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Cutler AA, Jackson JB, Corbett AH, Pavlath GK. Non-equivalence of nuclear import among nuclei in multinucleated skeletal muscle cells. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.207670. [PMID: 29361530 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.207670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is primarily composed of large myofibers containing thousands of post-mitotic nuclei distributed throughout a common cytoplasm. Protein production and localization in specialized myofiber regions is crucial for muscle function. Myonuclei differ in transcriptional activity and protein accumulation, but how these differences among nuclei sharing a cytoplasm are achieved is unknown. Regulated nuclear import of proteins is one potential mechanism for regulating transcription spatially and temporally in individual myonuclei. The best-characterized nuclear localization signal (NLS) in proteins is the classical NLS (cNLS), but many other NLS motifs exist. We examined cNLS and non-cNLS reporter protein import using multinucleated muscle cells generated in vitro, revealing that cNLS and non-cNLS nuclear import differs among nuclei in the same cell. Investigation of cNLS nuclear import rates in isolated myofibers ex vivo confirmed differences in nuclear import rates among myonuclei. Analyzing nuclear import throughout myogenesis revealed that cNLS and non-cNLS import varies during differentiation. Taken together, our results suggest that both spatial and temporal regulation of nuclear import pathways are important in muscle cell differentiation and protein regionalization in myofibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia A Cutler
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Cell and Developmental Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | | | - Anita H Corbett
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Grace K Pavlath
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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2
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Abstract
Viruses enter host cells in order to complete their life cycles and have evolved to exploit host cell structures, regulatory factors and mechanisms. The virus and host cell interactions have consequences at multiple levels, spanning from evolution through disease to models and tools for scientific discovery and treatment. Virus-induced human cancers arise after a long duration of time and are monoclonal or oligoclonal in origin. Cancer is therefore a side effect rather than an essential part of viral infections in humans. Still, 15-20% of all human cancers are caused by viruses. A review of tumour virology shows its close integration in cancer research. Viral tools and experimental models have been indispensible for the progress of molecular biology. In particular, retroviruses and DNA tumour viruses have played major roles in our present understanding of the molecular biology of both viruses and the host. Recently, additional complex relationships due to virus and host co-evolution have appeared and may lead to a further understanding of the overall regulation of gene expression programmes in cancer.
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3
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Pipas JM. SV40: Cell transformation and tumorigenesis. Virology 2008; 384:294-303. [PMID: 19070883 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2008] [Accepted: 11/18/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The story of SV40-induced tumorigenesis and cellular transformation is intimately entwined with the development of modern molecular biology. Because SV40 and other viruses have small genomes and are relatively easy to manipulate in the laboratory, they offered tractable systems for molecular analysis. Thus, many of the early efforts to understand how eukaryotes replicate their DNA, regulate expression of their genes, and translate mRNA were focused on viral systems. The discovery that SV40 induces tumors in certain laboratory animals and transforms many types of cultured cells offered the first opportunity to explore the molecular basis for cancer. The goal of this article is to highlight some of the experiments that have led to our current view of SV40-induced transformation and to provide some context as to how they contributed to basic research in molecular biology and to our understanding of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Pipas
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
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4
