countries of the Mediterranean basin, physicians should be aware of the possible unmasking of cryptic Leishmania infection by DAAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Colomba
- Dipartimento di Scienze per la promozione della Salute e Materno-infantile, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Laura Saporito
- Dipartimento di Scienze per la promozione della Salute e Materno-infantile, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Paola Di Carlo
- Dipartimento di Scienze per la promozione della Salute e Materno-infantile, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Manlio Tolomeo
- Dipartimento di Scienze per la promozione della Salute e Materno-infantile, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Adriana Cervo
- Dipartimento di Scienze per la promozione della Salute e Materno-infantile, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alberto Firenze
- Dipartimento di Scienze per la promozione della Salute e Materno-infantile, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Marcello Trizzino
- Dipartimento di Scienze per la promozione della Salute e Materno-infantile, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonio Cascio
- Dipartimento di Scienze per la promozione della Salute e Materno-infantile, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Zhang WW, Ghosh AK, Mohamath R, Whittle J, Picone A, Lypaczewski P, Ndao M, Howard RF, Das P, Reed SG, Matlashewski G. Development of a sandwich ELISA to detect Leishmania 40S ribosomal protein S12 antigen from blood samples of visceral leishmaniasis patients. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18:500. [PMID: 30285653 PMCID: PMC6171325 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3420-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), caused by Leishmania donovani complex parasites, is a neglected parasitic disease that is generally fatal if untreated. Despite decades of research to develop a sensitive VL diagnostic test, definitive diagnosis of VL still mainly relies on the visualization of the parasite in aspirates from the spleen, liver or bone marrow, an invasive and dangerous process with variable sensitivity. A sensitive assay that can detect Leishmania antigen from blood samples will help confirm cause, cure or recurrence of VL. Methods In this study, rabbit polyclonal antibodies were raised against eight recombinant Leishmania proteins that are highly abundant in Leishmania. The antibodies were purified and labeled with biotin for developing a prototype sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results The ELISA for the Leishmania 40S ribosomal protein S12 detected target antigen with the highest sensitivity and specificity and could detect 1 pg of purified protein or as few as 60 L. donovani parasites. The 40S ribosomal protein S12 sandwich ELISA could detect the target antigen from Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell (PBMC) samples in 68% of VL patients and post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) patients, providing an estimation of parasitemia ranging from 15 to 80 amastigotes per ml of blood. Conclusion These results indicate that the 40S ribosomal protein S12 sandwich ELISA warrants further tests with more clinical samples of VL patients and other parasitic diseases. It is hopeful that this ELISA could become a useful tool for confirming VL diagnosis, monitoring treatment progress, disease recurrence and possibly detecting asymptomatic Leishmania infections with a high parasite load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Wei Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, H3A2B4, Canada
| | - Ayan Kumar Ghosh
- Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (ICMR), Patna, Bihar, India
| | | | | | | | - Patrick Lypaczewski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, H3A2B4, Canada
| | - Momar Ndao
- National Reference Center for Parasitology, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Pradeep Das
- Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (ICMR), Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Steven G Reed
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Greg Matlashewski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, H3A2B4, Canada.
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Mulaw T, Tariku A, Tsegaye AT, Abebe Z. Effect of iron-folic acid supplementation on change of hemoglobin among visceral Leishmaniasis patients in northwest Ethiopia: a retrospective follow up study. BMC Hematol 2018; 18:29. [PMID: 30258634 PMCID: PMC6151065 DOI: 10.1186/s12878-018-0123-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background An individual with visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) commonly present with anemia and one of the VL treatment center in northwest Ethiopia has been recommended iron-folic acid supplementation to these patients. But there is no documented evidence whether iron-folic acid supplementation improves the hematological profile of patients. Therefore, the study aimed to assess change in hemoglobin (Hb) and its determinant factors among VL patients with and without iron-folic acid supplementation in northwest Ethiopia. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted from January 2015 to December 2016. Data were entered into Epi-Data version 3.1 and transferred to Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 20 for analysis. Independent sample T-test and linear regression were used to compare the change in Hb and identify factors associated with a change in Hb, respectively. A 95% confidence level and p-values less than 0.05 were used determine statistically significant. Results From a total of 602 VL patients, 299 (49.7%) were from University of Gondar hospital. The mean (±SD) change of Hb from baseline to end of treatment was 0.99(±1.64) and 1.61(±1.88) g/dl with and without iron-folate supplementation, respectively, with mean difference 0.62, 95% CI (0.34, 0.90) and a p-value of < 0.0001. In multiple linear regressions, combination therapy of sodium stibogluconate-paramomycin (SSG-PM) was positively associated with a change of Hb (β [SE, p]: 0.710/0.15, < 0.0001). Whereas age (- 0.030/0.009, 0.001), nasal bleeding (- 0.261/0.123, 0.035), baseline white blood cell (- 0.139/0.044, 0.002) and hemoglobin (- 0.513/0.031, < 0.0001), end of treatment spleen size (- 0.059/0.015, < 0.0001) and iron-folic acid supplementation (- 0.574/0.163, < 0.0001) were negatively associated with change of Hb. Conclusion Iron-folic acid supplementation had a negative effect on the change of Hb. A combination therapy of SSG-PM, age, nasal bleeding, baseline white blood cells and Hb, and iron-folic acid supplementation were the determinants of change of Hb. Therefore, avoiding iron-folic acid supplementation and strengthening VL treatment with a combination of SSG-PM and, and early identification of complications is recommended for a better outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadele Mulaw
