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段 沛, 刘 艺, 林 心, 任 洁, 何 佳, 刘 肖, 谢 静. [Extracellular Matrix Stiffness Induces Mitochondrial Morphological Heterogeneity via AMPK Activation]. Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2024; 55:47-52. [PMID: 38322520 PMCID: PMC10839472 DOI: 10.12182/20240160504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Objective To investigate the mechanical responses of mitochondrial morphology to extracellular matrix stiffness in human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and the role of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in the regulation of mitochondrial mechanoresponses. Methods Two polyacrylamide (PAAm) hydrogels, a soft one with a Young's modulus of 1 kPa and a stiff one of 20 kPa, were prepared by changing the monomer concentrations of acrylamide and bis-acrylamide. Then, hMSCs were cultured on the soft and stiff PAAm hydrogels and changes in mitochondrial morphology were observed using a laser confocal microscope. Western blot was performed to determine the expression and activation of AMPK, a protein associated with mitochondrial homeostasis. Furthermore, the activation of AMPK was regulated on the soft and stiff matrixes by AMPK activator A-769662 and the inhibitor Compound C, respectively, to observe the morphological changes of mitochondria. Results The morphology of the mitochondria in hMSCs showed heterogeneity when there was a change in gel stiffness. On the 1 kPa soft matrix, 74% mitochondria exhibited a dense, elongated filamentous network structure, while on the 20 kPa stiff matrix, up to 63.3% mitochondria were fragmented or punctate and were sparsely distributed. Western blot results revealed that the phosphorylated AMPK (p-AMPK)/AMPK ratio on the stiff matrix was 1.6 times as high as that on the soft one. Immunofluorescence assay results revealed that the expression of p-AMPK was elevated on the hard matrix and showed nuclear localization, which indicated that the activation of intracellular AMPK increased continuously along with the increase in extracellular matrix stiffness. When the hMSCs on the soft matrix were treated with A-769662, an AMPK activator, the mitochondria transitioned from a filamentous network morphology to a fragmented morphology, with the ratio of filamentous network decreasing from 74% to 9.5%. Additionally, AMPK inhibition with Compound C promoted mitochondrial fusion on the stiff matrix and significantly reduced the generation of punctate mitochondria. Conclusion Extracellular matrix stiffness regulates mitochondrial morphology in hMSCs through the activation of AMPK. Stiff matrix promotes the AMPK activation, resulting in mitochondrial fission and the subsequent fragmentation of mitochondria. The impact of matrix stiffness on mitochondrial morphology can be reversed by altering the level of AMPK phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- 沛言 段
- 四川大学华西基础医学与法医学院 生物医学工程研究室 (成都 610041)Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - 艺 刘
- 四川大学华西基础医学与法医学院 生物医学工程研究室 (成都 610041)Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - 心怡 林
- 四川大学华西基础医学与法医学院 生物医学工程研究室 (成都 610041)Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - 洁 任
- 四川大学华西基础医学与法医学院 生物医学工程研究室 (成都 610041)Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - 佳 何
- 四川大学华西基础医学与法医学院 生物医学工程研究室 (成都 610041)Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - 肖珩 刘
- 四川大学华西基础医学与法医学院 生物医学工程研究室 (成都 610041)Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - 静 谢
- 四川大学华西基础医学与法医学院 生物医学工程研究室 (成都 610041)Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Mesías M, Gómez P, Olombrada E, Holgado F, Morales FJ. Risk/Benefit Evaluation of Chia Seeds as a New Ingredient in Cereal-Based Foods. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:ijerph20065114. [PMID: 36982021 PMCID: PMC10049232 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20065114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chia seed (Salvia hispanica L.) is a food rich in protein, fiber, polyunsaturated fatty acids and antioxidants. Consequently, its incorporation in food formulations may be desirable from a nutritional and healthy point of view. However, there is concern regarding the formation of process contaminants when they are subjected to thermal processing. The objective of this study was to incorporate different amounts of ground chia seeds in a biscuit model to evaluate the effect on the antioxidant capacity and formation of acrylamide and furfurals. Seven standard "Maria-type" biscuit formulations were prepared, replacing wheat flour with different amounts of ground chia seeds (defatted and non-defatted), from 0% (control biscuit) to 15% (respect to total solids in the recipe). Samples were baked at 180 °C for 22 min. Compared with the control biscuit, chia formulations increased the content of nutrients, antioxidant capacity (ABTS) and phenolic compounds (Folin-Ciocalteau method) but also doubled acrylamide levels and even raised more than 10 times furanic compound concentrations. Results indicate that the use of chia seeds as ingredients in new cereal-based formulations would improve the nutritional profile but also increase the occurrence of chemical process contaminants. This paradox should be carefully considered in the context of risk/benefit analysis.
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Lemos AC, Borba VSD, Souza MCMBND, Scaglioni PT, Cerqueira MB, Badiale-Furlong E. Processing contaminants in wheat-based foods - a systematic review, meta-analysis and bibliometric analysis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:5608-5619. [PMID: 35139711 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.2022594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Wheat is one of the main cereals grown around the world and is the basis for several foods such as bread, cakes and pasta. The consumption of these foods raises a concern with food safety, as toxic substances such as acrylamide, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are formed during their processing. To assess the occurrence of processing contaminants in wheat-based foods, a systematic search was carried out in four databases: PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Scopus. Of the 1479 results, 28 were included for a meta-analysis. Most studies (69.7%) evaluated acrylamide in bread, cookies, and pasta, while PAHs (26.2%) were determined mainly in wheat grains and pasta. HMF was the least determined contaminant (4.1%), with only four studies on cookies included in the meta-analysis. The highest concentration was for acrylamide (136.29 µg·kg-1) followed by HMF (70.59 µg·kg-1) and PAHs (0.11 µg·kg-1). Acrylamide is the main processing contaminant researched, and no studies on the subject have been found in commercial samples in some regions of the world. This result shows a gap in the dates available about process contaminants in wheat-based foods and how the levels can change depending on the process parameters and the ingredients used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andressa Cunha Lemos
- Mycotoxin and Food Science Laboratory, Post Graduate Program in Engineering and Food Science, Chemistry and Food School, Federal University of Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Verônica Simões de Borba
- Mycotoxin and Food Science Laboratory, Post Graduate Program in Engineering and Food Science, Chemistry and Food School, Federal University of Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Priscila Tessmer Scaglioni
- Center of Chemistry, Pharmaceutical and Food Sciences, Federal University of Pelotas-UFPel, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Maristela Barnes Cerqueira
- Mycotoxin and Food Science Laboratory, Post Graduate Program in Engineering and Food Science, Chemistry and Food School, Federal University of Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Eliana Badiale-Furlong
- Mycotoxin and Food Science Laboratory, Post Graduate Program in Engineering and Food Science, Chemistry and Food School, Federal University of Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Attwa MW, Abdelhameed AS, Kadi AA. LC-MS/MS Estimation of Rociletinib Levels in Human Liver Microsomes: Application to Metabolic Stability Estimation. Drug Des Devel Ther 2021; 15:3915-3925. [PMID: 34552321 PMCID: PMC8450377 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s321330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rociletinib (CO-1686; RLC) is a new, small molecule that is orally administered to inhibit mutant-selective covalent inhibitor of most epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mutated forms, including T790M, L858R, and exon 19 deletions, but not exon 20 insertions. Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with a gene mutation that encodes EGFR is sensitive to approved EGFR inhibitors, but usually resistance develops, which is frequently mediated by T790M EGFR mutation. RLC is an EGFR inhibitor found to be active in preclinical models of EGFR-mutated NSCLC with or without T790M. METHODS In silico drug metabolism prediction of RLC was executed with the aid of the WhichP450 module (StarDrop software package) to verify its metabolic liability. Second, a fast, accurate, and competent LC-MS/MS assay was developed for RLC quantification to determine its metabolic stability. RLC and bosutinib (BOS) (internal standard; IS) were separated using an isocratic elution system with a C18 column (reversed stationary phase). RESULTS The developed LC-MS/MS analytical method showed linearity of 5-500 ng/mL with r2 ≥ 0.9998 in the human liver microsomes (HLMs) matrix. A limit of quantification of 4.6 ng/mL revealed the sensitivity of the analytical method, while the acquired inter- and intra-day accuracy and precision values below 4.63% inferred the method reproducibility. RLC metabolic stability estimation was calculated using intrinsic clearance (20.15 µL/min/mg) and in vitro half-life (34.39 min) values. CONCLUSION RLC exhibited a moderate extraction ratio indicative of good bioavailability. The developed analytical method herein is the first LC-MS/MS assay for RLC metabolic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed W Attwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali S Abdelhameed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adnan A Kadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Ma Z, Lu S, Zhou H, Zhang S, Wang Y, Lin N. Determination of intracellular anlotinib, osimertinib, afatinib and gefitinib accumulations in human brain microvascular endothelial cells by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2021; 35:e8955. [PMID: 32990383 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Brain metastases are a common complication in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Anlotinib hydrochloride is a novel multi-target tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) exhibiting a superior overall response rate for brain metastases from NSCLC. The penetrability of anlotinib and three generations of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) TKIs (osimertinib, afatinib and gefitinib) into brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs) was compared. METHODS A sensitive quantification method for the four TKIs was developed using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). Anlotinib and the three EGFR TKIs were separated on an ACQUITY BEH C18 column after a direct protein precipitation, and then analyzed using electrospray ionization in positive ion mode. The linearity, accuracy, precision, limit of quantification, specificity and stability were assessed. RESULTS The four analytes could be efficiently quantified in a single run of 3.8 min. The validation parameters of all analytes satisfy the acceptance criteria of bioanalytical method guidelines. The calibration range was 0.2-200 ng mL-1 for anlotinib and gefitinib, 1-500 ng mL-1 for osimertinib and 1-200 ng mL-1 for afatinib. The penetration of anlotinib across HBMECs was comparable with that of afatinib and gefitinib but less than that of osimertinib. CONCLUSIONS A sensitive LC/MS/MS method to simultaneously measure anlotinib, osimertinib, afatinib and gefitinib in cell extracts was successfully validated and applied to determine their uptake inside HBMECs, which could pave the way for future research on the role of anlotinib in NSCLC brain metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Ma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuanghui Lu
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shirong Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuqing Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nengming Lin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
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Calheiros de Carvalho A, De Camillis Rodrigues L, Ribeiro AI, Fernandes da Silva MFDG, Soman de Medeiros L, Moura Veiga TA. Integrated Analytical Tools for Accessing Acridones and Unrelated Phenylacrylamides from Swinglea glutinosa. Molecules 2019; 25:molecules25010153. [PMID: 31905978 PMCID: PMC6982866 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25010153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In natural product studies, the purification of metabolites is an important challenge. To accelerate this step, alternatives such as integrated analytical tools should be employed. Based on this, the chemical study of Swinglea glutinosa (Rutaceae) was performed using two rapid dereplication strategies: Target Analysis (Bruker Daltonics®, Bremen, Germany) MS data analysis combined with MS/MS data obtained from the GNPS platform. Through UHPLC-HRMS data, the first approach allowed, from crude fractions, a quick and visual identification of compounds already reported in the Swinglea genus. Aside from this, by grouping compounds according to their fragmentation patterns, the second approach enabled the detection of eight molecular families, which presented matches for acridonic alkaloids, phenylacrylamides, and flavonoids. Unrelated compounds for S. glutinosa have been isolated and characterized by NMR experiments, Lansamide I, Lansiumamide B, Lansiumamide C, and N-(2-phenylethyl)cinnamamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Calheiros de Carvalho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Química, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema-SP 09972-270, Brazil;
| | - Luiza De Camillis Rodrigues
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema-SP 09972-270, Brazil; (L.D.C.R.); (L.S.d.M.)
