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Watkins JM, Burke JM. A closer look at mammalian antiviral condensates. Biochem Soc Trans 2024:BST20231296. [PMID: 38778761 DOI: 10.1042/bst20231296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Several biomolecular condensates assemble in mammalian cells in response to viral infection. The most studied of these are stress granules (SGs), which have been proposed to promote antiviral innate immune signaling pathways, including the RLR-MAVS, the protein kinase R (PKR), and the OAS-RNase L pathways. However, recent studies have demonstrated that SGs either negatively regulate or do not impact antiviral signaling. Instead, the SG-nucleating protein, G3BP1, may function to perturb viral RNA biology by condensing viral RNA into viral-aggregated RNA condensates, thus explaining why viruses often antagonize G3BP1 or hijack its RNA condensing function. However, a recently identified condensate, termed double-stranded RNA-induced foci, promotes the activation of the PKR and OAS-RNase L antiviral pathways. In addition, SG-like condensates known as an RNase L-induced bodies (RLBs) have been observed during many viral infections, including SARS-CoV-2 and several flaviviruses. RLBs may function in promoting decay of cellular and viral RNA, as well as promoting ribosome-associated signaling pathways. Herein, we review these recent advances in the field of antiviral biomolecular condensates, and we provide perspective on the role of canonical SGs and G3BP1 during the antiviral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Monty Watkins
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Herbert Wertheim University of Florida Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation and Technology, Jupiter, FL, U.S.A
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Herbert Wertheim University of Florida Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation and Technology, Jupiter, FL, U.S.A
- Skaggs Graduate School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, U.S.A
| | - James M Burke
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Herbert Wertheim University of Florida Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation and Technology, Jupiter, FL, U.S.A
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Herbert Wertheim University of Florida Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation and Technology, Jupiter, FL, U.S.A
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2
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Cusic R, Burke JM. Condensation of RNase L promotes its rapid activation in response to viral infection in mammalian cells. Sci Signal 2024; 17:eadi9844. [PMID: 38771918 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.adi9844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Oligoadenylate synthetase 3 (OAS3) and ribonuclease L (RNase L) are components of a pathway that combats viral infection in mammals. Upon detection of viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), OAS3 synthesizes 2'-5'-oligo(A), which activates the RNase domain of RNase L by promoting the homodimerization and oligomerization of RNase L monomers. Activated RNase L rapidly degrades all cellular mRNAs, shutting off several cellular processes. We sought to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the rapid activation of RNase L in response to viral infection. Through superresolution microscopy and live-cell imaging, we showed that OAS3 and RNase L concentrated into higher-order cytoplasmic complexes known as dsRNA-induced foci (dRIF) in response to dsRNA or infection with dengue virus, Zika virus, or West Nile virus. The concentration of OAS3 and RNase L at dRIF corresponded with the activation of RNase L-mediated RNA decay. We showed that dimerized/oligomerized RNase L concentrated in a liquid-like shell surrounding a core OAS3-dRIF structure and dynamically exchanged with the cytosol. These data establish that the condensation of dsRNA, OAS3, and RNase L into dRIF is a molecular switch that promotes the rapid activation of RNase L upon detection of dsRNA in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee Cusic
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Herbert Wertheim University of Florida Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation and Technology, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Herbert Wertheim University of Florida Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation and Technology, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - James M Burke
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Herbert Wertheim University of Florida Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation and Technology, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Herbert Wertheim University of Florida Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation and Technology, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
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3
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Xi J, Snieckute G, Martínez JF, Arendrup FSW, Asthana A, Gaughan C, Lund AH, Bekker-Jensen S, Silverman RH. Initiation of a ZAKα-dependent ribotoxic stress response by the innate immunity endoribonuclease RNase L. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113998. [PMID: 38551960 PMCID: PMC11090160 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
RNase L is an endoribonuclease of higher vertebrates that functions in antiviral innate immunity. Interferons induce oligoadenylate synthetase enzymes that sense double-stranded RNA of viral origin leading to the synthesis of 2',5'-oligoadenylate (2-5A) activators of RNase L. However, it is unknown precisely how RNase L remodels the host cell transcriptome. To isolate effects of RNase L from other effects of double-stranded RNA or virus, 2-5A is directly introduced into cells. Here, we report that RNase L activation by 2-5A causes a ribotoxic stress response involving the MAP kinase kinase kinase (MAP3K) ZAKα, MAP2Ks, and the stress-activated protein kinases JNK and p38α. RNase L activation profoundly alters the transcriptome by widespread depletion of mRNAs associated with different cellular functions but also by JNK/p38α-stimulated induction of inflammatory genes. These results show that the 2-5A/RNase L system triggers a protein kinase cascade leading to proinflammatory signaling and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Xi
- Department Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
| | - Goda Snieckute
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Center for Gene Expression, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - José Francisco Martínez
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Center for Gene Expression, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Abhishek Asthana
- Department Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Christina Gaughan
- Department Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Anders H Lund
- Biotech Research and Innovation Center, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Simon Bekker-Jensen
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Center for Gene Expression, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Robert H Silverman
- Department Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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Xi J, Snieckute G, Asthana A, Gaughan C, Bekker-Jensen S, Silverman RH. Initiation of a ZAKα-dependent Ribotoxic Stress Response by the Innate Immunity Endoribonuclease RNase L. bioRxiv 2023:2023.10.12.562082. [PMID: 37873202 PMCID: PMC10592832 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.12.562082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
RNase L is a regulated endoribonuclease in higher vertebrates that functions in antiviral innate immunity. Interferons induce OAS enzymes that sense double-stranded RNA of viral origin leading to synthesis of 2',5'-oligoadenylate (2-5A) activators of RNase L. However, it is unknown precisely how RNase L inhibits viral infections. To isolate effects of RNase L from other effects of double-stranded RNA or virus, 2-5A was directly introduced into cells. Here we report that RNase L activation by 2-5A causes a ribotoxic stress response that requires the ribosome-associated MAP3K, ZAKα. Subsequently, the stress-activated protein kinases (SAPK) JNK and p38α are phosphorylated. RNase L activation profoundly altered the transcriptome by widespread depletion of mRNAs associated with different cellular functions, but also by SAPK-dependent induction of inflammatory genes. Our findings show that 2-5A is a ribotoxic stressor that causes RNA damage through RNase L triggering a ZAKα kinase cascade leading to proinflammatory signaling and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Xi
- Department Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Goda Snieckute
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Gene Expression, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Abhishek Asthana
- Department Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Christina Gaughan
- Department Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Simon Bekker-Jensen
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Gene Expression, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Robert H Silverman
- Department Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
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Huntzinger E, Sinteff J, Morlet B, Séraphin B. HELZ2: a new, interferon-regulated, human 3'-5' exoribonuclease of the RNB family is expressed from a non-canonical initiation codon. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51:9279-9293. [PMID: 37602378 PMCID: PMC10516660 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteins containing a RNB domain, originally identified in Escherichia coli RNase II, are widely present throughout the tree of life. Many RNB proteins have 3'-5' exoribonucleolytic activity but some have lost catalytic activity during evolution. Database searches identified a new RNB domain-containing protein in human: HELZ2. Analysis of genomic and expression data combined with evolutionary information suggested that the human HELZ2 protein is produced from an unforeseen non-canonical initiation codon in Hominidae. This unusual property was confirmed experimentally, extending the human protein by 247 residues. Human HELZ2 was further shown to be an active ribonuclease despite the substitution of a key residue in its catalytic center. HELZ2 RNase activity is lost in cells from some cancer patients as a result of somatic mutations. HELZ2 harbors also two RNA helicase domains and several zinc fingers and its expression is induced by interferon treatment. We demonstrate that HELZ2 is able to degrade structured RNAs through the coordinated ATP-dependent displacement of duplex RNA mediated by its RNA helicase domains and its 3'-5' ribonucleolytic action. The expression characteristics and biochemical properties of HELZ2 support a role for this factor in response to viruses and/or mobile elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Huntzinger
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et cellulaire (IGBMC), Centre National de Recherche scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7104 - Institut National de santé et de Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1258 - Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, Illkirch, France
| | - Jordan Sinteff
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et cellulaire (IGBMC), Centre National de Recherche scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7104 - Institut National de santé et de Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1258 - Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, Illkirch, France
| | - Bastien Morlet
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et cellulaire (IGBMC), Centre National de Recherche scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7104 - Institut National de santé et de Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1258 - Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, Illkirch, France
| | - Bertrand Séraphin
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et cellulaire (IGBMC), Centre National de Recherche scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7104 - Institut National de santé et de Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1258 - Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, Illkirch, France
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6
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Cusic R, Watkins JM, Burke JM. Single-cell analysis of RNase L-mediated mRNA decay. Methods Enzymol 2023; 692:157-175. [PMID: 37925178 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2023.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Ribonuclease L (RNase L) is a mammalian endoribonuclease that initiates the mass degradation of cellular mRNAs in response to double-stranded RNA or viral infection. The kinetic rate of mRNA decay upon RNase L activation has been elusive because RNase L is heterogeneously activated with respect to time in individual cells. Herein, we describe a method using immunofluorescence combined with single-molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization (smFISH) to determine single-cell mRNA decay rates upon RNase L activation. Using these approaches, we deduce that the rate of mRNA decay upon RNase L activation is extremely rapid, whereby the half-life of stable mRNAs such as GAPDH mRNA is reduced to ∼15 minutes in individual cells. This allows for RNase L to degrade nearly every mRNA in a cell in less than 1 hour, which is much faster than the decay rate that would be derived using bulk measurement techniques for mRNA levels, such as qRT-PCR. These single-cell approaches can generally be employed to resolve mRNA decay kinetics in additional contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee Cusic
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Herbert Wertheim University of Florida Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation and Technology, Jupiter, FL, United States
| | - J Monty Watkins
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Herbert Wertheim University of Florida Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation and Technology, Jupiter, FL, United States
| | - James M Burke
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Herbert Wertheim University of Florida Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation and Technology, Jupiter, FL, United States.