- 1University of Gondar Specialized Hospital, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Amare Tariku
- 2Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Adino Tesfahun Tsegaye
- 3Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Zegeye Abebe
- 2Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Idris M, Farid J, Gul N. Morphology Of Bone Marrow In Visceral Leishmaniasis. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 2018; 30:342-344. [PMID: 30465362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visceral Leishmaniasis (Kala Azar), a vector borne parasitic disease is endemic in many parts of the world including South East Asia. It is a chronic febrile ailment caused by Leishmania Donovani (LD). More than three hundred million people living in the endemic areas are at high risk and fourteen million are living with the disease. METHODS This prospective study was conducted on seventy-five patients over a period of twelve years at the department of Pathology Ayub Medical College Abbottabad, focusing on the morphology of bone marrow aspirate obtained from patients. The aspirate was smeared on glass slides, fixed with alcohol and stained with Giemsa stain. The microscopic examination of stained slides was carried out by the single microscopist to avoid the difference of opinion. The initial diagnosis was further confirmed by tow experienced microscopists. RESULTS A minor difference was observed in the number of male and female participants, 38 versus 37, with male to female ratio of 1.02:1. The majority of the patients were 1- 15 years old. As much as 45.2% patients were 1-5 years old. In this age group, males were affected more than the females with male to female ratio of 1.4:1. Most of the patients belonged to district Battagram and Tor Ghar. Bone marrow aspiration was easy and the marrow aspirate was found having marrow fragments on naked eye examination in majority of the patients. Extrahistiocytic LD bodies alone were seen in 100%, extra and intrahistiocytic in 80% and intrahistiocytic alone in 33.3% patients. The parasite index was 1-5 to 1-10 in 53.4% and 26.6% patients respectively. CONCLUSIONS Visceral Leishmaniasis is endemic in the study area. Bone marrow examination, although an invasive procedure, gives direct microscopic diagnosis of visceral Leishmaniasis and may be considered where indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Idris
- Department of Pathology, Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Jamila Farid
- Department of Pathology, Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Nasreen Gul
- Department of Pathology, Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad, Pakistan
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Awasthi BP, Kathuria M, Pant G, Kumari N, Mitra K. Plumbagin, a plant-derived naphthoquinone metabolite induces mitochondria mediated apoptosis-like cell death in Leishmania donovani: an ultrastructural and physiological study. Apoptosis 2016; 21:941-53. [PMID: 27315817 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-016-1259-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Naphthoquinones are known to exhibit a broad range of biological activities against microbes, cancer and parasitic diseases and have been widely used in Indian traditional medicine. Plumbagin is a plant-derived naphthoquinone metabolite (5-hydroxy-2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone) reported to inhibit trypanothione reductase, the principal enzyme and a validated drug target involved in detoxification of oxidative stress in Leishmania. Here, we report the mechanistic aspects of cell death induced by plumbagin including physiological effects in the promastigote form and ultrastructural alterations in both promastigote and amastigote forms of Leishmania donovani which till now remained largely unknown. Our observations show that oxidative stress induced by plumbagin resulted in depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane, depletion in ATP levels, elevation of cytosolic calcium, increase in caspase 3/7-like protease activity and lipid peroxidation in promastigotes. Apoptosis-like cell death induction post plumbagin treatment was confirmed by biochemical assays like Annexin V/FITC staining, TUNEL as well as morphological and ultrastructural studies. These findings collectively highlight the mode of action and importance of oxidative stress inducing agents in effectively killing both forms of the Leishmania parasite and opens up the possibility of exploring plumbagin and its derivatives as promising candidates in the chemotherapy of Leishmaniasis.
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Al-Ghazaly J, Al-Dubai W, Abdullah M, Al-Gharasi L. Hematological Characteristics of Yemeni Adults and Children with Visceral Leishmaniasis. Could Eosinopenia be a Suspicion Index? Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2017; 9:e2017056. [PMID: 28894565 DOI: 10.4084/MJHID.2017.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives Delay in the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) particularly in non-endemic areas is associated with higher mortality. In our experience, we found that marked bone marrow eosinopenia was a very frequent accompaniment of VL and might be a useful clue for the diagnosis, which indicates the opportunity for further morphological assessment. The aim of this study was to describe the hematological characteristics including peripheral blood and bone marrow findings of Yemeni adults and children with VL. Methods We conducted a descriptive analytic study to evaluate systematically peripheral blood and bone marrow findings of Yemeni adults and children with VL. Peripheral blood and bone marrow aspiration of patients with bone marrow aspirate confirmed VL were examined. Forty-seven patients with the main age (±SD) of 17.34±11.37 years (Range: 1–60) were included in the study. Fifty-one non-VL subjects with splenomegaly and pancytopenia or bicytopenia served as control group. Results All patients with VL had anemia, 41 (87%) leukopenia, 42 (89%) neutropenia, 44 (94%) thrombocytopenia, 42 (89%) eosinopenia, 34 (72%) pancytopenia and 13 (28%) had bicytopenia. In bone marrow examination 40 (85%) showed hypercellularity, 44 (94%) eosinopenia, 24 (51%) dyserythropoiesis, 22 (47%) lymphocytosis, 8 (17%) plasmacytosis, 27 (57%) decreased iron stores and 20 (43%) showed decreased sideroblasts. Comparison of VL patients with the control group showed significantly more frequent peripheral blood eosinopenia and lymphopenia and marrow eosinopenia. There was no significant difference between adults and children in any of the hematological features. Conclusion Anemia, leukopenia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, eosinopenia, pancytopenia and marked bone marrow eosinopenia were the most common findings. The finding of marked bone marrow eosinopenia is a significant clue for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in patients who present with splenomegaly associated with cytopenias. This finding is particularly valuable in non-endemic areas.
