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Lu KY, Wagner NJ, Velez AZ, Ceppe A, Conlon BP, Muhlebach MS. Antibiotic Tolerance and Treatment Outcomes in Cystic Fibrosis Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infections. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0406122. [PMID: 36519944 PMCID: PMC9927320 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04061-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is highly prevalent in U.S. cystic fibrosis (CF) patients and is associated with worse clinical outcomes in CF. These infections often become chronic despite repeated antibiotic therapy. Here, we assessed whether bacterial phenotypes, including antibiotic tolerance, can predict the clinical outcomes of MRSA infections. MRSA isolates (n = 90) collected at the incident (i.e., acute) and early infection states from 57 patients were characterized for growth rates, biofilm formation, hemolysis, pigmentation, and vancomycin tolerance. The resistance profiles were consistent with those in prior studies. Isolates from the early stage of infection were found to produce biofilms, and 70% of the isolates exhibited delta-hemolysis, an indicator of agr activity. Strong vancomycin tolerance was present in 24% of the isolates but was not associated with intermediate vancomycin susceptibility. There were no associations between these phenotypic measures, antibiotic tolerance, and MRSA clearance. Our research suggests that additional factors may be relevant for predicting the clearance of MRSA. IMPORTANCE Chronic MRSA infections remain challenging to treat in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). The ability of the bacterial population to survive high concentrations of bactericidal antibiotics, including vancomycin, despite lacking resistance is considered one of the main reasons for treatment failures. The connection between antibiotic tolerance and treatment outcomes remains unexplored and can be crucial for prognosis and regimen design toward eradication. In this study, we measured the capacity of 90 MRSA isolates from CF patients to form vancomycin-tolerant persister cells and evaluated their correlation with the clinical outcomes. Additionally, various traits that could reflect the metabolism and/or virulence of those MRSA isolates were systematically phenotyped and included for their predictive power. Our research highlights that despite the importance of antibiotic tolerance, additional factors need to be considered for predicting the clearance of MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Yi Lu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nikki J. Wagner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Amanda Z. Velez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Agathe Ceppe
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Brian P. Conlon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Marianne S. Muhlebach
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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2
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Gilpin D, Hoffman LR, Ceppe A, Muhlebach MS. Phenotypic characteristics of incident and chronic MRSA isolates in cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros 2021; 20:692-698. [PMID: 34103251 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2021.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in CF is associated with worse outcomes compared to early or intermittent infection. This observation could be related to adaptive bacterial changes such as biofilm formation or anaerobic growth. METHODS MRSA isolates stored from incident and during chronic (>2 years) infection were included at two study sites. MRSA isolates were characterised by spa-typing, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, biofilm formation and haemolysis under aerobic and anaerobic culture conditions. RESULTS Paired MRSA isolates from 49 patients were included. Mean age at incident infection was 9.7±1.2 years with mild to moderate lung disease (FEV1 74±4% predicted). Twenty-five subjects showed progression of disease/symptoms after onset of MRSA with significantly increased use of antibiotics. Most isolates belonged to t002 (38%) and t008 (36%) spa-types and 8 patients had a change in spa-type over time. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed few differences between incident and late isolates but significantly lower MIC under anaerobic vs. aerobic conditions for vancomycin, fusidic acid, rifampin but higher MIC for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Biofilm formation and haemolysis did not differ by stage of infection or disease course but both were lower under anaerobic conditions (biofilm p=0.018; haemolysis p=0.002) in multi-variate analyses that included study site, growth condition and stage of infection. CONCLUSIONS Persistent MRSA infection is frequently associated with clinical decline. Anaerobic growth conditions, which occur in CF airways, affect the expression of virulence factors and antibiotic susceptibility of MRSA more than duration of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre Gilpin
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Queens University, Belfast, UK.
| | - Lucas R Hoffman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Agathe Ceppe
- Marisco Lung Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Marianne S Muhlebach
- Marisco Lung Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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3
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A bird eye view on cystic fibrosis: An underestimated multifaceted chronic disorder. Life Sci 2020; 268:118959. [PMID: 33383045 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive disease which involves the mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. CF involves in the inflammatory processes and is considered as a multisystem disorder that is not confined to lungs, but it also affects other vital organs that leads to numerous co-morbidities. The respiratory disorder in the CF results in mortality and morbidity which is characterized by series of serious events involving mucus hypersecretion, microbial infections, airways obstruction, inflammation, destruction of epithelium, tissue remodeling and terminal lung diseases. Mucins are the high molecular weight glycoproteins important for the viscoelastic properties of the mucus, play a significant role in the disease mechanisms. Determining the functional association between the CFTR and mucins might help to identify the putative target for specific therapeutic approach. In fact, furin enzyme which helps in the entry of novel COVID-19 virus into the cell, is upregulated in CF and this can also serve as a potential target for CF treatment. Moreover, the use of nano-formulations for CF treatment is an area of research being widely studied as they have also demonstrated promising outcomes. The in-depth knowledge of non-coding RNAs like miRNAs and lncRNAs and their functional association with CFTR gene expression and mutation can provide a different range of opportunity to identify the promising therapeutic approaches for CF.
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4
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Burkholderia cepacia Complex Bacteria: a Feared Contamination Risk in Water-Based Pharmaceutical Products. Clin Microbiol Rev 2020; 33:33/3/e00139-19. [PMID: 32295766 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00139-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia cepacia (formerly Pseudomonas cepacia) was once thought to be a single bacterial species but has expanded to the Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc), comprising 24 closely related opportunistic pathogenic species. These bacteria have a widespread environmental distribution, an extraordinary metabolic versatility, a complex genome with three chromosomes, and a high capacity for rapid mutation and adaptation. Additionally, they present an inherent resistance to antibiotics and antiseptics, as well as the abilities to survive under nutrient-limited conditions and to metabolize the organic matter present in oligotrophic aquatic environments, even using certain antimicrobials as carbon sources. These traits constitute the reason that Bcc bacteria are considered feared contaminants of aqueous pharmaceutical and personal care products and the frequent reason behind nonsterile product recalls. Contamination with Bcc has caused numerous nosocomial outbreaks in health care facilities, presenting a health threat, particularly for patients with cystic fibrosis and chronic granulomatous disease and for immunocompromised individuals. This review addresses the role of Bcc bacteria as a potential public health problem, the mechanisms behind their success as contaminants of pharmaceutical products, particularly in the presence of biocides, the difficulties encountered in their detection, and the preventive measures applied during manufacturing processes to control contamination with these objectionable microorganisms. A summary of Bcc-related outbreaks in different clinical settings, due to contamination of diverse types of pharmaceutical products, is provided.
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Saiman L, Siegel JD, LiPuma JJ, Brown RF, Bryson EA, Chambers MJ, Downer VS, Fliege J, Hazle LA, Jain M, Marshall BC, O’Malley C, Pattee SR, Potter-Bynoe G, Reid S, Robinson KA, Sabadosa KA, Schmidt HJ, Tullis E, Webber J, Weber DJ. Infection Prevention and Control Guideline for Cystic Fibrosis: 2013 Update. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016; 35 Suppl 1:S1-S67. [DOI: 10.1086/676882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The 2013 Infection Prevention and Control (IP&C) Guideline for Cystic Fibrosis (CF) was commissioned by the CF Foundation as an update of the 2003 Infection Control Guideline for CF. During the past decade, new knowledge and new challenges provided the following rationale to develop updated IP&C strategies for this unique population:1.The need to integrate relevant recommendations from evidence-based guidelines published since 2003 into IP&C practices for CF. These included guidelines from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)/Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC), the World Health Organization (WHO), and key professional societies, including the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA). During the past decade, new evidence has led to a renewed emphasis on source containment of potential pathogens and the role played by the contaminated healthcare environment in the transmission of infectious agents. Furthermore, an increased understanding of the importance of the application of implementation science, monitoring adherence, and feedback principles has been shown to increase the effectiveness of IP&C guideline recommendations.2.Experience with emerging pathogens in the non-CF population has expanded our understanding of droplet transmission of respiratory pathogens and can inform IP&C strategies for CF. These pathogens include severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and the 2009 influenza A H1N1. Lessons learned about preventing transmission of methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) and multidrug-resistant gram-negative pathogens in non-CF patient populations also can inform IP&C strategies for CF.