| | - Alany Ingrid Ribeiro
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos-SP 13565-905, Brazil (M.F.d.G.F.d.S.)
| | | | - Lívia Soman de Medeiros
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema-SP 09972-270, Brazil; (L.D.C.R.); (L.S.d.M.)
| | - Thiago André Moura Veiga
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema-SP 09972-270, Brazil; (L.D.C.R.); (L.S.d.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-11-4044-0500
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Pelin M, Sosa S, Brovedani V, Fusco L, Poli M, Tubaro A. A Novel Sensitive Cell-Based Immunoenzymatic Assay for Palytoxin Quantitation in Mussels. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10080329. [PMID: 30110919 PMCID: PMC6116170 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10080329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The marine algal toxin palytoxin (PLTX) and its analogues are some of the most toxic marine compounds. Their accumulation in edible marine organisms and entrance into the food chain represent their main concerns for human health. Indeed, several fatal human poisonings attributed to these compounds have been recorded in tropical and subtropical areas. Due to the increasing occurrence of PLTX in temperate areas such as the Mediterranean Sea, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has suggested a maximum limit of 30 µg PLTX/kg in shellfish meat, and has recommended the development of rapid, specific, and sensitive methods for detection and quantitation of PLTX in seafood. Thus, a novel, sensitive cell-based ELISA was developed and characterized for PLTX quantitation in mussels. The estimated limits of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) were 1.2 × 10−11 M (32.2 pg/mL) and 2.8 × 10−11 M (75.0 pg/mL), respectively, with good accuracy (bias = 2.5%) and repeatability (15% and 9% interday and intraday relative standard deviation of repeatability (RSDr), respectively). Minimal interference of 80% aqueous methanol extract allows PLTX quantitation in mussels at concentrations lower than the maximum limit suggested by EFSA, with an LOQ of 9.1 µg PLTX equivalent/kg mussel meat. Given its high sensitivity and specificity, the cell-based ELISA should be considered a suitable method for PLTX quantitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Pelin
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Silvio Sosa
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
| | | | - Laura Fusco
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Mark Poli
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, MD 21701-5011, USA.
| | - Aurelia Tubaro
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
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Yue K, Li X, Schrobback K, Sheikhi A, Annabi N, Leijten J, Zhang W, Zhang YS, Hutmacher DW, Klein TJ, Khademhosseini A. Structural analysis of photocrosslinkable methacryloyl-modified protein derivatives. Biomaterials 2017; 139:163-171. [PMID: 28618346 PMCID: PMC5845859 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Biochemically modified proteins have attracted significant attention due to their widespread applications as biomaterials. For instance, chemically modified gelatin derivatives have been widely explored to develop hydrogels for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications. Among the reported methods, modification of gelatin with methacrylic anhydride (MA) stands out as a convenient and efficient strategy to introduce functional groups and form hydrogels via photopolymerization. Combining light-activation of modified gelatin with soft lithography has enabled the materialization of microfabricated hydrogels. So far, this gelatin derivative has been referred to in the literature as gelatin methacrylate, gelatin methacrylamide, or gelatin methacryloyl, with the same abbreviation of GelMA. Considering the complex composition of gelatin and the presence of different functional groups on the amino acid residues, both hydroxyl groups and amine groups can possibly react with methacrylic anhydride during functionalization of the protein. This can also apply to the modification of other proteins, such as recombinant human tropoelastin to form MA-modified tropoelastin (MeTro). Here, we employed analytical methods to quantitatively determine the amounts of methacrylate and methacrylamide groups in MA-modified gelatin and tropoelastin to better understand the reaction mechanism. By combining two chemical assays with instrumental techniques, such as proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), our results indicated that while amine groups had higher reactivity than hydroxyl groups and resulted in a majority of methacrylamide groups, modification of proteins by MA could lead to the formation of both methacrylamide and methacrylate groups. It is therefore suggested that the standard terms for GelMA and MeTro should be defined as gelatin methacryloyl and methacryloyl-substituted tropoelastin, respectively, to remain consistent with the widespread abbreviations used in literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Yue
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Xiuyu Li
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Research Center for Analysis and Measurement, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050024, China
| | - Karsten Schrobback
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, 4059, Australia
| | - Amir Sheikhi
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Nasim Annabi
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115-5000, USA
| | - Jeroen Leijten
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Department of Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Weijia Zhang
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Department of Chemistry and Institute of Biomedical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yu Shrike Zhang
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Dietmar W Hutmacher
- ARC Training Centre in Additive Biomanufacturing, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, 4059, Australia; Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, 4059, Australia
| | - Travis J Klein
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, 4059, Australia; ARC Training Centre in Additive Biomanufacturing, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, 4059, Australia
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Department of Bioindustrial Technologies, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701, Republic of Korea; Department of Physics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21569, Saudi Arabia.