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Alemayehu M, Wubshet M, Mesfin N, Tamiru A, Gebayehu A. Health-related quality of life of HIV infected adults with and without Visceral Leishmaniasis in Northwest Ethiopia. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2017; 15:65. [PMID: 28851361 PMCID: PMC5576231 DOI: 10.1186/s12955-017-0636-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is an important outcome measure among HIV infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). When HIV infected patients coinfected with Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) the problem become severe because VL accelerates HIV replication and disease progression. The impact of VL on the quality of life of HIV infected patients has not been studied. In this study in Ethiopia, we compared the quality of life of HIV infected patients with and without VL. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2015 to September 2016 in selected health centers and hospitals, in Northwest Ethiopia. Data on quality of life was collected by trained nurses. The instrument used to collect the data was the short Amharic version of the World Health Organization Quality of Life for HIV clients (WHOQoL-HIV). Depression was assessed using the validated version of Kessler scale. Data was entered and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Descriptive statistics, bivariate and multivariate linear regression model was used to summarize the results. RESULTS A total of 590 study participants were included in the study with response rate of 95%. Of the 590 patients included in our study 125 (21%) were HIV-VL coinfection. HIV-VL coinfected patients had a lower quality of life in all the domains as compared to HIV patients without VL. Depression was consistently and strongly associated with all the quality of life domains of both groups. Also, in HIV infected patients a longer duration in ART was associated with higher HRQoL domains except for the spiritual and level of independence domains. With regard to HIV-VL coinfected patients, a longer duration in ART was associated with psychological, spiritual and level of independence domains of HRQoL. Demographics, clinical, and treatment characteristics resulted few significant associations with HRQoL domains of both groups. CONCLUSION HIV-VL coinfected patients had a poor quality of life in all the domains of the WHOQoL-HIV instrument. Depression, duration of ART and education were strongly associated with the quality of life. Depression should be targeted for intervention to improve the quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mekuriaw Alemayehu
- Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, P. O. Box - 196, Gondar, Ethiopia.
| | - Mamo Wubshet
- Department of Public Health, St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Nebiyu Mesfin
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Aschalew Tamiru
- Leishmaniasis Research and Treatment Center, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, P. O. Box - 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Abebaw Gebayehu
- Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, P. O. Box - 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Idris M, Farid J, Gul N, Ahmed F, Irshad R. Visceral Leishmaniasis In Adults. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 2017; 29:509-510. [PMID: 29076696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Visceral Leishmaniasis (also known as Kala Azar) is a parasitic infection caused by Leishmania Donovani in the East and Leishmania Infantum in the west. It is prevalent in many countries including India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Africa and part of America. The disease follows chronic course and is usually lethal if left untreated. It has also been reported from different parts of Pakistan, including Northern areas, Districts Mansehra & Abbottabad and Hilly areas of Khyber Pukhtoonkhawah. Most the cases have been reported in paediatric population. Except one case, reported previously from Abbottabad. The present two cases were also seen in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Idris
- Department of Pathology Ayub Medical College Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Jamila Farid
- Department of Pathology Ayub Medical College Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Nasreen Gul
- Department of Pathology Ayub Medical College Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Fiaz Ahmed
- Department of Pathology Ayub Medical College Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Romana Irshad
- Department of Pathology Ayub Medical College Abbottabad, Pakistan
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Aliança ASDS, Oliveira AR, Feitosa APS, Ribeiro KRC, de Castro MCAB, Leite ACL, Alves LC, Brayner FA. In vitro evaluation of cytotoxicity and leishmanicidal activity of phthalimido-thiazole derivatives. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 105:1-10. [PMID: 28478133 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
It is estimated that the worldwide prevalence of leishmaniasis is around 12 million individuals in 80 countries, with 400,000new cases per year. In the search for new leishmanicidal agents, the hybrid phthalimido-thiazoles have been identified as an important scaffold for drug design and discovery. The present study thus reports the in vitro activity of a series of phthalimido-thiazole derivatives. Cytotoxicity against a strain of L. infantum, Vero cells, J774 macrophages and peritoneal macrophages was evaluated, as well as nitric oxide (NO) production. Activity against amastigote and promastigote forms of L. infantum and microscopic changes in the parasite and intracellular targets of the parasite were achieved. The results show that the compounds arising from hybridization of phthalimide and 1,3-thiazole exhibit promising leishmanicidal activity. Compounds 2j and 2m were the most potent of the series tested and the parasites treated with these compounds exhibited ultrastructural changes, such as cell body shrinkage, loss of cellular membrane integrity, vacuolization of cytoplasm, membrane profiles surrounding organelles and swelling of mitochondria. The data showed that these compounds reduced the survival of intracellular amastigotes and presented low toxicity for mammalian cells. The compounds produced increased NO production compared to untreated cells in non-infected macrophages. Treated promastigote forms showed an increase in the number of cells stained with propidium iodide. The compounds brought about significant changes in mitochondrial membrane potential. According to the present study, phthalimido-thiazole compounds exhibit leishmanicidal activity and could be used to develop novel antileishmaniasis drugs and explore potential molecular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Silva Dos Santos Aliança
- Laboratório de Imunologia Keizo Asami-LIKA/UFPE and Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-CPqAM/FIOCRUZ, Recife, PE CEP: 50670-420, Brazil; Post Graduate Program in Tropical Medicine (UFPE), Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235 - Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE CEP: 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Arsênio Rodrigues Oliveira
- Laboratório de Planejamento em Química Medicinal, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Post Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences (UFPE), Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE CEP: 50740-520, Brazil.
