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Casabianca S, Perini F, Casabianca A, Battocchi C, Giussani V, Chiantore M, Penna A. Monitoring toxic Ostreopsis cf. ovata in recreational waters using a qPCR based assay. Mar Pollut Bull 2014; 88:102-109. [PMID: 25282181 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ostreopsis sp. is a toxic marine benthic dinoflagellate that causes high biomass blooms, posing a threat to human health, marine biota and aquaculture activities, and negatively impacting coastal seawater quality. Species-specific identification and enumeration is fundamental because it can allow the implementation of all the necessary preventive measures to properly manage Ostreopsis spp. bloom events in recreational waters and aquaculture farms. The aim of this study was to apply a rapid and sensitive qPCR method to quantify Ostreopsis cf. ovata abundance in environmental samples collected from Mediterranean coastal sites and to develop site-specific environmental standard curves. Similar PCR efficiencies of plasmid and environmental standard curves allowed us to estimate the LSU rDNA copy number per cell. Moreover, we assessed the effectiveness of mitochondrial COI and cob genes as alternative molecular markers to ribosomal genes in qPCR assays for Ostreopsis spp. quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Casabianca
- Section of Environmental Biology, Dep. of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Viale Trieste 296, 61121 Pesaro, Italy
| | - Federico Perini
- Section of Environmental Biology, Dep. of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Viale Trieste 296, 61121 Pesaro, Italy
| | - Anna Casabianca
- Section of Environmental Biology, Dep. of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Viale Trieste 296, 61121 Pesaro, Italy
| | - Cecilia Battocchi
- Section of Environmental Biology, Dep. of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Viale Trieste 296, 61121 Pesaro, Italy
| | - Valentina Giussani
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences, University of Genoa, Corso Europa 26, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Mariachiara Chiantore
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences, University of Genoa, Corso Europa 26, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Antonella Penna
- Section of Environmental Biology, Dep. of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Viale Trieste 296, 61121 Pesaro, Italy; ISMAR CNR, Largo Fiera della Pesca, 60125 Ancona, Italy.
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Ciminiello P, Dell'Aversano C, Dello Iacovo E, Fattorusso E, Forino M, Tartaglione L, Benedettini G, Onorari M, Serena F, Battocchi C, Casabianca S, Penna A. First finding of Ostreopsis cf. ovata toxins in marine aerosols. Environ Sci Technol 2014; 48:3532-3540. [PMID: 24564517 DOI: 10.1021/es405617d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Since the late 1990s, a respiratory syndrome has been repetitively observed in humans concomitant with Ostreopsis spp. blooms (mainly O. cf. ovata) in the Mediterranean area. Previous studies have demonstrated that O. cf. ovata produces analogues of palytoxin (ovatoxins and a putative palytoxin), one of the most potent marine toxins. On the basis of the observed association between O. cf. ovata blooms, respiratory illness in people, and detection of palytoxin complex in algal samples, toxic aerosols, containing Ostreopsis cells and/or the toxins they produce, were postulated to be the cause of human illness. A small scale monitoring study of marine aerosol carried out along the Tuscan coasts (Italy) in 2009 and 2010 is reported. Aerosols were collected concomitantly with O. cf. ovata blooms, and they were analyzed by both PCR assays and LC-HRMS. The results, besides confirming the presence of O. cf. ovata cells, demonstrated for the first time the occurrence of ovatoxins in the aerosol at levels of 2.4 pg of ovatoxins per liter of air. Given the lack of toxicological data on palytoxins by inhalation exposure, our results are only a first step toward a more comprehensive understanding of the Ostreopsis-related respiratory syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Ciminiello
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II , Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
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Honsell G, Bonifacio A, De Bortoli M, Penna A, Battocchi C, Ciminiello P, Dell’Aversano C, Fattorusso E, Sosa S, Yasumoto T, Tubaro A. New insights on cytological and metabolic features of Ostreopsis cf. ovata Fukuyo (Dinophyceae): a multidisciplinary approach. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57291. [PMID: 23460837 PMCID: PMC3584116 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The harmful dinoflagellate Ostreopsis cf. ovata has been causing toxic events along the Mediterranean coasts and other temperate and tropical areas, with increasing frequency during the last decade. Despite many studies, important biological features of this species are still poorly known. An integrated study, using different microscopy and molecular techniques, Raman microspectroscopy and high resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HR LC-MS), was undertaken to elucidate cytological aspects, and identify main metabolites including toxins. The species was genetically identified as O. cf. ovata, Atlantic-Mediterranean clade. The ultrastructural results show unique features of the mucilage network abundantly produced by this species to colonize benthic substrates, with a new role of trichocysts, never described before. The amorphous polysaccharidic component of mucilage appears to derive from pusule fibrous material and mucocysts. In all stages of growth, the cells show an abundant production of lipids. Different developmental stages of chloroplasts are found in the peripheral cytoplasm and in the centre of cell. In vivo Raman microspectroscopy confirms the presence of the carotenoid peridinin in O. cf. ovata, and detects in several specimen the abundant presence of unsaturated lipids structurally related to docosahexaenoic acid. The HR LC-MS analysis reveals that ovatoxin-a is the predominant toxin, together with decreasing amounts of ovatoxin-b, -d/e, -c and putative palytoxin. Toxins concentration on a per cell basis increases from exponential to senescent phase. The results suggest that benthic blooms of this species are probably related to features such as the ability to create a unique mucilaginous sheath covering the sea bottom, associated with the production of potent toxins as palytoxin-like compounds. In this way, O. cf. ovata may be able to rapidly colonize benthic substrates outcompeting other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Honsell
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Alois Bonifacio
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Marco De Bortoli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Antonella Penna
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Laboratory of Environmental Biology, University of Urbino, Pesaro, Italy
| | - Cecilia Battocchi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Laboratory of Environmental Biology, University of Urbino, Pesaro, Italy
| | - Patrizia Ciminiello
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Carmela Dell’Aversano
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Ernesto Fattorusso
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Silvio Sosa
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Aurelia Tubaro
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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Crinelli R, Carloni E, Giacomini E, Penna A, Dominici S, Battocchi C, Ciminiello P, Dell'Aversano C, Fattorusso E, Forino M, Tartaglione L, Magnani M. Palytoxin and an Ostreopsis toxin extract increase the levels of mRNAs encoding inflammation-related proteins in human macrophages via p38 MAPK and NF-κB. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38139. [PMID: 22675515 PMCID: PMC3365899 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Palytoxin and, likely, its analogues produced by the dinoflagellate genus Ostreopsis, represent a class of non-proteinaceous compounds displaying high toxicity in animals. Owing to the wide distribution and the poisonous effects of these toxins in humans, their chemistry and mechanism of action have generated a growing scientific interest. Depending on the exposure route, palytoxin and its Ostreopsis analogues may cause several adverse effects on human health, including acute inflammatory reactions which seem more typical of cutaneous and inhalation contact. These observations have led us to hypothesize that these toxins may activate pro-inflammatory signalling cascades. Methodology and Principal Findings Here we demonstrate that palytoxin and a semi-purified Ostreopsis cf. ovata toxin extract obtained from a cultured strain isolated in the NW Adriatic Sea and containing a putative palytoxin and all the ovatoxins so far known – including the recently identified ovatoxin-f – significantly increase the levels of mRNAs encoding inflammation-related proteins in immune cells, i.e. monocyte-derived human macrophages, as assessed by Real-Time PCR analysis. Western immunoblot and electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed that nuclear transcription factor -κB (NF-κB) is activated in cells exposed to toxins in coincidence with reduced levels of the inhibitory protein IκB-α. Moreover, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPK) were phosphorylated in response to palytoxin, as also reported by others, and to the Ostreopsis toxin extract, as shown here for the first time. By using specific chemical inhibitors, the involvement of NF-κB and p38 MAPK in the toxin-induced transcription and accumulation of Cycloxigenase-2, Tumor Necrosis Factor-α, and Interleukin-8 transcripts has been demonstrated. Conclusions and Significance The identification of specific molecular targets of palytoxin and its Ostreopsis analogues, besides contributing to expand the still limited knowledge of the intracellular signalling cascades affected by these toxins, may have important implications in setting up focused pharmacological interventions, replacing currently used symptomatic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Crinelli
- Section of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, PU, Italy.