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Steggerda SM, Paschal BM. Regulation of nuclear import and export by the GTPase Ran. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2002; 217:41-91. [PMID: 12019565 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(02)17012-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the control of nuclear import and export pathways by the small GTPase Ran. Transport of signal-containing cargo substrates is mediated by receptors that bind to the cargo proteins and RNAs and deliver them to the appropriate cellular compartment. Ran is an evolutionarily conserved member of the Ras superfamily that regulates all receptor-mediated transport between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. We describe the identification and characterization of the RanGTPase and its binding partners: the guanine nucleotide exchange factor, RanGEF; the GTPase activating protein, RanGAP; the soluble import and export receptors; Ran-binding domain-(RBD) containing proteins; and NTF2 and related factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne M Steggerda
- Center for Cell Signaling and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville 22908, USA
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5
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Roberts B. Nuclear location signal-mediated protein transport. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1989; 1008:263-80. [PMID: 2667641 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4781(89)90016-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B Roberts
- Integrated Genetics, Framingham, MA 01701
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6
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Chen S, Levesque P, Pomert E, Pollack RE. Transformation of precrisis human cells by the simian virus 40 cytoplasmic-localization mutant pSVCT3 is accompanied by nuclear T antigen. J Virol 1987; 61:3521-7. [PMID: 2822959 PMCID: PMC255950 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.61.11.3521-3527.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
pSVCT3 is a cytoplasmic-localization mutant of simian virus 40 (SV40) isolated from the SV40 adenovirus 7 hybrid virus (PARA) and cloned into plasmid PBR. The large T antigen of pSVCT3 accumulates in the cytoplasm of infected monkey cells instead of being transported to the nucleus. The sole change in CT3 large T antigen is amino acid residue 128 (Lys----Asn). Transformation of precrisis rodent cells by pSVCT3 is negligible, whereas the frequency of transformation of established rodent cell lines by pSVCT3 is comparable to that of wild-type SV40. According to the model, in which transformation of precrisis cells involves the combined oncogenic action of both nuclear and cytoplasmic gene products, we predicted that pSVCT3 would localize in the cytoplasm of human cells and would therefore at most only partially and rarely transform precrisis human cells. We have found that pSVCT3 is able to transform precrisis human cells at high frequency. Furthermore, pSVCT3-transformed human precrisis cells relocalized T antigen to their nuclei. The relocalization of large T antigen was not dependent on cell growth. Wild-type and pSVCT3-transformed human cell lines both have about five copies of integrated SV40 DNA. SV40 virus-specific proteins, including the 100,000-molecular-weight super large T antigen, were expressed in pSVCT3-transformed human cells. Our results suggest that molecules in precrisis human cells, but not cells of other species, are able to complement the cytoplasmic-localization defect of the CT3 mutant large T antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027
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7
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Pinkert CA, Brinster RL, Palmiter RD, Wong C, Butel JS. Tumorigenesis in transgenic mice by a nuclear transport-defective SV40 large T-antigen gene. Virology 1987; 160:169-75. [PMID: 2820126 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(87)90057-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The SV40(cT) mutant encodes a large tumor antigen (cT-ag) that is defective for transport from the cell cytoplasm into the nucleus. This mutant is able to transform established cell lines at near wild-type virus efficiencies, but has a markedly decreased ability to transform primary cells and to induce tumors in newborn hamsters (R. E. Lanford, C. Wong, and J. S. Butel, 1985, Mol. Cell. Biol. 5, 1043-1050). To explore the biology of transport-defective T-ag in vivo, transgenic mice carrying the cT-ag gene were produced. Five of eight founder animals died early in life of choroid plexus tumors (mean age +/- SE, 52 +/- 11.0 days); renal and thymic lesions were also observed. Mice of an SV40(cT) transgenic line regularly succumb to brain tumors (mean age, 81 +/- 1.2 days). SV40 T-ag is expressed in the tumor cells and is retained in the cytoplasm. The observation that SV40(cT) is equivalent to wild-type virus at tumor induction in transgenic mice emphasizes the probable importance of extranuclear forms of SV40 T-ag in brain tumor formation. This study also indicates that in vitro cell transformation assays may not always be accurate reflections of the oncogenic potential of a transforming gene in vivo, because of the different cell types involved.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming
- Antigens, Viral, Tumor/genetics
- Antigens, Viral, Tumor/physiology
- Cerebral Ventricle Neoplasms/analysis
- Cerebral Ventricle Neoplasms/genetics
- Choroid Plexus
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Kidney/analysis
- Mice/genetics
- Mice, Inbred C57BL/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Viral/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Viral/physiology
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Neoplasm/analysis
- RNA, Viral/analysis
- Recombinant Proteins/physiology
- Simian virus 40/genetics
- Simian virus 40/immunology
- Simian virus 40/pathogenicity
- Tissue Distribution
- Transformation, Genetic
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8
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Peters R. Fluorescence microphotolysis to measure nucleocytoplasmic transport and intracellular mobility. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1986; 864:305-59. [PMID: 3539193 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4157(86)90003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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9
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Lanford RE, Jacob JR, Butel JS. Genomic organization of the simian virus 40-adenovirus 7 hybrid virus, PARA(cT), that encodes a nuclear transport defective simian virus 40 T antigen. Virology 1986; 155:271-6. [PMID: 3022475 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(86)90188-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The genomic organization of the simian virus 40 (SV40)-adenovirus (Ad)7 hybrid virus, PARA(cT), was examined. A deletion of approximately 5529 bp of Ad7 DNA extends from 78.8 map units to 94.0 map units and is replaced by an SV40 DNA insert of 3809 bp. The left-hand end of the insertion begins at SV40 nucleotide 5168, 5 bp upstream of the ATG initiation codon for T-ag synthesis. The sequence extends counterclockwise through the T-ag encoding sequences and into SV40 late region DNA. Most of the late region DNA has been removed in a deletion between nucleotides 2464 and 301. One of the 72-bp repeats has also been deleted. The right-hand end of the SV40 DNA insert is at nucleotide 4366. Thus, a portion of the SV40 DNA early region is repeated at both ends of the insert (nucleotides 5168-4366).
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10
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Butel JS, Jarvis DL. The plasma-membrane-associated form of SV40 large tumor antigen: biochemical and biological properties. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1986; 865:171-95. [PMID: 3021222 DOI: 10.1016/0304-419x(86)90027-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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11
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Lanford RE, Butel JS. Replicative functions of the SV40(cT)-3 mutant defective for nuclear transport of T antigen. Virology 1985; 147:72-80. [PMID: 2998072 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(85)90228-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The SV40(cT)-3 mutant is defective in transport of SV40 large tumor antigen (T-ag) to the nucleus. Several properties of T-ag associated with SV40 lytic infection and attributed to its nuclear localization were examined to determine whether biologically significant levels of the mutant T-ag (cT-ag) that were immunologically undetectable were transported to the nucleus in SV40(cT)-3-infected TC-7 cells. SV40(cT)-3 was defective in regulation of T-ag synthesis and initiation of viral DNA synthesis. These defects were presumably due to the lack of nuclear transport of cT-ag, since cT-ag was capable of interacting with the SV40 origin of viral DNA synthesis in a solution binding assay. The level of fatty acid acylation, a modification specific for the cell surface associated T-ag, was not affected by the cT mutation. The cT mutation sufficiently suppressed the nuclear transport of wild-type (WT) T-ag in SV40(cT)-3-infected COS-1 cells to result in the cessation of WT-T-ag-stimulated SV40(cT)-3 viral DNA synthesis. These results are discussed with respect to the recent findings that SV40(cT)-3 is fully competent for the transformation of established cell lines and the induction of cellular DNA synthesis in quiescent cells.