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Tartaglione L, Dell'Aversano C, Mazzeo A, Forino M, Wieringa A, Ciminiello P. Determination of Palytoxins in Soft Coral and Seawater from a Home Aquarium. Comparison between Palythoa- and Ostreopsis-Related Inhalatory Poisonings. Environ Sci Technol 2016; 50:1023-1030. [PMID: 26655059 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Anecdotal reports exist of aquarium hobbyists that experienced severe respiratory distress and/or skin injury following cleaning operation of home aquaria containing Palythoa sp. soft corals. Hundreds of cases of respiratory illness and/or dermatitis have been recorded in proximity to the sea concomitantly with algal blooms of Ostreopsis spp. in the Mediterranean area. Both Palythoa spp. and Ostreopsis spp. contain congeners of palytoxin, a highly potent toxin whose inhalation hazard is however unknown. In this study, we demonstrate the presence of high levels of palytoxins (palytoxin and hydroxypalytoxin) in both soft coral and seawater from a home marine aquarium involved in the poisoning of a whole family. Due to the high toxin levels found in seawater, a procedure for a rapid and efficient determination of palytoxin in seawater was setup. A comparison of symptoms of Palythoa- and Ostreopsis-related inhalatory poisonings showed many similarities including fever, respiratory distress, nausea, and flu-like symptoms. From the chemical and symptomatological data reported herein it is reasonable to hold palytoxins responsible for respiratory disorders following inhalation. Although the exact mechanism through which palytoxin congeners exert their inhalatory toxicity is still unknown, this represents a step toward demonstrating that palytoxin congeners exert toxic effects through inhalation both in natural environments and in the surroundings of private and public aquaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Tartaglione
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II , Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Carmela Dell'Aversano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II , Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonia Mazzeo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II , Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Martino Forino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II , Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Andre Wieringa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Isala, Dokter van Heesweg 2, 8025 AB Zwolle, The Netherlands
| | - Patrizia Ciminiello
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II , Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
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10
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Carnicer O, Guallar C, Andree KB, Diogène J, Fernández-Tejedor M. Ostreopsis cf. ovata dynamics in the NW Mediterranean Sea in relation to biotic and abiotic factors. Environ Res 2015; 143:89-99. [PMID: 26365038 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
An expansion of the distribution of Ostreopsis cf. ovata, a dinoflagellate which produces palytoxin-like compounds, has been reported in recent years. Economical and social interests are affected by blooms, as they are responsible for respiratory and skin problems in humans and may cause damage to marine organisms. In order to identify the most influential environmental factors that trigger proliferations of O. cf. ovata in the area of the adjacent shallow rocky coast of the Ebro Delta (NW Mediterranean Sea) a three-year survey was performed on the metaphytic microalgae community growing on the macrophytes Jania rubens and Corallina elongata. Small-size diatoms were more abundant than dinoflagellates; O. cf. ovata was identified as the only species present from the genus. Seawater temperature was the primary driver defining the ecological niche of O. cf. ovata. Freshwater and groundwater fluxes were more pronounced in southern than in northern sites, which may have resulted in a distinct O. cf. ovata spatial distribution, with the highest records of abundance and more frequent blooms in the north. In consequence, negative correlations between the abundance of O. cf. ovata and nitrate concentrations and significant positive correlation with salinity were observed. The temporal pattern of O. cf. ovata dynamics from mid-July to early-November is probably due to the fact that this species is observed only above a certain threshold temperature of seawater. Metaphytic cells of O. cf. ovata were smaller in the northern site than in the south, possibly as a result of an increase in cell division, coinciding with higher abundance, and this could be an indicator of favorable conditions. Toxicity in planktonic cells was negatively correlated with cell abundance in the water column, achieving maximum concentrations of 25pg. PLTX eqcell(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Carnicer
- IRTA, Carretera de Poble Nou, km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
| | - Carles Guallar
- IRTA, Carretera de Poble Nou, km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain; IFREMER, DYNECO-PELAGOS Centre de Brest, Pointe du Diable BP70, 29280 Plouzane, France
| | - Karl B Andree
- IRTA, Carretera de Poble Nou, km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
| | - Jorge Diogène
- IRTA, Carretera de Poble Nou, km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
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11
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Silva M, Pratheepa VK, Botana LM, Vasconcelos V. Emergent toxins in North Atlantic temperate waters: a challenge for monitoring programs and legislation. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:859-85. [PMID: 25785464 PMCID: PMC4379530 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7030859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Harmful Algal Blooms (HAB) are complex to manage due to their intermittent nature and their severe impact on the economy and human health. The conditions which promote HAB have not yet been fully explained, though climate change and anthropogenic intervention are pointed as significant factors. The rise of water temperature, the opening of new sea canals and the introduction of ship ballast waters all contribute to the dispersion and establishment of toxin-producing invasive species that promote the settling of emergent toxins in the food-chain. Tetrodotoxin, ciguatoxin, palytoxin and cyclic imines are commonly reported in warm waters but have also caused poisoning incidents in temperate zones. There is evidence that monitoring for these toxins exclusively in bivalves is simplistic and underestimates the risk to public health, since new vectors have been reported for these toxins and as well for regulated toxins such as PSTs and DSTs. In order to avoid public health impacts, there is a need for adequate monitoring programs, a need for establishing appropriate legislation, and a need for optimizing effective methods of analysis. In this review, we will compile evidence concerning emergent marine toxins and provide data that may indicate the need to restructure the current monitoring programs of HAB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Silva
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, Porto 4050-123, Portugal.
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Porto 4169-007, Portugal.
| | - Vijaya K Pratheepa
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, Porto 4050-123, Portugal.
| | - Luis M Botana
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago of Compostela, Lugo 27002, Spain.
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, Porto 4050-123, Portugal.
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Porto 4169-007, Portugal.
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12
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Ciminiello P, Dell'Aversano C, Dello Iacovo E, Fattorusso E, Forino M, Tartaglione L, Benedettini G, Onorari M, Serena F, Battocchi C, Casabianca S, Penna A. First finding of Ostreopsis cf. ovata toxins in marine aerosols. Environ Sci Technol 2014; 48:3532-3540. [PMID: 24564517 DOI: 10.1021/es405617d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Since the late 1990s, a respiratory syndrome has been repetitively observed in humans concomitant with Ostreopsis spp. blooms (mainly O. cf. ovata) in the Mediterranean area. Previous studies have demonstrated that O. cf. ovata produces analogues of palytoxin (ovatoxins and a putative palytoxin), one of the most potent marine toxins. On the basis of the observed association between O. cf. ovata blooms, respiratory illness in people, and detection of palytoxin complex in algal samples, toxic aerosols, containing Ostreopsis cells and/or the toxins they produce, were postulated to be the cause of human illness. A small scale monitoring study of marine aerosol carried out along the Tuscan coasts (Italy) in 2009 and 2010 is reported. Aerosols were collected concomitantly with O. cf. ovata blooms, and they were analyzed by both PCR assays and LC-HRMS. The results, besides confirming the presence of O. cf. ovata cells, demonstrated for the first time the occurrence of ovatoxins in the aerosol at levels of 2.4 pg of ovatoxins per liter of air. Given the lack of toxicological data on palytoxins by inhalation exposure, our results are only a first step toward a more comprehensive understanding of the Ostreopsis-related respiratory syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Ciminiello
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II , Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
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13
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Alfonso A, Pazos MJ, Fernández-Araujo A, Tobio A, Alfonso C, Vieytes MR, Botana LM. Surface plasmon resonance biosensor method for palytoxin detection based on Na+,K+-ATPase affinity. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 6:96-107. [PMID: 24379088 PMCID: PMC3920252 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6010096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Palytoxin (PLTX), produced by dinoflagellates from the genus Ostreopsis was first discovered, isolated, and purified from zoanthids belonging to the genus Palythoa. The detection of this toxin in contaminated shellfish is essential for human health preservation. A broad range of studies indicate that mammalian Na+,K+-ATPase is a high affinity cellular receptor for PLTX. The toxin converts the pump into an open channel that stimulates sodium influx and potassium efflux. In this work we develop a detection method for PLTX based on its binding to the Na+,K+-ATPase. The method was developed by using the phenomenon of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) to monitor biomolecular reactions. This technique does not require any labeling of components. The interaction of PLTX over immobilized Na+,K+-ATPase is quantified by injecting different concentrations of toxin in the biosensor and checking the binding rate constant (kobs). From the representation of kobs versus PLTX concentration, the kinetic equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) for the PLTX-Na+,K+-ATPase association can be calculated. The value of this constant is KD = 6.38 × 10−7 ± 6.67 × 10−8 M PLTX. In this way the PLTX-Na+,K+-ATPase association was used as a suitable method for determination of the toxin concentration in a sample. This method represents a new and useful approach to easily detect the presence of PLTX-like compounds in marine products using the mechanism of action of these toxins and in this way reduce the use of other more expensive and animal based methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amparo Alfonso
- Department of Pharmacology, Veterinary School, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - María-José Pazos
- Department of Pharmacology, Veterinary School, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Andrea Fernández-Araujo
- Department of Pharmacology, Veterinary School, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Araceli Tobio
- Department of Pharmacology, Veterinary School, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Carmen Alfonso
- Department of Pharmacology, Veterinary School, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Mercedes R Vieytes
- Department of Pharmacology, Veterinary School, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Luis M Botana
- Department of Pharmacology, Veterinary School, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