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7
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Manjunath L, Oh S, Ortega P, Bouin A, Bournique E, Sanchez A, Martensen PM, Auerbach AA, Becker JT, Seldin M, Harris RS, Semler BL, Buisson R. APOBEC3B drives PKR-mediated translation shutdown and protects stress granules in response to viral infection. Nat Commun 2023; 14:820. [PMID: 36781883 PMCID: PMC9925369 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36445-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Double-stranded RNA produced during viral replication and transcription activates both protein kinase R (PKR) and ribonuclease L (RNase L), which limits viral gene expression and replication through host shutoff of translation. In this study, we find that APOBEC3B forms a complex with PABPC1 to stimulate PKR and counterbalances the PKR-suppressing activity of ADAR1 in response to infection by many types of viruses. This leads to translational blockage and the formation of stress granules. Furthermore, we show that APOBEC3B localizes to stress granules through the interaction with PABPC1. APOBEC3B facilitates the formation of protein-RNA condensates with stress granule assembly factor (G3BP1) by protecting mRNA associated with stress granules from RNAse L-induced RNA cleavage during viral infection. These results not only reveal that APOBEC3B is a key regulator of different steps of the innate immune response throughout viral infection but also highlight an alternative mechanism by which APOBEC3B can impact virus replication without editing viral genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavanya Manjunath
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Center for Virus Research, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Sunwoo Oh
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Center for Virus Research, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Pedro Ortega
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Center for Virus Research, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Alexis Bouin
- Center for Virus Research, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Elodie Bournique
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Center for Virus Research, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ambrocio Sanchez
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Center for Virus Research, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Pia Møller Martensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Ashley A Auerbach
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jordan T Becker
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Marcus Seldin
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Reuben S Harris
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Bert L Semler
- Center for Virus Research, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Rémi Buisson
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Center for Virus Research, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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8
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Lee D, Le Pen J, Yatim A, Dong B, Aquino Y, Ogishi M, Pescarmona R, Talouarn E, Rinchai D, Zhang P, Perret M, Liu Z, Jordan I, Elmas Bozdemir S, Bayhan GI, Beaufils C, Bizien L, Bisiaux A, Lei W, Hasan M, Chen J, Gaughan C, Asthana A, Libri V, Luna JM, Jaffré F, Hoffmann HH, Michailidis E, Moreews M, Seeleuthner Y, Bilguvar K, Mane S, Flores C, Zhang Y, Arias AA, Bailey R, Schlüter A, Milisavljevic B, Bigio B, Le Voyer T, Materna M, Gervais A, Moncada-Velez M, Pala F, Lazarov T, Levy R, Neehus AL, Rosain J, Peel J, Chan YH, Morin MP, Pino-Ramirez RM, Belkaya S, Lorenzo L, Anton J, Delafontaine S, Toubiana J, Bajolle F, Fumadó V, DeDiego ML, Fidouh N, Rozenberg F, Pérez-Tur J, Chen S, Evans T, Geissmann F, Lebon P, Weiss SR, Bonnet D, Duval X, Pan-Hammarström Q, Planas AM, Meyts I, Haerynck F, Pujol A, Sancho-Shimizu V, Dalgard CL, Bustamante J, Puel A, Boisson-Dupuis S, Boisson B, Maniatis T, Zhang Q, Bastard P, Notarangelo L, Béziat V, Perez de Diego R, Rodriguez-Gallego C, Su HC, Lifton RP, Jouanguy E, Cobat A, Alsina L, Keles S, Haddad E, Abel L, Belot A, Quintana-Murci L, Rice CM, Silverman RH, Zhang SY, Casanova JL. Inborn errors of OAS-RNase L in SARS-CoV-2-related multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. Science 2023; 379:eabo3627. [PMID: 36538032 PMCID: PMC10451000 DOI: 10.1126/science.abo3627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a rare and severe condition that follows benign COVID-19. We report autosomal recessive deficiencies of OAS1, OAS2, or RNASEL in five unrelated children with MIS-C. The cytosolic double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-sensing OAS1 and OAS2 generate 2'-5'-linked oligoadenylates (2-5A) that activate the single-stranded RNA-degrading ribonuclease L (RNase L). Monocytic cell lines and primary myeloid cells with OAS1, OAS2, or RNase L deficiencies produce excessive amounts of inflammatory cytokines upon dsRNA or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) stimulation. Exogenous 2-5A suppresses cytokine production in OAS1-deficient but not RNase L-deficient cells. Cytokine production in RNase L-deficient cells is impaired by MDA5 or RIG-I deficiency and abolished by mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS) deficiency. Recessive OAS-RNase L deficiencies in these patients unleash the production of SARS-CoV-2-triggered, MAVS-mediated inflammatory cytokines by mononuclear phagocytes, thereby underlying MIS-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyel Lee
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
- Paris City University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Jérémie Le Pen
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ahmad Yatim
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Beihua Dong
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Yann Aquino
- Human Evolutionary Genetics Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris City University, CNRS UMR 2000, Paris, France
- Doctoral College, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Masato Ogishi
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Estelle Talouarn
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
- Paris City University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Darawan Rinchai
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peng Zhang
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Magali Perret
- Laboratory of Immunology, Lyon Sud Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Zhiyong Liu
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Iolanda Jordan
- Pediatric Intensive Care Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Kids Corona Platform, Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Surgery and Surgical Specializations, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Respiratory and Immunological Dysfunction in Pediatric Critically Ill Patients, Institute of Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Camille Beaufils
- Immunology and Rheumatology Division, Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Lucy Bizien
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
- Paris City University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Aurelie Bisiaux
- Human Evolutionary Genetics Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris City University, CNRS UMR 2000, Paris, France
| | - Weite Lei
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Milena Hasan
- Center for Translational Research, Institut Pasteur, Paris City University, Paris, France
| | - Jie Chen
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christina Gaughan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Abhishek Asthana
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Valentina Libri
- Center for Translational Research, Institut Pasteur, Paris City University, Paris, France
| | - Joseph M. Luna
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for RNA Science and Therapeutics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Fabrice Jaffré
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - H.-Heinrich Hoffmann
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eleftherios Michailidis
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Marion Moreews
- International Center of Infectiology Research (CIRI), University of Lyon, INSERM U1111, Claude Bernard University, Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Yoann Seeleuthner
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
- Paris City University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Kaya Bilguvar
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Genetics and Yale Center for Genome Analysis, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Shrikant Mane
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Carlos Flores
- Research Unit, Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria University Hospital, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- Genomics Division, Institute of Technology and Renewable Energies (ITER), Granadilla de Abona, Spain
- CIBERES, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yu Zhang
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
- NIAID Clinical Genomics Program, NIH, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrés A. Arias
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Primary Immunodeficiencies Group, University of Antioquia (UdeA), Medellin, Colombia
- School of Microbiology, University of Antioquia (UdeA), Medellin, Colombia
| | - Rasheed Bailey
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Agatha Schlüter
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, IDIBELL–Hospital Duran I Reynals, CIBERER U759, ISIiii, Madrid, Spain
| | - Baptiste Milisavljevic
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Benedetta Bigio
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tom Le Voyer
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
- Paris City University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Marie Materna
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
- Paris City University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Adrian Gervais
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
- Paris City University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Marcela Moncada-Velez
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Francesca Pala
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tomi Lazarov
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Romain Levy
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
- Paris City University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Anna-Lena Neehus
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
- Paris City University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Jérémie Rosain
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
- Paris City University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Jessica Peel
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yi-Hao Chan
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marie-Paule Morin
- Immunology and Rheumatology Division, Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Serkan Belkaya
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Lazaro Lorenzo
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jordi Anton
- Department of Surgery and Surgical Specializations, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Pediatric Rheumatology Division, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Study Group for Immune Dysfunction Diseases in Children (GEMDIP), Institute of Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Julie Toubiana
- Department of General Pediatrics and Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris City University, Paris, France
- Biodiversity and Epidemiology of Bacterial Pathogens, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
| | - Fanny Bajolle
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, Paris City University, Paris, France
| | - Victoria Fumadó
- Kids Corona Platform, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Surgery and Surgical Specializations, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Pediatrics Infectious Diseases Division, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Infectious Diseases and Microbiome, Institute of Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta L. DeDiego
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Center for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nadhira Fidouh
- Laboratory of Virology, Bichat–Claude Bernard Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Flore Rozenberg
- Laboratory of Virology, AP-HP, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Jordi Pérez-Tur
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Institute of Biomedicine of Valencia (IBV-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
- CIBERNED, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Joint Research Unit in Neurology and Molecular Genetics, Institut of Investigation Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Shuibing Chen
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Todd Evans
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Frédéric Geissmann
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pierre Lebon
- Medical School, Paris City University, Paris, France
| | - Susan R. Weiss
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Damien Bonnet
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, Paris City University, Paris, France
| | - Xavier Duval
- Bichat–Claude Bernard Hospital, Paris, France
- University Paris Diderot, Paris 7, UFR of Médecine-Bichat, Paris, France
- IAME, INSERM, UMRS1137, Paris City University, Paris, France
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Department, AP-HP, Bichat–Claude Bernard Hospital, Paris, France
| | - CoV-Contact Cohort§
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
- Paris City University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Human Evolutionary Genetics Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris City University, CNRS UMR 2000, Paris, France
- Doctoral College, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
- Laboratory of Immunology, Lyon Sud Hospital, Lyon, France
- Pediatric Intensive Care Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Kids Corona Platform, Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Surgery and Surgical Specializations, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Respiratory and Immunological Dysfunction in Pediatric Critically Ill Patients, Institute of Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Bursa City Hospital, Bursa, Turkey
- Ankara City Hospital, Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey
- Immunology and Rheumatology Division, Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Center for Translational Research, Institut Pasteur, Paris City University, Paris, France
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for RNA Science and Therapeutics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- International Center of Infectiology Research (CIRI), University of Lyon, INSERM U1111, Claude Bernard University, Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS of Lyon, Lyon, France
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Genetics and Yale Center for Genome Analysis, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Research Unit, Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria University Hospital, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- Genomics Division, Institute of Technology and Renewable Energies (ITER), Granadilla de Abona, Spain
- CIBERES, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa Canarias, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
- NIAID Clinical Genomics Program, NIH, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Primary Immunodeficiencies Group, University of Antioquia (UdeA), Medellin, Colombia
- School of Microbiology, University of Antioquia (UdeA), Medellin, Colombia
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, IDIBELL–Hospital Duran I Reynals, CIBERER U759, ISIiii, Madrid, Spain
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Pediatrics Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
- Pediatric Rheumatology Division, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Study Group for Immune Dysfunction Diseases in Children (GEMDIP), Institute of Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of General Pediatrics and Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris City University, Paris, France
- Biodiversity and Epidemiology of Bacterial Pathogens, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, Paris City University, Paris, France
- Pediatrics Infectious Diseases Division, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Infectious Diseases and Microbiome, Institute of Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Center for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Laboratory of Virology, Bichat–Claude Bernard Hospital, Paris, France
- Laboratory of Virology, AP-HP, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Institute of Biomedicine of Valencia (IBV-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
- CIBERNED, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Joint Research Unit in Neurology and Molecular Genetics, Institut of Investigation Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain
- Medical School, Paris City University, Paris, France
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Bichat–Claude Bernard Hospital, Paris, France
- University Paris Diderot, Paris 7, UFR of Médecine-Bichat, Paris, France
- IAME, INSERM, UMRS1137, Paris City University, Paris, France
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Department, AP-HP, Bichat–Claude Bernard Hospital, Paris, France
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Biomedical Investigations August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven and Laboratory for Inborn Errors of Immunity, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Primary Immunodeficiency Research Laboratory, Center for Primary Immunodeficiency Ghent, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, IDIBELL–Hospital Duran I Reynals; and Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERER U759, ISCiii, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases and Virology, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
- The American Genome Center, Collaborative Health Initiative Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Study Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, Paris, France
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA
- Pediatric Hematology-Immunology and Rheumatology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, Paris, France
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics of Human Diseases, Innate Immunity Group, IdiPAZ Institute for Health Research, La Paz Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Interdepartmental Group of Immunodeficiencies, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital of Gran Canaria Dr. Negrín, Canarian Health System, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Laboratory of Human Genetics and Genomics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Clinical Immunology and Primary Immunodeficiencies Unit, Pediatric Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Montreal and Immunology and Rheumatology Division, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC, Canada
- National Reference Center for Rheumatic, Autoimmune and Systemic Diseases in Children (RAISE), Pediatric Nephrology, Rheumatology, Dermatology Unit, Hospital of Mother and Child, Hospices Civils of Lyon, Lyon, France
- Human Genomics and Evolution, Collège de France, Paris, France
- Department of Pediatrics, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - COVID Human Genetic Effort¶
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
- Paris City University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Human Evolutionary Genetics Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris City University, CNRS UMR 2000, Paris, France
- Doctoral College, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
- Laboratory of Immunology, Lyon Sud Hospital, Lyon, France
- Pediatric Intensive Care Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Kids Corona Platform, Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Surgery and Surgical Specializations, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Respiratory and Immunological Dysfunction in Pediatric Critically Ill Patients, Institute of Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Bursa City Hospital, Bursa, Turkey
- Ankara City Hospital, Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey
- Immunology and Rheumatology Division, Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Center for Translational Research, Institut Pasteur, Paris City University, Paris, France