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12
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Differential ability of a T-antigen transport-defective mutant of simian virus 40 to transform primary and established rodent cells. Mol Cell Biol 1985. [PMID: 2987672 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.5.5.1043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The transforming potential and oncogenicity of a simian virus 40 (SV40) mutant affecting T-antigen (T-ag), SV40(cT)-3, was examined in an effort to dissect T-ag functions in transformation. SV40(cT)-3 has a point mutation at nucleotide 4434 that abolishes the transport of T-ag to the nucleus but does not affect its association with the cell surface. Transfection-transformation assays were performed with primary cells and established cell lines of mouse and rat origin. The efficiency of transformation for established cell lines by SV40(cT)-3 was comparable to that of wild-type SV40, indicating that transformation of established cell lines can occur in the absence of detectable amounts of nuclear T-ag. Transformation of primary mouse embryo fibroblasts by SV40(cT)-3 was markedly influenced by culture conditions; the relative transforming frequency was dramatically reduced in assays involving focus formation in low serum concentrations or anchorage-independent growth. Immunofluorescence tests revealed that the transformed mouse embryo fibroblasts partially transport the mutant cT-ag to the cell nucleus. Transformed cell lines induced by SV40(cT)-3 did not differ in growth properties from wild-type transformants. SV40(cT)-3 was completely defective for the transformation of primary baby rat kidney cells, a primary cell type unable to transport the mutant T-ag to the nucleus. The intracellular localization of cellular protein p53 was found to mimic T-ag distribution in all the transformants analyzed. The mutant virus was weakly oncogenic in vivo: the induction of tumors in newborn hamsters by SV40(cT)-3 was reduced in incidence and delayed in appearance in comparison to wild-type SV40. These observations suggest that cellular transformation is regulated by both nuclear and surface-associated forms of SV40 T-ag.
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13
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Differential ability of a T-antigen transport-defective mutant of simian virus 40 to transform primary and established rodent cells. Mol Cell Biol 1985; 5:1043-50. [PMID: 2987672 PMCID: PMC366820 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.5.5.1043-1050.1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The transforming potential and oncogenicity of a simian virus 40 (SV40) mutant affecting T-antigen (T-ag), SV40(cT)-3, was examined in an effort to dissect T-ag functions in transformation. SV40(cT)-3 has a point mutation at nucleotide 4434 that abolishes the transport of T-ag to the nucleus but does not affect its association with the cell surface. Transfection-transformation assays were performed with primary cells and established cell lines of mouse and rat origin. The efficiency of transformation for established cell lines by SV40(cT)-3 was comparable to that of wild-type SV40, indicating that transformation of established cell lines can occur in the absence of detectable amounts of nuclear T-ag. Transformation of primary mouse embryo fibroblasts by SV40(cT)-3 was markedly influenced by culture conditions; the relative transforming frequency was dramatically reduced in assays involving focus formation in low serum concentrations or anchorage-independent growth. Immunofluorescence tests revealed that the transformed mouse embryo fibroblasts partially transport the mutant cT-ag to the cell nucleus. Transformed cell lines induced by SV40(cT)-3 did not differ in growth properties from wild-type transformants. SV40(cT)-3 was completely defective for the transformation of primary baby rat kidney cells, a primary cell type unable to transport the mutant T-ag to the nucleus. The intracellular localization of cellular protein p53 was found to mimic T-ag distribution in all the transformants analyzed. The mutant virus was weakly oncogenic in vivo: the induction of tumors in newborn hamsters by SV40(cT)-3 was reduced in incidence and delayed in appearance in comparison to wild-type SV40. These observations suggest that cellular transformation is regulated by both nuclear and surface-associated forms of SV40 T-ag.
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14
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15
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Lanford RE, Butel JS. Construction and characterization of an SV40 mutant defective in nuclear transport of T antigen. Cell 1984; 37:801-13. [PMID: 6086146 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90415-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 442] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
An SV40-adenovirus 7 hybrid virus, PARA(cT), has been described that is defective for the nuclear transport of SV40 large tumor antigen. An SV40(cT) mutant was constructed using SV40 early and late region DNA fragments derived from PARA(cT) and wild-type SV40 respectively. The SV40(cT)-3 construct is defective for viral replication, but can be propagated in COS-1 cells. T antigen induced by SV40(cT)-3 is localized in the cytoplasm of infected cells. The cT mutation also inhibits the transport of wild-type T antigen; COS-1 cells lose their constitutive expression of nuclear T antigen after infection with SV40(cT)-3. Sequence analysis revealed that the cT mutation results in the replacement of a positively charged lysine in wild-type T antigen with a neutral asparagine at amino acid number 128, demonstrating that the alteration of a single amino acid is sufficient to abolish nuclear transport. Implications of the cT mutation on possible mechanisms for the transport of proteins to the nucleus are discussed.