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6
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The Impact on Genetic Testing of Mutational Patterns of CFTR Gene in Different Clinical Macrocategories of Cystic Fibrosis. J Mol Diagn 2016; 18:554-65. [PMID: 27157324 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 2000 sequence variations of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene are known. The marked genetic heterogeneity, poor functional characterization of the vast majority of sequence variations, and an uncertain genotype-phenotype relationship complicate the definition of mutational search strategies. We studied the effect of the marked genetic heterogeneity detected in a case series comprising 610 patients of cystic fibrosis (CF), grouped in different clinical macrocategories, on the operative characteristics of the genetic test designed to fully characterize CF patients. The detection rate in each clinical macrocategory and at each mutational step was found to be influenced by genetic heterogeneity. The definition of a single mutational panel that is suitable for all clinical macrocategories proved impossible. Only for classic CF with pancreas insufficiency did a reduced number of mutations yield a detection rate of diagnostic value. All other clinical macrocategories required an extensive genetic search. The search for specific mutational classes appears to be useful only in specific CF clinical forms. A flowchart defining a mutational search that may be adopted for different CF clinical forms, optimized in respect to those already available, is proposed. The findings also have consequences for carrier screening strategies.
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7
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Multicenter Observational Study on Factors and Outcomes Associated with Various Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Types in Children with Cystic Fibrosis. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2016; 12:864-71. [PMID: 25745825 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.201412-596oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) prevalence continues to increase in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) in the United States, reaching 26.5% in 2012. Approximately 30% of strains are SCCmec (staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec) IV type, frequently USA300, which in the general population have different genotypic and phenotypic features than SCCmec II type. OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that risk factors for acquisition and outcomes in patients with CF differed for "health care-associated" (SCCmec II) versus "community-associated" (SCCmec IV) MRSA strains. METHODS To determine the role of SCCmec type and Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL), MRSA isolates from patients not more than 18 years old at seven CF centers were typed and the association of potential risk factors and subsequent clinical course was assessed, using data provided by the CF Patient Registry. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Participants with chronic MRSA (295) had typeable isolates and clinical data; 205 (69.5%) had SCCmec II PVL(-), 39 (13.2%) had SCCmec IV PVL(-), and 51 (17.3%) had SCCmec IV PVL(+) strains. SCCmec IV, compared with SCCmec II, increased during the study period, 1996-2010 (P = 0.03). SCCmec II was associated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa-positive cultures and three or more clinic visits in the 6 months preceding the first positive MRSA culture (adjusted odds ratio, 2.05; 95% confidence interval, 1.13-3.74; P = 0.019). Lung function and anthropometrics remained unchanged in the 6 months after initial MRSA detection compared with the 6 months prior. Although CF care increased for participants in both groups in the 6 months after MRSA detection, inhaled antibiotics were prescribed more frequently in those with SCCmec II strains and increased hospitalizations occurred in those with SCCmec IV PVL(-) strains compared with those with PVL(+) strains (adjusted difference, 34.10%; 95% confidence interval, 7.58-60.61; P = 0.012). Participants in both groups had an increase in CF care in the 2 years after MRSA detection compared with the 2 years prior. CONCLUSIONS Increased exposure to CF clinics and P. aeruginosa may constitute risk factors for acquisition of SCCmec II MRSA strains. Clinical interventions increased 6 months and 2 years after initial MRSA detection regardless of SCCmec type.
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8
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Smith DJ, Ramsay KA, Yerkovich ST, Reid DW, Wainwright CE, Grimwood K, Bell SC, Kidd TJ. Pseudomonas aeruginosa antibiotic resistance in Australian cystic fibrosis centres. Respirology 2015; 21:329-37. [PMID: 26711802 DOI: 10.1111/resp.12714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE In cystic fibrosis (CF), chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection is associated with increased morbidity, antibiotic treatments and mortality. By linking Australian CF registry data with a national microbiological data set, we examined the association between where treatment was delivered, its intensity and P. aeruginosa antibiotic resistance. METHODS Sputa were collected from paediatric and adult CF patients attending 18 Australian CF centres. P. aeruginosa antibiotic susceptibilities determined by local laboratories were correlated with clinical characteristics, treatment intensity and infection with strains commonly shared among Australian CF patients. Between-centre differences in treatment and antibiotic resistance were also compared. RESULTS Large variations in antibiotic usage, maintenance treatment practices and multi-antibiotic resistant P. aeruginosa (MARPA) prevalence exist between Australian CF centres, although the overall proportions of MARPA isolates were similar in paediatric and adult centres (31% vs 35%, P = 0.29). Among paediatric centres, MARPA correlated with intravenous antibiotic usage and the Australian state where treatment was delivered, while azithromycin, reduced lung function and treating state predicted intravenous antibiotic usage. In adult centres, body mass index (BMI) and treating state were associated with MARPA, while intravenous antibiotic use was predicted by gender, BMI, dornase-alpha, azithromycin, lung function and treating state. In adults, P. aeruginosa strains AUST-01 and AUST-02 independently predicted intravenous antibiotic usage. CONCLUSION Increased treatment intensity in paediatric centres and the Australian state where treatment was received are both associated with greater risk of MARPA, but not worse clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Smith
- The Adult Cystic Fibrosis Centre, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,The Infection and Inflammation Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kay A Ramsay
- Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute, Children's Health Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,The Lung Bacteria Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stephanie T Yerkovich
- School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Queensland Lung Transplant Service, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - David W Reid
- The Adult Cystic Fibrosis Centre, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,The Infection and Inflammation Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Claire E Wainwright
- Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute, Children's Health Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Lady Cilento Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Keith Grimwood
- Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute, Children's Health Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University and Gold Coast University Hospital, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Scott C Bell
- The Adult Cystic Fibrosis Centre, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute, Children's Health Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,The Lung Bacteria Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Timothy J Kidd
- The Lung Bacteria Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Centre for Infection & Immunity, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
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9
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Heltshe SL, Saiman L, Popowitch EB, Miller MB, Kloster M, Thompson V, Ferkol TW, Hoover WC, Schechter MS, Muhlebach MS. Outcomes and Treatment of Chronic Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Differs by Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec (SCCmec) Type in Children With Cystic Fibrosis. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2015; 4:225-31. [PMID: 26336603 PMCID: PMC4554198 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piu048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infects ∼25% of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) in the United States. We hypothesized that health-related outcomes differed between healthcare-associated (staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec [SCCmec] II) vs community-associated (SCCmec IV) MRSA strains in patients chronically infected with CF. METHODS At 7 CF centers, MRSA isolates were prospectively obtained from patients ≤18 years old with 2 or more positive MRSA cultures within 1 year. Isolates were classified by SCCmec type and Panton-Valentine-leukocidin (PVL) status at a core laboratory, and sites remained blinded to SCCmec type and PVL results. Prospective clinical data including antibiotic use, respiratory symptoms, and pulmonary exacerbations were obtained. RESULTS Among the 295 cohort participants with typeable MRSA isolates, 69.5% had SCCmec II PVL(-), 13.2% had SCCmec IV PVL(-), and 17.3% had SCCmec IV PVL(+) strains. During follow-up of 287 patients with prospective data after enrollment, the risk for pulmonary exacerbations was significantly higher among participants with SCCmec II than SCCmec IV strains (risk ratio [RR] = 1.13; P = .03) and higher in those with SCCmec IV PVL(-) than SCCmec IV PVL(+) strains (RR = 1.62; P < .0001). Neither decline in lung function nor changes in nutritional outcomes differed by SCCmec type or PVL status during the study period. CONCLUSIONS Participants harboring chronic SCCmec II MRSA received more antibiotics and may have more lung disease than those with SCCmec IV; PVL(+) isolates were not associated with more advanced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonya L. Heltshe
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle,Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Therapeutics Development Network Coordinating Center, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Washington
| | - Lisa Saiman
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York,Department of Infection Prevention & Control, New York-Presbyterian Hospital
| | - Elena B. Popowitch
- Department of Medicine and,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Melissa B. Miller
- Department of Medicine and,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Margaret Kloster
- Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Therapeutics Development Network Coordinating Center, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Washington
| | - Valeria Thompson
- Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Therapeutics Development Network Coordinating Center, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Washington
| | - Thomas W. Ferkol
- Department of Pediatrics,Department of Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | | | | | - Marianne S. Muhlebach
