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Molecular Features of the Measles Virus Viral Fusion Complex That Favor Infection and Spread in the Brain. mBio 2021; 12:e0079921. [PMID: 34061592 PMCID: PMC8263006 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00799-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Measles virus (MeV) bearing a single amino acid change in the fusion protein (F)—L454W—was isolated from two patients who died of MeV central nervous system (CNS) infection. This mutation in F confers an advantage over wild-type virus in the CNS, contributing to disease in these patients. Using murine ex vivo organotypic brain cultures and human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived brain organoids, we show that CNS adaptive mutations in F enhance the spread of virus ex vivo. The spread of virus in human brain organoids is blocked by an inhibitory peptide that targets F, confirming that dissemination in the brain tissue is attributable to F. A single mutation in MeV F thus alters the fusion complex to render MeV more neuropathogenic.
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Single-chain variable fragment antibody constructs neutralize measles virus infection in vitro and in vivo. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:1835-1837. [PMID: 34007030 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-021-00691-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Measles Virus: Identification in the M Protein Primary Sequence of a Potential Molecular Marker for Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis. Adv Virol 2015; 2015:769837. [PMID: 26587021 PMCID: PMC4637438 DOI: 10.1155/2015/769837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Revised: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (SSPE), a rare lethal disease of children and young adults due to persistence of measles virus (MeV) in the brain, is caused by wild type (wt) MeV. Why MeV vaccine strains never cause SSPE is completely unknown. Hypothesizing that this phenotypic difference could potentially be represented by a molecular marker, we compared glycoprotein and matrix (M) genes from SSPE cases with those from the Moraten vaccine strain, searching for differential structural motifs. We observed that all known SSPE viruses have residues P64, E89, and A209 (PEA) in their M proteins whereas the equivalent residues for vaccine strains are either S64, K89, and T209 (SKT) as in Moraten or PKT. Through the construction of MeV recombinants, we have obtained evidence that the wt MeV-M protein PEA motif, in particular A209, is linked to increased viral spread. Importantly, for the 10 wt genotypes (of 23) that have had their M proteins sequenced, 9 have the PEA motif, the exception being B3, which has PET. Interestingly, cases of SSPE caused by genotype B3 have yet to be reported. In conclusion, our results strongly suggest that the PEA motif is a molecular marker for wt MeV at risk to cause SSPE.
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Fulton BO, Sachs D, Beaty SM, Won ST, Lee B, Palese P, Heaton NS. Mutational Analysis of Measles Virus Suggests Constraints on Antigenic Variation of the Glycoproteins. Cell Rep 2015; 11:1331-8. [PMID: 26004185 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles virus undergoes error-prone replication like other RNA viruses, but over time, it has remained antigenically monotypic. The constraints on the virus that prevent the emergence of antigenic variants are unclear. As a first step in understanding this question, we subjected the measles virus genome to unbiased insertional mutagenesis, and viruses that could tolerate insertions were rescued. Only insertions in the nucleoprotein, phosphoprotein, matrix protein, as well as intergenic regions were easily recoverable. Insertions in the glycoproteins of measles virus were severely under-represented in our screen. Host immunity depends on developing neutralizing antibodies to the hemagglutinin and fusion glycoproteins; our analysis suggests that these proteins occupy very little evolutionary space and therefore have difficulty changing in the face of selective pressures. We propose that the inelasticity of these proteins prevents the sequence variation required to escape antibody neutralization in the host, allowing for long-lived immunity after infection with the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin O Fulton
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - David Sachs
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Shannon M Beaty
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Sohui T Won
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Benhur Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Peter Palese
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Nicholas S Heaton