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16
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Jarvis DL, Lanford RE, Butel JS. Structural comparisons of wild-type and nuclear transport-defective simian virus 40 large tumor antigens. Virology 1984; 134:168-76. [PMID: 6324467 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(84)90282-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PARA(nT) is a defective SV40-adenovirus 7 hybrid virus which contains the entire early region of the SV40 genome and codes for the synthesis of SV40 large tumor antigen (T-ag). A transport-defective variant of this hybrid, PARA(cT), encodes T-ag that is not transported to the nucleus, but accumulates in the cytoplasm. The structures of T-ags extracted from wild-type (WT) SV40-, PARA(nT)-, and PARA(cT)-infected cells were compared by peptide mapping. All three types of T-ag underwent considerable degradation when extracted using Tris-buffered Nonidet P-40 at pH 8.0. The addition of 200 microM leupeptin to the extraction buffer significantly inhibited this degradation. Comparison of methionine-containing tryptic peptides revealed no differences among the T-ags, suggesting that their primary structures are similar or identical. Phosphopeptide mapping revealed no differences between SV40- and PARA(nT)-encoded T-ags. In contrast, PARA(cT)-encoded T-ag lacked a prominent phosphopeptide that was present in both of the others. The possible relevance of this difference in phosphorylation to the transport defect is discussed.
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17
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Lanford RE, Butel JS. Effect of nuclear localization of large tumor antigen on growth potential of SV40-transformed cells. Virology 1981; 110:147-58. [PMID: 6259826 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(81)90016-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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18
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Lanford RE, Butel JS. Inhibition of nuclear migration of wild-type SV40 tumor antigen by a transport-defective mutant of SV40-adenovirus 7 hybrid virus. Virology 1980; 105:303-13. [PMID: 6252682 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(80)90032-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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19
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Lanford RE, Butel JS. Biochemical characterization of nuclear and cytoplasmic forms of SV40 tumor antigens encoded by parental and transport-detective mutant SV40-adenovirus 7 hybrid viruses. Virology 1980; 105:314-27. [PMID: 6252683 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(80)90033-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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20
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Dubbs DR, Otsuka H, Kit S. Cytoplasmic T antigens of mouse and human cells transformed by a simian virus 40 tsA mutant. J Virol 1980; 34:782-8. [PMID: 6247513 PMCID: PMC288767 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.34.3.782-788.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Simian virus 40 T antigens accumulate in the cytoplasm of simian virus 40 tsA207 transformants of primary mouse kidney or human retinoblastoma cells grown at 40 degrees C in 10% serum.
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21
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Tevethia SS, Rapp F. Comparative immunology of carcinogenesis by DNA viruses. CONTEMPORARY TOPICS IN IMMUNOBIOLOGY 1977; 6:1-69. [PMID: 194745 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-3051-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
MESH Headings
- Adenoviridae/immunology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Neoplasm/analysis
- Antigens, Viral/analysis
- Base Sequence
- Cell Membrane/immunology
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
- Cytomegalovirus/immunology
- DNA Viruses/immunology
- DNA, Viral
- Defective Viruses
- Genes
- Herpesviridae/immunology
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/immunology
- Humans
- Immunity, Cellular
- Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal/microbiology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/microbiology
- Papillomaviridae/immunology
- Polyomaviridae
- Polyomavirus/immunology
- Simian virus 40/immunology
- Simplexvirus/immunology
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22