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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Lucarelli M, Bruno SM, Pierandrei S, Ferraguti G, Stamato A, Narzi F, Amato A, Cimino G, Bertasi S, Quattrucci S, Strom R. A Genotypic-Oriented View of CFTR Genetics Highlights Specific Mutational Patterns Underlying Clinical Macrocategories of Cystic Fibrosis. Mol Med 2015; 21:257-75. [PMID: 25910067 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2014.00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a monogenic disease caused by mutations of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. The genotype-phenotype relationship in this disease is still unclear, and diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic challenges persist. We enrolled 610 patients with different forms of CF and studied them from a clinical, biochemical, microbiological and genetic point of view. Overall, there were 125 different mutated alleles (11 with novel mutations and 10 with complex mutations) and 225 genotypes. A strong correlation between mutational patterns at the genotypic level and phenotypic macrocategories emerged. This specificity appears to largely depend on rare and individual mutations, as well as on the varying prevalence of common alleles in different clinical macrocategories. However, 19 genotypes appeared to underlie different clinical forms of the disease. The dissection of the pathway from the CFTR mutated genotype to the clinical phenotype allowed to identify at least two components of the variability usually found in the genotype-phenotype relationship. One component seems to depend on the genetic variation of CFTR, the other component on the cumulative effect of variations in other genes and cellular pathways independent from CFTR. The experimental dissection of the overall biological CFTR pathway appears to be a powerful approach for a better comprehension of the genotype-phenotype relationship. However, a change from an allele-oriented to a genotypic-oriented view of CFTR genetics is mandatory, as well as a better assessment of sources of variability within the CFTR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Lucarelli
- Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Pasteur Institute, Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Policlinico Umberto I Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Sabina Maria Bruno
- Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Pierandrei
- Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Pasteur Institute, Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giampiero Ferraguti
- Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Stamato
- Policlinico Umberto I Hospital, Rome, Italy.,Department of Pediatrics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Cystic Fibrosis Reference Center of Lazio Region, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabiana Narzi
- Policlinico Umberto I Hospital, Rome, Italy.,Department of Pediatrics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Cystic Fibrosis Reference Center of Lazio Region, Rome, Italy
| | - Annalisa Amato
- Policlinico Umberto I Hospital, Rome, Italy.,Department of Pediatrics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Cystic Fibrosis Reference Center of Lazio Region, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cimino
- Policlinico Umberto I Hospital, Rome, Italy.,Cystic Fibrosis Reference Center of Lazio Region, Rome, Italy
| | - Serenella Bertasi
- Policlinico Umberto I Hospital, Rome, Italy.,Cystic Fibrosis Reference Center of Lazio Region, Rome, Italy
| | - Serena Quattrucci
- Policlinico Umberto I Hospital, Rome, Italy.,Department of Pediatrics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Cystic Fibrosis Reference Center of Lazio Region, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Strom
- Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Policlinico Umberto I Hospital, Rome, Italy
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11
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Kirkby S, Hayes D, Ginn-Pease M, Gatz J, Wisely CE, Lind M, Elmaraghy C, Ryan-Wenger N, Sheikh SI. Identification of new bacterial and fungal pathogens on surveillance bronchoscopy prior to sinus surgery in patients with cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Pulmonol 2015; 50:137-43. [PMID: 24737627 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.23027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy was performed prior to functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) while under general anesthesia to collect bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) for lower respiratory tract cultures in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). METHODS A retrospective chart review was performed on all CF patients who underwent combined FESS and bronchoscopy between January 2009 and October 2010. Along with demographic data, bacterial, fungal, and acid fast bacillus culture data from BALF was collected and compared to oropharyngeal swab and sputum cultures obtained over the year prior to FESS and bronchoscopy. RESULTS A total of 77 patients were enrolled with mean age 12.5 ± SD 6.5 (range 2-29) years. Mean FEV1 was 86% ±18.4 (range 33-128) % of predicted. Patients averaged 6.5 (range 1-13) sputum or OP cultures in the year prior to FESS. BALF cultures identified a new bacterial pathogen in 19% (n=15) of patients, which altered antibiotic regimen immediately in two patients and sub-acutely in five patients. BALF cultures identified a new fungal pathogen in 42% (n=32) of patients, which resulted in the addition of antifungal therapy in eight patients. BALF cultures did not identify previously undetected AFB culture positive patients. No significant differences were found between patients with and without new discoveries of bacterial or fungal pathogens with regards to key clinical demographic data, lung function parameters, healthcare utilization, or need for antibiotics over the year prior to FESS. There was no relationship between the total number of respiratory cultures obtained in the year prior to bronchoscopy and the identification of new bacterial or fungal pathogens. CONCLUSIONS Surveillance BALF cultures obtained prior to FESS identified bacterial and fungal pathogens not previously detected by sputum or OP swab cultures in a cohort of CF patients with chronic sinus disease. Moreover, the identification of these new pathogens altered clinical management in a small number of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Kirkby
- Section of Pulmonary Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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12
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Kamath KS, Kumar SS, Kaur J, Venkatakrishnan V, Paulsen IT, Nevalainen H, Molloy MP. Proteomics of hosts and pathogens in cystic fibrosis. Proteomics Clin Appl 2015; 9:134-46. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.201400122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sheemal Shanista Kumar
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences; Macquarie University; Sydney Australia
| | - Jashanpreet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences; Macquarie University; Sydney Australia
| | | | - Ian T. Paulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences; Macquarie University; Sydney Australia
| | - Helena Nevalainen
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences; Macquarie University; Sydney Australia
| | - Mark P. Molloy
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences; Macquarie University; Sydney Australia
- Australian Proteome Analysis Facility; Macquarie University; Sydney Australia
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Whole-genome sequence of Chryseobacterium oranimense, a colistin-resistant bacterium isolated from a cystic fibrosis patient in France. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:1696-706. [PMID: 25583710 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02417-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
For the first time, we report the whole-genome sequence analysis of Chryseobacterium oranimense G311, a multidrug-resistant bacterium, from a cystic fibrosis patient in France, including resistance to colistin. Whole-genome sequencing of C. oranimense G311 was performed using Ion Torrent PGM, and RAST, the EMBL-EBI server, and the Antibiotic Resistance Gene-ANNOTation (ARG-ANNOT) database were used for annotation of all genes, including antibiotic resistance (AR) genes. General features of the C. oranimense G311 draft genome were compared to the other available genomes of Chryseobacterium gleum and Chryseobacterium sp. strain CF314. C. oranimense G311 was found to be resistant to all β-lactams, including imipenem, and to colistin. The genome size of C. oranimense G311 is 4,457,049 bp in length, with 37.70% GC content. We found 27 AR genes in the genome, including β-lactamase genes which showed little similarity to the known β-lactamase genes and could likely be novel. We found the type I polyketide synthase operon followed by a zeaxanthin glycosyltransferase gene in the genome, which could impart the yellow pigmentation of the isolate. We located the O-antigen biosynthesis cluster, and we also discovered a novel capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis cluster. We also found known mutations in the orthologs of the pmrA (E8D), pmrB (L208F and P360Q), and lpxA (G68D) genes. We speculate that the presence of the capsular cluster and mutations in these genes could explain the resistance of this bacterium to colistin. We demonstrate that whole-genome sequencing was successfully applied to decipher the resistome of a multidrug resistance bacterium associated with cystic fibrosis patients.
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Caballero JDD, del Campo R, Tato M, Gómez G de la Pedrosa E, Cobo M, López-Causapé C, Gómez-Mampaso E, Oliver A, Cantón R. Microbiological diagnostic procedures for respiratory cystic fibrosis samples in Spain: towards standard of care practices. BMC Microbiol 2014; 14:335. [PMID: 25927861 PMCID: PMC4302700 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-014-0335-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The microbiological procedures for cystic fibrosis (CF) samples of 17 participating Spanish centers were examined to verify their compliance with current international and national guidelines and to implement the best standards of care for microbiology practices. A 47-item questionnaire covering different CF microbiology aspects was sent to participant laboratories. Telephone interviews were performed when necessary. Data about samples processing for bacteria, mycobacteria and fungi were collected. RESULTS Gene sequencing (71%), MALDI-TOF (59%) or both (94%) were available for most laboratories. Susceptibility testing was performed by automated microdilution systems (94%) and manual diffusion methods (59%). However, a low use of selective media for Staphylococcus aureus (59%) and Burkholderia cepacia complex (71%), and of epidemiological typing methods (41%) was reported. CONCLUSIONS Most Spanish laboratories are in agreement with consensus guidelines for the processing of CF respiratory samples, but need to improve in the use of specific selective media and typing methods for epidemiologic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan de Dios Caballero
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), Madrid, 28034, Spain.
- Red Española de Investigación en Patología Infecciosa (REIPI), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Rosa del Campo
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), Madrid, 28034, Spain.