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Zhou S, Wan Q, Huang Y, Huang X, Cao J, Ye L, Lim TK, Lin Q, Qin Q. Proteomic analysis of Singapore grouper iridovirus envelope proteins and characterization of a novel envelope protein VP088. Proteomics 2011; 11:2236-48. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200900820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2009] [Revised: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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de Swart RL, Yüksel S, Langerijs CN, Muller CP, Osterhaus ADME. Depletion of measles virus glycoprotein-specific antibodies from human sera reveals genotype-specific neutralizing antibodies. J Gen Virol 2009; 90:2982-2989. [PMID: 19710253 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.014944-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles virus (MV)-neutralizing antibodies in sera from vaccinated subjects are mainly directed against the haemagglutinin (H) protein. It has been shown previously that depletion of vaccination-induced H-specific antibodies by co-culture of sera with cells expressing the MV Edmonston strain H glycoprotein resulted in almost complete elimination of neutralizing activity. In the present study, MV H and/or fusion (F) protein-specific antibodies were depleted from sera of naturally immune subjects. Early convalescent samples were collected 1.5 years after a well-characterized measles outbreak in Luxembourg caused by a genotype C2 virus, whilst late convalescent samples were collected from healthy Dutch subjects born between 1960 and 1970. Depletion of both H- and F-specific antibodies completely eliminated virus-neutralizing (VN) activity against MV Edmonston. However, in the early convalescent samples, residual VN antibody against wild-type MV genotype C2 was detected. This demonstrated that, although the majority of MV-specific VN antibodies recognized epitopes conserved between different genotypes, genotype-specific VN epitopes were also induced. In sera depleted of H-specific antibodies only, VN activity against MV Edmonston was not completely eliminated, demonstrating the presence of F-specific VN antibodies. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that a fraction of VN antibodies induced by wild-type MV genotype C2 does not neutralize MV strain Edmonston. In addition, it was shown that, in sera from naturally immune donors, the majority of VN antibodies are specific for MV H protein, but up to 10 % of neutralizing antibodies are specific for MV F protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rik L de Swart
- Department of Virology, Erasmus MC, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Selma Yüksel
- Department of Virology, Erasmus MC, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carianne N Langerijs
- Department of Virology, Erasmus MC, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Claude P Muller
- Laboratoire National de Santé/CRP-Santé, WHO Regional Reference Centre for Measles and Rubella, PO Box 1102, L-1011 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
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Nojiri S, Vynnycky E, Gay N. Interpreting changes in measles genotype: the contribution of chance, migration and vaccine coverage. BMC Infect Dis 2008; 8:44. [PMID: 18405360 PMCID: PMC2346460 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-8-44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2007] [Accepted: 04/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In some populations, complete shifts in the genotype of the strain of measles circulating in the population have been observed, with given genotypes being replaced by new genotypes. Studies have postulated that such shifts may be attributable to differences between the fitness of the new and the old genotypes. Methods We developed a stochastic model of the transmission dynamics of measles, simulating the effects of different levels of migration, vaccination coverage and importation of new genotypes on patterns in the persistence and replacement of indigenous genotypes. Results The analyses illustrate that complete replacement in the genotype of the strain circulating in populations may occur because of chance. This occurred in >50% of model simulations, for levels of vaccination coverage and numbers of imported cases per year which are compatible with those observed in several Western European populations (>80% and >3 per million per year respectively) and for the given assumptions in the model. Conclusion The interpretation of genotypic data, which are increasingly being collected in surveillance programmes, needs to take account of the underlying vaccination coverage and the level of the importation rate of measles cases into the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuko Nojiri
- Department of Pharmacoepidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
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Waku-Kouomou D, Alla A, Blanquier B, Jeantet D, Caidi H, Rguig A, Freymuth F, Wild FT. Genotyping measles virus by real-time amplification refractory mutation system PCR represents a rapid approach for measles outbreak investigations. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44:487-94. [PMID: 16455903 PMCID: PMC1392642 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.44.2.487-494.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Real-time PCR has been developed to genotype measles virus (MV) isolates. MV strains circulating in epidemics in Gabon in 1984, Cameroon in 2001, Morocco in 2003, and France in 2004 were investigated. We developed a real-time amplification refractory mutation system PCR (RT-AMRS PCR) using SYBR green fluorescent dye. Six pairs of primers for RT-ARMS PCR were designed to specifically amplify genotypes A, B2, B3.1, B3.2, C2, and D7. Genotypes could be differentiated by melting curve analysis. All strains were also confirmed by direct sequencing. Using the result obtained by direct sequencing and phylogenetic analysis as the reference, the accuracy of MV by RT-ARMS PCR and melting curve analysis was 97%. However, the latter method is more rapid and sensitive than the former method. This method could be a useful tool for molecular epidemiological studies of MV, providing an efficient alternative for large-scale studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Waku-Kouomou