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Ciminiello P, Dell’Aversano C, Iacovo ED, Fattorusso E, Forino M, Tartaglione L, Battocchi C, Crinelli R, Carloni E, Magnani M, Penna A. Unique Toxin Profile of a Mediterranean Ostreopsis cf. ovata Strain: HR LC-MSn Characterization of Ovatoxin-f, a New Palytoxin Congener. Chem Res Toxicol 2012; 25:1243-52. [DOI: 10.1021/tx300085e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Ciminiello
- Department of Chemistry of Natural
Products, University of Napoli Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, Napoli 80131, Italy
| | - Carmela Dell’Aversano
- Department of Chemistry of Natural
Products, University of Napoli Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, Napoli 80131, Italy
| | - Emma Dello Iacovo
- Department of Chemistry of Natural
Products, University of Napoli Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, Napoli 80131, Italy
| | - Ernesto Fattorusso
- Department of Chemistry of Natural
Products, University of Napoli Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, Napoli 80131, Italy
| | - Martino Forino
- Department of Chemistry of Natural
Products, University of Napoli Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, Napoli 80131, Italy
| | - Luciana Tartaglione
- Department of Chemistry of Natural
Products, University of Napoli Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, Napoli 80131, Italy
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Accoroni S, Romagnoli T, Colombo F, Pennesi C, Di Camillo CG, Marini M, Battocchi C, Ciminiello P, Dell'Aversano C, Dello Iacovo E, Fattorusso E, Tartaglione L, Penna A, Totti C. Ostreopsis cf. ovata bloom in the northern Adriatic Sea during summer 2009: ecology, molecular characterization and toxin profile. Mar Pollut Bull 2011; 62:2512-2519. [PMID: 21903227 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Revised: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Intense blooms of the benthic dinoflagellate Ostreopsis cf. ovata have occurred in the northern Adriatic Sea since 2006. These blooms are associated with noxious effects on human health and with the mortality of benthic organisms because of the production of palytoxin-like compounds. The O. cf. ovata bloom and its relationships with nutrient concentrations at two stations on the Conero Riviera (northern Adriatic Sea) were investigated in the summer of 2009. O. cf. ovata developed from August to November, with the highest abundances in September (1.3×10(6) cells g(-1) fw corresponding to 63.8×10(3) cells cm(-2)). The presence of the single O. cf. ovata genotype was confirmed by a PCR assay. Bloom developed when the seawater temperature was decreasing. Nutrient concentrations did not seem to affect bloom dynamics. Toxin analysis performed by high resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed a high total toxin content (up to 75 pg cell(-1)), including putative palytoxin and all the ovatoxins known so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Accoroni
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Mare, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
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Honsell G, De Bortoli M, Boscolo S, Dell'Aversano C, Battocchi C, Fontanive G, Penna A, Berti F, Sosa S, Yasumoto T, Ciminiello P, Poli M, Tubaro A. Harmful dinoflagellate Ostreopsis cf. ovata Fukuyo: detection of ovatoxins in field samples and cell immunolocalization using antipalytoxin antibodies. Environ Sci Technol 2011; 45:7051-7059. [PMID: 21756000 DOI: 10.1021/es201373e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Ostreopsis cf. ovata, a benthic dinoflagellate often blooming along the Mediterranean coasts, has been associated with toxic events ranging from dyspnea to mild dermatitis. In late September 2009, an Ostreopsis cf. ovata bloom occurred in the Gulf of Trieste (Northern Adriatic Sea; Italy), causing pruritus and mild dermatitis in beachgoers. An integrated study was initiated to characterize Ostreopsis cells by light and confocal microscopy, PCR techniques, immunocytochemistry, and high resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HR LC-MS). The presence of Ostreopsis cf. ovata of the Atlantic/Mediterranean clade was unambiguously established by morphological and genetic analyses in field samples. Several palytoxin-like compounds (ovatoxin-a,-b,-c,-d,-e) were identified by HR LC-MS, ovatoxin-a being the most abundant (45-64 pg/cell). Surprisingly, no palytoxin was detected. For the first time, monoclonal and polyclonal antipalytoxin antibodies revealed the intracellular cytoplasmic localization of ovatoxins, suggesting their cross-reactivity with these antibodies. Since harmful dinoflagellates do not always produce toxins, the immunocytochemical localization of ovatoxins, although qualitative, can provide an early warning for toxic Ostreopsis cells before their massive diffusion and/or concentration in seafood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Honsell