- Red Española de Investigación en Patología Infecciosa (REIPI), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Marta Tato
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), Madrid, 28034, Spain.
- Red Española de Investigación en Patología Infecciosa (REIPI), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Elia Gómez G de la Pedrosa
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), Madrid, 28034, Spain.
- Red Española de Investigación en Patología Infecciosa (REIPI), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Marta Cobo
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), Madrid, 28034, Spain.
| | - Carla López-Causapé
- Red Española de Investigación en Patología Infecciosa (REIPI), Madrid, Spain.
- Servicio de Microbiología y Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma (IdISPa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
| | - Enrique Gómez-Mampaso
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), Madrid, 28034, Spain.
| | - Antonio Oliver
- Red Española de Investigación en Patología Infecciosa (REIPI), Madrid, Spain.
- Servicio de Microbiología y Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma (IdISPa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
| | - Rafael Cantón
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), Madrid, 28034, Spain.
- Red Española de Investigación en Patología Infecciosa (REIPI), Madrid, Spain.
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DOURAGHI M, GHASEMI F, SOLTAN DALLAL M, RAHBAR M, RAHIMIFOROUSHANI A. Molecular identification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa recovered from cystic fibrosis patients. JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE AND HYGIENE 2014; 55:50-3. [PMID: 25916020 PMCID: PMC4718328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Precise identification of various morphotypes of Pseduomonas aeruginosa which developed during cystic fibrosis (CF) is of prime importance. We aimed to identify the isolates of P. aeruginosa recovered from CF patients at the genus and species level through primers targeting oprI and oprL genes via PCR. METHODS Sputum samples or throat swabs were taken from 100 CF patients and plated on cetrimide agar. All suspected colonies were primarily screened for P. aeruginosa by a combination of phenotypic tests. Molecular identification of colonies was performed using specific primers for oprI and oprL genes. RESULTS Based on phenotypic tests, P. aeruginosa isolates were recovered from 40% of CF patients. Forty isolates yielded amplicon of oprI gene using genus-specific primers confirming the identity of fluorescent pseudomonads. However, 37 of 40 isolates yielded amplicon of oprL gene using species-specific primers, verifying the identity of P. aeruginosa. CONCLUSION This study showed that the species-specific PCR targeting oprL gene can be used as accurate test for identification of highly adaptable P. aeruginosa in CF patients. This procedure may provide a simple and reliable method for identification of various morphotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. DOURAGHI
- Division of Bacteriology, Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;, Food Microbiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - F. GHASEMI
- Division of Bacteriology, Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M.M. SOLTAN DALLAL
- Division of Bacteriology, Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;, Food Microbiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;,Correspondence: Mohammad Mehdi Soltan Dallal, Food Microbiology Research Center and School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran - Tel. +98 21 8899297 - Fax +98 21 88954913 - E-mail:
| | - M RAHBAR
- Department of Microbiology, Iranian Reference Health Laboratory Research Center Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran;, Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Iran University of Medical sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - A. RAHIMIFOROUSHANI
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Lopes SP, Azevedo NF, Pereira MO. Microbiome in cystic fibrosis: Shaping polymicrobial interactions for advances in antibiotic therapy. Crit Rev Microbiol 2014; 41:353-65. [PMID: 24645634 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2013.847898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent molecular methodologies have demonstrated a complex microbial ecosystem in cystic fibrosis (CF) airways, with a wide array of uncommon microorganisms co-existing with the traditional pathogens. Although there are lines of evidence supporting the contribution of some of those emergent species for lung disease chronicity, clinical significance remains uncertain for most cases. A possible contribution for disease is likely to be related with the dynamic interactions established between microorganisms within the microbial community and with the host. If this is the case, management of CF will only be successful upon suitable and exhaustive modulation of such mixed ecological processes, which will also be useful to predict the effects of new therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana P Lopes
- IBB-CEB, Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar , Braga , Portugal and
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Salvador-García C, Yagüe-Guirao G, Pastor-Vivero MD, Sáez-Nieto JA. Chronic colonization of Inquilinus limosus in a patient with cystic fibrosis: First report in Spain. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2013; 31:414-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2012.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Revised: 11/17/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Evaluation of colistin susceptibility in multidrug-resistant clinical isolates from cystic fibrosis, France. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 32:1461-4. [PMID: 23719852 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-013-1898-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients has led to the use of colistin drug and the emergence of colistin-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. The aim of this study was to compare the disk diffusion and Etest methods for colistin susceptibility testing on MDR bacteria associated with CF from Marseille, France. Forty-nine MDR clinical isolates (27 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, 22 Achromobacter xylosoxidans) were used in this study. Disk diffusion and Etest assays were used to assess the reliability of these two techniques. For S. maltophilia, 25 out of 27 isolates had low minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs, 0.125-0.75 mg/L), whereas two isolates displayed high MICs (32 mg/L). Similarly, 19 out of 22 A. xylosoxidans isolates had low MICs (0.75-3.0 mg/L), whereas three isolates had high MICs (32-256 mg/L). The diameters of zone inhibition with a 50-μg colistin disk displayed a good correlation with the MICs obtained by the Etest. Susceptible and resistant strains were eventually separated using a disk diffusion assay at a cut-off of ≤ 12 mm for a 50-μg disk. Colistin displayed excellent activity against S. maltophilia and A. xylosoxidans and the disk diffusion assay could be confidently used to determine the susceptibility to colistin for MDR Gram-negative bacteria in the context of CF.
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Infectious Diseases, Vibrational Spectroscopic Approaches to Rapid Diagnostics. Infect Dis (Lond) 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-5719-0_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Bozkurt-Guzel C, Savage PB, Gerceker AA. In vitro activities of the novel ceragenin CSA-13, alone or in combination with colistin, tobramycin, and ciprofloxacin, against Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from cystic fibrosis patients. Chemotherapy 2012; 57:505-10. [PMID: 22286090 DOI: 10.1159/000335588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 12/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rise in the rates of antibiotic resistance among Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains from cystic fibrosis (CF) patients is concerning and underscores the need for the development of novel compounds. Among them CSA-13, a cationic steroid molecule, mimics the activity of naturally occurring antimicrobial peptides. METHODS MICs and MBCs were determined using the microbroth dilution technique. Combinations were assessed using the checkerboard technique. The bactericidal activity of CSA-13 in combination with colistin was measured using the time-kill curve method for two strains. RESULTS The MIC(90) values of CSA-13, colistin, tobramycin, and ciprofloxacin were 2, 1, 1, and 2 mg/l, respectively. The MBCs were equal to or two-fold greater than those of the MICs. With a fractional inhibitory concentration index of ≤0.5 as borderline, synergistic interactions were mostly seen with the CSA-13-colistin combination (54%). No antagonism was observed. The results of the time-kill curve analysis demonstrated rapid bactericidal activity of CSA-13 and synergism with colistin; in one strain early synergy was achieved. CONCLUSION CSA-13 appears to be a good candidate in the treatment of P. aeruginosa strains in CF patients. Future studies should be performed to correlate the safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetic parameters of this molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cagla Bozkurt-Guzel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Turkey.
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21
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Driskell JD, Tripp RA. Infectious Diseases, Vibrational Spectroscopic Approaches to Rapid Diagnostics. Infect Dis (Lond) 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2463-0_532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
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Bozkurt-Guzel Ç, Gerceker AA. In vitro pharmacodynamic properties of colistin methanesulfonate and amikacin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Indian J Med Microbiol 2012; 30:34-8. [DOI: 10.4103/0255-0857.93020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Bozkurt-Güzel C, Gerçeker AA. Post-antibiotic effect of colistin, alone and in combination with amikacin, on Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from cystic fibrosis patients. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2011; 65:83-6. [PMID: 22126897 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2011.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cagla Bozkurt-Güzel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Beyazit, Turkey.