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14
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Boscolo S, Pelin M, De Bortoli M, Fontanive G, Barreras A, Berti F, Sosa S, Chaloin O, Bianco A, Yasumoto T, Prato M, Poli M, Tubaro A. Sandwich ELISA assay for the quantitation of palytoxin and its analogs in natural samples. Environ Sci Technol 2013; 47:2034-2042. [PMID: 23339823 DOI: 10.1021/es304222t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Palytoxins are potent marine biotoxins that have recently become endemic to the Mediterranean Sea, and are becoming more frequently associated with seafood. Due to their high toxicity, suitable methods to quantify palytoxins are needed. Thus, we developed an indirect sandwich ELISA for palytoxin and 42-hydroxy-palytoxin. An intralaboratory study demonstrated sensitivity (limit of detection, LOD = 1.1 ng/mL; limit of quantitation, LOQ = 2.2 ng/mL), accuracy (bias of 2.1%), repeatability (RSDr = 6% and 9% for intra- and interassay variability, respectively) and specificity: other common marine toxins (okadaic acid, domoic acid, saxitoxin, brevetoxin-3, and yessotoxin) do not cross-react in this assay. It performed well in three different matrices: observed LOQs were 11.0, 9.6, and 2.4 ng/mL for mussel extracts, algal net samples and seawater, respectively, with good accuracy and precision. The LOQ in seafood is 11 μg palytoxin/kg mussel meat, lower than that of the most common detection technique, LC-MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Boscolo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, 34127 Trieste, Italy
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15
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Abstract
Macrocyclic antibiotics, especially vancomycin, represent a class of versatile chiral selectors for enantioseparations by capillary electrophoresis (CE). In this chapter, we describe the protocol for performing CE enantioseparations with vancomycin as the chiral selector. Dynamic coating of the capillary with polymers including the positively charged polyelectrolyte hexadimethrine bromide or electro-neutral poly(dimethylacrylamide) proved to be very useful in order to reduce the adsorption of vancomycin onto the capillary wall resulting in an improved separation efficiency. The partial filling technique is employed for improvement of the detection sensitivity. Utilization of these techniques makes the CE enantioseparation with vancomycin more practical and robust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengke Li
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Shanghai, China
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16
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Zamolo VA, Valenti G, Venturelli E, Chaloin O, Marcaccio M, Boscolo S, Castagnola V, Sosa S, Berti F, Fontanive G, Poli M, Tubaro A, Bianco A, Paolucci F, Prato M. Highly sensitive electrochemiluminescent nanobiosensor for the detection of palytoxin. ACS Nano 2012; 6:7989-7997. [PMID: 22913785 DOI: 10.1021/nn302573c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Marine toxins appear to be increasing in many areas of the world. An emerging problem in the Mediterranean Sea is represented by palytoxin (PlTX), one of the most potent marine toxins, frequently detected in seafood. Due to the high potential for human toxicity of PlTX, there is a strong and urgent need for sensitive methods toward its detection and quantification. We have developed an ultrasensitive electrochemiluminescence-based sensor for the detection of PlTX, taking advantage of the specificity provided by anti-PlTX antibodies, the good conductive properties of carbon nanotubes, and the excellent sensitivity achieved by a luminescence-based transducer. The sensor was able to produce a concentration-dependent light signal, allowing PlTX quantification in mussels, with a limit of quantification (LOQ = 2.2 μg/kg of mussel meat) more than 2 orders of magnitude more sensitive than that of the commonly used detection techniques, such as LC-MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Anna Zamolo
- Center of Excellence on Nanostructured Materials, Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and INSTM, Unit of Trieste, University of Trieste, P.le Europa 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
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17
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Pezzolesi L, Guerrini F, Ciminiello P, Dell'Aversano C, Dello Iacovo E, Fattorusso E, Forino M, Tartaglione L, Pistocchi R. Influence of temperature and salinity on Ostreopsis cf. ovata growth and evaluation of toxin content through HR LC-MS and biological assays. Water Res 2012; 46:82-92. [PMID: 22078255 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Revised: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 10/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In the Mediterranean Sea, blooms of Ostreopsis cf. ovata and Ostreopsis siamensis have become increasingly frequent in the last decade and O. cf. ovata was found to produce palytoxin-like compounds (putative palytoxin, ovatoxin-a, -b, -c, -d and -e), a class of highly potent toxins. The environmental conditions seem to play a key role in influencing the abundance of Ostreopsis spp. High cell densities are generally recorded in concomitance with relatively high temperature and salinity and low hydrodynamics conditions. In this study the effects of temperature and salinity on the growth and toxicity of an Adriatic O. cf. ovata isolate were investigated. The highest growth rates of the Adriatic strain were recorded for cultures grown at 20 °C and at salinity values of 36 and 40, in accordance with natural bloom surveys. Toxicity was affected by growth conditions, with the highest toxin content on a per cell basis being measured at 25 °C and salinity 32. However, the highest total toxin content on a per litre basis was recorded at 20 °C and salinity 36, since under such conditions the growth yield was the highest. O. cf. ovata had lethal effects on Artemia nauplii and juvenile sea basses, and produced haemolysis of sheep erythrocytes. A comparison between haemolysis neutralization assay and HR LC-MS results showed a good correlation between haemolytic effect and total toxin content measured through HR LC-MS. Considering the increasing need for rapid and sensitive methods to detect palytoxin in natural samples, the haemolytic assay appears a useful method for preliminary quantification of the whole of palytoxin-like compounds in algal extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pezzolesi
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca per le Scienze Ambientali, Università di Bologna, Via S'Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy
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18
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Deeds JR, Handy SM, White KD, Reimer JD. Palytoxin found in Palythoa sp. zoanthids (Anthozoa, Hexacorallia) sold in the home aquarium trade. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18235. [PMID: 21483745 PMCID: PMC3070722 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2010] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoanthids (Anthozoa, Hexacorallia) are colonial anemones that contain one of the deadliest toxins ever discovered, palytoxin (LD(50) in mice 300 ng/kg), but it is generally believed that highly toxic species are not sold in the home aquarium trade. We previously showed that an unintentionally introduced zoanthid in a home aquarium contained high concentrations of palytoxin and was likely responsible for a severe respiratory reaction when an individual attempted to eliminate the contaminant colonies using boiling water. To assess the availability and potential exposure of palytoxin to marine aquarium hobbyists, we analyzed zoanthid samples collected from local aquarium stores for palytoxin using liquid chromatography and high resolution mass spectrometry and attempted to identify the specimens through genetic analysis of 16S and cytochrome c oxidase 1 (COI) markers. We found four specimens of the same apparent species of zoanthid, that we described previously to be responsible for a severe respiratory reaction in a home aquarium, to be available in three aquarium stores in the Washington D.C. area. We found all of these specimens (n = 4) to be highly toxic with palytoxin or palytoxin-like compounds (range 0.5-3.5 mg crude toxin/g zoanthid). One of the most potent non-protein compounds ever discovered is present in dangerous quantities in a select species of zoanthid commonly sold in the home aquarium trade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Deeds
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, United States of America.
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Wang J, Zhao L, Li X, Jiang Y, Li N, Qin Z, Pan C. Residue dynamic of pyrimorph on tomatoes, cucumbers and soil under greenhouse trails. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2011; 86:326-330. [PMID: 21298253 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-011-0201-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2010] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A modified QuEChERS method for analysis of pyrimorph residue in tomatoes, cucumbers and soil was developed and validated. Residue dynamics and final residues in greenhouse vegetables and soil were studied. At fortification levels of 0.05, 0.1 and 1 mg kg(-1) in tomatoes, cucumbers and soil, the method got recoveries ranged from 86.1% to 99.3% with relative standard deviations of 1.0%-7.7%, in agreement with directives for method validation in residue analysis. The limit of determination in tomatoes, cucumbers and soil was 0.05 mg kg(-1). The proposed method was successfully employed for the determination of pyrimorph residue levels and dissipation rates in vegetables and soil. At six experimental sites, pyrimorph residues in tomatoes and cucumbers showed relatively fast dissipation rates, with half-lives of 5.8-7.7 days and 5.7-7.1 days respectively. Half-lives of pyrimorph in soil were 8.5-11.0 days. The final residues of pyrimorph in tomatoes ranged from 0.19 to 3.66 mg kg(-1), 0.18 to 4.35 mg kg(-1) in cucumbers and 0.22 to 16.5 mg kg(-1) in soil with pre-harvest interval of 3-7 days. 5 mg kg(-1) was proposed as the MRL of pyrimorph in tomatoes and cucumbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
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20
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Grégoire G, Dabsie F, Dieng-Sarr F, Akon B, Sharrock P. Solvent composition of one-step self-etch adhesives and dentine wettability. J Dent 2010; 39:30-9. [PMID: 20933048 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2010.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Revised: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our aim was to determine the wettability of dentine by four commercial self-etch adhesives and evaluate their spreading rate on the dentine surface. Any correlation with chemical composition was sought, particularly with the amount of solvent or HEMA present in the adhesive. The adhesives used were AdheSE One, Optibond All.In.One, Adper Easy Bond and XenoV. METHODS Chemical compositions were determined by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy of the adhesives dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide. Apparent contact angles for sessile drops of adhesives were measured on dentine slices as a function of time for up to 180s. The water contact angles were determined for fully polymerised adhesives. RESULTS All adhesives were water-based with total solvent contents ranging from 27% to 73% for HEMA-free adhesives, and averaging 45% for HEMA containing adhesives. The contents in hydrophobic groups decreased as water contents increased. No differences were found in the adhesive contact angles after 180s even though the spreading rates were different for the products tested. CONCLUSION Water contact angles differed significantly but were not correlated with HEMA or solvent presence. Manufacturers use different approaches to stabilise acid co-monomer ingredients in self-etch adhesives. Co-solvents, HEMA, or acrylamides without co-solvents are used to simultaneously etch and infiltrate dentine. A large proportion of water is necessary for decalcification action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geneviève Grégoire
- Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Odontology, University Toulouse III, 31062 Toulouse, France.