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for RNA Science and Therapeutics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- International Center of Infectiology Research (CIRI), University of Lyon, INSERM U1111, Claude Bernard University, Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS of Lyon, Lyon, France
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Genetics and Yale Center for Genome Analysis, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Research Unit, Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria University Hospital, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- Genomics Division, Institute of Technology and Renewable Energies (ITER), Granadilla de Abona, Spain
- CIBERES, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa Canarias, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
- NIAID Clinical Genomics Program, NIH, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Primary Immunodeficiencies Group, University of Antioquia (UdeA), Medellin, Colombia
- School of Microbiology, University of Antioquia (UdeA), Medellin, Colombia
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, IDIBELL–Hospital Duran I Reynals, CIBERER U759, ISIiii, Madrid, Spain
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Pediatrics Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
- Pediatric Rheumatology Division, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Study Group for Immune Dysfunction Diseases in Children (GEMDIP), Institute of Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of General Pediatrics and Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris City University, Paris, France
- Biodiversity and Epidemiology of Bacterial Pathogens, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, Paris City University, Paris, France
- Pediatrics Infectious Diseases Division, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Infectious Diseases and Microbiome, Institute of Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Center for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Laboratory of Virology, Bichat–Claude Bernard Hospital, Paris, France
- Laboratory of Virology, AP-HP, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Institute of Biomedicine of Valencia (IBV-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
- CIBERNED, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Joint Research Unit in Neurology and Molecular Genetics, Institut of Investigation Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain
- Medical School, Paris City University, Paris, France
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Bichat–Claude Bernard Hospital, Paris, France
- University Paris Diderot, Paris 7, UFR of Médecine-Bichat, Paris, France
- IAME, INSERM, UMRS1137, Paris City University, Paris, France
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Department, AP-HP, Bichat–Claude Bernard Hospital, Paris, France
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Biomedical Investigations August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven and Laboratory for Inborn Errors of Immunity, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Primary Immunodeficiency Research Laboratory, Center for Primary Immunodeficiency Ghent, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, IDIBELL–Hospital Duran I Reynals; and Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERER U759, ISCiii, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases and Virology, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
- The American Genome Center, Collaborative Health Initiative Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Study Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, Paris, France
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA
- Pediatric Hematology-Immunology and Rheumatology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, Paris, France
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics of Human Diseases, Innate Immunity Group, IdiPAZ Institute for Health Research, La Paz Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Interdepartmental Group of Immunodeficiencies, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital of Gran Canaria Dr. Negrín, Canarian Health System, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Laboratory of Human Genetics and Genomics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Clinical Immunology and Primary Immunodeficiencies Unit, Pediatric Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Montreal and Immunology and Rheumatology Division, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC, Canada
- National Reference Center for Rheumatic, Autoimmune and Systemic Diseases in Children (RAISE), Pediatric Nephrology, Rheumatology, Dermatology Unit, Hospital of Mother and Child, Hospices Civils of Lyon, Lyon, France
- Human Genomics and Evolution, Collège de France, Paris, France
- Department of Pediatrics, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Anna M. Planas
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Biomedical Investigations August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabelle Meyts
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven and Laboratory for Inborn Errors of Immunity, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Filomeen Haerynck
- Primary Immunodeficiency Research Laboratory, Center for Primary Immunodeficiency Ghent, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Aurora Pujol
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, IDIBELL–Hospital Duran I Reynals; and Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERER U759, ISCiii, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vanessa Sancho-Shimizu
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases and Virology, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Clifford L. Dalgard
- The American Genome Center, Collaborative Health Initiative Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jacinta Bustamante
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
- Paris City University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- Study Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Anne Puel
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
- Paris City University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Boisson-Dupuis
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
- Paris City University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Bertrand Boisson
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
- Paris City University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | | | - Qian Zhang
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
- Paris City University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Paul Bastard
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
- Paris City University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- Pediatric Hematology-Immunology and Rheumatology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Luigi Notarangelo
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Vivien Béziat
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
- Paris City University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Rebeca Perez de Diego
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics of Human Diseases, Innate Immunity Group, IdiPAZ Institute for Health Research, La Paz Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Interdepartmental Group of Immunodeficiencies, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Rodriguez-Gallego
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa Canarias, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital of Gran Canaria Dr. Negrín, Canarian Health System, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Helen C. Su
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
- NIAID Clinical Genomics Program, NIH, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Richard P. Lifton
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics and Genomics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emmanuelle Jouanguy
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
- Paris City University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Cobat
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
- Paris City University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Laia Alsina
- Kids Corona Platform, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Surgery and Surgical Specializations, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Study Group for Immune Dysfunction Diseases in Children (GEMDIP), Institute of Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Clinical Immunology and Primary Immunodeficiencies Unit, Pediatric Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Elie Haddad
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Montreal and Immunology and Rheumatology Division, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Laurent Abel
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
- Paris City University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Belot
- International Center of Infectiology Research (CIRI), University of Lyon, INSERM U1111, Claude Bernard University, Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS of Lyon, Lyon, France
- National Reference Center for Rheumatic, Autoimmune and Systemic Diseases in Children (RAISE), Pediatric Nephrology, Rheumatology, Dermatology Unit, Hospital of Mother and Child, Hospices Civils of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Lluis Quintana-Murci
- Human Evolutionary Genetics Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris City University, CNRS UMR 2000, Paris, France
- Human Genomics and Evolution, Collège de France, Paris, France
| | - Charles M. Rice
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert H. Silverman
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Shen-Ying Zhang
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
- Paris City University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
- Paris City University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- Department of Pediatrics, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
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Burke JM. Regulation of ribonucleoprotein condensates by RNase L during viral infection. Wiley Interdiscip Rev RNA 2022:e1770. [PMID: 36479619 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In response to viral infection, mammalian cells activate several innate immune pathways to antagonize viral gene expression. Upon recognition of viral double-stranded RNA, protein kinase R (PKR) phosphorylates the alpha subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2α) on serine 51. This inhibits canonical translation initiation, which broadly antagonizes viral protein synthesis. It also promotes the assembly of cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein complexes termed stress granules (SGs). SGs are widely thought to promote cell survival and antiviral signaling. However, co-activation of the OAS/RNase L antiviral pathway inhibits the assembly of SGs and promotes the assembly of an alternative ribonucleoprotein complex termed an RNase L-dependent body (RLB). The formation of RLBs has been observed in response to double-stranded RNA, dengue virus infection, or SARS-CoV-2 infection. Herein, we review the distinct biogenesis pathways and properties of SGs and RLBs, and we provide perspective on their potential functions during the antiviral response. This article is categorized under: RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > RNA-Protein Complexes RNA Turnover and Surveillance > Regulation of RNA Stability RNA Export and Localization > RNA Localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Burke
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Florida Scripps Biomedical Research, Jupiter, Florida, USA
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10
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BenDavid E, Pfaller CK, Pan Y, Samuel CE, Ma D. Host 5'-3' Exoribonuclease XRN1 Acts as a Proviral Factor for Measles Virus Replication by Downregulating the dsRNA-Activated Kinase PKR. J Virol 2022; 96:e0131922. [PMID: 36300942 PMCID: PMC9683022 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01319-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many negative-sense RNA viruses, including measles virus (MeV), are thought to carry out much of their viral replication in cytoplasmic membraneless foci known as inclusion bodies (IBs). The mechanisms by which IBs facilitate efficient viral replication remain largely unknown but may involve an intricate network of regulation at the host-virus interface. Viruses are able to modulate such interactions by a variety of strategies including adaptation of their genomes and "hijacking" of host proteins. The latter possibility broadens the molecular reservoir available for a virus to enhance its replication and/or antagonize host antiviral responses. Here, we show that the cellular 5'-3' exoribonuclease, XRN1, is a host protein hijacked by MeV. We found that upon MeV infection, XRN1 is translocated to cytoplasmic IBs where it acts in a proviral manner by preventing the accumulation of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) within the IBs. This leads to the suppression of the dsRNA-induced innate immune responses mediated via the protein kinase R (PKR)-integrated stress response (ISR) pathway. IMPORTANCE Measles virus remains a major global health threat due to its high transmissibility and significant morbidity in children and immunocompromised individuals. Although there is an effective vaccine against MeV, a large population in the world remains without access to the vaccine, contributing to more than 7,000,000 measles cases and 60,000 measles deaths in 2020 (CDC). For negative-sense RNA viruses including MeV, one active research area is the exploration of virus-host interactions occurring at cytoplasmic IBs where viral replication takes place. In this study we present evidence suggesting a model in which MeV IBs antagonize host innate immunity by recruiting XRN1 to reduce dsRNA accumulation and subsequent PKR kinase activation/ISR induction. In the absence of XRN1, the increased dsRNA level acts as a potent activator of the antiviral PKR/ISR pathway leading to suppression of global cap-dependent mRNA translation and inhibition of viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan BenDavid
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | | | - Yue Pan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Charles E. Samuel
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Dzwokai Ma
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
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11
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Prangley E, Korennykh A. 2-5A-Mediated decay (2-5AMD): from antiviral defense to control of host RNA. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 57:477-491. [PMID: 36939319 PMCID: PMC10576847 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2023.2181308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian cells are exquisitely sensitive to the presence of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), a molecule that they interpret as a signal of viral presence requiring immediate attention. Upon sensing dsRNA cells activate the innate immune response, which involves transcriptional mechanisms driving inflammation and secretion of interferons (IFNs) and interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), as well as synthesis of RNA-like signaling molecules comprised of three or more 2'-5'-linked adenylates (2-5As). 2-5As were discovered some forty years ago and described as IFN-induced inhibitors of protein synthesis. The efforts of many laboratories, aimed at elucidating the molecular mechanism and function of these mysterious RNA-like signaling oligonucleotides, revealed that 2-5A is a specific ligand for the kinase-family endonuclease RNase L. RNase L decays single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) from viruses and mRNAs (as well as other RNAs) from hosts in a process we proposed to call 2-5A-mediated decay (2-5AMD). During recent years it has become increasingly recognized that 2-5AMD is more than a blunt tool of viral RNA destruction, but a pathway deeply integrated into sensing and regulation of endogenous RNAs. Here we present an overview of recently emerged roles of 2-5AMD in host RNA regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza Prangley
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Alexei Korennykh
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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12
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Tang J, Dong B, Liu M, Liu S, Niu X, Gaughan C, Asthana A, Zhou H, Xu Z, Zhang G, Silverman RH, Huang H. Identification of Small Molecule Inhibitors of RNase L by Fragment-Based Drug Discovery. J Med Chem 2022; 65:1445-1457. [PMID: 34841869 PMCID: PMC10620946 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The pseudokinase-endoribonuclease RNase L plays important roles in antiviral innate immunity and is also implicated in many other cellular activities. The inhibition of RNase L showed therapeutic potential for Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS). Thus, RNase L is a promising drug target. In this study, using an enzyme assay and NMR screening, we discovered 13 inhibitory fragments against RNase L. Cocrystal structures of RNase L separately complexed with two different fragments were determined in which both fragments bound to the ATP-binding pocket of the pseudokinase domain. Myricetin, vitexin, and hyperoside, three natural products sharing similar scaffolds with the fragment AC40357, demonstrated a potent inhibitory activity in vitro. In addition, myricetin has a promising cellular inhibitory activity. A cocrystal structure of RNase L with myricetin provided a structural basis for inhibitor design by allosterically modulating the ribonuclease activity. Our findings demonstrate that fragment screening can lead to the discovery of natural product inhibitors of RNase L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinle Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Laboratory of Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Beihua Dong
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Ming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Laboratory of Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Shuyan Liu
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518112, China
| | - Xiaogang Niu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Beijing Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Center, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Christina Gaughan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Abhishek Asthana
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Huan Zhou
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Zhengshuang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Laboratory of Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Guoliang Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518112, China
| | - Robert H. Silverman
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Hao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Laboratory of Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
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Chen JK, Hsiao C, Yang PY, Periyasamy T, Wang CY. Characterization of agapornis fischeri interferon gamma and its activity against beak and feather disease virus. Virus Res 2022; 308:198647. [PMID: 34838936 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study sought to clone and sequence the interferon-γ (IFN-γ) gene of the Fischer's lovebird parrot (Agapornis fischeri). Raw264.7 cells treated with the expressed IFN-γ protein exhibited an upregulation in inducible nitric oxide synthase protein expression and nitric oxide (NO) production coupled with increases in phagocytosis and pinocytosis, as well as an induction of interferon-stimulated genes through the activation of the NF-κB factor, all of which are indicators of the innate immune responses of the activated macrophages. Similar to the IFN-γ protein of other species, the NO production activity of the parrot IFN-γ protein decreased by 80% after exposure at 60 °C for 4 min. Additionally, only half of the NO production activity of the parrot IFN-γ protein remained upon exposure to HCl for 30 min. These findings suggested that the parrot IFN-γ protein was heat-labile and sensitive to acidic conditions. Therefore, all of these effects contributed to the blockage of the uptake of BFDV virus-like particles (VLPs) by cells, the nuclear entry of the Cap protein of BFDV VLPs, and the clearance of the virus from BFDV-infected parrots by the IFN-γ protein of Agapornis fischeri. This study is the first to describe the cloning of the IFN-γ gene of Agapornis fischeri and characterize the anti-beak and feather disease virus activity of the IFN-γ protein of Agapornis fischeri.