| | - Ana Paula Sampaio Feitosa
- Laboratório de Imunologia Keizo Asami-LIKA/UFPE and Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-CPqAM/FIOCRUZ, Recife, PE CEP: 50670-420, Brazil
| | - Karla Raíza Cardoso Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Imunologia Keizo Asami-LIKA/UFPE and Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-CPqAM/FIOCRUZ, Recife, PE CEP: 50670-420, Brazil
| | - Maria Carolina Accioly Brelaz de Castro
- Departamento de Imunologia, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-CPqAM/FIOCRUZ, Recife, PE CEP: 50670-420, Brazil; Laboratório de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco-CAV, Vitória de Santo Antão, PE CEP: 55608-680, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Lima Leite
- Laboratório de Planejamento em Química Medicinal, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Post Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences (UFPE), Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE CEP: 50740-520, Brazil
| | - Luiz Carlos Alves
- Laboratório de Imunologia Keizo Asami-LIKA/UFPE and Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-CPqAM/FIOCRUZ, Recife, PE CEP: 50670-420, Brazil
| | - Fábio André Brayner
- Laboratório de Imunologia Keizo Asami-LIKA/UFPE and Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-CPqAM/FIOCRUZ, Recife, PE CEP: 50670-420, Brazil; Post Graduate Program in Tropical Medicine (UFPE), Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235 - Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE CEP: 50670-901, Brazil
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Ghosh I, Sardar T, Chattopadhyay J. A Mathematical Study to Control Visceral Leishmaniasis: An Application to South Sudan. Bull Math Biol 2017; 79:1100-1134. [PMID: 28357614 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-017-0274-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In this manuscript, we propose and analyze a compartmental model of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). We model the human population with six compartments including asymptomatic, symptomatic and PKDL-infected, animal population as second host and sandfly population as the vector. Furthermore, the non-adult stage of the sandfly population is introduced in the system, which was not considered before in the literature. We show that the increase in the number of host of sandfly population generates a backward bifurcation. Thus, multiple hosts will cause disease persistence even if the basic reproduction number ([Formula: see text]) is below unity. We perform a sensitivity analysis of important model parameters with respect to some epidemiologically significant responses. We validate our model by calibrating it to weekly VL incidence data from South Sudan for the year 2013. We perform cost-effectiveness analysis on different interventions: treatment, non-adult control, adult control and their different layered combinations based on their implementation cost (in USD) and case reduction. We also use a global sensitivity analysis technique to understand the effect of important parameters of our model on the implementation cost of different controls. This cost-effectiveness study and cost-sensitivity analysis are relatively new in existing literature of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrajit Ghosh
- Agricultural and Ecological Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, 203, B. T. Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700108, India
| | - Tridip Sardar
- Department of Mathematics, Dinabandhu Andrews College, Baishnabghata, P.O. Garia, Dist. 24 Paraganas (S), Kolkata, West Bengal, 700084, India
| | - Joydev Chattopadhyay
- Agricultural and Ecological Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, 203, B. T. Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700108, India.