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21
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Schouten LJ, Hogervorst JGF, Konings EJM, Goldbohm RA, van den Brandt PA. Dietary acrylamide intake and the risk of head-neck and thyroid cancers: results from the Netherlands Cohort Study. Am J Epidemiol 2009; 170:873-84. [PMID: 19720866 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwp213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acrylamide exposure has been related to an increased incidence of oral and thyroid tumors in animal studies. In 1986, 120,852 persons (aged 55-69 years) were included in the Netherlands Cohort Study. Dietary acrylamide intake was assessed with a food frequency questionnaire and was based on chemical analysis of all relevant Dutch foods. Hazard ratios were adjusted for smoking and other confounders. After 16.3 years of follow-up, there were 101, 83, 180, and 66 cases of oral cavity, oro-hypopharynx, larynx, and thyroid cancer, respectively. Average daily dietary acrylamide intake was 21.8 microg (standard deviation, 12.1). Dietary acrylamide intake was not associated with increased risk of oral cavity (hazard ratio (HR) per 10-microg intake/day = 0.90, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.73, 1.10), oro-hypopharynx (HR = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.53, 1.03), larynx (HR = 1.05, 95% CI: 0.91, 1.21), or thyroid (HR = 1.03, 95% CI: 0.82, 1.27) cancer. For nonsmokers, hazard ratios were not increased either. Dietary acrylamide was statistically significantly associated with increased risk of oral cavity cancer in female nonsmokers, but case numbers were small. Dietary acrylamide intake was not positively associated with risk of head-neck and thyroid cancer, except with oral cavity cancer risk for female nonsmokers. A negative association for males was indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo J Schouten
- GROW, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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22
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Rajkumar R, Ilayaraja R, Mucignat C, Cavaggioni A, Archunan G. Identification of alpha2u-globulin and bound volatiles in the Indian common house rat (Rattus rattus). Indian J Biochem Biophys 2009; 46:319-324. [PMID: 19788064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The alpha2u-globulin (alpha2u) is a pheromone carrier urinary protein believed to be relevant for sexual communication among rats and is characterized in laboratory rats. In the present study 17 kDa protein and the bound pheromones were characterized in a population of wild-type Indian common house rat (Rattus rattus). The protein was purified by two runs of Sephadex G-50 chromatography and analyzed with SDS-PAGE with MALDI-TOF/MS. The results of MASCOT search identified the protein as an alpha2u and suggested a role for binding pheromones. To confirm the protein bound volatiles, purified alpha2u was extracted with dichloromethane and volatile molecules were detected using of gas chromatography linked to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). 1-Chlorodecane was detected as the predominant compound and 2-methyl-N-phenyl-2-propenamide, hexadecane and 2,6,11-trimethyl decane as the minor compounds. The simple method of protein purification and the identification of bound volatiles may help in designing efficient pheromone-based rat traps.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rajkumar
- Center for Pheromone Technology, Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli-620 024, India
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23
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Lucentini L, Ferretti E, Veschetti E, Achene L, Turrio-Baldassarri L, Ottaviani M, Bogialli S. Determination of low-level acrylamide in drinking water by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. J AOAC Int 2009; 92:263-270. [PMID: 19382585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A simple and sensitive liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric (LC/MS/MS) method has been developed and validated to confirm and quantify acrylamide monomer (AA) in drinking water using [13C3] acrylamide as internal standard (IS). After a preconcentration by solid-phase extraction with spherical activated carbon, analytes were chromatographed on IonPac ICE-AS1 column (9 x 250 mm) under isocratic conditions using acetonitrile-water-0.1 M formic acid (43 + 52 + 5, v/v/v) as the mobile phase. Analysis was achieved using a triple-quadrupole mass analyzer equipped with a turbo ion spray interface. For confirmation and quantification of the analytes, MS data acquisition was performed in the multireaction monitoring mode, selecting 2 precursor ion to product ion transitions for both AA and IS. The method was validated for linearity, sensitivity, accuracy, precision, extraction efficiency, and matrix effect. Linearity in tap water was observed over the concentration range 0.1-2.0 microg/L. Limits of detection and quantification were 0.02 and 0.1 microg/L, respectively. Interday and intraday assays were performed across 3 validation levels (0.1, 0.5, and 1.5 microg/L). Accuracy (as mean recovery) ranged from 89.3 to 96.2% with relative standard deviation <7.98%. Performance characteristics of this LC/MS/MS method make it suitable for regulatory confirmatory analysis of AA in drinking water in compliance with European Union and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Lucentini
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Department of Environment and Primary Prevention, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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Snively CM, Kim YS, Chase DB, Rabolt JF. Rapid detection of low concentrations of aqueous species in the presence of spectral overlap using planar array infrared spectroscopy. Appl Spectrosc 2008; 62:337-339. [PMID: 18339244 DOI: 10.1366/000370208783759777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Snively
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
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Ciminiello P, Dell'Aversano C, Fattorusso E, Forino M, Tartaglione L, Grillo C, Melchiorre N. Putative palytoxin and its new analogue, ovatoxin-a, in Ostreopsis ovata collected along the Ligurian coasts during the 2006 toxic outbreak. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2008; 19:111-120. [PMID: 18063381 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2007.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2007] [Revised: 10/31/2007] [Accepted: 11/01/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In this article we report on the liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS) investigation of plankton samples collected in the summer of 2006 along the Ligurian coasts, coinciding with a massive bloom of the tropical microalga Ostreopsis ovata. LC-MS analyses indicated the occurrence of putative palytoxin along with a much more abundant palytoxin-like compound never reported so far, which we named ovatoxin-a. On the basis of molecular formula, fragmentation pattern, and chromatographic behavior, the structure of ovatoxin-a appeared to be strictly related to that of palytoxin. We report also on the analysis of cultured O. ovata, which was necessary to unequivocally demonstrate that putative palytoxin and ovatoxin-a contained in field samples were actually produced by O. ovata itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Ciminiello
- Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
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Wenzl T, Lachenmeier DW, Gökmen V. Analysis of heat-induced contaminants (acrylamide, chloropropanols and furan) in carbohydrate-rich food. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 389:119-37. [PMID: 17673989 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1459-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2007] [Revised: 06/11/2007] [Accepted: 06/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Heat-induced food contaminants have attracted attention of both the scientific community and the public in recent years. The presence of substances considered possibly or probably carcinogenic to humans has triggered an extensive debate on the healthiness of even staple foods. In that respect, acrylamide, furan and chloropropanols are the main substances of concern. Their widespread occurrence in processed food, which concomitantly causes considerable exposure to humans, led either to the setting of maximum limits (for some chloropropanols) or at least the initiation of monitoring programmes in order to put risk assessment on a solid data basis. Acrylamide, furan and chloropropanols are small molecules with physicochemical properties that make their analysis challenging. Their amount in food ranges typically from below the limit of detection to hundreds of micrograms per kilo or even milligrams per kilo. However, a number of recently published scientific reports deal with the analysis of these substances in different kinds of food. The aim of this publication is to give an overview of analytical approaches for the determination of acrylamide, furan and chloropropanols in foodstuffs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wenzl
- Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, European Commission, Directorate General Joint Research Centre, Retieseweg 111, 2440 Geel, Belgium.
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Elmore JS, Mottram DS, Muttucumaru N, Dodson AT, Parry MAJ, Halford NG. Changes in free amino acids and sugars in potatoes due to sulfate fertilization and the effect on acrylamide formation. J Agric Food Chem 2007; 55:5363-6. [PMID: 17530773 DOI: 10.1021/jf070447s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
To examine how sulfur deprivation may affect acrylamide formation in cooked potatoes, three varieties of potato were grown under conditions of either severe sulfur deprivation or an adequate supply of sulfur. In all three varieties sulfur deprivation led to a decrease in acrylamide formation, even though the levels of sugars, which are acrylamide precursors, were higher in tubers of the sulfur-deprived plants. In one variety the concentration of free asparagine, the other precursor for acrylamide, was also higher. There was a very close correlation between the concentration of asparagine in the tubers expressed as a proportion of the total free amino acid pool and the formation of acrylamide upon cooking, whereas sugars were poorly correlated with acrylamide. In potatoes, where concentrations of sugars are usually limiting, competition between asparagine and other amino acids participating in the Maillard reaction may be a key determinant of the amount of acrylamide that is formed during processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Stephen Elmore
- Department of Food Biosciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, United Kingdom
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Ciminiello P, Dell'Aversano C, Fattorusso E, Forino M, Magno GS, Tartaglione L, Grillo C, Melchiorre N. The Genoa 2005 outbreak. Determination of putative palytoxin in Mediterranean Ostreopsis ovata by a new liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method. Anal Chem 2007; 78:6153-9. [PMID: 16944897 DOI: 10.1021/ac060250j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A new method for sensitive, specific, and direct determination of palytoxin is proposed herein. It is based on combination of reversed-phase liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The new method was set up on a turbo ion spray-triple quadrupole MS instrument operating in selected ion monitoring (SIM) and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) acquisition modes (positive ions). The minimum detection levels for matrix-free toxin on column were thus estimated from the data to be 200 and 125 pg in SIM and MRM modes, respectively. Spiking experiments before and after extraction allowed us to assess limits of detection and quantitation for palytoxin in matrix, accuracy, and intraday and interday reproducibility of the method. The developed method was decisive for the analysis of a plankton sample collected along Genoa coasts in July 2005 when respiratory illness in people exposed to marine aerosols occurred. It is suggested that putative palytoxin was the causative agent responsible for patients' symptoms and demonstrated for the first time the presence of such a toxin in Italian waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Ciminiello
- Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Kovár L, Strohalm J, Chytil P, Mrkvan T, Kovár M, Hovorka O, Ulbrich K, Ríhová B. The Same Drug but a Different Mechanism of Action: Comparison of Free Doxorubicin with Two Different N-(2-Hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide Copolymer-Bound Doxorubicin Conjugates in EL-4 Cancer Cell Line. Bioconjug Chem 2007; 18:894-902. [PMID: 17402705 DOI: 10.1021/bc060246e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Doxorubicin is one of the most potent anti-tumor drugs with a broad spectrum of use. To reduce its toxic effect and improve its pharmacokinetics, we conjugated it to an HPMA copolymer carrier that enhances its passive accumulation within solid tumors via the EPR effect and decreases its cytotoxicity to normal, noncancer cells. In this study, we compared the antiproliferative, pro-survival, and death signals triggered in EL-4 cancer cells exposed to free doxorubicin and doxorubicin conjugated to a HPMA copolymer carrier via either enzymatically (PK1) or hydrolytically (HYD) degradable bonds. We have previously shown that the intracellular distribution of free doxorubicin, HYD, and PK1 is markedly different. Here, we demonstrated that these three agents greatly differ also in the antiproliferative effect and cell death signals they trigger. JNK phosphorylation sharply increased in cells treated with HYD, while treatment with free doxorubicin moderately decreased and treatment with PK1 even strongly decreased it. On the other hand, treatment with free doxorubicin greatly increased p38 phosphorylation, while PK1 and HYD increased it slightly. PK1 also significantly increased ERK phosphorylation, while both the free doxorubicin and HYD conjugate slightly decreased it. Long-term inhibition of JNK significantly increased both proliferation and viability of EL-4 cells treated with free doxorubicin, showing that the JNK signaling pathway could be critical for mediating cell death in EL-4 cells exposed to free doxorubicin. Both activation of caspase 3 and decreased binding activity of the p50 subunit of NFkappaB were observed in cells treated with free doxorubicin and HYD, while no such effects were seen in cells incubated with PK1. Analysis of the expression of genes involved in apoptosis and regulation of the cell cycle demonstrated that free doxorubicin and HYD have very similar mechanisms of action, while PK1 has very different characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubomír Kovár
- Department of Immunology and Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology ASCR, v.v.i., VídenskA 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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Mojska H, Gielecińska I, Szponar L. Acrylamide content in heat-treated carbohydrate-rich foods in Poland. Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig 2007; 58:345-9. [PMID: 17711133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of the study was to determine the content of acrylamide in randomly selected samples of potato crisps and French fries using GC/MS/MS. The mean content of acrylamide in tested crisps amounted to 998 microg/kg (range from 352 to 3647 microg/kg) and was almost three times higher than in French fries--337 microg/kg (range from 88 to 799 microg/kg). Differences (even ten times) in the level of acrylamid in individual product samples, testifying the impact of raw materials and technological process running conditions on the content of acrylamide in the final product. The results of our study were close to those obtained in other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Mojska
- Department of Food and Nutrition Safety, National Food and Nutrition Institute, 02-903 Warszawa.