- INSERM U404-Immunity and Vaccination, IFR128, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69365 Lyon Cédex 03, France
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Santibanez S, Niewiesk S, Heider A, Schneider-Schaulies J, Berbers GAM, Zimmermann A, Halenius A, Wolbert A, Deitemeier I, Tischer A, Hengel H. Probing neutralizing-antibody responses against emerging measles viruses (MVs): immune selection of MV by H protein-specific antibodies? J Gen Virol 2005; 86:365-374. [PMID: 15659756 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.80467-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Measles virus (MV) infection and vaccination induce long-lasting immunity and neutralizing-antibody responses that are directed against the MV haemagglutinin (H) and the fusion (F) protein. A new MV genotype, D7, emerged recently in western Germany and rapidly replaced the long-term endemically circulating genotypes C2 and D6. Analysis of the H gene of C2, D6, D7 and vaccine viruses revealed uniform sequences for each genotype. Interestingly, a consistent exchange of seven distinct amino acids in the D7 H was observed when compared with residues shared between C2, D6 and vaccine viruses, and one exchange (D416→N) in the D7 H was associated with an additionalN-linked glycosylation. In contrast, the F gene is highly conserved between MVs of these genotypes. To test whether the D7 H protein escapes from antibody responses that were raised against earlier circulating or vaccine viruses, the neutralizing capacity of mAbs recognizing seven distinct domains on the H of an Edmonston-related MV was compared. The mAbs revealed a selective and complete loss of two neutralizing epitopes on the D7 H when compared with C2, D6 and vaccine viruses. To assess whether these alterations of the D7 H affect the neutralizing capacity of polyclonal B-cell responses, genotype-specific antisera were produced in cotton rats. However, no significant genotype-dependent difference was found. Likewise, human sera obtained from vaccinees (n=7) and convalescents (n=6) did not distinguish between the MV genotypes. Although the hypothesis of selection of D7 viruses by pre-existing neutralizing antibodies is compatible with the differing pattern of neutralizing epitopes on the H protein, it was not confirmed by the results of MV neutralization with polyclonal sera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Santibanez
- WHO Measles/Rubella European RRL and NRC Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Robert Koch-Institut, Nordufer 20, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Niewiesk
- Institut für Virologie und Immunbiologie, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alla Heider
- WHO Measles/Rubella European RRL and NRC Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Robert Koch-Institut, Nordufer 20, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Guy A M Berbers
- Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Zimmermann
- WHO Measles/Rubella European RRL and NRC Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Robert Koch-Institut, Nordufer 20, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne Halenius
- WHO Measles/Rubella European RRL and NRC Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Robert Koch-Institut, Nordufer 20, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne Wolbert
- WHO Measles/Rubella European RRL and NRC Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Robert Koch-Institut, Nordufer 20, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ingrid Deitemeier
- WHO Measles/Rubella European RRL and NRC Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Robert Koch-Institut, Nordufer 20, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Annedore Tischer
- WHO Measles/Rubella European RRL and NRC Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Robert Koch-Institut, Nordufer 20, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hartmut Hengel
- WHO Measles/Rubella European RRL and NRC Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Robert Koch-Institut, Nordufer 20, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
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Mosquera MM, Ory FD, Echevarría JE. Measles virus genotype circulation in Spain after implementation of the national measles elimination plan 2001-2003. J Med Virol 2004; 75:137-46. [PMID: 15543577 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Molecular characterization of measles virus is important for disease surveillance and for monitoring elimination of the virus throughout the world. Furthermore, knowledge of genotype distribution in as many countries as possible, is useful for tracing the origin of a strain, especially in countries without endemic measles disease, where most cases are imported. Data on genotypes circulating in Spain from 1970 to 1997 showed the prevalence of genotypes C1, C2, and D6, with subsequent replacement of each other. After the establishment of the Spanish Measles Elimination Plan, genotyping with a new retrotranscriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was undertaken directly on 92 specimens, corresponding to 90 patients, which were positive for measles by a different diagnostic RT-PCR. Genotypes B3, D4, D8, A, C2, H1, and D7 were found in different autonomous communities (Madrid, Balearic Islands, Valencia Community, Extremadura, Andalusia, Canary Islands and Murcia) between 2001 and 2003 with none of these genotypes being prevalent. After the introduction of the vaccine in 1978, the incidence of the disease decreased from 150,000 cases in 1977 to 64 in 2002. This could be the reason for the change observed in the pattern of measles genotype circulation, since this pattern was reported in countries at an advanced stage of eradication of measles. This report considers that Spain is on the way to eradicating measles.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Mar Mosquera
