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Yee JL, Vanderford TH, Didier ES, Gray S, Lewis A, Roberts J, Taylor K, Bohm RP. Specific pathogen free macaque colonies: a review of principles and recent advances for viral testing and colony management. J Med Primatol 2016; 45:55-78. [PMID: 26932456 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Specific pathogen free (SPF) macaques provide valuable animal models for biomedical research. In 1989, the National Center for Research Resources [now Office of Research Infrastructure Programs (ORIP)] of the National Institutes of Health initiated experimental research contracts to establish and maintain SPF colonies. The derivation and maintenance of SPF macaque colonies is a complex undertaking requiring knowledge of the biology of the agents for exclusion and normal physiology and behavior of macaques, application of the latest diagnostic technology, facilitiy management, and animal husbandry. This review provides information on the biology of the four viral agents targeted for exclusion in ORIP SPF macaque colonies, describes current state-of-the-art viral diagnostic algorithms, presents data from proficiency testing of diagnostic assays between laboratories at institutions participating in the ORIP SPF program, and outlines management strategies for maintaining the integrity of SPF colonies using results of diagnostic testing as a guide to decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- JoAnn L Yee
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth S Didier
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Stanton Gray
- Michael E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX, USA
| | - Anne Lewis
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Jeffrey Roberts
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kerry Taylor
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Rudolf P Bohm
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA, USA
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Mitchell JL, Hood S, Mee ET, Wigglesworth E, Sethi M, Auda G, Almond NM, Rose NJ. Simian T-cell lymphotropic virus type I alters the proviral load and biodistribution of simian retrovirus type 2 in co-infected macaques, supporting advancement of immunosuppressive pathology. J Gen Virol 2013. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.046078-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The infection dynamics and pathology of a retrovirus may be altered by one or more additional viruses. To investigate this further, this study characterized proviral load, biodistribution and the immune response in Macaca fascicularis naturally infected with combinations of simian retrovirus type 2 (SRV-2) and simian T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (STLV-I). As the mesenteric lymph node (MLN) and the spleen have been implicated previously in response to retroviral infection, the morphology and immunopathology of these tissues were assessed. The data revealed a significant change in SRV-2 biodistribution in macaques infected with STLV-I. Pathological changes were greater in the MLN and spleen of STLV-I-infected and co-infected macaques compared with the other groups. Immune-cell populations in co-infected macaque spleens were increased and there was an atypical distribution of B-cells. These findings suggest that the infection dynamics of each virus in a co-infected individual may be affected to a different extent and that STLV-I appears to be responsible for enhancing the biodistribution and associated pathological changes in SRV-2 in macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane L. Mitchell
- Divisions of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, A Centre of the Health Protection Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Simon Hood
- Divisions of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, A Centre of the Health Protection Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Edward T. Mee
- Divisions of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, A Centre of the Health Protection Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Erin Wigglesworth
- Divisions of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, A Centre of the Health Protection Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Meera Sethi
- Divisions of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, A Centre of the Health Protection Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Ghazi Auda
- Divisions of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, A Centre of the Health Protection Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Neil M. Almond
- Divisions of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, A Centre of the Health Protection Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Nicola J. Rose
- Divisions of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, A Centre of the Health Protection Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK
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Zhu L, Han JB, Zhang XH, Ma JP, Lv LB, Zhang GH, Zheng YT. [Epidemiological survey of a captive Chinese rhesus macaque breeding colony in Yunnan for SRV, STLV and BV]. DONG WU XUE YAN JIU = ZOOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2012; 33:49-54. [PMID: 22345008 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1141.2012.01049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Nonhuman primates are critical resources for biomedical research. Rhesus macaque is a popularly used laboratory nonhuman primate that share many characteristics with humans. However, rhesus macaques are the natural host of two exogenous retroviruses, SRV (simian type D retrovirus) and STLV (simian T lymphotropic virus). SRV and STLV may introduce potentially significant confounding factors into the study of AIDS model. Moreover, B virus (ceropithecine herpesvirus 1) is likely to harm not only rhesus macaque but also humans in experiments involving rhesus macaque. Yunnan province has large-scale breeding colonies of Chinese rhesus macaque. Therefore there is an urgent need for SPF Chinese rhesus macaque colonies. Here we investigated SRV, STLV and BV infections in 411 Chinese rhesus macaque by PCR technique. The results showed that the prevalence of SRV, STLV and BV among Chinese rhesus macaque breeding colony was 19.71% (81/411), 13.38% (55/411) and 23.11% (95/411), respectively. Comparison of viruses infection in different age-groups and male/female of Chinese rhesus macaque was also analyzed. This study will contribute to establishment of SPF Chinese rhesus macaque breeding colony.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
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Abstract
This review is an updated summary of nearly 30 years of SRV history and provides new and critical findings of original research accomplished in the last 5 years including, but not limited to, the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying the origin of hematopoietic abnormalities observed in infected hosts and proposed new SRV serotypes. Despite major advances in the understanding and control of SRV disease, much more remains to be learned and SRV continues to be an exciting and attractive primate model for comparative studies of the mechanisms of retroviral immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Montiel
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8542, USA.