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Choi J, Hermans TM, Lohmeijer BGG, Pratt RC, Dubois G, Frommer J, Waymouth RM, Hedrick JL. Monolayered organosilicate toroids and related structures: A phase diagram for templating from block copolymers. Nano Lett 2006; 6:1761-4. [PMID: 16895370 DOI: 10.1021/nl0612906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Here we report the controlled generation of micelle-templated organosilicate nanostructures resulting from self-assembly of a block copolymer/organosilicate mixture followed by organosilicate vitrification and copolymer thermolysis. Variation of solution condition and the copolymer/organosilicate mixture composition generates widely different film morphologies ranging from toroids to linear features to contiguous nanoporous monolayers. The use of reactive organosilicates for block copolymer templation generates functional inorganic nanostructures with thermal and mechanical stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongsoo Choi
- IBM Almaden Research Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, California 95120, USA
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Marín JM, Pozo OJ, Sancho JV, Pitarch E, López FJ, Hernández F. Study of different atmospheric-pressure interfaces for LC-MS/MS determination of acrylamide in water at sub-ppb levels. J Mass Spectrom 2006; 41:1041-8. [PMID: 16832838 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A rapid, sensitive and selective method based on LC-MS/MS has been developed for the direct determination of acrylamide residues in water in compliance with the current European Union (EU) 98/83 Drinking Water Directive. Given the high polarity of acrylamide, the application of a rapid on-line solid phase extraction step, commonly used for preconcentrating low analyte levels, was not found to be completely satisfactory. Therefore, an alternative approach based on the use of direct large-volume injection into the LC-MS/MS system has been used. Three atmospheric-pressure interfaces (ESI, APCI and Ion Sabre APCI) were checked to reach the required sensitivity (0.1 microg/l). All three interfaces were tested by analysis of six different water samples (surface water, groundwater, drinking water and three treated water samples) spiked at three concentration levels each (0.1, 1 and 10 microg/l). When using ESI, poor sensitivity and high matrix effects were observed. This situation improved when APCI was used as the interface because no matrix effect was found, although sensitivity was not completely satisfactory. The best results were obtained by interfacing the Ion Sabre APCI; its higher sensitivity for acrylamide (LOD 0.03 microg/l) and the absence of matrix effects recommended its selection. Using this approach, satisfactory recoveries (90-97%) and precision (<12%) were obtained for all water samples studied. Besides, the acquisition of two different MS/MS transitions allowed not only the quantification but also the confirmation of acrylamide in water at concentration levels around 0.1 microg/l.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Marín
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n E-12071 Castellón, Spain
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Campora CE, Hokama Y, Ebesu JSM. Comparative analysis of purified Pacific and Caribbean ciguatoxin congeners and related marine toxins using a modified ELISA technique. J Clin Lab Anal 2006; 20:121-5. [PMID: 16721852 PMCID: PMC6807398 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.20113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The monoclonal antibody to ciguatoxin (CTX) produced from a hybridoma cell line was assayed for the detection of four congeners of CTX: Pacific ciguatoxin-1 (P-CTX-1), Pacific ciguatoxin-2 (P-CTX-2), Pacific ciguatoxin-3 (P-CTX-3), and Caribbean ciguatoxin-1 (C-CTX-1) and related marine toxins, including domoic acid, palytoxin, and okadaic acid, using a modified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Lower detection limits were assessed and linearity was statistically established (P<0.05) for P-CTX-1, P-CTX-2, and P-CTX-3 and C-CTX-1 at concentrations ranging from 0 to 5.00 ng, while the other marine toxins showed statistically insignificant cross-reactivities at similar concentrations. Thus, the monoclonal antibody to CTX is able to specifically detect various CTX congeners at levels comparable to those naturally occurring in ciguatoxic fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara E Campora
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Hawaii-Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA.
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Franke K, Sell M, Reimerdes EH. Quality Related Minimization of Acrylamide Formation - An Integrated Approach. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 2006; 561:357-69. [PMID: 16438311 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-24980-x_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
An integrated approach is described with respect to acrylamide minimization in heated foodstuffs. All relevant variables have to be considered and the main focus is on maintaining the expected product quality. The role of the processes at the interface between product and heating medium during processing is characterized for the case of frying operations. Examples of parameters influencing these processes with respect to minimizing acrylamide and maintaining product quality (e.g. brown color) are described. First, the local distribution of acrylamide in a French fries type model food was investigated. Lowering water activity at the surface of French fries before frying contributes to a reduction of acrylamide without lowering product quality. Both pre-drying of the potato sticks before frying and an increasing of salt concentration at the product surface by coating with a salt solution showed positive effects. Additionally, it was demonstrated by simulation that combined effects of these measurements may enable a reduction of up to 80% in the acrylamide content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Knut Franke
- German Institute for Food Technology, P.O. Box 1165, D-49610 Quakenbrueck, Germany
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Lindsay RC, Jang S. Chemical Intervention Strategies for Substantial Suppression of Acrylamide Formation in Fried Potato Products. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 2006; 561:393-404. [PMID: 16438314 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-24980-x_30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Prototype processes were developed for the substantial suppression of acrylamide formation (40-95% compared to untreated controls) in cut surface fried potato products using potato chips (crisps) as the primary model. The most efficacious procedures employed sequentially both surface preparation and subsequent acrylamide precursor complexation and/or competitive inhibition processing steps. Surface preparation processing involved either various low-temperature (50-75 degrees C) aqueous (5-30 min) or ca. 80% ethanol blanch solutions for various times (1-5 min) combined with aqueous leaching steps (1-10 min) to reduce concentration of acrylamide precursors in the critical frying zone of cut potato surfaces. Acrylamide precursor complexation and/or competitive inhibition processing strategies included immersion exposure of prepared cut potato surfaces to solutions or dispersions of various combinations of either calcium chloride, phytic acid, chitosan, sodium acid pyrophosphate, or N-acetylcysteine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Lindsay
- Department of Food Science, 1605 Linden Drive, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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De Wilde T, De Meulenaer B, Mestdagh F, Govaert Y, Ooghe W, Fraselle S, Demeulemeester K, Van Peteghem C, Calus A, Degroodt JM, Verhé R. Selection criteria for potato tubers to minimize acrylamide formation during frying. J Agric Food Chem 2006; 54:2199-205. [PMID: 16536596 DOI: 10.1021/jf0525030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A number of parameters linked to the selection of potato tubers were evaluated with regard to their potential to influence acrylamide formation in French fries. The formation of acrylamide, which is a potential human carcinogen, can be minimized for a big extent by the selection of an appropriate tuber. This study focused on the following selection criteria: variety as influenced by storage time and soil type, underwater weight, and tuber size. A total of 16 varieties were compared, concerning their potential for acrylamide formation. From that survey, certain varieties, such as Tebina and Quincy, could be appointed as unsuitable for frying. The differences in the potential of acrylamide formation between the varieties could mainly be explained by the reducing sugar content of the potato (R2 = 0.82, n = 96). The investigated type of soil and storage time at 8 degrees C appeared to have a minor influence on the acrylamide formation during frying. On the other hand, the tuber size of the potato did contribute in a significant manner to the acrylamide formation. Smaller tubers were more susceptible to acrylamide formation and should be avoided in the frying process. The last selection parameter, the underwater weight, appeared to be of minor importance in the acrylamide formation. On the basis of these simple selection criteria, it is possible to make a first screening of potatoes to reduce the acrylamide formation during frying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tineke De Wilde
- Research Unit of Food Chemistry and Human Nutrition, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Vesper HW, Ospina M, Meyers T, Ingham L, Smith A, Gray JG, Myers GL. Automated method for measuring globin adducts of acrylamide and glycidamide at optimized Edman reaction conditions. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2006; 20:959-64. [PMID: 16479554 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The general population is exposed to acrylamide, a potential human carcinogen, through food and cigarette smoke. The assessment of human exposure to acrylamide is important in the evaluation of health risks associated with this chemical. Hemoglobin adducts of acrylamide (AA-Hb) and its primary metabolite glycidamide (GA-Hb) are established biomarkers of acrylamide exposure and methods to measure these biomarkers using modified Edman reaction are described. Only limited information about the optimal Edman reaction conditions such as pH or temperature is available for these adducts and the existing methods do not allow automation needed in biomonitoring studies. In this study, the yield of Edman products of AA-Hb and GA-Hb between pH 3-10 and at 35-55 degrees C at different time intervals, and the applicability of liquid-liquid extraction on diatomaceous earth for analyte extraction, were assessed and results were used in a new optimized method. The applicability of our optimized method was assessed by comparing results obtained with a convenience sample from 96 individuals with a conventional method. Maximum yield of Edman products was obtained between pH 6-7, heating the reaction solution at 55 degrees C for 2 h resulted in the same yields as with conventional conditions, and use of diatomaceous earth was found suitable for automated analyte extraction. Using these conditions, no difference was observed between our optimized and a conventional method. The median globin adduct values in the convenience sample are 129 pmol/g globin (range: 27-453 pmol/g globin) and 97 pmol/g globin (range: 27-240 pmol/g globin) for AA-Hb and GA-Hb, respectively. The GA-Hb/AA-Hb ratio decreases significantly with increasing AA-Hb values indicating that measurement of AA-Hb as well as GA-Hb are needed to appropriately assess human exposure to acrylamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert W Vesper
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, NE (MS F-25), USA.