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Alemayehu M, Wubshet M, Mesfin N, Gebayehu A. Prevalence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus and associated factors among Visceral Leishmaniasis infected patients in Northwest Ethiopia: a facility based cross-sectional study. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:152. [PMID: 28212625 PMCID: PMC5316214 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2261-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Visceral Leishmaniasis coinfection with HIV/AIDS has emerged as a series of disease pattern. It most often results in unfavorable responses to treatment, frequent relapses, and deaths. Scarce data is available regarding the prevalence of HIV and associated factors among Visceral Leishmaniasis coinfected patients. This study sought to determine the prevalence of HIV and associated factors among Visceral Leishmaniasis infected patients. Methods Facility based cross-sectional study was conducted from October, 2015 to August, 2016 in Northwest Ethiopia. Cluster sampling technique was used to select 462 Visceral Leishmaniasis infected patients. Serologic and parasitological test results have been used to diagnose Visceral Leishmaniasis. The HIV diagnosis was based on the national algorithm with two serial positive rapid test results. In case of discrepancy between the two tests, Uni-Gold TM was used as a tie breaker. Structured questionnaire was used to collect independent variables. Data was entered by using Excel and analyzed by using SPSS version 20. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression model was used to analyze the data. Results A total of 462 study participants were included in the study with a response rate of 92.4%. HIV and Visceral Leishmaniasis coinfection was found to be 17.75% with 95% CI; 14.30–21.40. Age ≥ 30 years (AOR = 22.58, 95% CI 11.34, 45.01), urban residents (AOR = 2.02, 95% CI 1.16, 4.17) and daily laborer workers (AOR = 4.99, 95% CI 2.33, 10.68) were significantly associated with HIV and Visceral Leishmaniasis coinfection. Conclusion HIV and Visceral Leishmaniasis coinfection in the Northwest Ethiopia was found to be low. Age, residence and employment were independently associated with HIV-VL coinfection in the Northwest Ethiopia. It is better to design interventions to prevent and control HIV-VL coinfection for productive age groups (age ≥ 30) and daily laborers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mekuriaw Alemayehu
- Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
| | - Mamo Wubshet
- Department of Public Health, St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Nebiyu Mesfin
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Abebaw Gebayehu
- Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Alemayehu M, Wubshet M, Mesfin N, Gebayehu A. Perceived quality of life among Visceral Leishmaniasis and HIV coinfected migrant male-workers in Northwest Ethiopia: a qualitative study. BMC Public Health 2017; 17:204. [PMID: 28209209 PMCID: PMC5314622 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4132-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is paucity of data on quality of life as a dimension of treatment outcome among Visceral Leishmaniasis and HIV coinfected patients. This study sought to explore perceived quality of life among Visceral Leishmaniasis and HIV coinfected male migrant workers in Northwest Ethiopia. Methods Twenty Visceral Leishmaniasis and HIV coinfected study participants took part in the in-depth interviews at Visceral Leishmaniasis and HIV treatment centers. Ten participants were on antiretroviral treatment (ART) and the remaining 10 have not yet started ART. All interviews were recorded, transcribed and translated for analysis. Data were analyzed by qualitative content analysis using Open Code software version 3.4. Result Participants reported on four aspects of quality of life: liveability of the environment, utility of life, life ability of a person and appreciation of life. Respondents living environment, therapeutic side effects of Visceral Leishmaniasis drugs, poverty and stigma negatively affected their quality of life. On the contrary, good treatment response and financial security were reported to positively affect their quality of life. Conclusion Challenges related to the living environment, financial limitations and sub-optimal response of Visceral Leishmaniasis drug and relapse of Visceral Leishmaniasis disease are factors most negatively affecting the quality of life of Visceral Leishmaniasis and HIV coinfected patients. Micro-financing and other socio-economical support programs should be launched to assist the unemployed males migrating to Visceral Leishmaniasis endemic and relatively higher HIV prevalent areas to work as daily laborers. HIV prevention programs in HIV positive-living counseling programs should target such high risk migrant workers in the endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mekuriaw Alemayehu
- Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia, P. O. Box - 196, Gondar, Ethiopia.
| | - Mamo Wubshet
- Department of Public Health, St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Nebiyu Mesfin
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, P. O. Box - 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Abebaw Gebayehu
- Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia, P. O. Box - 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
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SARKARI B, BAVARSAD AHMADPOUR N, MOSHFE A, HAJJARAN H. Molecular Evaluation of a Case of Visceral Leishmaniasis Due to Leishmania tropica in Southwestern Iran. Iran J Parasitol 2016; 11:126-30. [PMID: 27095980 PMCID: PMC4835463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We describe a case of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) due to Leishmania tropica in a 50-year-old Iranian man lived in a VL-endemic area in southwest of Iran. The patient presented with a 3-month history of fever and splenomegaly. Clinical signs and serological findings were suggestive of VL. Spleen biopsy was taken from the patient and intracellular forms of Leishmania amastigotes was seen in Giemsa stained smears. The patient was treated with pentavalent antimonial compound with complete resolution of his systemic signs and symptoms. DNA was extracted from the microscopic slides of the spleen biopsy and the nagt (N-Acetylglucosamine-1-Phosphate Transferase) gene of Leishmania was PCR-amplified. Sequence analysis of the PCR product demonstrated that the case has 99% identity with those of available sequences of L. tropica. Intra-species variation within isolate was 0-0.1%; whereas, inter-species differences of the isolate with those of L. major and L. infantum was significantly higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahador SARKARI
- Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran,Correspondence
| | | | - Abdolali MOSHFE
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Homa HAJJARAN
- Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Abeijon C, Daifalla N, Krautz-Peterson G, Pizzirani S, Beamer G, Frazatti-Gallina NM, Raw I, Campos-Neto A. Immunogenicity in dogs and protection against visceral leishmaniasis induced by a 14kDa Leishmania infantum recombinant polypeptide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 5:1-7. [PMID: 26640609 DOI: 10.1016/j.trivac.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In areas were human visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is endemic, the domestic dog is the main parasite reservoir in the infectious cycle of Leishmania infantum. Development of prophylactic strategies to lower the parasite burden in dogs would reduce sand fly transmission thus lowering the incidence of zoonotic VL. Here we demonstrate that vaccination of dogs with a recombinant 14kDa polypeptide of L. infantum nuclear transport factor 2 (Li-ntf2) mixed with adjuvant BpMPLA-SE resulted in the production of specific anti-Li-ntf2 IgG antibodies as well as IFN-γ release by the animals' peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with the antigen. In addition, immunization with this single and small 14kDa poplypeptide resulted in protracted progression of the infection of the animals after challenging with a high dose of virulent L. infantum. Five months after challenge the parasite load was lower in the bone marrow of immunized dogs compared to non-immunized animals. The antibody response to K39, a marker of active VL, at ten months after challenge was strong and significantly higher in the control dogs than in vaccinated animals. At the study termination vaccinated animals showed significantly more liver granulomas and lymphoid hyperplasia than non-vaccinated animals, which are both histological markers of resistance to infection. Together, these results indicate that the 14kDa polypeptide is an attractive protective molecule that can be easily incorporated in a leishmanial polyprotein vaccine candidate to augment/complement the overall protective efficacy of the final product.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Gillian Beamer
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts, Grafton MA
| | | | - Isaias Raw
- BioIndustrial Division, Butantan Institute/Foundation, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Távora LGF, Nogueira MB, Gomes ST. Visceral Leishmaniasis/HIV co-infection in northeast Brazil: evaluation of outcome. Braz J Infect Dis 2015; 19:651-6. [PMID: 26361839 PMCID: PMC9425356 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Since the beginning of the HIV burden, Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL)/HIV co-infection has been diagnosed not only in areas where VL is endemic (Latin America, India, Asia, Southern Europe), but also in North America, were it is considered an opportunistic disease. Clinical presentation, diagnostic tests sensitivity and treatment response in this population differs from VL alone. OBJECTIVES To evaluate factors related to an unfavorable outcome in patients with VL/HIV diagnosis in a reference center in northeast Brazil. METHODS Co-infected patients, diagnosed from 2010 to 2012, were included. Data from medical records were collected until one year after VL treatment completion. RESULTS Forty-two HIV-infected patients were included in the study. Anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia were present in 95%, 70.7%, and 63.4%, respectively. Mean T CD4+ (LTCD4) lymphocyte count was 183 cells/dL. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) was being used by 54.7% of cases. A favorable outcome was seen in 71.4% of cases. Recurrence of VL occurred in nine patients and deaths were secondary to infectious complications (3/42 patients). Very low LTCD4 count (<100 cells/dL) was the only independent variable associated with an unfavorable outcome in multivariate analysis (p=0.03). CONCLUSION Low LTCD4 count at presentation was associated with unfavorable outcome in VL/HIV patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Gurgel Fernandes Távora
- Hospital São José de Doenças Infecciosas, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Escola de Medicina, Universidade de Fortaleza (UNIFOR), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
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Mishra A, Antony JS, Gai P, Sundaravadivel P, Van TH, Jha AN, Singh L, Velavan TP, Thangaraj K. Mannose-binding Lectin (MBL) as a susceptible host factor influencing Indian Visceral Leishmaniasis. Parasitol Int 2015; 64:591-6. [PMID: 26297290 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL), caused by Leishmania donovani is endemic in the Indian sub-continent. Mannose-binding Lectin (MBL) is a complement lectin protein that binds to the surface of Leishmania promastigotes and results in activation of the complement lectin cascade. We utilized samples of 218 VL patients and 215 healthy controls from an Indian population. MBL2 functional variants were genotyped and the circulating MBL serum levels were measured. MBL serum levels were elevated in patients compared to the healthy controls (adjusted P=0.007). The MBL2 promoter variants -78C/T and +4P/Q were significantly associated with relative protection to VL (-78C/T, OR=0.7, 95% CI=0.5-0.96, adjusted P=0.026 and +4P/Q, OR=0.66, 95% CI=0.48-0.9, adjusted P=0.012). MBL2*LYQA haplotypes occurred frequently among controls (OR=0.69, 95% CI=0.5-0.97, adjusted P=0.034). MBL recognizes Leishmania and plays a relative role in establishing L. donovani infection and subsequent disease progression. In conclusion, MBL2 functional variants were associated with VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshuman Mishra
- CSIR - Center for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Justin S Antony
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Prabhanjan Gai
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Tong Hoang Van
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Aditya Nath Jha
- CSIR - Center for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Lalji Singh
- CSIR - Center for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India; Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Thirumalaisamy P Velavan
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Medicale, Brazzaville, Congo.