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Kauffman RS, Ginsberg HS. Characterization of a temperature-sensitive, hexon transport mutant of type 5 adenovirus. J Virol 1976; 19:643-58. [PMID: 957484 PMCID: PMC354899 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.19.2.643-658.1976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of KB cells at 39.5 degrees C with H5ts147, a temperature-sensitive (ts) mutant of type 5 adenovirus, resulted in the cytoplasmic accumulation of hexon antigen; all other virion proteins measured, however, were normally transported into the nucleus. Immunofluorescence techniques were used to study the intracellular location of viral proteins. Genetic studies revealed that H5ts147 was the single member of a nonoverlapping complementation group and occupied a unique locus on the adenovirus genetic map, distinct from mutants that failed to produce immunologically reactive hexons at 39.5 degrees C ("hexon-minus" mutants). Sedimentation studies of extracts of H5ts147-infected cells cultured and labeled at 39.5 degrees C revealed the production of 12S hexon capsomers (the native, trimeric structures), which were immunoprecipitable to the same extent as hexons synthesized in wild type (WT)-infected cells. In contrast, only 3.4S polypeptide chains were found in extracts of cells infected with the class of mutants unable to produce immunologically reactive hexon protein at 39.5 degrees C. Hexons synthesized in H5ts147-infected cells at 39.5 degrees C were capable of being assembled into virions, to the same extent as hexons synthesized in WT-infected cells, when the temperature was shifted down to the permissive temperature, 32 degrees C. Infectious virus production was initiated within 2 to 6 h after shift-down to 32 degrees C; de novo protein synthesis was required to allow this increase in viral titer. If ts147-infected cells were shifted up to 39.5 degrees C late in the viral multiplication cycle, viral production was arrested within 1 to 2 h. The kinetics of shutoff was similar to that of a WT-infected culture treated with cycloheximide at the time of shift-up. The P-VI nonvirion polypeptide, the precursor to virion protein VI, was unstable at 39.5 degrees C, whereas the hexon polypeptide was not degraded during the chase. It appears that there is a structural requirement for the transport of hexons into the nucleus more stringent than the acquisition of immunological reactivity and folding into the 12S form.
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24
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25
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Stenman S, Zeuthen J, Ringertz NR. Expression of SV40 T antigen during the cell cycle of sv40-transformed cells. Int J Cancer 1975; 15:547-54. [PMID: 166940 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910150403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The expression of the nuclear SV40-induced T antigen was measured by microfluorimetry on individual, asynchronously growing SV40-transformed cells which had been stained with hamster T-antiserum by the indirect immunofluorescence method. The same individual cells were first measured for T antigen and then for DNA by Feulgen microspectrophotometry. A linear correlation was observed between the two parameters. T antigen expression was also measured in cell populations arrested at different phases of the cell cycle. Results of both types of experiments show that the expression of the gene (s) for T antigen in transformed cells increases during DNA replication and reaches its highest level in G2 nuclei. During mitosis T antigen is found in the cytoplasm.
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26
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Widmer C, Robb JA. Simian virus 40-host cell interactions. II. Cytoplasmic and nucleolar accumulation of simian virus 40 virion protein. J Virol 1974; 14:1530-46. [PMID: 4372410 PMCID: PMC355683 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.14.6.1530-1546.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We have used immunofluorescence in parallel with transmission and scanning electron microscopy to characterize the unusual cytoplasmic and nucleolar accumulation of Simian virus 40 (SV40) virion protein (C antigen) at restrictive temperatures (39 to 41 C) in monkey cells infected with a temperature-sensitive mutant of SV40 defective in virion assembly, tsB11. Cytoplasmic and nucleolar accumulation of C antigen did not occur in wild-type-infected cells at any temperature. Wild-type- and tsBll-infected cells were not distinguishable at 33 C by immunofluorescence or electron microscopy. Temperature-shift experiments using metabolic inhibitors of DNA (cytosine arabinonucleoside, 20 mug/ml), RNA (actinomycin D, 5 mug/ml), and protein synthesis (cycloheximide, 2 x 10(-4) to 10 x 10(-4) M) were used to investigate the requirements for ongoing DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis in the distribution of virion protein between the nucleus, nucleolus, and cytoplasm. The transport of C antigen from the nucleolus and cytoplasm into the nucleus was complete after a temperature shift-down (41 and 39 to 33 C). Limited virus particle formation