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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to design thermoreversible biomaterials for enhanced adhesion of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2)-responsive cells. Peptides containing the arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) sequence were conjugated to N-isopropylacrylamide (NiPAM) polymers via amine-reactive N-acryloxysuccinimide (NASI) groups. In monolayer cultures, the adhesion of BMP-2-responsive C2C12 cells to RGD-grafted NiPAM/NASI surfaces was significantly higher than adhesion on ungrafted NiPAM/NASI surfaces. Although the morphology of cells adhered to RGD-grafted NiPAM/NASI surfaces was comparable to cells adhered on tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS), long-term cell growth was limited on the NiPAM/NASI surfaces, even for RGD-grafted surfaces. Treatment of C2C12 cells with recombinant BMP-2 induced dose-dependent osteoblastic differentiation as assessed by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. In the absence of BMP-2, cells cultured on NiPAM/NASI polymers (either grafted with RGD peptide or not) expressed significantly higher levels of ALP activity than the cells cultured on TCPS, indicating that the polymer surfaces induced some osteoblastic activity in C2C12 cells without the need for BMP-2. We conclude that NiPAM-based thermoreversible biomaterials, despite their limited ability to support cell growth, allowed an enhanced expression of the chosen osteogenic marker (ALP) by C2C12 cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Smith
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G6
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Paleologos EK, Kontominas MG. Determination of acrylamide and methacrylamide by normal phase high performance liquid chromatography and UV detection. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1077:128-35. [PMID: 16001548 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A method using normal phase high performance liquid chromatography (NP-HPLC) with UV detection was developed for the analysis of acrylamide and methacrylamide. The method relies on the chromatographic separation of these analytes on a polar HPLC column designed for the separation of organic acids. Identification of acrylamide and methacrylamide is approached dually, that is directly in their protonated forms and as their hydrolysis products acrylic and methacrylic acid respectively, for confirmation. Detection and quantification is performed at 200 nm. The method is simple allowing for clear resolution of the target peaks from any interfering substances. Detection limits of 10 microg L(-1) were obtained for both analytes with the inter- and intra-day RSD for standard analysis lying below 1.0%. Use of acetonitrile in the elution solvent lowers detection limits and retention times, without impairing resolution of peaks. The method was applied for the determination of acrylamide and methacrylamide in spiked food samples without native acrylamide yielding recoveries between 95 and 103%. Finally, commercial samples of french and roasted fries, cookies, cocoa and coffee were analyzed to assess applicability of the method towards acrylamide, giving results similar with those reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- E K Paleologos
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
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Yoshino K, Kadowaki A, Takagishi T, Kono K. Temperature sensitization of liposomes by use of N-isopropylacrylamide copolymers with varying transition endotherms. Bioconjug Chem 2005; 15:1102-9. [PMID: 15366966 DOI: 10.1021/bc034205j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Three kinds of copolymers of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) with the same conformational transition temperature and varying transition endotherms were synthesized with N-acryloylpyrrolidine (APr), N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMAM), and N-isopropylmethacrylamide (NIPMAM) as the comonomers. Two dodecyl groups were incorporated into the termini of these copolymers as an anchor for the fixation to a liposomal membrane. Egg yolk phosphatidylcholine liposomes having these copolymers were prepared and their temperature-sensitive contents release and association properties were investigated. While these copolymer exhibited a conformational transition at ca. 40 degrees C, DeltaH for the transition increased in the order of poly(APr-co-NIPAM) < poly(DMAM-co-NIPAM) < poly(NIPMAM-co-NIPAM). The liposomes containing poly(NIPMAM-co-NIPAM) showed a drastic release enhancement of entrapped calcein above the transition temperature, whereas the liposomes with poly(DMAM-co-NIPAM) and those with poly(APr-co-NIPAM) exhibited moderate and slight enhancement of calcein release above that temperature, respectively. On the contrary, the liposomes containing poly(APr-co-NIPAM) showed significant aggregation above the transition temperature, but the aggregation was hardly observed for the liposomes having poly(NIPMAM-co-NIPAM), indicating that poly(APr-co-NIPAM) more efficiently made the liposome surface hydrophobic. Thus, we concluded that the copolymer with a large DeltaH is suitable for obtaining functional liposomes with a temperature-sensitive contents release property, whereas the copolymer with a small DeltaH is appropriate for preparing functional liposomes with a temperature-sensitive surface property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Yoshino
- Department of Applied Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1, Gakuen-cho, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
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41
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Owen LM, Castle L, Kelly J, Wilson L, Lloyd AS. Acrylamide analysis: assessment of results from six rounds of Food Analysis Performance Assessment Scheme (FAPAS) proficiency testing. J AOAC Int 2005; 88:285-91. [PMID: 15759753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Six proficiency tests have now been completed in an ongoing program of the UK Food Analysis Performance Assessment Scheme (FAPAS) for the analysis of acrylamide in a range of food matrixes. Homogeneous test material samples were requested by laboratories throughout the world, with 29 to 45 submitting results for each test. Results were analyzed by appropriate statistical procedures, and z-scores were awarded for reported values. In the absence of both legislation and collaborative trial data, the target standard deviation was derived from the Horwitz equation, although it is acknowledged that there is a need to establish a "fit for purpose" target standard deviation specifically for acrylamide analysis. Participants were encouraged to use the analytical method routinely used in their own laboratory and to provide details of their procedure. Close examination of the data submitted indicates that performance is generally acceptable in terms of accuracy. There is no significant difference between results submitted by gas chromatography and liquid chromatography (GC and LC) methods, and no method dependency on the use of internal standards or sample size. However, choice of extraction solvent may be important, with indications that plain water is an acceptable extraction method. There is evidence from the most recent test that direct (underivatized) GC methodology may present problems, but more data are required and this aspect will be monitored in the continuing proficiency testing program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M Owen
- Central Science Laboratory, Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs, Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ, United Kingdom.
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42
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Abstract
Acrylamide is formed in high-carbohydrate foods during high temperature processes such as frying, baking, roasting and extrusion. Although acrylamide is known to form during industrial processing of food, high levels of the chemical have been found in home-cooked foods, mainly potato- and grain-based products. This chapter will focus on the effects of cooking conditions (e.g. time/temperature) on acrylamide formation in consumer-prepared foods, the use of surface color (browning) as an indicator of acrylamide levels in some foods, and methods for reducing acrylamide levels in home-prepared foods. As with commercially processed foods, acrylamide levels in home-prepared foods tend to increase with cooking time and temperature. In experiments conducted at the NCFST, we found that acrylamide levels in cooked food depended greatly on the cooking conditions and the degree of "doneness", as measured by the level of surface browning. For example, French fries fried at 150-190 degrees C for up to 10 min had acrylamide levels of 55 to 2130 microg/kg (wet weight), with the highest levels in the most processed (highest frying times/temperatures) and the most highly browned fries. Similarly, more acrylamide was formed in "dark" toasted bread slices (43.7-610.7 microg/kg wet weight), than "light" (8.27-217.5 microg/kg) or "medium" (10.9-213.7 microg/kg) toasted slices. Analysis of the surface color by colorimetry indicated that some components of surface color ("a" and "L" values) correlated highly with acrylamide levels. This indicates that the degree of surface browning could be used as an indicator of acrylamide formation during cooking. Soaking raw potato slices in water before frying was effective at reducing acrylamide levels in French fries. Additional studies are needed to develop practical methods for reducing acrylamide formation in home-prepared foods without changing the acceptability of these foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren S Jackson
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Food Safety and Technology (NCFST), 6502 S. Archer Rd., Summit-Argo, IL 60501, USA.
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43
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Young MS, Jenkins KM, Mallet CR. Solid-phase extraction and cleanup procedures for determination of acrylamide in fried potato products by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. J AOAC Int 2004; 87:961-4. [PMID: 15295891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
In response to recent discoveries of acrylamide in heated foods, a solid-phase extraction and cleanup protocol was developed for the determination of acrylamide in fried or baked potato samples by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). The analyte was extracted from the matrix by using 2M NaCl, and an aliquot of the initial extract was loaded onto a reversed-phase cartridge. After the analyte was eluted from the cartridge, the eluate was cleaned up on a mixed-mode cation-exchange cartridge. The eluate was then evaporated, and the residue was reconstituted in mobile phase before LC/MS analysis. Recoveries, based on the recovery of an added internal standard, ranged from 96 to 101% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 5-11%. The response was linear for a concentration range of 100-2000 ng/g with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.992 (n = 25). An interday study showed good accuracy and precision of the method over a 3-day period with a recovery of 98% and an RSD of 9.5% (n = 15). The analyses of 6 potato chip samples showed concentrations of incurred acrylamide ranging from 260 to 1500 ng/g.