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Mufrrih M, Chen B, Chan SW. Zika Virus Induces an Atypical Tripartite Unfolded Protein Response with Sustained Sensor and Transient Effector Activation and a Blunted BiP Response. mSphere 2021; 6:e0036121. [PMID: 34106769 DOI: 10.1128/mSphere.00361-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
To study how the Zika virus (ZIKV) interacts with the host unfolded protein response (UPR), we undertook a kinetics study. We show that ZIKV infection triggers an atypical tripartite UPR in A549 cells involving transient activation of the effectors X-box-binding protein 1, activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), CCAAT enhancer-binding protein-homologous protein, and growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein 34 during early infection and sustained activation of all three UPR sensors: RNA-activated protein kinase-like endoplasmic reticulum-resident kinase (PERK), inositol-requiring kinase-1α (IRE1α), and ATF6. Sustained phosphorylation of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α and rRNA degradation coincide with host translational shutoff, cell lysis, and virus release during late infection. We show a blunted response of the master negative regulator, the immunoglobulin heavy-chain-binding protein (BiP), by chemical UPR inducers, and we show that ZIKV suppresses BiP transcription and translation, suggesting that it may be necessary to blunt the BiP response to sustain UPR sensor activation. The PERK inhibitor GSK2606414 alone has no effects but synergizes with the ATF6 inhibitor Ceapin-A7 to inhibit early and late infection, whereas Ceapin-A7 alone inhibits late infection. Likewise, 4-phenylbutyric acid inhibits ZIKV replication by attenuating the PERK and ATF6 pathways and potentiating the IRE1α pathway, suggesting that ZIKV infection is differentially and temporally regulated by different UPR arms. ZIKV infection is inhibited by pretreatment of chemical UPR inducers but is refractory to the inhibitory activity of chemical inducers once infection has been established, suggesting that ZIKV has anti-UPR mechanisms that may be able to modulate and co-opt the UPR in its life cycle. IMPORTANCE The Zika virus originates from Africa and Asia but is emerging in other parts of the world. It usually causes an asymptomatic or mild, acute infection but can cause serious neurological complications, such as microcephaly and Guillain-Barré syndromes. Therefore, there is a pressing need for an antiviral. Viruses are obligative parasites and are dependent on the hosts for their propagation. As a result, we can target viruses by targeting host dependency. The host unfolded protein response is a cellular homeostatic response to stresses but can also be triggered by virus infections. We show here that Zika virus infection can cause stress and trigger the unfolded protein response. The Zika virus is able to manipulate, subvert, and co-opt the host unfolded protein response to aid its own replication. Understanding host dependency is important in the quest of a new class of antivirals called host-targeting agents.
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15
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Kung CP, Cottrell KA, Ryu S, Bramel ER, Kladney RD, Bao EA, Freeman EC, Sabloak T, Maggi L Jr, Weber JD. Evaluating the therapeutic potential of ADAR1 inhibition for triple-negative breast cancer. Oncogene 2021; 40:189-202. [PMID: 33110236 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-01515-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the deadliest form of breast cancer. Unlike other types of breast cancer that can be effectively treated by targeted therapies, no such targeted therapy exists for all TNBC patients. The ADAR1 enzyme carries out A-to-I editing of RNA to prevent sensing of endogenous double-stranded RNAs. ADAR1 is highly expressed in breast cancer including TNBC. Here, we demonstrate that expression of ADAR1, specifically its p150 isoform, is required for the survival of TNBC cell lines. In TNBC cells, knockdown of ADAR1 attenuates proliferation and tumorigenesis. Moreover, ADAR1-knockdown leads to robust translational repression. ADAR1-dependent TNBC cell lines also exhibit elevated IFN stimulated gene expression. IFNAR1 reduction significantly rescued the proliferative defects of ADAR1 loss. These findings establish ADAR1 as a novel therapeutic target for TNBC tumors.
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16
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Daou S, Talukdar M, Tang J, Dong B, Banerjee S, Li Y, Duffy NM, Ogunjimi AA, Gaughan C, Jha BK, Gish G, Tavernier N, Mao D, Weiss SR, Huang H, Silverman RH, Sicheri F. A phenolic small molecule inhibitor of RNase L prevents cell death from ADAR1 deficiency. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:24802-12. [PMID: 32958664 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2006883117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The OAS–RNase L system is an innate immunity pathway activated by viral infection. Viral dsRNA stimulates OAS enzymes to produce short 2′,5′-oligoadenylates (2-5A) that activate RNase L, resulting in cleavage of single-stranded (ss) RNA. We discovered a small-molecule inhibitor of RNase L that rescues the toxic phenotype of cells deficient in the dsRNA-editing enzyme ADAR1. ADAR1 destabilizes dsRNA to prevent OAS activity. ADAR1 mutations are responsible for a subset of cases of Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS), a severe neurodevelopmental and inflammatory genetic disease of children with no effective medical therapy. We posit that an RNase L inhibitor may have utility against cases of AGS in which RNase L is activated and other indications where overactivation of RNase L is harmful. The oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS)–RNase L system is an IFN-inducible antiviral pathway activated by viral infection. Viral double-stranded (ds) RNA activates OAS isoforms that synthesize the second messenger 2-5A, which binds and activates the pseudokinase-endoribonuclease RNase L. In cells, OAS activation is tamped down by ADAR1, an adenosine deaminase that destabilizes dsRNA. Mutation of ADAR1 is one cause of Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS), an interferonopathy in children. ADAR1 deficiency in human cells can lead to RNase L activation and subsequent cell death. To evaluate RNase L as a possible therapeutic target for AGS, we sought to identify small-molecule inhibitors of RNase L. A 500-compound library of protein kinase inhibitors was screened for modulators of RNase L activity in vitro. We identified ellagic acid (EA) as a hit with 10-fold higher selectivity against RNase L compared with its nearest paralog, IRE1. SAR analysis identified valoneic acid dilactone (VAL) as a superior inhibitor of RNase L, with 100-fold selectivity over IRE1. Mechanism-of-action analysis indicated that EA and VAL do not bind to the pseudokinase domain of RNase L despite acting as ATP competitive inhibitors of the protein kinase CK2. VAL is nontoxic and functional in cells, although with a 1,000-fold decrease in potency, as measured by RNA cleavage activity in response to treatment with dsRNA activator or by rescue of cell lethality resulting from self dsRNA induced by ADAR1 deficiency. These studies lay the foundation for understanding novel modes of regulating RNase L function using small-molecule inhibitors and avenues of therapeutic potential.
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17
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Manivannan P, Siddiqui MA, Malathi K. RNase L Amplifies Interferon Signaling by Inducing Protein Kinase R-Mediated Antiviral Stress Granules. J Virol 2020; 94:e00205-20. [PMID: 32295917 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.00205-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Double-stranded RNAs produced during viral infections serve as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and bind pattern recognition receptors to stimulate IFN production. RNase L is an IFN-regulated endoribonuclease that is activated in virus-infected cells and cleaves single-stranded viral and cellular RNAs. The RNase L-cleaved dsRNAs signal to Rig-like helicases to amplify IFN production. This study identifies a novel role of antiviral stress granules induced by RNase L as an antiviral signaling hub to coordinate the RNA ligands with cognate receptors to mount an effective host response during viral infections. Virus infection leads to activation of the interferon (IFN)-induced endoribonuclease RNase L, which results in degradation of viral and cellular RNAs. Both cellular and viral RNA cleavage products of RNase L bind pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), like retinoic acid-inducible I (Rig-I) and melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5), to further amplify IFN production and antiviral response. Although much is known about the mechanics of ligand binding and PRR activation, how cells coordinate RNA sensing with signaling response and interferon production remains unclear. We show that RNA cleavage products of RNase L activity induce the formation of antiviral stress granules (avSGs) by regulating activation of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-dependent protein kinase R (PKR) and recruit the antiviral proteins Rig-I, PKR, OAS, and RNase L to avSGs. Biochemical analysis of purified avSGs showed interaction of a key stress granule protein, G3BP1, with only PKR and Rig-I and not with OAS or RNase L. AvSG assembly during RNase L activation is required for IRF3-mediated IFN production, but not IFN signaling or proinflammatory cytokine induction. Consequently, cells lacking avSG formation or RNase L signaling produced less IFN and showed higher susceptibility during Sendai virus infection, demonstrating the importance of avSGs in RNase L-mediated host defense. We propose a role during viral infection for RNase L-cleaved RNAs in inducing avSGs containing antiviral proteins to provide a platform for efficient interaction of RNA ligands with pattern recognition receptors to enhance IFN production to mount an effective antiviral response. IMPORTANCE Double-stranded RNAs produced during viral infections serve as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and bind pattern recognition receptors to stimulate IFN production. RNase L is an IFN-regulated endoribonuclease that is activated in virus-infected cells and cleaves single-stranded viral and cellular RNAs. The RNase L-cleaved dsRNAs signal to Rig-like helicases to amplify IFN production. This study identifies a novel role of antiviral stress granules induced by RNase L as an antiviral signaling hub to coordinate the RNA ligands with cognate receptors to mount an effective host response during viral infections.
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Sui C, Jiang D, Wu X, Cong X, Li F, Shang Y, Wang J, Liu S, Shan H, Qi J, Du Y. CRISPR-Cas9 Mediated RNase L Knockout Regulates Cellular Function of PK-15 Cells and Increases PRV Replication. Biomed Res Int 2019; 2019:7398208. [PMID: 30941371 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7398208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ribonuclease L (RNase L) is an important antiviral endoribonuclease regulated by type I IFN. RNase L is activated by viral infection and dsRNA. Because the role of swine RNase L (sRNase L) is not fully understood, in this study, we generated a sRNase L knockout PK-15 (KO-PK) cell line through the CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing system to evaluate the function of sRNase L. After transfection with CRISPR-Cas9 followed by selection using puromycin, sRNase L knockout in PK-15 cells was further validated by agarose gel electrophoresis, DNA sequencing, and Western blotting. The sRNase L KO-PK cells failed to trigger RNA degradation and induced less apoptosis than the parental PK-15 cells after transfected with poly (I: C). Furthermore, the levels of ISGs mRNA in sRNase L KO-PK cells were higher than those in the parental PK-15 cells after treated with poly (I: C). Finally, both wild type and attenuated pseudorabies viruses (PRV) replicated more efficiently in sRNase L KO-PK cells than the parental PK-15 cells. Taken together, these findings suggest that sRNase L has multiple biological functions including cellular single-stranded RNA degradation, induction of apoptosis, downregulation of transcript levels of ISGs, and antiviral activity against PRV. The sRNase L KO-PK cell line will be a valuable tool for studying functions of sRNase L as well as for producing PRV attenuated vaccine.
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Kimura S, Matsumiya T, Shiba Y, Nakanishi M, Hayakari R, Kawaguchi S, Yoshida H, Imaizumi T. The Essential Role of Double-Stranded RNA-Dependent Antiviral Signaling in the Degradation of Nonself Single-Stranded RNA in Nonimmune Cells. J Immunol 2018; 201:1044-1052. [PMID: 29925678 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The recognition of nonself dsRNA by retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I) leads to the engagement of RIG-I-like receptor signaling. In addition, nonself dsRNA triggers a robust latent RNase (RNase L) activation and leads to the degradation of ribosomal structures and cell death. In contrast, nonself ssRNA is known to be recognized by TLR 7/8 in immune cells such as plasmacytoid dendritic cells and B cells, but little is known regarding the involvement of nonself ssRNA in antiviral signaling in nonimmune cells, including epithelial cells. Moreover, the fate of intracellular nonself ssRNA remains unknown. To address this issue, we developed a quantitative RT-PCR-based approach that monitors the kinetics of nonself ssRNA cleavage following the transfection of HeLa human cervical carcinoma cells, using model nonself ssRNA. We discovered that the degradation of ssRNA is independent of RIG-I and type I IFN signaling because ssRNA did not trigger RIG-I-mediated antiviral signaling. We also found that the kinetics of self (5'-capped) and nonself ssRNA decay were unaltered, suggesting that nonself ssRNA is not recognized by nonimmune cells. We further demonstrated that the cleavage of nonself ssRNA is accelerated when nonself dsRNA is also introduced into cells. In addition, the cleavage of nonself ssRNA is completely abolished by knockdown of RNase L. Overall, our data demonstrate the important role of dsRNA-RNase L in nonself ssRNA degradation and may partly explain the positive regulation of the antiviral responses in nonimmune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Kimura
- Department of Vascular Biology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan; and
| | - Tomoh Matsumiya
- Department of Vascular Biology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan; and
| | - Yuko Shiba
- Department of Vascular Biology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan; and
| | - Michi Nakanishi
- Department of Vascular Biology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan; and
| | - Ryo Hayakari
- Department of Vascular Biology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan; and
| | - Shogo Kawaguchi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Hidemi Yoshida
- Department of Vascular Biology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan; and
| | - Tadaatsu Imaizumi
- Department of Vascular Biology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan; and
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Frey TR, Forsyth KS, Sheehan MM, De Haven BC, Pevarnik JG, Hand ES, Pizzorno MC, Eisenlohr LC, Hersperger AR. Ectromelia virus lacking the E3L ortholog is replication-defective and nonpathogenic but does induce protective immunity in a mouse strain susceptible to lethal mousepox. Virology 2018; 518:335-48. [PMID: 29602068 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
All known orthopoxviruses, including ectromelia virus (ECTV), contain a gene in the E3L family. The protein product of this gene, E3, is a double-stranded RNA-binding protein. It can impact host range and is used by orthopoxviruses to combat cellular defense pathways, such as PKR and RNase L. In this work, we constructed an ECTV mutant with a targeted disruption of the E3L open reading frame (ECTVΔE3L). Infection with this virus resulted in an abortive replication cycle in all cell lines tested. We detected limited transcription of late genes but no significant translation of these mRNAs. Notably, the replication defects of ECTVΔE3L were rescued in human and mouse cells lacking PKR. ECTVΔE3L was nonpathogenic in BALB/c mice, a strain susceptible to lethal mousepox disease. However, infection with ECTVΔE3L induced protective immunity upon subsequent challenge with wild-type virus. In summary, E3L is an essential gene for ECTV.