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ZHAO S, LI Z, ZHOU S, ZHENG C, MA H. Epidemiological Feature of Visceral Leishmaniasis in China, 2004-2012. Iran J Public Health 2015; 44:51-9. [PMID: 26060776 PMCID: PMC4450014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) remains an important public health problem in China. It is essential to elucidate the current epidemiological characteristics of VL for designing control policy. METHODS The data were obtained from China Disease Prevention and Control Information System from 2004 to 2012. Characteristics by major variables, such as age, gender, season and geography were analyzed using SPSS13.0. RESULTS The incidence of VL in China remained at a lower level in recent years. The outbreak appeared in xinjiang kashgar region in 2008. A total of 3337 VL cases were reported in China from 2004 to 2012, 97.03% of cases were concentrated in Xinjiang, Gansu and Sichuan provinces. The cases under 5 year-old accounted for 59.21%. concentrated in 3 ~ 5 months each year and annual December to January of next year The ratio of males to females was 1.67:1(2088:1249). The lag time between symptom onset and diagnosis of VL appeared a marked decrease after 2008, and were shorter in endemic provinces of Xinjiang, Gansu and Sichuan than non-endemic provinces. The case fatality rate was 2.99% (10/3337) during the study period. CONCLUSION The reported cases of VL were concentrated in Xinjiang, Gansu, Sichuan provinces in China, 2004-2012. The onset was given priority to children. The lag time between symptom onset and diagnosis of VL were difference among years and provinces. Therefore, prevention and control measures should be focused on improving awareness and capacities of diagnosis and treatment, targeting high-risk people in high-risk areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqing ZHAO
- 1. Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention,Shijiazhuang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shijiazhuang, China
- 3. Chinese Field Epidemiology Training Program (CFETP), Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongjie LI
- 2. Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-Warning on Infectious Disease, Division of Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Sheng ZHOU
- 2. Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-Warning on Infectious Disease, Division of Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Canjun ZHENG
- 2. Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-Warning on Infectious Disease, Division of Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Huilai MA
- 3. Chinese Field Epidemiology Training Program (CFETP), Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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Mishra A, Jha AN, van Tong H, Singh VK, Gomes CEM, Singh L, Velavan TP, Thangaraj K. Analysis of genetic variants in the IL4 promoter and VNTR loci in Indian patients with Visceral Leishmaniasis. Hum Immunol 2014; 75:1177-81. [PMID: 25454624 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is the most severest form of Leishmaniasis and resistance to infection is mediated by cellular immune responses. Interleukin 4 (IL-4) orchestrates of Th2 and Th1 immune responses during infections. In this study, we aimed to investigate possible association between three functional IL-4 polymorphisms -590C/T (rs2243250), -34C/T (rs2070874) and 70bp VNTR (rs79071878 in intron3) with VL in an Indian cohort comprising of 197 VL patients and 193 healthy controls. The three investigated IL-4 polymorphisms were in strong linkage disequilibrium. The investigated IL-4 alleles, genotypes and the reconstructed haplotypes were not significantly distributed between the VL patients and healthy controls. Our study signifies no possible association of functional IL-4 polymorphisms with Indian VL and postulate other vital genes involved in the IL-4 pathway may provide genetic clues to elucidate of IL-4 regulation and immune-pathogenesis during VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshuman Mishra
- CSIR - Center for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Aditya Nath Jha
- CSIR - Center for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India; Sickle Cell Institute Chattisgarh (SCIC), Raipur, India
| | - Hoang van Tong
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Lalji Singh
- CSIR - Center for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India; Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India; Genome Foundation, Hyderabad, India
| | - Thirumalaisamy P Velavan
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Medicale, Brazzaville, People's Republic of Congo.
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Hajilooi M, Lotfi P, Seif F, Bazmani A, Momeni M, Ravary A, Kazemi Arababadi M, Khalilian AR. The Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Antigen-4 +49A/G Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Association With Visceral Leishmaniasis. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2014; 7:e12143. [PMID: 25632324 PMCID: PMC4295314 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.12143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 08/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Several lines of evidence approve that innate and adaptive immunity play key roles in the defense against visceral leishmaniasis (VL). The polymorphism within the cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) gene alters its expression. Objectives: The main aim of this study was to evaluate the polymorphism within the +49 position of the CTLA-4 gene of Iranian patients with VL in comparison with healthy controls. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 88 patients with clinical presentations of VL, who were seropositive for Leishmania (group 1), 86 patients without clinical presentations but seropositive (group 2), and 115 healthy controls (group 3) were assessed with respect to the CTLA-4 +49A/G polymorphism, using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). The anti-Leishmania antibody titration was evaluated using an immunofluorescence method. Results: Our results indicated that both CTLA-4 +49A/G polymorphisms were significantly associated with VL. Conclusions: According to the results, the polymorphisms within the +49 position of CTLA-4 can be associated with VL and may be considered as risk factors for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Hajilooi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, IR Iran
| | - Pegah Lotfi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, IR Iran
| | - Farhad Seif
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, IR Iran
| | - Ahad Bazmani
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IR Iran
| | - Mohammad Momeni