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Sibley CD, Grinwis ME, Field TR, Eshaghurshan CS, Faria MM, Dowd SE, Parkins MD, Rabin HR, Surette MG. Culture enriched molecular profiling of the cystic fibrosis airway microbiome. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22702. [PMID: 21829484 PMCID: PMC3145661 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbiome of the respiratory tract, including the nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal microbiota, is a dynamic community of microorganisms that is highly diverse. The cystic fibrosis (CF) airway microbiome refers to the polymicrobial communities present in the lower airways of CF patients. It is comprised of chronic opportunistic pathogens (such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and a variety of organisms derived mostly from the normal microbiota of the upper respiratory tract. The complexity of these communities has been inferred primarily from culture independent molecular profiling. As with most microbial communities it is generally assumed that most of the organisms present are not readily cultured. Our culture collection generated using more extensive cultivation approaches, reveals a more complex microbial community than that obtained by conventional CF culture methods. To directly evaluate the cultivability of the airway microbiome, we examined six samples in depth using culture-enriched molecular profiling which combines culture-based methods with the molecular profiling methods of terminal restriction fragment length polymorphisms and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. We demonstrate that combining culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches enhances the sensitivity of either approach alone. Our techniques were able to cultivate 43 of the 48 families detected by deep sequencing; the five families recovered solely by culture-independent approaches were all present at very low abundance (<0.002% total reads). 46% of the molecular signatures detected by culture from the six patients were only identified in an anaerobic environment, suggesting that a large proportion of the cultured airway community is composed of obligate anaerobes. Most significantly, using 20 growth conditions per specimen, half of which included anaerobic cultivation and extended incubation times we demonstrate that the majority of bacteria present can be cultured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D. Sibley
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Margot E. Grinwis
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tyler R. Field
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Monica M. Faria
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Scot E. Dowd
- Medical Biofilm Research Institute, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
- Research and Testing Laboratory of the South Plains, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - Michael D. Parkins
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Adult Cystic Fibrosis Clinic, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Harvey R. Rabin
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Adult Cystic Fibrosis Clinic, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Michael G. Surette
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Harris WT, Muhlebach MS, Oster RA, Knowles MR, Clancy JP, Noah TL. Plasma TGF-β₁ in pediatric cystic fibrosis: potential biomarker of lung disease and response to therapy. Pediatr Pulmonol 2011; 46:688-95. [PMID: 21337732 PMCID: PMC3115503 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.21430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Revised: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β₁) is an important genetic modifier of lung disease severity in cystic fibrosis (CF), yet the mechanism behind this disease association remains unknown. Initial steps in the investigation of the relationship between TGF-β₁ and CF lung disease include determining the most appropriate available biospecimen for TGF-β₁ protein measurement. HYPOTHESIS In hospitalized pediatric CF patients, plasma TGF-β₁ is increased in association with clinical parameters of lung disease severity. METHODS Serum and plasma were obtained pre- and post-intravenous antibiotic therapy in pediatric CF patients hospitalized for a pulmonary exacerbation. Total TGF-β₁ , measured via ELISA, was compared with markers of lung disease, including airway microbiology, lung function, and response to therapy. RESULTS Forty CF children were studied, 15 of whom underwent bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) at the time of admission. Plasma TGF-β₁ positively correlated with BAL fluid (BALF) TGF-β₁ (r=0.59, P<0.05). Admission plasma TGF-β₁ was increased in subjects positive for Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P=0.014) and was inversely associated with diminished lung function (P<0.038) after therapy. Treatment with antibiotics significantly decreased plasma TGF-β(1) (P<0.001). Serum TGF-β₁ was not associated with plasma TGF-β(1) , BALF TGF-β₁, or these clinical parameters of lung disease. CONCLUSION In pediatric CF, plasma (but not serum) TGF-β₁ is increased in association with Pseudomonas infection and lung disease, and is reduced in response to therapy. These findings emphasize the importance of optimizing biospecimen selection for future studies investigating the role of TGF-β(1) in CF lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- William T Harris
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1600 7th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35233-1711, USA.
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Treatment intensity and characteristics of MRSA infection in CF. J Cyst Fibros 2011; 10:201-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2011.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Revised: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Bittar F, Rolain JM. Detection and accurate identification of new or emerging bacteria in cystic fibrosis patients. Clin Microbiol Infect 2011; 16:809-20. [PMID: 20880410 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03236.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory infections remain a major threat to cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. The detection and correct identification of the bacteria implicated in these infections is critical for the therapeutic management of patients. The traditional methods of culture and phenotypic identification of bacteria lack both sensitivity and specificity because many bacteria can be missed and/or misidentified. Molecular analyses have recently emerged as useful means to resolve these problems, including molecular methods for accurate identification or detection of bacteria and molecular methods for evaluation of microbial diversity. These recent molecular technologies have increased the list of new and/or emerging pathogens and epidemic strains associated with CF patients. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry of intact cells has also emerged recently as a powerful and rapid method for the routine identification of bacteria in clinical microbiology laboratories and will certainly represent the method of choice also for the routine identification of bacteria in the context of CF. Finally, recent data derived from molecular culture-independent analyses indicate the presence of a previously underestimated, complex microbial community in sputa from CF patients. Interestingly, full genome sequencing of some bacteria frequently recovered from CF patients has highlighted the fact that the lungs of CF patients are hotspots for lateral gene transfer and the adaptation of these ecosystems to a specific chronic condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bittar
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, CNRS-IRD, UMR 6236, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille Cedex 05, France
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Sordé R, Pahissa A, Rello J. Management of refractory Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in cystic fibrosis. Infect Drug Resist 2011; 4:31-41. [PMID: 21694907 PMCID: PMC3108754 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s16263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common life-limiting inherited disease in Caucasian populations. The main cause of death in CF patients is respiratory failure resulting from chronic pulmonary infection. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most prevalent organism in the airway colonization of CF patients, and its persistence in the airways has been related to greater morbidity with a more rapid deterioration in lung function. P. aeruginosa has enormous genetic and metabolic flexibility that allows it to adapt and persist within the airways of CF patients, and it has the ability to easily acquire antimicrobial resistance. For these reasons, the management of infections and chronic colonization by P. aeruginosa remains a challenge for physicians. This article reviews the current and future antibacterial chemotherapy options for respiratory pseudomonal infection in CF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Sordé
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Lucarelli M, Narzi L, Pierandrei S, Bruno SM, Stamato A, d'Avanzo M, Strom R, Quattrucci S. A new complex allele of the CFTR gene partially explains the variable phenotype of the L997F mutation. Genet Med 2011; 12:548-55. [PMID: 20706124 DOI: 10.1097/gim.0b013e3181ead634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the role of complex alleles, with two or more mutations in cis position, of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene in the definition of the genotype-phenotype relationship in cystic fibrosis (CF), and to evaluate the functional significance of the highly controversial L997F CFTR mutation. METHODS We evaluated the diagnosis of CF or CFTR-related disorders in 12 unrelated subjects with highly variable phenotypes. According to a first CFTR mutational analysis, subjects appeared to be compound heterozygotes for a classic mutation and the L997F mutation. A further CFTR mutational analysis was conducted by means of a protocol of extended sequencing, particularly suited to the detection of complex alleles. RESULTS We detected a new [R117L; L997F] CFTR complex allele in the four subjects with the highest sweat test values and CF. The eight subjects without the complex allele showed the most varied biochemical and clinical outcome and were diagnosed as having mild CF, CFTR-related disorders, or even no disease. CONCLUSIONS The new complex allele partially explains the variable phenotype in CF subjects with the L997F mutation. CFTR complex alleles are likely to have a role in the definition of the genotype-phenotype relationship in CF. Whenever apparently identical CFTR-mutated genotypes are found in subjects with divergent phenotypes, an extensive mutational search is mandatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Lucarelli
- Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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Novel pan-genomic analysis approach in target selection for multiplex PCR identification and detection of Burkholderia pseudomallei, Burkholderia thailandensis, and Burkholderia cepacia complex species: a proof-of-concept study. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 49:814-21. [PMID: 21177905 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01702-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei, Burkholderia thailandensis, and the Burkholderia cepacia complex differ greatly in pathogenicity and epidemiology. Yet, they are occasionally misidentified by biochemical profiling, and even 16S rRNA gene sequencing may not offer adequate discrimination between certain species groups. Using the 23 B. pseudomallei, four B. thailandensis, and 16 B. cepacia complex genome sequences available, we identified gene targets specific to each of them (a Tat domain protein, a 70-kDa protein, and a 12-kDa protein for B. pseudomallei, B. thailandensis, and the B. cepacia complex, respectively), with an in-house developed algorithm. Using these targets, we designed a robust multiplex PCR assay useful for their identification and detection from soil and simulated sputum samples. For all 43 B. pseudomallei, seven B. thailandensis, and 20 B. cepacia complex (B. multivorans, n = 6; B. cenocepacia, n = 3; B. cepacia, n = 4; B. arboris, n = 2; B. contaminans, B. anthina, and B. pyrrocinia, n = 1 each; other unnamed members, n = 2) isolates, the assay produced specific products of predicted size without false positives or negatives. Of the 60 soil samples screened, 19 (31.6%) and 29 (48.3%) were positive for B. pseudomallei and the B. cepacia complex, respectively, and in four (6.7%) soil samples, the organisms were codetected. DNA sequencing confirmed that all PCR products originated from their targeted loci. This novel pan-genomic analysis approach in target selection is simple, computationally efficient, and potentially applicable to any species that harbors species-specific genes. A multiplex PCR assay for rapid and accurate identification and detection of B. pseudomallei, B. thailandensis, and the B. cepacia complex was developed and verified.