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Frey TR, Lehmann MH, Ryan CM, Pizzorno MC, Sutter G, Hersperger AR. Ectromelia virus accumulates less double-stranded RNA compared to vaccinia virus in BS-C-1 cells. Virology 2017; 509:98-111. [PMID: 28628829 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Most orthopoxviruses, including vaccinia virus (VACV), contain genes in the E3L and K3L families. The protein products of these genes have been shown to combat PKR, a host defense pathway. Interestingly, ectromelia virus (ECTV) contains an E3L ortholog but does not possess an intact K3L gene. Here, we gained insight into how ECTV can still efficiently evade PKR despite lacking K3L. Relative to VACV, we found that ECTV-infected BS-C-1 cells accumulated considerably less double-stranded (ds) RNA, which was due to lower mRNA levels and less transcriptional read-through of some genes by ECTV. The abundance of dsRNA in VACV-infected cells, detected using a monoclonal antibody, was able to activate the RNase L pathway at late time points post-infection. Historically, the study of transcription by orthopoxviruses has largely focused on VACV as a model. Our data suggest that there could be more to learn by studying other members of this genus.
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Li Y, Banerjee S, Goldstein SA, Dong B, Gaughan C, Rath S, Donovan J, Korennykh A, Silverman RH, Weiss SR. Ribonuclease L mediates the cell-lethal phenotype of double-stranded RNA editing enzyme ADAR1 deficiency in a human cell line. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28362255 PMCID: PMC5404912 DOI: 10.7554/elife.25687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ADAR1 isoforms are adenosine deaminases that edit and destabilize double-stranded RNA reducing its immunostimulatory activities. Mutation of ADAR1 leads to a severe neurodevelopmental and inflammatory disease of children, Aicardi-Goutiéres syndrome. In mice, Adar1 mutations are embryonic lethal but are rescued by mutation of the Mda5 or Mavs genes, which function in IFN induction. However, the specific IFN regulated proteins responsible for the pathogenic effects of ADAR1 mutation are unknown. We show that the cell-lethal phenotype of ADAR1 deletion in human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells is rescued by CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis of the RNASEL gene or by expression of the RNase L antagonist, murine coronavirus NS2 accessory protein. Our result demonstrate that ablation of RNase L activity promotes survival of ADAR1 deficient cells even in the presence of MDA5 and MAVS, suggesting that the RNase L system is the primary sensor pathway for endogenous dsRNA that leads to cell death. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.25687.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Yize Li
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Shuvojit Banerjee
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States
| | - Stephen A Goldstein
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Beihua Dong
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States
| | - Christina Gaughan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States
| | - Sneha Rath
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
| | - Jesse Donovan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
| | - Alexei Korennykh
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
| | - Robert H Silverman
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States
| | - Susan R Weiss
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
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Kindler E, Gil-Cruz C, Spanier J, Li Y, Wilhelm J, Rabouw HH, Züst R, Hwang M, V’kovski P, Stalder H, Marti S, Habjan M, Cervantes-Barragan L, Elliot R, Karl N, Gaughan C, van Kuppeveld FJM, Silverman RH, Keller M, Ludewig B, Bergmann CC, Ziebuhr J, Weiss SR, Kalinke U, Thiel V. Early endonuclease-mediated evasion of RNA sensing ensures efficient coronavirus replication. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006195. [PMID: 28158275 PMCID: PMC5310923 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses are of veterinary and medical importance and include highly pathogenic zoonotic viruses, such as SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. They are known to efficiently evade early innate immune responses, manifesting in almost negligible expression of type-I interferons (IFN-I). This evasion strategy suggests an evolutionary conserved viral function that has evolved to prevent RNA-based sensing of infection in vertebrate hosts. Here we show that the coronavirus endonuclease (EndoU) activity is key to prevent early induction of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) host cell responses. Replication of EndoU-deficient coronaviruses is greatly attenuated in vivo and severely restricted in primary cells even during the early phase of the infection. In macrophages we found immediate induction of IFN-I expression and RNase L-mediated breakdown of ribosomal RNA. Accordingly, EndoU-deficient viruses can retain replication only in cells that are deficient in IFN-I expression or sensing, and in cells lacking both RNase L and PKR. Collectively our results demonstrate that the coronavirus EndoU efficiently prevents simultaneous activation of host cell dsRNA sensors, such as Mda5, OAS and PKR. The localization of the EndoU activity at the site of viral RNA synthesis-within the replicase complex-suggests that coronaviruses have evolved a viral RNA decay pathway to evade early innate and intrinsic antiviral host cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline Kindler
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Federal Department of Home Affairs, Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern and Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Gil-Cruz
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St.Gallen, St.Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Julia Spanier
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Yize Li
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Jochen Wilhelm
- Universities Giessen & Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Deutsches Zentrum für Lungenforschung (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Huib H. Rabouw
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Mihyun Hwang
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Philip V’kovski
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Federal Department of Home Affairs, Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern and Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Biomedical Science, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hanspeter Stalder
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Federal Department of Home Affairs, Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern and Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Sabrina Marti
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Federal Department of Home Affairs, Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern and Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Ruth Elliot
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Nadja Karl
- Institute for Medical Virology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christina Gaughan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Frank J. M. van Kuppeveld
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Robert H. Silverman
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Markus Keller
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Burkhard Ludewig
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St.Gallen, St.Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Cornelia C. Bergmann
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - John Ziebuhr
- Institute for Medical Virology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Susan R. Weiss
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Volker Thiel
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Federal Department of Home Affairs, Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern and Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Banerjee S, Li G, Li Y, Gaughan C, Baskar D, Parker Y, Lindner DJ, Weiss SR, Silverman RH. RNase L is a negative regulator of cell migration. Oncotarget 2015; 6:44360-72. [PMID: 26517238 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
RNase L is a regulated endoribonuclease that functions in the interferon antiviral response. Activation of RNase L by 2', 5'-oligoadenylates has been linked to apoptosis, autophagy and inflammation. Genetic studies have also suggested the possible involvement of the RNase L gene (RNASEL) on chromosome 1q25.3 in several types of cancer. Here we report that ablation of RNase L in human prostate cancer PC3 cells by CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology enhanced cell migration as determined both by transwell assays and scratch wound healing assays. In addition, RNase L knockdown by means of RNAi increased migration of PC3 and DU145 cells in response to either fibronectin or serum stimulation, as did homozygous disruption of the RNase L gene in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Serum or fibronectin stimulation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) autophosphorylation on tyrosine-397 was increased by either knockdown or ablation of RNase L. In contrast, a missense mutant RNase L (R667A) lacking catalytic activity failed to suppress cell migration in PC3 cells. However, a nuclease-inactive mutant mouse RNase L (W630A) was able to partially inhibit migration of mouse fibroblasts. Consistent with a role for the catalytic activity of RNase L, transfection of PC3 cells with the RNase L activator, 2', 5'-oligoadenylate, suppressed cell migration. RNase L knockdown in PC3 cells enhanced tumor growth and metastasis following implantation in the mouse prostate. Our results suggest that naturally occurring mutations in the RNase L gene might promote enhanced cell migration and metastasis.
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Gusho E, Baskar D, Banerjee S. New advances in our understanding of the "unique" RNase L in host pathogen interaction and immune signaling. Cytokine 2016; 133:153847. [PMID: 27595182 PMCID: PMC7128181 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ever since the discovery of the existence of an interferon (IFN)-regulated ribonuclease, significant advances have been made in understanding the mechanism and associated regulatory effects of its action. What had been studied initially as a "unique" endoribonuclease is currently known as ribonuclease L (RNase L where "L" stands for latent). Some of the key developments include discovery of the RNase L signaling pathway, its structural characterization, and its molecular cloning. RNase L has been implicated in antiviral and antibacterial defense, as well as in hereditary prostate cancer. RNase L is activated by 2'-5' linked oligoadenylates (2-5A), which are synthesized by the oligoadenylate synthetases (OASs), a family of IFN-regulated pathogen recognition receptors that sense double-stranded RNAs. Activated RNase L cleaves single stranded RNAs, including viral RNAs and cellular RNAs. The catalytic activity of RNase L has been found to lead into the activation of several cellular signaling pathways, including those involved in autophagy, apoptosis, IFN-β production, NLRP3 inflammasome activation leading to IL-1β secretion, inhibition of cell migration, and cell adhesion. In this review, we will highlight the newest advances in our understanding of the catalytic role of RNase L in the context of different cellular pathways and extend the scope of these findings to discussion of potential therapeutic targets for antimicrobial drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elona Gusho
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Danika Baskar
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Pediatrics Division Office, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA(1)
| | - Shuvojit Banerjee
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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26
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Li Y, Banerjee S, Wang Y, Goldstein SA, Dong B, Gaughan C, Silverman RH, Weiss SR. Activation of RNase L is dependent on OAS3 expression during infection with diverse human viruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:2241-6. [PMID: 26858407 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1519657113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2',5'-oligoadenylate (2-5A) synthetase (OAS)-RNase L system is an IFN-induced antiviral pathway. RNase L activity depends on 2-5A, synthesized by OAS. Although all three enzymatically active OAS proteins in humans--OAS1, OAS2, and OAS3--synthesize 2-5A upon binding dsRNA, it is unclear which are responsible for RNase L activation during viral infection. We used clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated protein-9 nuclease (Cas9) technology to engineer human A549-derived cell lines in which each of the OAS genes or RNase L is knocked out. Upon transfection with poly(rI):poly(rC), a synthetic surrogate for viral dsRNA, or infection with each of four viruses from different groups (West Nile virus, Sindbis virus, influenza virus, or vaccinia virus), OAS1-KO and OAS2-KO cells synthesized amounts of 2-5A similar to those synthesized in parental wild-type cells, causing RNase L activation as assessed by rRNA degradation. In contrast, OAS3-KO cells synthesized minimal 2-5A, and rRNA remained intact, similar to infected RNase L-KO cells. All four viruses replicated to higher titers in OAS3-KO or RNase L-KO A549 cells than in parental, OAS1-KO, or OAS2-KO cells, demonstrating the antiviral effects of OAS3. OAS3 displayed a higher affinity for dsRNA in intact cells than either OAS1 or OAS2, consistent with its dominant role in RNase L activation. Finally, the requirement for OAS3 as the major OAS isoform responsible for RNase L activation was not restricted to A549 cells, because OAS3-KO cells derived from two other human cell lines also were deficient in RNase L activation.
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27
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Liu SW, Katsafanas GC, Liu R, Wyatt LS, Moss B. Poxvirus decapping enzymes enhance virulence by preventing the accumulation of dsRNA and the induction of innate antiviral responses. Cell Host Microbe 2015; 17:320-331. [PMID: 25766293 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Poxvirus replication involves synthesis of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), which can trigger antiviral responses by inducing phosphorylation-mediated activation of protein kinase R (PKR) and stimulating 2'5'-oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS). PKR inactivates the translation initiation factor eIF2α via phosphorylation, while OAS induces the endonuclease RNase L to degrade RNA. We show that poxvirus decapping enzymes D9 and D10, which remove caps from mRNAs, inhibit these antiviral responses by preventing dsRNA accumulation. Catalytic site mutations of D9 and D10, but not of either enzyme alone, halt vaccinia virus late protein synthesis and inhibit virus replication. Infection with the D9-D10 mutant was accompanied by massive mRNA reduction, cleavage of ribosomal RNA, and phosphorylation of PKR and eIF2α that correlated with a ∼ 15-fold increase in dsRNA compared to wild-type virus. Additionally, mouse studies show extreme attenuation of the mutant virus. Thus, vaccinia virus decapping, in addition to targeting mRNAs for degradation, prevents dsRNA accumulation and anti-viral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Wu Liu
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892-3210, USA
| | - George C Katsafanas
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892-3210, USA
| | - Ruikang Liu
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892-3210, USA
| | - Linda S Wyatt
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892-3210, USA
| | - Bernard Moss
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892-3210, USA.