- Agriculture and Environmental Sciences Department, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 91-93, 33100 Udine, Italy
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Perini F, Casabianca A, Battocchi C, Accoroni S, Totti C, Penna A. New approach using the real-time PCR method for estimation of the toxic marine dinoflagellate Ostreopsis cf. ovata in marine environment. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17699. [PMID: 21408606 PMCID: PMC3048288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We describe the development and validation of a new quantitative real time PCR (qrt-PCR) method for the enumeration of the toxic benthic dinoflagellate Ostreopsis cf. ovata in marine environment. The benthic Ostreopsis sp. has a world-wide distribution and is associated during high biomass proliferation with the production of potent palytoxin-like compounds affecting human health and environment. Species-specific identification, which is relevant for the complex of different toxins production, by traditional methods of microscopy is difficult due to the high morphological variability, and thus different morphotypes can be easily misinterpreted. Methodology/Findings The method is based on the SYBR I Green real-time PCR technology and combines the use of a plasmid standard curve with a “gold standard” created with pooled crude extracts from environmental samples collected during a bloom event of Ostreopsis cf. ovata in the Mediterranean Sea. Based on their similar PCR efficiencies (95% and 98%, respectively), the exact rDNA copy number per cell was obtained in cultured and environmental samples. Cell lysates were used as the templates to obtain total recovery of DNA. The analytical sensitivity of the PCR was set at two rDNA copy number and 8.0×10−4 cell per reaction for plasmid and gold standards, respectively; the sensitivity of the assay was of cells g−1 fw or 1−1 in macrophyte and seawater samples, respectively. The reproducibility was determined on the total linear quantification range of both curves confirming the accuracy of the technical set-up in the complete ranges of quantification over time. Conclusions/Significance We developed a qrt-PCR assay specific, robust and high sample throughput for the absolute quantification of the toxic dinoflagellate Ostreopsis cf. ovata in the environmental samples. This molecular approach may be considered alternative to traditional microscopy and applied for the monitoring of benthic toxic microalgal species in the marine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Perini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Pesaro, Italy
| | - Anna Casabianca
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Pesaro, Italy
| | - Cecilia Battocchi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Pesaro, Italy
| | - Stefano Accoroni
- Department of Marine Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Cecilia Totti
- Department of Marine Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Antonella Penna
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Pesaro, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Battocchi C, Totti C, Vila M, Masó M, Capellacci S, Accoroni S, Reñé A, Scardi M, Penna A. Monitoring toxic microalgae Ostreopsis (dinoflagellate) species in coastal waters of the Mediterranean Sea using molecular PCR-based assay combined with light microscopy. Mar Pollut Bull 2010; 60:1074-1084. [PMID: 20188383 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2009] [Revised: 01/19/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A molecular PCR-based assay was developed and applied to macrophyte and seawater samples containing mixed microphytobenthic and phytoplanktonic assemblages, respectively, in order to detect toxic Ostreopsis species in Mediterranean Sea. The specificity and sensitivity of the molecular PCR assay were assessed with both plasmidic and genomic DNA of the target genus or species using taxon-specific primers in the presence of background macrophyte DNA. The PCR molecular technique allowed rapid detection of the Ostreopsis cells, even at abundances undetectable within the resolution limit of the microscopy technique. Species-specific identification of Ostreopsis was determined only by PCR-based assay, due to the inherent difficulty of morphological identification in field samples. In the monitoring of the toxic Ostreopsis blooms PCR-based methods proved to be effective tools complementary to microscopy for rapid and specific detection of Ostreopsis and other toxic dinoflagellates in marine coastal environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Battocchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Sez. Biol. Amb., Università di Urbino, Viale Trieste 296, 61100 Pesaro, Italy
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