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Zemanick ET, Wagner BD, Harris JK, Wagener JS, Accurso FJ, Sagel SD. Pulmonary exacerbations in cystic fibrosis with negative bacterial cultures. Pediatr Pulmonol 2010; 45:569-77. [PMID: 20503282 PMCID: PMC2937349 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.21221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary exacerbations are a major cause of morbidity in cystic fibrosis (CF) and likely contribute to lung function decline. Exacerbations are often associated with characteristic airway bacteria [CF related bacteria (CFRB)]. However, some patients do not have CFRB detected by culture during exacerbations. OBJECTIVES We sought to determine the proportion of airway cultures negative for CFRB during pulmonary exacerbations, and to characterize patients who were CFRB-negative versus CFRB-positive. METHODS We performed a retrospective study of patients with CF admitted for a pulmonary exacerbation. Patients were classified as CFRB-positive or CFRB-negative based on admission airway cultures. Demographics, clinical presentation, lung function, history of chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection and improvement in lung function with treatment were compared between groups. MAIN RESULTS There were 672 admissions for exacerbation involving 211 patients over 5 years. Seventeen percent were classified as CFRB-negative. Forty-one percent of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), 32% of throat and 10% of sputum samples were CFRB-negative. Among patients capable of expectorating sputum, the CFRB-negative group was younger, less likely to have chronic P. aeruginosa, had higher lung function and body mass index (BMI), and had a lower systemic inflammatory response on admission compared to those with CFRB-positive cultures. The two groups had similar numbers of patients with three or more signs and symptoms of a pulmonary exacerbation (88% vs. 92%). Both groups returned to baseline lung function following treatment. CONCLUSIONS A significant number of patients with CF and pulmonary exacerbation did not have typical CFRB detected by culture. Patients without CFRB still had characteristic signs and symptoms of pulmonary exacerbation and responded to treatment. Understanding the causes of illness in these patients may improve the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary exacerbations in CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith T Zemanick
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA.
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Antimicrobial activity of CHIR-090, an inhibitor of lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis, against the Burkholderia cepacia complex. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 54:3531-3. [PMID: 20516283 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01600-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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Nagano Y, Elborn JS, Millar BC, Walker JM, Goldsmith CE, Rendall J, Moore JE. Comparison of techniques to examine the diversity of fungi in adult patients with cystic fibrosis. Med Mycol 2010; 48:166-76.e1. [DOI: 10.3109/13693780903127506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Sibley CD, Grinwis ME, Field TR, Parkins MD, Norgaard JC, Gregson DB, Rabin HR, Surette MG. McKay agar enables routine quantification of the 'Streptococcus milleri' group in cystic fibrosis patients. J Med Microbiol 2010; 59:534-540. [PMID: 20093379 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.016592-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The 'Streptococcus milleri' group (SMG) has recently been recognized as a contributor to bronchopulmonary disease in cystic fibrosis (CF). Routine detection and quantification is limited by current CF microbiology protocols. McKay agar was developed previously for the semi-selective isolation of this group. Here, McKay agar was validated against a panel of clinical SMG isolates, which revealed improved SMG recovery compared with Columbia blood agar. The effectiveness of this medium was evaluated by appending it to the standard CF sputum microbiology protocols in a clinical laboratory for a 6-month period. All unique colony types were isolated and identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Whilst a wide variety of organisms were isolated, members of the SMG were the most prevalent bacteria cultured, and McKay agar allowed routine quantification of the SMG from 10(3) to >10(8) c.f.u. ml(-1) directly from sputum. All members of the SMG were detected [Streptococcus anginosus (40.7 %), Streptococcus intermedius (34.3 %) and Streptococcus constellatus (25 %)] with an overall prevalence rate of 40.6 % in our adult CF population. Without exception, samples where SMG isolates were cultured at 10(7) c.f.u. ml(-1) or greater were associated with pulmonary exacerbations. This study demonstrates that McKay agar can be used routinely to quantify the SMG from complex clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Sibley
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Margot E Grinwis
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Tyler R Field
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Michael D Parkins
- Adult Cystic Fibrosis Clinic, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Jens C Norgaard
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Daniel B Gregson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Division of Microbiology, Calgary Laboratory Services No. 9, 3535 Research Road NW, Calgary, AB T2L 2K8, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Harvey R Rabin
- Adult Cystic Fibrosis Clinic, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Michael G Surette
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
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Harris WT, Muhlebach MS, Oster RA, Knowles MR, Noah TL. Transforming growth factor-beta(1) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from children with cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Pulmonol 2009; 44:1057-64. [PMID: 19830844 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.21079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Transforming factor beta(1) (TGF-beta(1)) genetic polymorphisms have been identified as a modifier of cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease severity. However, few data link TGF-beta(1) protein levels and clinical markers of CF lung disease severity. OBJECTIVES To determine the association between protein levels of TGF-beta(1) in pediatric CF bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and clinical parameters of CF lung disease severity. METHODS Total TGF-beta(1) was measured in BALF from 30 pediatric CF patients and 12 non-CF disease controls undergoing clinically indicated flexible bronchoscopy, and compared to four indicators of clinical disease: infection, inflammation, pulmonary function, and recent/recurrent hospitalization. RESULTS TGF-beta(1) was elevated in CF BALF compared to non-CF controls (135 +/- 15 pg/ml vs. 57 +/- 10 pg/ml, P < 0.01). In CF BALF, increased TGF-beta(1) was associated with elevated BALF PMN % (r = 0.67, P < 0.01). BALF TGF-beta(1) was increased in CF subjects whose FEV(1) after the completion of antibiotic therapy remained below CF age-normative median values (205.9 +/- 20.5 pg/ml vs. 106.4 +/- 24.0, P = 0.01). BALF TGF-beta(1) was increased in CF children hospitalized in the previous year compared to those not recently hospitalized (169.9 +/- 21.6 pg/ml vs. 107.5 +/- 17.5 pg/ml, P = 0.04). Neither the presence of a bacterial pathogen nor bacterial quantity was associated with BALF TGF-beta(1). CONCLUSIONS In CF, BALF TGF-beta(1) is elevated compared to non-CF controls. Increased BALF TGF-beta(1) is associated with neutrophilic inflammation, diminished lung function and recent hospitalization. Further investigation is needed to address mechanisms behind these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- William T Harris
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
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In vitro pharmacodynamics of levofloxacin and other aerosolized antibiotics under multiple conditions relevant to chronic pulmonary infection in cystic fibrosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 54:143-8. [PMID: 19805554 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00248-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhalational administration of antibiotics can provide high concentrations locally in the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients and, thus, can be useful for the treatment of chronic bacterial infections. The present study evaluated the in vitro activities of levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, tobramycin, amikacin, and aztreonam against clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Burkholderia cepacia complex, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Alcaligenes xylosoxidans, and Staphylococcus aureus from cystic fibrosis patients. Levofloxacin was the most potent antibiotic against all cystic fibrosis isolates tested, with MIC(90)s ranging from 8 to 32 microg/ml. Levofloxacin was more potent than the aminoglycosides and aztreonam against P. aeruginosa biofilms. Time-kill assays with drug concentrations achievable in sputum following aerosol administration showed that levofloxacin had the most rapid rate of killing among mucoid and nonmucoid isolates of P. aeruginosa. In contrast to tobramycin, the bactericidal activity of levofloxacin was not affected by sputum from cystic fibrosis patients. The results of the study show that the high concentrations of levofloxacin readily achievable in the lung following aerosol delivery may be useful for the management of pulmonary infections in patients with cystic fibrosis.