occurred after the shift-down in the presence of actinomycin D and cycloheximide, indicating some of the 39 to 41 C synthesized virion protein could be used for capsid assembly at 33 C in the absence of further virion protein synthesis. Nucleolar and cytoplasmic accumulations of C antigen occurred in the absence of drugs after a shift-up (33 to 39 C and 41 C) indicating a continuous requirement for the tsB11 mutant function. Furthermore, the virion protein synthesized at 33 C remained confined to the nucleus when the cells were shifted to 39 and 41 C in the presence of actinomycin D or cycloheximide. In the presence of cytosine arabinonucleoside, however, the virion protein accumulated in large aggregates in the nucleus and nucleolus after the shift-up, but did not migrate into the cytoplasm as it did in drug-free tsB11-infected control cells. Colchicine (10(-3) M) had no effect on the abnormal accumulation of C antigen during shift-up or shift-down experiments suggesting that microtubular transport plays little if any role in the abnormal transport of tsB11 virion protein from cytoplasm to nucleus. Although virus particles were never observed by electron microscopy and V antigen was not detected by immunofluorescence at 39 or 41 C in tsB11-infected cells, dense amorphous accumulations were formed in the nucleoli and cytoplasm. We suggest that the tsB11 function is continuously required for the normal transport of SV40 virion protein between the cytoplasm, nucleolus, and nucleus and for the assembly of capsids and virions. Several possible mechanisms for the altered tsB11 function or protein are discussed. One of the virion proteins may also be involved in some presently undetermined nucleolar function during SV40 productive infection.
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Collins JJ, Black PH. The SV40 "S" antigen and other papovavirus-induced surface antigens. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1974; 63:153-83. [PMID: 4364182 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-65775-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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29
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Guentzel MJ, Butel JS. Biological and biophysical characterization of SV40 cytoplasmic T-antigen-inducing mutants of PARA-adenovirus 7. ARCHIV FUR DIE GESAMTE VIRUSFORSCHUNG 1973; 43:74-87. [PMID: 4367381 DOI: 10.1007/bf01249350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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30
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Butel JS, Melnick JL. Recent advances in molecular pathology. The state of the viral genome in cells transformed by simian virus 40: a review. Exp Mol Pathol 1972; 17:103-19. [PMID: 4339647 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4800(72)90061-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Layne SS, Duff R, Rapp F. Quantitative transformation of primate cells by PARA (defective SV40)-adenovirus type 7. ARCHIV FUR DIE GESAMTE VIRUSFORSCHUNG 1972; 39:74-82. [PMID: 4344149 DOI: 10.1007/bf01241530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Butel JS, Tevethia SS, Melnick JL. Oncogenicity and cell transformation by papovavirus SV40: the role of the viral genome. Adv Cancer Res 1972; 15:1-55. [PMID: 4333789 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-230x(08)60371-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Butel JS, Richardson LS, Melnick JL. Variation in properties of SV40-transformed simian cell lines detected by superinfection with SV40 and human adenoviruses. Virology 1971; 46:844-55. [PMID: 4332978 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(71)90085-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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34
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Pauluzzi S, Ribacchi R. Tumor induction in hamster by para(3cT)-adenovirus 7 mutant. Morphology and antigenic profiles of neoplastic cells. Int J Cancer 1971; 8:523-30. [PMID: 4332901 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910080321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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35
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Ishibashi M. Temperature-sensitive conditional-lethal mutants of an avian adenovirus (CELO). I. Isolation and characterization. Virology 1971; 45:42-52. [PMID: 4106984 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(71)90111-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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36