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera de Majadahonda-Pozuelo s/n, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
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Devaux P, Christiansen D, Plumet S, Gerlier D. Cell surface activation of the alternative complement pathway by the fusion protein of measles virus. J Gen Virol 2004; 85:1665-1673. [PMID: 15166451 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.79880-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles virus (MV)-infected cells are activators of the alternative human complement pathway, resulting in high deposition of C3b on the cell surface. Activation was observed independent of whether CD46 was used as a cellular receptor and did not correlate with CD46 down-regulation. The virus itself was an activator of the alternative pathway and was covered by C3b/C3bi, resulting in some loss in infectivity without loss of virus binding to target cells. The cell surface expression of MV fusion (F), but not haemagglutinin, envelope protein resulted in complement activation of the Factor B-dependent alternative pathway in a dose-dependent manner and F-C3b complexes were formed. The underlying activation mechanism was not related to any decrease in cell surface expression of the complement regulators CD46 and CD55. The C3b/C3bi coating of MV-infected cells and virus should ensure enhanced targeting of MV antigens to the immune system, through binding to complement receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Devaux
- Immunité & Infections Virales, CNRS-UCBL UMR 5537, IFR 62 Laennec, Rue Paradin, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Dale Christiansen
- Immunité & Infections Virales, CNRS-UCBL UMR 5537, IFR 62 Laennec, Rue Paradin, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Sébastien Plumet
- Immunité & Infections Virales, CNRS-UCBL UMR 5537, IFR 62 Laennec, Rue Paradin, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Denis Gerlier
- Immunité & Infections Virales, CNRS-UCBL UMR 5537, IFR 62 Laennec, Rue Paradin, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
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Abstract
Co-evolving mechanisms of immune clearance and of immune suppression are among the hallmarks of measles. B cells are major targets cells of measles virus (MV) infection. Virus interactions with B cells result both in immune suppression and a vigorous antibody response. Although antibodies fully protect against (re)infection, their importance during the disease and in the presence of a potent cellular response is less well understood. Specific serum IgM appears with onset of rash and confirms clinical diagnosis. After isotype switching, IgG1 develops and confers life-long protection. The most abundant antibodies are specific for the nucleoprotein, but neutralizing and protective antibodies are solely directed against the two surface glycoproteins, the hemagglutinin and the fusion protein. Major neutralizing epitopes have been mapped mainly on the hemagglutinin protein with monoclonal antibodies, producing an increasingly comprehensive map of functional domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne B Bouche
- Department of Immunology and WHO Collaborating Center for Measles, Laboratoire National de Santé, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
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Kouomou DW, Nerrienet E, Mfoupouendoun J, Tene G, Whittle H, Wild TF. Measles virus strains circulating in Central and West Africa: Geographical distribution of two B3 genotypes. J Med Virol 2002; 68:433-40. [PMID: 12226833 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.10222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Africa remains one of the major reservoirs of measles infection. Molecular epidemiological studies have permitted different measles virus isolates to be grouped into clades and genotypes; the major group, which has been identified as indigenous to Africa, is clade B. The viruses from epidemics in the Gambia (1993) and in the Cameroon (2001) were examined. In both studies, the homogeneity of the virus isolates within the epidemic as shown by sequence analysis revealed less than 0.2% variation of nucleotides between isolates. The measles viruses isolated in 1983 in Yaoundé, Cameroon, were designated as the B1 genotype. However, in 2001 only viruses belonging to the B3 genotype were found in this city. The viruses in the Gambia (1993) were also of the B3 genotype. However, these viruses could be distinguished from each other at the antigenic level and by comparative sequence analysis. The B3 Cameroon (2001) viruses were related to the proposed B3.1 subgroup, whereas the Gambian (1993) isolates corresponded to the B3.2 subgroup. The geographical distribution for the period 1993-2001 of these two viruses shows that B3.1 is found from the Sudan to Nigeria and Ghana extending south to the Cameroon, whereas the B3.2 genotype is found in West Africa. In Nigeria and Ghana, the viruses co-circulate. The identification of these viruses will permit more meaningful epidemiological studies after the proposed increase in measles vaccination coverage.