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Ali Ravary
- Occupational Environment Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, IR Iran
| | - Mohammad Kazemi Arababadi
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Ali Reza Khalilian
- Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti Hospital, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Ali Reza Khalilian, Shahid Beheshti Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, IR Iran. Tel: +98-8118271560, Fax: +98-8118254073, E-mail:
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González C, Paz A, Ferro C. Predicted altitudinal shifts and reduced spatial distribution of Leishmania infantum vector species under climate change scenarios in Colombia. Acta Trop 2014; 129:83-90. [PMID: 23988300 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2013.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is caused by the trypanosomatid parasite Leishmania infantum (=Leishmania chagasi), and is epidemiologically relevant due to its wide geographic distribution, the number of annual cases reported and the increase in its co-infection with HIV. Two vector species have been incriminated in the Americas: Lutzomyia longipalpis and Lutzomyia evansi. In Colombia, L. longipalpis is distributed along the Magdalena River Valley while L. evansi is only found in the northern part of the Country. Regarding the epidemiology of the disease, in Colombia the incidence of VL has decreased over the last few years without any intervention being implemented. Additionally, changes in transmission cycles have been reported with urban transmission occurring in the Caribbean Coast. In Europe and North America climate change seems to be driving a latitudinal shift of leishmaniasis transmission. Here, we explored the spatial distribution of the two known vector species of L. infantum in Colombia and projected its future distribution into climate change scenarios to establish the expansion potential of the disease. An updated database including L. longipalpis and L. evansi collection records from Colombia was compiled. Ecological niche models were performed for each species using the Maxent software and 13 Worldclim bioclimatic coverages. Projections were made for the pessimistic CSIRO A2 scenario, which predicts the higher increase in temperature due to non-emission reduction, and the optimistic Hadley B2 Scenario predicting the minimum increase in temperature. The database contained 23 records for L. evansi and 39 records for L. longipalpis, distributed along the Magdalena River Valley and the Caribbean Coast, where the potential distribution areas of both species were also predicted by Maxent. Climate change projections showed a general overall reduction in the spatial distribution of the two vector species, promoting a shift in altitudinal distribution for L. longipalpis and confining L. evansi to certain regions in the Caribbean Coast. Altitudinal shifts have been reported for cutaneous leishmaniasis vectors in Colombia and Peru. Here, we predict the same outcome for VL vectors in Colombia. Changes in spatial distribution patterns could be affecting local abundances due to climatic pressures on vector populations thus reducing the incidence of human cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila González
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Tropical, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia.
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Rakhshanpour A, Mohebali M, Akhondi B, Rahimi MT, Rokni MB. Serological Survey and Associated Risk Factors of Visceral Leish-maniasis in Qom Province, Central Iran. Iran J Public Health 2014; 43:50-5. [PMID: 26060679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) or kala-azar is considered as a parasitic disease caused by the species of Leishmania donovani complex which is intracellular parasites. This systemic disease is endemic in some parts of provinc-es of Iran. The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of VL in Qom Province, central Iran using di-rect agglutination test (DAT). METHODS Overall, 1564 serum samples (800 males and 764 females) were collected from selected subjects by random-ized cluster sampling in 2011-2012. Sera were tested and analyzed by DAT. Before sampling; a questionnaire was filled out for each case. Data were analyzed using Chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression for risk factors analysis. RESULTS Of 1564 individuals, 53 cases (3.38%) showed Leishmania specific antibodies as follows: with 1:400 titer 16 cases (1.02%), with 1:800 titer 20 cases (1.27%), with 1:1600 titer 16 cases (1.02%) whereas only one subject (0.06%) showed titers of ≥ 1:3200. There was no significant association between VL seropositivity and gender, age group and occupation. Binary logistic regression showed that rural areas was 0.44 times at higher risk of infection than urban areas (OR= 0.44; %95 CI= 0.25- 0.78). CONCLUSION Although the seroprevalence of VL is relatively low in Qom Province, yet due to the importance of the disease, the surveillance system should be monitored by health authorities.
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Lima TB, Villar CR, Rodrigues MAM, Baima JP, Yamashiro FDS, Franzoni LC, Caramori CA, Silva GF, Romeiro FG, Sassaki LY. Liver biopsy for visceral leishmaniasis diagnosis in pregnancy: report of 2 cases. World J Clin Infect Dis 2013; 3:20-24. [DOI: 10.5495/wjcid.v3.i2.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) or kala-azar is a zoonosis caused by intracellular protozoa of the Leishmania genus and is transmitted to humans by the bite of phlebotomine sandflies. It particularly affects cells in the phagocytic mononuclear system, accompanied by disturbances of cellular and humoral immunity. VL is potentially fatal and is characterized by fever, hepatosplenomegaly, diarrhea, epistaxis, jaundice, anemia, leucopenia, thrombocytopenia, hypoalbuminemia and hyperglobulinemia. Diagnostic suspicion is based on epidemiological, clinical and laboratory data and is confirmed by detecting the parasite in infected tissue. Splenic aspiration is the most sensitive method, followed by bone marrow aspiration (BMA) by sternal puncture, liver biopsy and lymph node aspiration; but, due to safety concerns, BMA is the most recommended method. VL is included as a target disease by players in drug research and development. Severe liver dysfunction associated with VL is uncommon. We report two VL cases in pregnant women from Bauru, Sao Paulo state, Brazil, considered an endemic area. The first of them developed hepatic failure due to fulminant hepatitis. In both cases, BMA was unable to find the protozoan; thus, liver biopsy was the only means of making the diagnosis.
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