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Hayes D, Murphy BS, Kuhn RJ, Anstead MI, Feola DJ. Mucoid Inquilinus limosus in a young adult with cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Pulmonol 2009; 44:619-21. [PMID: 19434691 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.21003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Inquilinus limosus is a alpha-proteobacterium that has been recently isolate in the airways of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. We report the isolation of a mucoid strain of I. limosus from the sputum of a 20-year-old male patient with CF over 1 year that was associated with the clinical, spirometric, and radiographic decline in a previously healthy patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don Hayes
- Department of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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Low rates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa misidentification in isolates from cystic fibrosis patients. J Clin Microbiol 2009; 47:1503-9. [PMID: 19261796 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00014-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important cause of pulmonary infection in cystic fibrosis (CF). Its correct identification ensures effective patient management and infection control strategies. However, little is known about how often CF sputum isolates are falsely identified as P. aeruginosa. We used P. aeruginosa-specific duplex real-time PCR assays to determine if 2,267 P. aeruginosa sputum isolates from 561 CF patients were correctly identified by 17 Australian clinical microbiology laboratories. Misidentified isolates underwent further phenotypic tests, amplified rRNA gene restriction analysis, and partial 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Participating laboratories were surveyed on how they identified P. aeruginosa from CF sputum. Overall, 2,214 (97.7%) isolates from 531 (94.7%) CF patients were correctly identified as P. aeruginosa. Further testing with the API 20NE kit correctly identified only 34 (59%) of the misidentified isolates. Twelve (40%) patients had previously grown the misidentified species in their sputum. Achromobacter xylosoxidans (n = 21), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (n = 15), and Inquilinus limosus (n = 4) were the species most commonly misidentified as P. aeruginosa. Overall, there were very low rates of P. aeruginosa misidentification among isolates from a broad cross section of Australian CF patients. Additional improvements are possible by undertaking a culture history review, noting colonial morphology, and performing stringent oxidase, DNase, and colistin susceptibility testing for all presumptive P. aeruginosa isolates. Isolates exhibiting atypical phenotypic features should be evaluated further by additional phenotypic or genotypic identification techniques.
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Coutinho HDM, Falcão-Silva VS, Gonçalves GF. Pulmonary bacterial pathogens in cystic fibrosis patients and antibiotic therapy: a tool for the health workers. Int Arch Med 2008; 1:24. [PMID: 18992146 PMCID: PMC2586015 DOI: 10.1186/1755-7682-1-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2008] [Accepted: 11/07/2008] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis is the most common and best known genetic disease involving a defect in transepithelial Cl- transport by mutations in the CF gene on chromosome 7, which codes for the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator protein (CFTR). The most serious symptoms are observed in the lungs, augmenting the risk of bacterial infection. The objective of this review was to describe the bacterial pathogens colonizing patients with cystic fibrosis. A systematic search was conducted using the international bibliographic databanks SCIELO, HIGHWIRE, PUBMED, SCIRUS and LILACS to provide a useful and practical review for healthcare workers to make them aware of these microorganisms. Today, B. cepacia, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus are the most important infectious agents in cystic fibrosis patients. However, healthcare professionals must pay attention to emerging infectious agents in these patients, because they represent a potentially serious future problem. Therefore, these pathogens should be pointed out as a risk to these patients, and hospitals all over the world must be prepared to detect and combat these bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Douglas M Coutinho
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Produtos Naturais, Departamento de Ciências físicas e Biológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Regional do Cariri, Crato (CE), Brazil
| | - Vivyanne S Falcão-Silva
- Laboratorio de Genética de Microrganismos, Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa (PB), Brazil
| | - Gregório Fernandes Gonçalves
- Laboratorio de Genética de Microrganismos, Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa (PB), Brazil
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Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy for rapid identification of nonfermenting gram-negative bacteria isolated from sputum samples from cystic fibrosis patients. J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46:2535-46. [PMID: 18550747 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02267-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The accurate and rapid identification of bacteria isolated from the respiratory tract of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) is critical in epidemiological studies, during intrahospital outbreaks, for patient treatment, and for determination of therapeutic options. While the most common organisms isolated from sputum samples are Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Haemophilus influenzae, in recent decades an increasing fraction of CF patients has been colonized by other nonfermenting (NF) gram-negative rods, such as Burkholderia cepacia complex (BCC) bacteria, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Ralstonia pickettii, Acinetobacter spp., and Achromobacter spp. In the present study, we developed a novel strategy for the rapid identification of NF rods based on Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) in combination with artificial neural networks (ANNs). A total of 15 reference strains and 169 clinical isolates of NF gram-negative bacteria recovered from sputum samples from 150 CF patients were used in this study. The clinical isolates were identified according to the guidelines for clinical microbiology practices for respiratory tract specimens from CF patients; and particularly, BCC bacteria were further identified by recA-based PCR followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis with HaeIII, and their identities were confirmed by recA species-specific PCR. In addition, some strains belonging to genera different from BCC were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. A standardized experimental protocol was established, and an FTIR spectral database containing more than 2,000 infrared spectra was created. The ANN identification system consisted of two hierarchical levels. The top-level network allowed the identification of P. aeruginosa, S. maltophilia, Achromobacter xylosoxidans, Acinetobacter spp., R. pickettii, and BCC bacteria with an identification success rate of 98.1%. The second-level network was developed to differentiate the four most clinically relevant species of BCC, B. cepacia, B. multivorans, B. cenocepacia, and B. stabilis (genomovars I to IV, respectively), with a correct identification rate of 93.8%. Our results demonstrate the high degree of reliability and strong potential of ANN-based FTIR spectrum analysis for the rapid identification of NF rods suitable for use in routine clinical microbiology laboratories.
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Moore ZS, Jerris RC, Hilinski JA. High prevalence of inducible clindamycin resistance among Staphylococcus aureus isolates from patients with cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros 2008; 7:206-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2007.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2007] [Revised: 06/29/2007] [Accepted: 07/27/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Parkins MD, Sibley CD, Surette MG, Rabin HR. The Streptococcus milleri group--an unrecognized cause of disease in cystic fibrosis: a case series and literature review. Pediatr Pulmonol 2008; 43:490-7. [PMID: 18383109 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.20809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The "Streptococcus milleri" group (SMG) is increasingly recognized for their role in pyogenic infections including empyema and solid organ abscesses. However, SMG disease has rarely been identified in cystic fibrosis (CF). Inherent difficulties in both growing the organisms and distinguishing SMG from less virulent oropharyngeal viridans streptococci may have led to a decreased recognition of this as a CF pathogen. We report on six cases of SMG-related infection over a 4-year time-frame occurring within an adult CF clinic in Canada, and a further four cases identified through a literature review. SMG manifested disease as bronchopulmonary exacerbations in 7 of 10 patients, and 4 of 10 patients had extra-pulmonary dissemination of SMG infection. Noticeably, pulmonary exacerbations were frequently associated with atypically malodorous sputum. Furthermore, patients clinically responded to anti-microbial therapies with no anti-Pseudomonal activity. There was a consistent correlation of SMG disease and co-colonization with P. aeruginosa leading to speculation of polymicrobial interactions resulting in enhanced virulence. SMG deserves considerable attention as a potential pathogen within the airways of patients with CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Parkins
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, and the Calgary Health Region, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Halwani M, Blomme S, Suntres ZE, Alipour M, Azghani AO, Kumar A, Omri A. Liposomal bismuth-ethanedithiol formulation enhances antimicrobial activity of tobramycin. Int J Pharm 2008; 358:278-84. [PMID: 18448284 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2008] [Revised: 03/04/2008] [Accepted: 03/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia cenocepacia (formally, genomovar III genotype of Burkholderia cepacia complex) have emerged as serious opportunistic resistant pathogens in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). We have developed a liposomal formulation containing bismuth-ethanedithiol (BiEDT) and tobramycin to overcome bacterial resistance. The stability of liposomal BiEDT-tobramycin (LipoBiEDT-TOB) was studied in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and human pooled plasma at 4 and 37 degrees C. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) for free tobramycin and LipoBiEDT-TOB against clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa and B. cenocepacia were determined by the broth dilution method. The toxicity profile and the influence on bacterial adhesion of LipoBiEDT-TOB formulation were determined using a human lung carcinoma cell line (A549). LipoBiEDT-TOB exhibited lower MICs than the conventional antibiotic (0.25mg/L vs. 1024 mg/L) and eradicated this highly resistant bacterial strain of P. aeruginosa (PA-48913) at very low concentrations (4 mg/L vs. 4096 mg/L). LipoBiEDT-TOB was significantly less toxic when compared to the free BiEDT, as evaluated by the MTT and LDH assay. The LipoBiEDT-TOB formulation suppressed bacterial adhesion (B. cenocepacia M13642R) to A549 cells. These data suggest that the novel LipoBiEDT-TOB drug delivery system could be utilized as a new strategy to enhance the efficacy of existing antibiotics against resistant organisms that commonly affect individuals with chronic lung infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majed Halwani
- The Novel Drug & Vaccine Delivery Systems Facility, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
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Güzel CB, Gerçeker AA. In vitro activities of various antibiotics, alone and in combination with colistin methanesulfonate, against Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from cystic fibrosis patients. Chemotherapy 2008; 54:147-51. [PMID: 18322363 DOI: 10.1159/000119741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2006] [Accepted: 11/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The in vitro activities of various antibiotics, either alone or in combination with colistin methanesulfonate, were assessed using Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from cystic fibrosis patients. METHODS Except for colistin methanesulfonate, minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined by microbroth dilution technique as described by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI); for colistin methanesulfonate, a modified method of the CLSI was used. Minimum bactericidal concentrations were determined as described by the CLSI. The in vitro activities of antibiotics in combination were determined by microbroth checkerboard technique, and results were interpreted by fractional inhibitory concentration index. RESULTS According to MIC values, 100, 98, 96 and 84% of the isolates were found susceptible to amikacin, colistin methanesulfonate, meropenem and ceftazidime, respectively. The minimum bactericidal concentrations were generally equal to or twice as high as those of the minimum inhibitory concentrations. With a fractional inhibitory concentration index of < or =0.5 as borderline, synergistic interactions were more frequent with combinations where amikacin was involved than with those with colistin methanesulfonate. No antagonism was observed. CONCLUSION The findings of this study may play a useful role in selecting the appropriate combinations when a single agent is inadequate to treat cystic fibrosis patients with P. aeruginosa infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cağla Bozkurt Güzel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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May ML, Robson J. Microbiological diagnostic procedures in respiratory infections: suppurative lung disease. Paediatr Respir Rev 2007; 8:185-93, quiz 194. [PMID: 17868916 DOI: 10.1016/j.prrv.2007.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pursuing a microbiological diagnosis in suppurative lung disease can enable focused antibiotic therapy, identify pathogens of potential concern for infection control, and in some cases delineate a specific pathological process. Suppurative lung disease can be categorized as acute or chronic. Acute disease most commonly consists of lung abscess or parapneumonic empyema. The vast majority of chronic suppurative lung disease in childhood is due to cystic fibrosis. Samples from the respiratory tract offer the most useful information for diagnosis and management, but adjunctive information can also be obtained from serological methods, blood cultures and molecular techniques. The quality of respiratory tract samples is vital to aid accurate interpretation of results, and this varies according to the technique of collection. Antibiotic sensitivity testing is of particular importance in an era of evolving antibiotic resistance and can be problematical in cystic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L May
- Department of Microbiology, Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Brisbane, Australia.