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Ning X, Ayata M, Kimura M, Komase K, Furukawa K, Seto T, Ito N, Shingai M, Matsunaga I, Yamano T, Ogura H. Alterations and diversity in the cytoplasmic tail of the fusion protein of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis virus strains isolated in Osaka, Japan. Virus Res 2002; 86:123-31. [PMID: 12076836 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1702(02)00042-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We determined the nucleotide sequence of the fusion (F) gene of three strains (Osaka-1, -2, and -3) of nonproductive variants of measles virus (MV). These viral strains were isolated in Osaka, Japan, from brain tissues of patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE). Phylogenetic analysis revealed a close relationship among the three strains of SSPE virus. The cytoplasmic tail of the F protein, predicted from sequence analysis of the gene, is altered in all three SSPE strains when compared to the MV field strains. However, the extent and mode of alteration are different in each strain. The F protein of the Osaka-1 strain has six nonconservative amino acid substitutions and a 29-residue elongation of its cytoplasmic tail. The F protein of the Osaka-3 strain has two nonconservative substitutions and a 5-residue truncation of its C-terminus. Although the termination codon is not altered in the F protein of the Osaka-2 strain, five or six amino acids are changed in the cytoplasmic tail of the F protein of the two sibling viruses of this strain. The significance of the altered cytoplasmic domain of the SSPE viruses in the SSPE pathogenesis is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Ning
- Department of Virology, Osaka City University Medical School, Asahimachi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, Japan
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Woelk CH, Pybus OG, Jin L, Brown DWG, Holmes EC. Increased positive selection pressure in persistent (SSPE) versus acute measles virus infections. J Gen Virol 2002; 83:1419-1430. [PMID: 12029157 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-83-6-1419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared the extent of positive selection acting on acute and persistent strains of measles virus (MV). Far stronger positive selection was found in the fusion (F) and haemagglutinin (H) genes from subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) compared to acute MV cases. Most of the positively selected sites identified in these surface glycoprotein genes from SSPE cases correspond to structural, functional or antigenic areas, and could not be explained by the effects of cell passaging. The correlations between selected sites and functional studies of MV are discussed in detail with reference to the maintenance of persistent infection. No positive selection was found in the matrix (M) gene from acute cases of MV and the effects of including hypermutated SSPE M gene sequences in phylogenetic inference were also explored. Finally, using H gene data, we estimated the rate of molecular evolution for SSPE strains as 3.4 x 10(-4) substitutions/site/year, which is similar to previous estimates obtained for acute strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher H Woelk
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK1
| | - Oliver G Pybus
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK1
| | - Li Jin
- Enteric, Respiratory and Neurological Virus Laboratory, Central Public Health Laboratory, London NW9 5HT, UK2
| | - David W G Brown
- Enteric, Respiratory and Neurological Virus Laboratory, Central Public Health Laboratory, London NW9 5HT, UK2
| | - Edward C Holmes
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK1
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Christiansen D, De Sousa ER, Loveland B, Kyriakou P, Lanteri M, Wild FT, Gerlier D. A CD46CD[55-46] chimeric receptor, eight short consensus repeats long, acts as an inhibitor of both CD46 (MCP)- and CD150 (SLAM)-mediated cell-cell fusion induced by CD46-using measles virus. J Gen Virol 2002; 83:1147-1155. [PMID: 11961270 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-83-5-1147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
According to their cellular receptor use, measles virus (MV) strains can be separated into two phenotypes, CD46-using and CD46-non-using. A long chimeric receptor, CD46CD[55-46], was generated from the CD46 backbone, encompassing the four short consensus repeat (SCR) domains of CD46 linked via a flexible glycine hinge to SCR1 and SCR2 of CD55, SCR3 and SCR4 of CD46 and the STP, transmembrane and cytoplasmic tail of CD46. This chimeric receptor was proficient for MV binding but deficient in mediating MV-induced cell-to-cell fusion and virus replication, possibly due to the extended distance between the MV haemagglutinin (H) binding site (CD46 SCR1-SCR2) and the cell membrane. When coexpressed with either wild-type CD46 or CD150, this fusion-incompetent receptor exerted a dominant negative effect and inhibited both cell-to-cell fusion and entry of MV with CD46-using, but not CD46-non-using, phenotype. A soluble octameric CD46-C4bpalpha exhibited similar CD46- and CD150-mediated fusion inhibition properties only against CD46-using MV. This suggests that the long CD46CD[55-46] receptor acts by sequestering incoming MV prior to its binding to the shorter functional CD46 or CD150 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale Christiansen