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Sánchez-Tacuba L, Rojas M, Arias CF, López S. Rotavirus Controls Activation of the 2'-5'-Oligoadenylate Synthetase/RNase L Pathway Using at Least Two Distinct Mechanisms. J Virol 2015; 89:12145-53. [PMID: 26401041 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01874-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The innate immune response is the first line of defense of the host cell against a viral infection. In turn, viruses have evolved a wide variety of strategies to hide from, and to directly antagonize, the host innate immune pathways. One of these pathways is the 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS)/RNase L pathway. OAS is activated by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) to produce 2'-5' oligoadenylates, which are the activators of RNase L; this enzyme degrades viral and cellular RNAs, restricting viral infection. It has been recently found that the carboxy-terminal domain (CTD) of rotavirus VP3 has a 2'-5'-phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity that is able to functionally substitute for the PDE activity of the mouse hepatitis virus ns2 protein. This particular phosphodiesterase cleaves the 2'-5'-phosphodiester bond of the oligoadenylates, antagonizing the OAS/RNase L pathway. However, whether this activity of VP3 is relevant during the replication cycle of rotavirus is not known. Here, we demonstrate that after rotavirus infection the OAS/RNase L complex becomes activated; however, the virus is able to control its activity using at least two distinct mechanisms. A virus-cell interaction that occurs during or before rotavirus endocytosis triggers a signal that prevents the early activation of RNase L, while later on the control is taken by the newly synthesized VP3. Cosilencing the expression of VP3 and RNase L in infected cells yields viral infectious particles at levels similar to those obtained in control infected cells, where no genes were silenced, suggesting that the capping activity of VP3 is not essential for the formation of infectious viral particles. IMPORTANCE Rotaviruses represent an important cause of severe gastroenteritis in the young of many animal species, including humans. In this work, we have found that the OAS/RNase L pathway is activated during rotavirus infection, but the virus uses two different strategies to prevent the deleterious effects of this innate immune response of the cell. Early during virus entry, the initial interactions of the viral particle with the cell result in the inhibition of RNase L activity during the first hours of the infection. Later on, once viral proteins are synthesized, the phosphodiesterase activity of VP3 degrades the cellular 2'-5'-oligoadenylates, which are potent activators of RNase L, preventing its activation. This work demonstrates that the OAS/RNase L pathway plays an important role during infection and that the phosphodiesterase activity of VP3 is relevant during the replication cycle of the virus.
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Siddiqui MA, Mukherjee S, Manivannan P, Malathi K. RNase L Cleavage Products Promote Switch from Autophagy to Apoptosis by Caspase-Mediated Cleavage of Beclin-1. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:17611-36. [PMID: 26263979 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160817611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy and apoptosis share regulatory molecules enabling crosstalk in pathways that affect cellular homeostasis including response to viral infections and survival of tumor cells. Ribonuclease L (RNase L) is an antiviral endonuclease that is activated in virus-infected cells and cleaves viral and cellular single-stranded RNAs to produce small double-stranded RNAs with roles in amplifying host responses. Activation of RNase L induces autophagy and apoptosis in many cell types. However, the mechanism by which RNase L mediates crosstalk between these two pathways remains unclear. Here we show that small dsRNAs produced by RNase L promote a switch from autophagy to apoptosis by caspase-mediated cleavage of Beclin-1, terminating autophagy. The caspase 3-cleaved C-terminal fragment of Beclin-1 enhances apoptosis by translocating to the mitochondria along with proapoptotic protein, Bax, and inducing release of cytochrome C to the cytosol. Cleavage of Beclin-1 determines switch to apoptosis since expression of caspase-resistant Beclin-1 inhibits apoptosis and sustains autophagy. Moreover, inhibiting RNase L-induced autophagy promotes cell death and inhibiting apoptosis prolongs autophagy in a cross-inhibitory mechanism. Our results demonstrate a novel role of RNase L generated small RNAs in cross-talk between autophagy and apoptosis that impacts the fate of cells during viral infections and cancer.
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Brennan-Laun SE, Ezelle HJ, Li XL, Hassel BA. RNase-L control of cellular mRNAs: roles in biologic functions and mechanisms of substrate targeting. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2015; 34:275-88. [PMID: 24697205 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2013.0147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
RNase-L is a mediator of type 1 interferon-induced antiviral activity that has diverse and critical cellular roles, including the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, senescence and apoptosis, tumorigenesis, and the control of the innate immune response. Although RNase-L was originally shown to mediate the endonucleolytic cleavage of both viral and ribosomal RNAs in response to infection, more recent evidence indicates that RNase-L also functions in the regulation of cellular mRNAs as an important mechanism by which it exerts its diverse biological functions. Despite this growing body of work, many questions remain regarding the roles of mRNAs as RNase-L substrates. This review will survey known and putative mRNA substrates of RNase-L, propose mechanisms by which it may selectively cleave these transcripts, and postulate future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Brennan-Laun
- 1 Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
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31
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Silverman RH, Weiss SR. Viral phosphodiesterases that antagonize double-stranded RNA signaling to RNase L by degrading 2-5A. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2015; 34:455-63. [PMID: 24905202 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2014.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The host interferon (IFN) antiviral response involves a myriad of diverse biochemical pathways that disrupt virus replication cycles at many different levels. As a result, viruses have acquired and evolved genes that antagonize the host antiviral proteins. IFNs inhibit viral infections in part through the 2',5'-oligoadenylate (2-5A) synthetase (OAS)/RNase L pathway. OAS proteins are pathogen recognition receptors that exist at different basal levels in different cell types and that are IFN inducible. Upon activation by the pathogen-associated molecular pattern viral double-stranded RNA, certain OAS proteins synthesize 2-5A from ATP. 2-5A binds to the antiviral enzyme RNase L causing its dimerization and activation. Recently, disparate RNA viruses, group 2a betacoronaviruses, and group A rotaviruses, have been shown to produce proteins with 2',5'-phosphodiesterase (PDE) activities that eliminate 2-5A thereby evading the antiviral activity of the OAS/RNase L pathway. These viral proteins are members of the eukaryotic-viral LigT-like group of 2H phosphoesterases, so named for the presence of 2 conserved catalytic histidine residues. Here, we will review the biochemistry, biology, and implications of viral and cellular 2',5'-PDEs that degrade 2-5A. In addition, we discuss alternative viral and cellular strategies for limiting the activity of OAS/RNase L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Silverman
- 1 Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute , Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
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Chakrabarti A, Banerjee S, Franchi L, Loo YM, Gale M, Núñez G, Silverman RH. RNase L activates the NLRP3 inflammasome during viral infections. Cell Host Microbe 2015; 17:466-77. [PMID: 25816776 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The NLRP3 inflammasome assembles in response to danger signals, triggering self-cleavage of procaspase-1 and production of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β. Although virus infection activates the NLRP3 inflammasome, the underlying events remain incompletely understood. We report that virus activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome involves the 2',5'-oligoadenylate (2-5A) synthetase(OAS)/RNase L system, a component of the interferon-induced antiviral response that senses double-stranded RNA and activates endoribonuclease RNase L to cleave viral and cellular RNAs. The absence of RNase L reduces IL-1β production in influenza A virus-infected mice. RNA cleavage products generated by RNase L enhance IL-1β production but require the presence of 2',3'-cyclic phosphorylated termini characteristic of RNase L activity. Additionally, these cleavage products stimulate NLRP3 complex formation with the DExD/H-box helicase, DHX33, and mitochondrial adaptor protein, MAVS, which are each required for effective NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Thus, RNA cleavage events catalyzed by RNase L are required for optimal inflammasome activation during viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arindam Chakrabarti
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Shuvojit Banerjee
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Luigi Franchi
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Lycera Corporation, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yueh-Ming Loo
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Michael Gale
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Gabriel Núñez
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Robert H Silverman
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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Cooper DA, Banerjee S, Chakrabarti A, García-Sastre A, Hesselberth JR, Silverman RH, Barton DJ. RNase L targets distinct sites in influenza A virus RNAs. J Virol 2015; 89:2764-76. [PMID: 25540362 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.02953-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Influenza A virus (IAV) infections are influenced by type 1 interferon-mediated antiviral defenses and by viral countermeasures to these defenses. When IAV NS1 protein is disabled, RNase L restricts virus replication; however, the RNAs targeted for cleavage by RNase L under these conditions have not been defined. In this study, we used deep-sequencing methods to identify RNase L cleavage sites within host and viral RNAs from IAV PR8ΔNS1-infected A549 cells. Short hairpin RNA knockdown of RNase L allowed us to distinguish between RNase L-dependent and RNase L-independent cleavage sites. RNase L-dependent cleavage sites were evident at discrete locations in IAV RNA segments (both positive and negative strands). Cleavage in PB2, PB1, and PA genomic RNAs suggests that viral RNPs are susceptible to cleavage by RNase L. Prominent amounts of cleavage mapped to specific regions within IAV RNAs, including some areas of increased synonymous-site conservation. Among cellular RNAs, RNase L-dependent cleavage was most frequent at precise locations in rRNAs. Our data show that RNase L targets specific sites in both host and viral RNAs to restrict influenza virus replication when NS1 protein is disabled. IMPORTANCE RNase L is a critical component of interferon-regulated and double-stranded-RNA-activated antiviral host responses. We sought to determine how RNase L exerts its antiviral activity during influenza virus infection. We enhanced the antiviral activity of RNase L by disabling a viral protein, NS1, that inhibits the activation of RNase L. Then, using deep-sequencing methods, we identified the host and viral RNAs targeted by RNase L. We found that RNase L cleaved viral RNAs and rRNAs at very precise locations. The direct cleavage of IAV RNAs by RNase L highlights an intimate battle between viral RNAs and an antiviral endonuclease.
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Gusho E, Zhang R, Jha BK, Thornbrough JM, Dong B, Gaughan C, Elliott R, Weiss SR, Silverman RH. Murine AKAP7 has a 2',5'-phosphodiesterase domain that can complement an inactive murine coronavirus ns2 gene. mBio 2014; 5:e01312-14. [PMID: 24987090 DOI: 10.1128/mBio.01312-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral 2′,5′-phosphodiesterases (2′,5′-PDEs) help disparate RNA viruses evade the antiviral activity of interferon (IFN) by degrading 2′,5′-oligoadenylate (2-5A) activators of RNase L. A kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) bind the regulatory subunits of protein kinase A (PKA) to localize and organize cyclic AMP (cAMP) signaling during diverse physiological processes. Among more than 43 AKAP isoforms, AKAP7 appears to be unique in its homology to viral 2′,5′-PDEs. Here we show that mouse AKAP7 rapidly degrades 2-5A with kinetics similar to that of murine coronavirus (mouse hepatitis virus [MHV]) strain A59 ns2 and human rotavirus strain WA VP3 proteins. To determine whether AKAP7 could substitute for a viral 2′,5′-PDE, we inserted AKAP7 cDNA into an MHV genome with an inactivated ns2 gene. The AKAP7 PDE domain or N-terminally truncated AKAP7 (both lacking a nuclear localization motif), but not full-length AKAP7 or a mutant, AKAP7H185R, PDE domain restored the infectivity of ns2 mutant MHV in bone marrow macrophages and in livers of infected mice. Interestingly, the AKAP7 PDE domain and N-terminally deleted AKAP7 were present in the cytoplasm (the site of MHV replication), whereas full-length AKAP7 was observed only in nuclei. We suggest the possibility that viral acquisition of the host AKAP7 PDE domain might have occurred during evolution, allowing diverse RNA viruses to antagonize the RNase L pathway. Early virus-host interactions determine whether an infection is established, highlighting the need to understand fundamental mechanisms regulating viral pathogenesis. Recently, our laboratories reported a novel mode of regulation of the IFN antiviral response. We showed that the coronavirus MHV accessory protein ns2 antagonizes the type I IFN response, promoting viral replication and hepatitis. ns2 confers virulence by cleaving 2′,5′-oligoadenylate (2-5A) activators of RNase L in macrophages. We also reported that the rotavirus VP3 C-terminal domain (VP3-CTD) cleaves 2-5A and that it may rescue ns2 mutant MHV. Here we report that a cellular protein, AKAP7, has an analogous 2′,5′-phosphodiesterase (2′,5′-PDE) domain that is able to restore the growth of chimeric MHV expressing inactive ns2. The proviral effect requires cytoplasmic localization of the AKAP7 PDE domain. We speculate that AKAP7 is the ancestral precursor of viral proteins, such as ns2 and VP3, that degrade 2-5A to evade the antiviral activity of RNase L.