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44
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Final FDA acrylamide action plan, data. FDA Consum 2004; 38:27. [PMID: 15218843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
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45
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Calbiani F, Careri M, Elviri L, Mangia A, Zagnoni I. Development and single-laboratory validation of a reversed-phase liquid chromatography-electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry method for identification and determination of acrylamide in foods. J AOAC Int 2004; 87:107-15. [PMID: 15084093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
A rapid and accurate method using reversed-phase liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry interfaced with electrospray was developed for determination of acrylamide in cooked food samples. A simplified sample treatment procedure using an extraction step with acidified water without cleanup was developed. A C18 column with an aqueous formic acid-methanol mixture as the mobile phase was used under isocratic conditions. The method was validated in-house for robustness, limits of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ), linearity, recovery, and accuracy both on standard and baked-product and potato flour matrixes. Good results in the low ppb level were obtained for LOD (< 15 microg/kg) and LOQ (< 25 microg/kg) of acrylamide in samples. Excellent linearity (r2 = 0.999-1.000) was established over 2 orders of magnitude by performing statistical tests. The absence of both constant and proportional systematic errors demonstrated good method accuracy. Excellent results were obtained for intraday repeatability (RSD < 1.5%) and between-day precision (RSD < 5%). Extraction recoveries from food products were calculated in the 97 +/- 3-99 +/- 2% (n = 6) range with a labeled internal standard (13C3-acrylamide). The applicability of the method to determination of acrylamide in cooked food products was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Calbiani
- Consorzio Interuniversitario di Ricerca Metodologie Analitiche e Controllo Qualità, Dipartimento di Chimica Generale ed Inorganica, Chimica Analitica, Chimica Fisica, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43100 Parma, Italy
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46
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Abstract
High levels of acrylamide have been found in foods heated at high temperatures, especially in carbohydrate rich foods. Several kinds of foods (industrially produced) representing different food/product groups available on the Swedish market have been analysed for acrylamide. A considerable variation in levels of acrylamide between single foodstuffs (different brands) within food categories were found, which also applies for levels in different food categories. Using recent Swedish food consumption data the dietary intake of acrylamide for the Swedish adult population was assessed based on foodstuffs with low to high levels of acrylamide (<30-2300 microg/kg), such as processed potato products, bread, breakfast cereals, biscuits, cookies, snacks and coffee. The estimated dietary intake of acrylamide per person (total population) given as the 5th, 50th and 95th percentile were 9.1, 27 and 62 microg/day respectively, from those food/product groups (mean 31 microg/day). No acrylamide was found in many other foodstuffs analysed and those were therefore not included in the dietary intake assessment of acrylamide. However, an additional minor contribution of a few microg/day of acrylamide from foods/products like poultry, meat, fish, cocoa powder and chocolates cannot be excluded. An average daily intake of 35 microg corresponds to 0.5 microg per kg body weight and day (body weight 70 kg). Risk assessments of acrylamide, made by US EPA and WHO, imply that this dietary intake of acrylamide could be associated with potential health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Svensson
- National Food Administration, Box 622, SE 75126 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Konings EJM, Baars AJ, van Klaveren JD, Spanjer MC, Rensen PM, Hiemstra M, van Kooij JA, Peters PWJ. Acrylamide exposure from foods of the Dutch population and an assessment of the consequent risks. Food Chem Toxicol 2003; 41:1569-79. [PMID: 12963010 DOI: 10.1016/s0278-6915(03)00187-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
At the end of April 2002, the Swedish Food Administration reported the presence of acrylamide in heat treated food products. Acrylamide has been shown to be toxic and carcinogenic in animals, and has been classified by the WHO/IARC among others as 'probably carcinogenic for humans'. The purposes of this study were firstly to analyse acrylamide contents of the most important foods contributing to such exposure, secondly, to estimate the acrylamide exposure in a representative sample of the Dutch population, and thirdly to estimate the public health risks of this consumption. We analysed the acrylamide content of foods with an LC-MS-MS method. The results were then used to estimate the acrylamide exposure of consumers who participated in the National Food Consumption Survey (NFCS) in 1998 (n=6250). The exposure was estimated using the probabilistic approach for the total Dutch population and several age groups. For 344 food products, acrylamide amounts ranged from <30 to 3100 microg/kg. Foods with the highest mean acrylamide amounts were potato crisps (1249 microg/kg), chips (deep-fried) (351 microg/kg), cocktail snacks (1060 microg/kg), and gingerbread (890 microg/kg). The mean acrylamide exposure of the NFCS participants was 0.48 microg/kg bw/day. Risk of neurotoxicity is negligible. From exposure estimations it appears that the additional cancer risk might not be negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J M Konings
- The Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority/Inspectorate for Health Protection and Veterinary Public Health, Region South, PO Box 2168, 5600 CD Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
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48
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Amrein TM, Bachmann S, Noti A, Biedermann M, Barbosa MF, Biedermann-Brem S, Grob K, Keiser A, Realini P, Escher F, Amadó R. Potential of acrylamide formation, sugars, and free asparagine in potatoes: a comparison of cultivars and farming systems. J Agric Food Chem 2003; 51:5556-5560. [PMID: 12926914 DOI: 10.1021/jf034344v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Glucose, fructose, sucrose, free asparagine, and free glutamine were analyzed in 74 potato samples from 17 potato cultivars grown in 2002 at various locations in Switzerland and different farming systems. The potential of these potatoes for acrylamide formation was measured with a standardized heat treatment. These potentials correlated well with the product of the concentrations of reducing sugars and asparagine. Glucose and fructose were found to determine acrylamide formation. The cultivars showed large differences in their potential of acrylamide formation which was primarily related to their sugar contents. Agricultural practice neither influenced sugars and free asparagine nor the potential of acrylamide formation. It is concluded that acrylamide contents in potato products can be substantially reduced primarily by selecting cultivars with low concentrations of reducing sugars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Amrein
- Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland
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Bouma M, Nuijen B, Harms R, Rice JR, Nowotnik DP, Stewart DR, Jansen BAJ, van Zutphen S, Reedijk J, van Steenbergen MJ, Talsma H, Bult A, Beijnen JH. Pharmaceutical Development of a Parenteral Lyophilized Formulation of the Investigational Polymer-Conjugated Platinum Anticancer Agent AP 5280. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2003; 29:981-95. [PMID: 14606662 DOI: 10.1081/ddc-120025455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AP 5280 is a novel polymer-conjugated platinum anticancer agent showing promising in vitro and in vivo activity against solid tumors. The aim of this study was to develop a parenteral pharmaceutical dosage form for phase I clinical trials. AP 5280 drug substance was characterized by using a wide range of analytical techniques and showed excellent solubility in water. However, as aqueous solutions of AP 5280 proved to be labile upon sterilization by moist heat, it was decided to develop a lyophilized dosage form. Initially, glass vials were used as primary packaging, but this led to a high breakage rate, which could be completely prevented by the use of CZ resin vials. Stability studies to date show that the lyophilized product in glass vials is stable for at least 12 months when stored at 2-8 degrees C in the dark and the lyophilized product in CZ resin vials is stable for at least 6 months under these conditions. Photostability testing revealed photolability of AP 5280 drug substance and lyophilized product in both types of primary container, necessitating storage in the dark. The first clinical experiences indicate that the proposed formulation is fully applicable for use in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bouma
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Slotervaart Hospital/ The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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50
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Abstract
A clone of toxic dinoflagellate Ostreopsis sp. and six specimens of a parrotfish Scarus ovifrons were collected in October 1997 at Tokushima Prefecture, Japan. Ostreopsis sp. was cultured in ESM medium for 16 days, and after rearing the cell pellet (about 4.0x10(5) cells) was extracted with 50% methanol, partitioned between an aqueous layer and 1-butanol layer, and biochemically tested. Similarly, the crude toxin from S. ovifrons was extracted, and tested. The mice injected with each 1-butanol layer from Ostreopsis sp. and S. ovifrons showed the common symptoms of convulsion, drowsiness and collapse, and died within 48 h. The lethal potency of Ostreopsis sp. was calculated to be 1.0x10(-4) MU/cell. All specimens of S. ovifrons were found to be toxic, where the highest potency was determined as 2 MU/g in muscle of one specimen. After being injected with toxins, the serum creatine phosphokinase levels of mice were found to be elevated. Toxins from Ostreopsis sp. and S. ovifrons showed delayed haemolytic activity with mouse and human erythrocytes, which was inhibited by an anti-palytoxin (PTX) antibody antibody and ouabain. Toxins from Ostreopsis sp. and S. ovifrons thus resembled each other, and strongly suggested to be PTX or its akin substance. Additionally, a considerable number of adherent Ostreopsis sp. was found in the gut contents of S. ovifrons during the heavy occurrence of Ostreopsis sp. in October 1997 at Tokushima Prefecture. From the above results, it can be strongly postulated that the dinoflagellate Ostreopsis sp. is the origin of PTX which is sequestered by the parrotfish S. ovifrons through food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeto Taniyama
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
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