- Immunité et Infections Virales, VPV, CNRS-UCBL UMR 5537, Faculté de Médecine Lyon-RTH Laennec, Rue Guillaume Paradin, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France1
| | - Emmanuel R De Sousa
- Immunité et Infections Virales, VPV, CNRS-UCBL UMR 5537, Faculté de Médecine Lyon-RTH Laennec, Rue Guillaume Paradin, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France1
| | - Bruce Loveland
- The Austin Research Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia2
| | - Peter Kyriakou
- The Austin Research Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia2
| | - Marc Lanteri
- The Austin Research Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia2
| | | | - Denis Gerlier
- Immunité et Infections Virales, VPV, CNRS-UCBL UMR 5537, Faculté de Médecine Lyon-RTH Laennec, Rue Guillaume Paradin, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France1
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Itoh M, Okuno Y, Hotta H. Comparative analysis of titers of antibody against measles virus in sera of vaccinated and naturally infected Japanese individuals of different age groups. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40:1733-8. [PMID: 11980952 PMCID: PMC130661 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.40.5.1733-1738.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-measles virus (MV) antibody titers in the sera of vaccinees and naturally infected individuals of different age groups were measured to help assess the efficacy of the current MV vaccination in Japan. Neutralizing (NT) antibody titers induced by vaccination were 2(3.2) times lower than those induced by natural infection and declined significantly by age 20. The once-decreased NT antibody titers of the vaccinees increased 2(3.6) times during their twenties to titers comparable to those of naturally infected individuals of the same age, implying the possible occurrence of natural infection in vaccinees with decreased anti-MV immunity. Although the current field strains in Japan, types D3 and D5, were reported to differ antigenically from each other and from vaccine strains (type A) to some extent, as demonstrated by different reactivities to monoclonal antibodies, the sera of vaccinees neutralized the two types of field strains and the vaccine strain with the same efficiency. This result suggests that the current vaccine strain would be suitable to elicit protection against types D3 and D5, as long as viral antigenicity is concerned. However, when compared at given hemagglutination inhibition titers, NT antibody titers of vaccinees were 2(1.1) to 2(3.2) times lower than those of naturally infected individuals, suggesting a qualitative difference(s) of anti-MV antibodies between the two groups. It should be emphasized that protective immunity induced by the one-dose vaccination currently implemented in Japan may not be strong enough to ensure lifelong immunity. A two-dose vaccination program with higher vaccination coverage needs to be considered in order to effectively control measles in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masae Itoh
- Division of Virology, Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, Japan 537-0025
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Johnston IC, ter Meulen V, Schneider-Schaulies J, Schneider-Schaulies S. A recombinant measles vaccine virus expressing wild-type glycoproteins: consequences for viral spread and cell tropism. J Virol 1999; 73:6903-15. [PMID: 10400788 PMCID: PMC112775 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.73.8.6903-6915.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild-type, lymphotropic strains of measles virus (MV) and tissue culture-adapted MV vaccine strains possess different cell tropisms. This observation has led to attempts to identify the viral receptors and to characterize the functions of the MV glycoproteins. We have functionally analyzed the interactions of MV hemagglutinin (H) and fusion (F) proteins of vaccine (Edmonston) and wild-type (WTF) strains in different combinations in transfected cells. Cell-cell fusion occurs when both Edmonston F and H proteins are expressed in HeLa or Vero cells. The expression of WTF glycoproteins in HeLa cells did not result in syncytia, yet they fused efficiently with cells of lymphocytic origin. To further investigate the role of the MV glycoproteins in virus cell entry and also the role of other viral proteins in cell tropism, we generated recombinant vaccine MVs containing one or both glycoproteins from WTF. These viruses were viable and grew similarly in lymphocytic cells. Recombinant viruses expressing the WTFH protein showed a restricted spread in HeLa cells but spread efficiently in Vero cells. Parental WTF remained restricted in both cell types. Therefore, not only differential receptor usage but also other cell-specific factors are important in determining MV cell tropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- I C Johnston
- Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
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