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Abstract
The mammalian genome has evolved to encode a battery of mechanisms, to mitigate a progression in the life cycle of an invasive viral pathogen. Although apparently disadvantaged by their dependence on the host biosynthetic processes, an immensely faster rate of evolution provides viruses with an edge in this conflict. In this review, I have discussed the potential anti-virus activity of inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1), a well characterized effector of the cellular homeostatic response to an overloading of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein-folding capacity. IRE1, an ER-membrane-resident ribonuclease (RNase), upon activation catalyses regulated cleavage of select protein-coding and non-coding host RNAs, using an RNase domain which is homologous to that of the known anti-viral effector RNaseL. The latter operates as part of the Oligoadenylate synthetase OAS/RNaseL system of anti-viral defense mechanism. Protein-coding RNA substrates are differentially treated by the IRE1 RNase to either augment, through cytoplasmic splicing of an intron in the Xbp1 transcript, or suppress gene expression. This referred suppression of gene expression is mediated through degradative cleavage of a select cohort of cellular RNA transcripts, initiating the regulated IRE1-dependent decay (RIDD) pathway. The review first discusses the anti-viral mechanism of the OAS/RNaseL system and evasion tactics employed by different viruses. This is followed by a review of the RIDD pathway and its potential effect on the stability of viral RNAs. I conclude with a comparison of the enzymatic activity of the two RNases followed by deliberations on the physiological consequences of their activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankar Bhattacharyya
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute Gurgaon, India
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Long TM, Nisa S, Donnenberg MS, Hassel BA. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli inhibits type I interferon- and RNase L-mediated host defense to disrupt intestinal epithelial cell barrier function. Infect Immun 2014; 82:2802-14. [PMID: 24733098 DOI: 10.1128/IAI.00105-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) primarily infects children in developing countries and causes diarrhea that can be deadly. EPEC pathogenesis occurs through type III secretion system (T3SS)-mediated injection of effectors into intestinal epithelial cells (IECs); these effectors alter actin dynamics, modulate the immune response, and disrupt tight junction (TJ) integrity. The resulting compromised barrier function and increased gastrointestinal (GI) permeability may be responsible for the clinical symptoms of infection. Type I interferon (IFN) mediates anti-inflammatory activities and serves essential functions in intestinal immunity and homeostasis; however, its role in the immune response to enteric pathogens, such as EPEC, and its impact on IEC barrier function have not been examined. Here, we report that IFN-β is induced following EPEC infection and regulates IEC TJ proteins to maintain barrier function. The EPEC T3SS effector NleD counteracts this protective activity by inhibiting IFN-β induction and enhancing tumor necrosis factor alpha to promote barrier disruption. The endoribonuclease RNase L is a key mediator of IFN induction and action that promotes TJ protein expression and IEC barrier integrity. EPEC infection inhibits RNase L in a T3SS-dependent manner, providing a mechanism by which EPEC evades IFN-induced antibacterial activities. This work identifies novel roles for IFN-β and RNase L in IEC barrier functions that are targeted by EPEC effectors to escape host defense mechanisms and promote virulence. The IFN-RNase L axis thus represents a potential therapeutic target for enteric infections and GI diseases involving compromised barrier function.
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Huang H, Zeqiraj E, Dong B, Jha BK, Duffy NM, Orlicky S, Thevakumaran N, Talukdar M, Pillon MC, Ceccarelli DF, Wan LCK, Juang YC, Mao DYL, Gaughan C, Brinton MA, Perelygin AA, Kourinov I, Guarné A, Silverman RH, Sicheri F. Dimeric structure of pseudokinase RNase L bound to 2-5A reveals a basis for interferon-induced antiviral activity. Mol Cell 2014; 53:221-34. [PMID: 24462203 PMCID: PMC3974923 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2013.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
RNase L is an ankyrin repeat domain-containing dual endoribonuclease-pseudokinase that is activated by unusual 2,′5′-oligoadenylate (2-5A) second messengers and which impedes viral infections in higher vertebrates. Despite its importance in interferon-regulated antiviral innate immunity, relatively little is known about its precise mechanism of action. Here we present a functional characterization of 2.5 Å and 3.25 Å X-ray crystal and small-angle X-ray scattering structures of RNase L bound to a natural 2-5A activator with and without ADP or the nonhydrolysable ATP mimetic AMP-PNP. These studies reveal how recognition of 2-5A through interactions with the ankyrin repeat domain and the pseudokinase domain, together with nucleotide binding, imposes a rigid intertwined dimer configuration that is essential for RNase catalytic and antiviral functions. The involvement of the pseudokinase domain of RNase L in 2-5A sensing, nucleotide binding, dimerization, and ribonuclease functions highlights the evolutionary adaptability of the eukaryotic protein kinase fold. Structural basis for RNase L regulation by 2-5A and nucleotide (ADP or ATP) binding Recognition of 2-5A is mediated by both ankyrin repeat and protein kinase domains Nucleotide enforces a closed conformation of the kinase domain Nucleotide binding to the pseudokinase domain is essential for RNA cleavage function
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Huang
- Program in Systems Biology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Elton Zeqiraj
- Program in Systems Biology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Beihua Dong
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Babal Kant Jha
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Nicole M Duffy
- Program in Systems Biology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Stephen Orlicky
- Program in Systems Biology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Neroshan Thevakumaran
- Program in Systems Biology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Manisha Talukdar
- Program in Systems Biology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Monica C Pillon
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Derek F Ceccarelli
- Program in Systems Biology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Leo C K Wan
- Program in Systems Biology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Yu-Chi Juang
- Program in Systems Biology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Daniel Y L Mao
- Program in Systems Biology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada; Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Christina Gaughan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Margo A Brinton
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA
| | | | - Igor Kourinov
- NE-CAT APS, Building 436E, Argonne National Lab, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Alba Guarné
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Robert H Silverman
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
| | - Frank Sicheri
- Program in Systems Biology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
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Abstract
The interferon (IFN)-inducible antiviral state is mediated in part by the 2′,5′-oligoadenylate (2-5A) synthetase (OAS)/RNase L system. 2-5A, produced from ATP by OAS proteins in response to viral double-stranded RNA, binds to and activates RNase L. RNase L restricts viral infections by degrading viral and cellular RNA, inducing autophagy and apoptosis, and producing RNA degradation products that amplify production of type I interferons (IFNs) through RIG-I-like receptors. However, the effects of the OAS/RNase L pathway on IFN induction in different cell types that vary in basal levels of these proteins have not been previously reported. Here we report higher basal expression of both RNase L and OAS in mouse macrophages in comparison to mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). In MEFs, RNase L gene knockout decreased induction of IFN-β by encephalomyocarditis virus infection or poly(rI):poly(rC) (pIC) transfection. In contrast, in macrophages, RNase L deletion increased (rather than decreased) induction of IFN-β by virus or pIC. RNA damage from RNase L in virus-infected macrophages is likely responsible for reducing IFN-β production. Similarly, direct activation of RNase L by transfection with 2-5A induced IFN-β in MEFs but not in macrophages. Also, viral infection or pIC transfection caused RNase L-dependent apoptosis of macrophages but not of MEFs. Our results suggest that cell-type-specific differences in basal levels of OAS and RNase L are determinants of IFN-β induction that could affect tissue protection and survival during viral infections. Type I interferons (IFNs) such as IFN-β are essential antiviral cytokines that are often required for animal survival following infections by highly pathogenic viruses. Therefore, host factors that regulate type I IFN production are critically important for animal and human health. Previously we reported that the OAS/RNase L pathway amplifies antiviral innate immunity by enhancing IFN-β production in mouse embryonic fibroblasts and in virus-infected mice. Here we report that high basal levels of OAS/RNase L in macrophages reduce, rather than increase, virus induction of IFN-β. RNA damage and apoptosis caused by RNase L were the likely reasons for the decreased IFN-β production in virus-infected macrophages. Our studies suggest that during viral infections, the OAS/RNase L pathway can either enhance or suppress IFN production, depending on the cell type. IFN regulation by RNase L is suggested to contribute to tissue protection and survival during viral infections.
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Zhang A, Dong B, Doucet AJ, Moldovan JB, Moran JV, Silverman RH. RNase L restricts the mobility of engineered retrotransposons in cultured human cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 42:3803-20. [PMID: 24371271 PMCID: PMC3973342 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt1308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Retrotransposons are mobile genetic elements, and their mobility can lead to genomic instability. Retrotransposon insertions are associated with a diverse range of sporadic diseases, including cancer. Thus, it is not a surprise that multiple host defense mechanisms suppress retrotransposition. The 2′,5′-oligoadenylate (2-5A) synthetase (OAS)-RNase L system is a mechanism for restricting viral infections during the interferon antiviral response. Here, we investigated a potential role for the OAS-RNase L system in the restriction of retrotransposons. Expression of wild type (WT) and a constitutively active form of RNase L (NΔ385), but not a catalytically inactive RNase L mutant (R667A), impaired the mobility of engineered human LINE-1 (L1) and mouse intracisternal A-type particle retrotransposons in cultured human cells. Furthermore, WT RNase L, but not an inactive RNase L mutant (R667A), reduced L1 RNA levels and subsequent expression of the L1-encoded proteins (ORF1p and ORF2p). Consistently, confocal immunofluorescent microscopy demonstrated that WT RNase L, but not RNase L R667A, prevented formation of L1 cytoplasmic foci. Finally, siRNA-mediated depletion of endogenous RNase L in a human ovarian cancer cell line (Hey1b) increased the levels of L1 retrotransposition by ∼2-fold. Together, these data suggest that RNase L might function as a suppressor of structurally distinct retrotransposons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Zhang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA, Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA, Department of Human Genetics, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA, Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA, Department of Internal Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
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Zhou Y, Kang MJ, Jha BK, Silverman RH, Lee CG, Elias JA. Role of ribonuclease L in viral pathogen-associated molecular pattern/influenza virus and cigarette smoke-induced inflammation and remodeling. J Immunol 2013; 191:2637-46. [PMID: 23913960 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between cigarette smoke (CS) exposure and viral infection play an important role(s) in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and a variety of other disorders. A variety of lines of evidence suggest that this interaction induces exaggerated inflammatory, cytokine, and tissue remodeling responses. We hypothesized that the 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS)/RNase L system, an innate immune antiviral pathway, plays an important role in the pathogenesis of these exaggerated responses. To test this hypothesis, we characterize the activation of 2'-5' OAS in lungs from mice exposed to CS and viral pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)/live virus, alone and in combination. We also evaluated the inflammatory and remodeling responses induced by CS and virus/viral PAMPs in lungs from RNase L null and wild-type mice. These studies demonstrate that CS and viral PAMPs/live virus interact in a synergistic manner to stimulate the production of select OAS moieties. They also demonstrate that RNase L plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of the exaggerated inflammatory, fibrotic, emphysematous, apoptotic, TGF-β1, and type I IFN responses induced by CS plus virus/viral PAMP in combination. These studies demonstrate that CS is an important regulator of antiviral innate immunity, highlight novel roles of RNase L in CS plus virus induced inflammation, tissue remodeling, apoptosis, and cytokine elaboration and highlight pathways that may be operative in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and mechanistically related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Zhang R, Jha BK, Ogden KM, Dong B, Zhao L, Elliott R, Patton JT, Silverman RH, Weiss SR. Homologous 2',5'-phosphodiesterases from disparate RNA viruses antagonize antiviral innate immunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:13114-9. [PMID: 23878220 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1306917110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient and productive virus infection often requires viral countermeasures that block innate immunity. The IFN-inducible 2',5'-oligoadenylate (2-5A) synthetases (OASs) and ribonuclease (RNase) L are components of a potent host antiviral pathway. We previously showed that murine coronavirus (MHV) accessory protein ns2, a 2H phosphoesterase superfamily member, is a phosphodiesterase (PDE) that cleaves 2-5A, thereby preventing activation of RNase L. The PDE activity of ns2 is required for MHV replication in macrophages and for hepatitis. Here, we show that group A rotavirus (RVA), an important cause of acute gastroenteritis in children worldwide, encodes a similar PDE. The RVA PDE forms the carboxy-terminal domain of the minor core protein VP3 (VP3-CTD) and shares sequence and predicted structural homology with ns2, including two catalytic HxT/S motifs. Bacterially expressed VP3-CTD exhibited 2',5'-PDE activity, which cleaved 2-5A in vitro. In addition, VP3-CTD expressed transiently in mammalian cells depleted 2-5A levels induced by OAS activation with poly(rI):poly(rC), preventing RNase L activation. In the context of recombinant chimeric MHV expressing inactive ns2, VP3-CTD restored the ability of the virus to replicate efficiently in macrophages or in the livers of infected mice, whereas mutant viruses expressing inactive VP3-CTD (H718A or H798R) were attenuated. In addition, chimeric viruses expressing either active ns2 or VP3-CTD, but not nonfunctional equivalents, were able to protect ribosomal RNA from RNase L-mediated degradation. Thus, VP3-CTD is a 2',5'-PDE able to functionally substitute for ns2 in MHV infection. Remarkably, therefore, two disparate RNA viruses encode proteins with homologous 2',5'-PDEs that antagonize activation of innate immunity.