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Melnick JL, Butel JS, Tevethia SS, Biswal N, Benyesh-Melnick M. Cell transformation by viruses. I. Significance of virus-specific antigens induced by deoxyribonucleic acid-containing tumor viruses. II. Complementary ribonucleic acid in cells transformed by ribonucleic acid-containing tumor viruses. IN VITRO 1971; 6:335-48. [PMID: 4360732 DOI: 10.1007/bf02619071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Lewis AM, Rowe WP. Studies on nondefective adenovirus-simian virus 40 hybrid viruses. I. A newly characterized simian virus 40 antigen induced by the Ad2+ND 1 virus. J Virol 1971; 7:189-97. [PMID: 4329396 PMCID: PMC356097 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.7.2.189-197.1971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The nondefective adenovirus 2 (Ad2)-simian virus 40 (SV40) hybrid virus, Ad2(+)ND(1), does not induce heat-labile SV40 T antigen but does induce a previously uncharacterized heat-stable SV40 antigen-the SV40 "U" antigen. This antigen is detectable by both immunofluorescence and complement fixation by using sera from hamsters with SV40 tumors. Sera from hamsters bearing SV40 tumors can be divided into two groups, those that react with both SV40 T and U antigens (T(+)U(+) sera) and those that react with SV40 T antigen only (T(+)U(-) sera). SV40 U-specific sera from monkeys immunized with Ad2(+)ND(1)-infected cells do not react with SV40 T antigen by immunofluorescence but do react with an antigen in the nucleus of SV40-transformed cells and with an early, cytosine arabinoside-resistant antigen present in the nucleus of SV40-infected cells. A heat-stable SV40 antigen detectable by complement fixation with T(+)U(+) hamster sera is present in extracts of SV40-induced hamster tumors and in cell packs of SV40-infected or -transformed cells. SV40 U-antigen synthesis by Ad2(+)ND(1) virus is partially sensitive to inhibitors of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis, whereas U-antigen synthesis by SV40 virus is an early cytosine arabinoside-resistant event. As an early SV40 antigen differing from SV40 T antigen, U antigen may play a role in malignant transformation mediated by SV40.
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Richardson LS, Butel JS. Properties of transformed hamster cells containing SV40 tumor antigen in the cytoplasm. Int J Cancer 1971; 7:75-85. [PMID: 4322939 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910070109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Butel JS, Melnick JL, Tevethia SS. Effect of adenovirus type 12 on tumor induction by SV40 and para (defective SV40). Int J Cancer 1971; 7:112-8. [PMID: 4322932 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910070113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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40
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Duff R, Rapp F. Transformation of hamster cells by variants of PARA-adenovirus 7 Able to induce SV40 tumor antigen in the cytoplasm. Virology 1970; 42:273-5. [PMID: 4318984 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(70)90269-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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41
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Hare JD. A new type of variation among the polyoma viruses characterized by cytoplasmic accumulation of capsid antigen. Virology 1970; 40:978-88. [PMID: 4317366 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(70)90144-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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42
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Rapp F, Pauluzzi S, Butel JS. Variation in properties of plaque progeny of PARA (defective simian papovavirus 40)-adenovirus 7. J Virol 1969; 4:626-31. [PMID: 4311794 PMCID: PMC375918 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.4.5.626-631.1969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
One hundred and twelve progeny from double plaque-purified clones were derived from the original PARA (defective simian papovavirus 40)-adenovirus 7 population. These progeny were found to differ in their oncogenic potential in newborn hamsters with progeny from 20 clones not inducing any tumors during 1 year of observation. The varying tumorigenicity of the individual clonal progeny was not related to the titer of PARA (particle aiding replication of adenovirus) in the inoculum. There was a perfect correlation between the tumor antigen content of the tumor cells and the antibody response of the tumor-bearing host. The tumors containing both adenovirus and simian papovavirus 40 (SV40) tumor antigens appeared earlier than those carrying only SV40 tumor antigen. Progeny from clones which induced mixed tumors also produced tumors which contained only SV40 tumor antigen. Three variants of PARA were isolated which induced the synthesis of SV40 tumor antigen in the cytoplasm of infected simian cells; all other clones yielded progeny which induced synthesis of SV40 tumor antigen in the nucleus.
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