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McMorran BJ, Patat SAO, Carlin JB, Grimwood K, Jones A, Armstrong DS, Galati JC, Cooper PJ, Byrnes CA, Francis PW, Robertson CF, Hume DA, Borchers CH, Wainwright CE, Wainwright BJ. Novel neutrophil-derived proteins in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid indicate an exaggerated inflammatory response in pediatric cystic fibrosis patients. Clin Chem 2007; 53:1782-91. [PMID: 17702859 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2007.087650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Airway inflammation in cystic fibrosis (CF) is exaggerated and characterized by neutrophil-mediated tissue destruction, but its genesis and mechanisms remain poorly understood. To further define the pulmonary inflammatory response, we conducted a proteome-based screen of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) collected from young children with and without CF experiencing endobronchial infection. METHODS We collected BALF samples from 45 children younger than 5 years and grouped them according to the presence of respiratory pathogens: > or = 1 x 10(5) colony-forming units (CFU)/mL BALF (18 and 12 samples with and without CF, respectively) and <1 x 10(5) CFU/mL (23 and 15 samples). BALF proteins were analyzed with SELDI-TOF mass spectrometry (MS) and H4 ProteinChips. Proteins were identified and characterized using trypsin digestion, tandem MS, Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance MS, immunoblotting, and ELISA. RESULTS The SELDI-TOF MS BALF profiles contained 53 unique, reliably detected proteins. Peak intensities of 24 proteins differed significantly between the CF and non-CF samples. They included the neutrophil proteins, alpha-defensin 1 and 2, S100A8, S100A9, and S100A12, as well as novel forms of S100A8 and S100A12 with equivalent C-terminal deletions. Peak intensities of these neutrophil proteins and immunoreactive concentrations of selected examples were significantly higher in CF than non-CF samples. CONCLUSIONS Small neutrophil-derived BALF proteins, including novel C-terminal truncated forms of S100A proteins, are easily detected with SELDI-TOF MS. Concentrations of these molecules are abnormally high in early CF lung disease. The data provide new insights into CF lung disease and identify novel proteins strongly associated with CF airway inflammation.
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Govan JRW, Brown AR, Jones AM. Evolving epidemiology of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the Burkholderia cepacia complex in cystic fibrosis lung infection. Future Microbiol 2007; 2:153-64. [PMID: 17661652 DOI: 10.2217/17460913.2.2.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The morbidity and mortality of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) is primarily determined by chronic and debilitating lung infections caused by a surprisingly narrow spectrum of bacterial pathogens. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is by far the most prevalent life-threatening CF pathogen. In the absence of aggressive early therapy, it infects the majority of adult patients and determines long-term survival. The epidemiology of CF pulmonary infections continues to evolve. Amongst the most recent CF pathogens to have emerged are a group of closely related bacteria, known as the Burkholderia cepacia complex. These organisms are a particular challenge due to inherent antibiotic resistance, the potential for patient-to-patient spread, and the risk of ‘cepacia syndrome’, a rapid fulminating pneumonia sometimes accompanied by bacteremia. Strict cross-infection control was prompted by early epidemiological experience of the B. cepacia complex and is essential in the management of all CF pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R W Govan
- University of Edinburgh, Cystic Fibrosis Group, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Edinburgh, UK.
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Zhou J, Garber E, Desai M, Saiman L. Compliance of clinical microbiology laboratories in the United States with current recommendations for processing respiratory tract specimens from patients with cystic fibrosis. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44:1547-9. [PMID: 16597890 PMCID: PMC1448617 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.44.4.1547-1549.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory tract specimens from patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) require unique processing by clinical microbiology laboratories to ensure detection of all potential pathogens. The present study sought to determine the compliance of microbiology laboratories in the United States with recently published recommendations for CF respiratory specimens. Microbiology laboratory protocols from 150 of 190 (79%) CF care sites were reviewed. Most described the use of selective media for Burkholderia cepacia complex (99%), Staphylococcus aureus (82%), and Haemophilus influenzae (89%) and identified the species of all gram-negative bacilli (87%). Only 52% delineated the use of agar diffusion assays for susceptibility testing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Standardizing laboratory practices will improve treatment, infection control, and our understanding of the changing epidemiology of CF microbiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juyan Zhou
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, College of Physicians & Surgeons, 650 West 168th St., PH 4 West Room 470, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Muhlebach MS, Miller MB, Moore C, Wedd JP, Drake AF, Leigh MW. Are lower airway or throat cultures predictive of sinus bacteriology in cystic fibrosis? Pediatr Pulmonol 2006; 41:445-51. [PMID: 16547960 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.20396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The choice of antibiotics for sinusitis in children with cystic fibrosis (CF) is empirical or based on lower airway cultures, because sinus cultures are difficult to obtain. The aim of this study was to identify the main organisms cultured from CF children with chronic sinusitis, and to evaluate the concordance of concomitant sinus, oropharyngeal swab (OP), and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cultures. OP and BALF cultures were done preoperatively, and sinus cultures were obtained during clinically indicated sinus surgery. The genetic identity of the bacteria was compared if the same organisms were present in upper and lower airway cultures. In total, 45 paired sinus-BALF cultures from 31 patients were included. Twenty-four of these had matched OP cultures. The mean age of patients was 9.5 +/- 4.3 years, and 19 patients were DeltaF508 homozygous. Bacterial sinus infection was present in 96%, caused by S. aureus (49%), P. aeruginosa (42%), and H. influenzae (22%). The diagnostic accuracy of BALF or OP cultures was low in predicting sinus infection, particularly at younger ages. Positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV) of BALF for P. aeruginosa infection were 65% and 67%, and for S. aureus, 76% and 63%, respectively. Predictive values for OP cultures were similar. Bacterial species were the same in sinus and OP or BALF samples of 12 patients of these bacteria 83% showed genetic identity. We conclude that S. aureus is an important pathogen in pediatric CF sinusitis, and that BALF or oropharyngeal cultures are poor predictors for organisms present in the sinuses.
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