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Jha BK, Dong B, Nguyen CT, Polyakova I, Silverman RH. Suppression of antiviral innate immunity by sunitinib enhances oncolytic virotherapy. Mol Ther 2013; 21:1749-57. [PMID: 23732991 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2013.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of lytic viruses to preferentially infect and eliminate cancer cells while sparing normal cells is a promising experimental therapeutic approach for treating cancer. However, the efficacy of oncolytic virotherapy is often limited by two innate immunity pathways, the protein kinase PKR and the 2'-5'-oligoadenylate (OAS)/RNase L systems, which are widely present in many but not all tumor cell types. Previously, we reported that the anticancer drug, sunitinib, an inhibitor of VEGF-R and PDGF-R, has off-target effects against both PKR and RNase L. Here we show that combining sunitinib treatments with infection by an oncolytic virus, vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), led to the elimination of prostate, breast, and kidney malignant tumors in mice. In contrast, either virus or sunitinib alone slowed tumor progression but did not eliminate tumors. In prostate tumors excised from treated mice, sunitinib decreased levels of the phosphorylated form of translation initiation factor, eIF2-α, a substrate of PKR, by 10-fold while increasing median viral titers by 23-fold. The sunitinib/VSV regimen caused complete and sustained tumor regression in both immunodeficient and immunocompetent animals. Results indicate that transient inhibition of innate immunity with sunitinib enhances oncolytic virotherapy allowing the recovery of tumor-bearing animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babal K Jha
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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43
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Li SX, Barrett BS, Harper MS, Heilman KJ, Halemano K, Steele AK, Guo K, Silverman RH, Santiago ML. Ribonuclease L is not critical for innate restriction and adaptive immunity against Friend retrovirus infection. Virology 2013; 443:134-42. [PMID: 23725696 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Ribonuclease L (RNase L) is a type I interferon regulated factor that can significantly inhibit retroviruses in vitro and may activate cytoplasmic sensing pathways to augment adaptive immunity. However, the antiretroviral activity of RNase L remains to be validated in vivo. We investigated the role of RNaseL in counteracting Friend retrovirus (FV) infection relative to a well-described restriction factor, Apobec3. C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) and RNaseL knock-out (KO) mice exhibited similar acute FV infection levels despite significant transcriptional induction of oligoadenylate synthetase 1, which produces activators of RNase L. Apobec3 KO mice showed higher FV infection levels relative to WT mice, but deletion of RNaseL in Apobec3 KO mice did not augment FV infection. Moreover, RNaseL did not influence FV-specific IgG responses and recovery from viremia by 28 days post-infection. The results suggest that RNase L is not an evolutionarily-conserved host defense mechanism to counteract retroviruses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam X Li
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Denver, CO 80045, United States
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Siddiqui MA, Malathi K. RNase L induces autophagy via c-Jun N-terminal kinase and double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase signaling pathways. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:43651-64. [PMID: 23109342 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.399964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a tightly regulated mechanism that mediates sequestration, degradation, and recycling of cellular proteins, organelles, and pathogens. Several proteins associated with autophagy regulate host responses to viral infections. Ribonuclease L (RNase L) is activated during viral infections and cleaves cellular and viral single-stranded RNAs, including rRNAs in ribosomes. Here we demonstrate that direct activation of RNase L coordinates the activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) to induce autophagy with hallmarks as accumulation of autophagic vacuoles, p62(SQSTM1) degradation and conversion of Microtubule-associated Protein Light Chain 3-I (LC3-I) to LC3-II. Accordingly, treatment of cells with pharmacological inhibitors of JNK or PKR and mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) lacking JNK1/2 or PKR showed reduced autophagy levels. Furthermore, RNase L-induced JNK activity promoted Bcl-2 phosphorylation, disrupted the Beclin1-Bcl-2 complex and stimulated autophagy. Viral infection with Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) or Sendai virus led to higher levels of autophagy in wild-type (WT) MEFs compared with RNase L knock out (KO) MEFs. Inhibition of RNase L-induced autophagy using Bafilomycin A1 or 3-methyladenine suppressed viral growth in initial stages; in later stages autophagy promoted viral replication dampening the antiviral effect. Induction of autophagy by activated RNase L is independent of the paracrine effects of interferon (IFN). Our findings suggest a novel role of RNase L in inducing autophagy affecting the outcomes of viral pathogenesis.
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Chakrabarti A, Ghosh PK, Banerjee S, Gaughan C, Silverman RH. RNase L triggers autophagy in response to viral infections. J Virol 2012; 86:11311-21. [PMID: 22875977 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.00270-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a programmed homeostatic response to diverse types of cellular stress that disposes of long-lived proteins, organelles, and invading microbes within double-membraned structures called autophagosomes. The 2',5'-oligoadenylate/RNase L system is a virus-activated host RNase pathway that disposes of or processes viral and cellular single-stranded RNAs. Here we report that activation of RNase L during viral infections induces autophagy. Accordingly, infections with encephalomyocarditis virus or vesicular stomatitis virus led to higher levels of autophagy in wild-type mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) than in RNase L-null MEF. Similarly, direct activation of RNase L with a 2',5'-oligoadenylate resulted in p62(SQSTM1) degradation, LC3BI/LC3BII conversion, and appearance of autophagosomes. To determine the effect of RNase L-mediated autophagy on viral replication, we compared viral yields in wild-type and RNase L-null MEF in the absence or presence of either chemical inhibitors of autophagy (bafilomycin A1 or 3-methyladenine) or small interfering RNA (siRNA) against ATG5 or beclin-1. At a low multiplicity of infection, induction of autophagy by RNase L during the initial cycle of virus growth contributed to the suppression of virus replication. However, in subsequent rounds of infection, autophagy promoted viral replication, reducing the antiviral effect of RNase L. Our results indicate a novel function of RNase L as an inducer of autophagy that affects viral yields.
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Wales SQ, Ngo D, Hida K, Kulka M. Temperature and density dependent induction of a cytopathic effect following infection with non-cytopathic HAV strains. Virology 2012; 430:30-42. [PMID: 22608060 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Revised: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus infection and growth in cultured cells is protracted, cell-type restricted, and generally not accompanied by the appearance of a cytopathic effect, with the exception of some culture-adapted strains. We demonstrate that the non-cytopathic HAV strain HM175/clone 1 can be induced to exhibit a cytopathic phenotype in both persistently or acutely infected cells under co-dependent conditions of lower incubation temperature (<34°C) and reduced cell density in both monkey (FRhK-4) and human (A549) cells. This phenotype is not virus-strain restricted, as it was also observed in cells infected with HAV strains, HAS-15 and LSH/S. Cytopathic effect was accompanied by rRNA cleavage, indicating activation of the RNase L pathway, viral negative strand synthesis, caspase-3 activation, and apoptosis. The results indicate that a cytopathic phenotype may be present in some HAV strains that can be induced under appropriate conditions, suggesting the potential for development of a plaque assay for this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Q Wales
- Division of Molecular Biology, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 8301 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, MD 20708, USA.
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Dan M, Zheng D, Field LL, Bonnevie-nielsen V. Induction and activation of antiviral enzyme 2′,5′-oligoadenylate synthetase by in vitro transcribed insulin mRNA and other cellular RNAs. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:7813-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-1624-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2011] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Abstract
The endoribonuclease RNase-L is the terminal component of an RNA cleavage pathway that mediates antiviral, antiproliferative and immunomodulatory activities. Inactivation or dysregulation of RNase-L is associated with a compromised immune response and increased risk of cancer, accordingly its activity is tightly controlled and requires an allosteric activator, 2',5'-linked oligoadenylates, for enzymatic activity. The biological activities of RNase-L are a result of direct and indirect effects of RNA cleavage and microarray analyses have revealed that RNase-L impacts the gene expression program at multiple levels. The identification of RNase-L-regulated RNAs has provided insights into potential mechanisms by which it exerts antiproliferative, proapoptotic, senescence-inducing and innate immune activities. RNase-L protein interactors have been identified that serve regulatory functions and are implicated as alternate mechanisms of its biologic functions. Thus, while the molecular details are understood for only a subset of RNase-L activities, its regulation by small molecules and critical roles in host defense and as a candidate tumor suppressor make it a promising therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather J Ezelle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Abstract
The interferon (IFN)-inducible 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS)/RNase L pathway blocks infections by some types of viruses through cleavage of viral and cellular single-stranded RNA. Viruses induce type I IFNs that initiate signaling to the OAS genes. OAS proteins are pathogen recognition receptors for the viral pathogen-associated molecular pattern, double-stranded RNA. Double-stranded RNA activates OAS to produce p(x)5'A(2'p5'A)(n); x = 1-3; n > 2 (2-5A) from ATP. Upon binding 2-5A, RNase L is converted from an inactive monomer to a potently active dimeric endoribonuclease for single-stranded RNA. RNase L contains, from N- to C-terminus, a series of 9 ankyrin repeats, a linker, several protein kinase-like motifs, and a ribonuclease domain homologous to Ire1 (involved in the unfolded protein response). In the past few years, it has become increasingly apparent that RNase L and OAS contribute to innate immunity in many ways. For example, small RNA cleavage products produced by RNase L during viral infections can signal to the retinoic acid-inducible-I like receptors to amplify and perpetuate signaling to the IFN-β gene. In addition, RNase L is now implicated in protecting the central nervous system against viral-induced demyelination. A role in tumor suppression was inferred by mapping of the RNase L gene to the hereditary prostate cancer 1 (HPC1) gene, which in turn led to discovery of the xenotropic murine leukemia-related virus. A broader role in innate immunity is suggested by involvement of RNase L in cytokine induction and endosomal pathways that suppress bacterial infections. These newly described findings about RNase L could eventually provide the basis for developing broad-spectrum antimicrobial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arindam Chakrabarti
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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Malathi K, Saito T, Crochet N, Barton DJ, Gale M, Silverman RH. RNase L releases a small RNA from HCV RNA that refolds into a potent PAMP. RNA 2010; 16:2108-19. [PMID: 20833746 PMCID: PMC2957051 DOI: 10.1261/rna.2244210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Accepted: 08/05/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Triggering and propagating an intracellular innate immune response is essential for control of viral infections. RNase L is a host endoribonuclease and a pivotal component of innate immunity that cleaves viral and cellular RNA within single-stranded loops releasing small structured RNAs with 5'-hydroxyl (5'-OH) and 3'-monophosphoryl (3'-p) groups. In 2007, we reported that RNase L cleaves self RNA to produce small RNAs that function as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). However, the precise sequence and structure of PAMP RNAs produced by RNase L is unknown. Here we used hepatitis C virus RNA as substrate to characterize RNase L mediated cleavage products [named suppressor of virus RNA (svRNA)] for their ability to activate RIG-I like receptors (RLR). The NS5B region of HCV RNA was cleaved by RNase L to release an svRNA that bound to RIG-I, displacing its repressor domain and stimulating its ATPase activity while signaling to the IFN-β gene in intact cells. All three of these RIG-I functions were dependent on the presence in svRNA of the 3'-p. Furthermore, svRNA suppressed HCV replication in vitro through a mechanism involving IFN production and triggered a RIG-I-dependent hepatic innate immune response in mice. RNase L and OAS (required for its activation) were both expressed in hepatocytes from HCV-infected patients, raising the possibility that the OAS/RNase L pathway might suppress HCV replication in vivo. It is proposed that RNase L mediated cleavage of HCV RNA generates svRNA that activates RIG-I, thus propagating innate immune signaling to the IFN-β gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnamurthy Malathi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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