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Mitchell JL, Murrell CK, Auda G, Almond N, Rose NJ. Early immunopathology events in simian retrovirus, type 2 infections prior to the onset of disease. Virology 2011; 413:161-8. [PMID: 21349567 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2011.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Revised: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Immunopathology during early simian retrovirus type 2 (SRV-2) infection is poorly characterized. Here, viral dynamics, immune response and disease progression in transiently- or persistently-infected cynomolgus macaques are assessed. Viral nucleic acids were detected in selected lymphoid tissues of both persistently- and transiently-infected macaques, even after viral clearance from the periphery. Immunohistochemical staining of lymphoid tissues revealed alterations in a number of immune cell populations in both transiently- and persistently-infected macaques. The precise pattern depended upon the infection status of the macaque and the marker studied. Gross immunopathological changes in lymphoid tissues were similar between SRV infection and those observed for other simian retroviruses SIV and STLV, suggesting a common immunopathological response to infection with these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane L Mitchell
- Division of Retrovirology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, A Centre of the Health Protection Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK.
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Fujiomto K, Takano JI, Narita T, Hanari K, Shimozawa N, Sankai T, Yosida T, Terao K, Kurata T, Yasutomi Y. Simian betaretrovirus infection in a colony of cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Comp Med 2010; 60:51-53. [PMID: 20158949 PMCID: PMC2826085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Revised: 09/05/2009] [Accepted: 10/11/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Of the 419 laboratory-bred cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) in a breeding colony at our institution, 397 (95%) exhibited antibodies or viral RNA (or both) specific for simian betaretrovirus (SRV) in plasma. Pregnant monkeys (n= 95) and their offspring were tested to evaluate maternal-infant infection with SRV. At parturition, the first group of pregnant monkeys (n = 76) was antibody-positive but RNA-negative, the second group (n = 14 monkeys) was positive for both antibody and RNA, and the last group (n = 5) was antibody-negative but RNA-positive. None of the offspring delivered from the 76 antibody-positive/RNA-negative mothers exhibited viremia at birth. Eight of the offspring (including two newborns delivered by caesarian section) from the 14 dually positive mothers exhibited SRV viremia, whereas the remaining 6 newborns from this group were not viremic. All of the offspring (including 2 newborns delivered by caesarian section) of the 5 antibody-negative/RNA-positive mothers exhibited viremia at birth. One neonatal monkey delivered by CS and two naturally delivered monkeys that were viremic at birth remained viremic at 1 to 6 mo of age and lacked SRV antibodies at weaning. Family analysis of 2 viremic mothers revealed that all 7 of their offspring exhibited SRV viremia, 6 of which were also antibody-negative. The present study demonstrates the occurrence of transplacental infection of SRV in viremic dams and infection of SRV in utero to induce immune tolerance in infant monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Fujiomto
- National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Tsukuba, Japan.
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Mee ET, Murrell CK, Watkins J, Almond N, Cutler K, Rose NJ. Low rates of transmission of SRV-2 and STLV-I to juveniles in a population of Macaca fascicularis facilitate establishment of specific retrovirus-free colonies. J Med Primatol 2009; 38:160-70. [PMID: 19320800 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2008.00335.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prevalence of simian retrovirus-2 (SRV-2) and simian T lymphotropic virus type I (STLV-I), was unknown in 337 captive cynomolgus macaques. METHODS AND RESULTS Molecular assays identified 29% of animals as SRV-2 mono-infected, 4% of animals as STLV-I mono-infected and 9% of animals as dual-infected. Of 108 juvenile animals, 83% were SRV-2-negative and no juvenile animal was STLV-I-positive. A subsequent study of juvenile macaques over a period of 2.5 years detected no STLV-I and 10 SRV-2 infections, six of which occurred between testing and day of colony formation. The study also highlighted that an anti-SRV-2 serological response does not presuppose infection. Tissue reservoirs of latent SRV-2 were not identified in suspected SRV-2 infections. CONCLUSIONS Low transmissibility of the viruses present in the parental cohort and improved knowledge of the host response to SRV-2 has facilitated the creation of specific-retrovirus-free colonies of cynomolgus macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- E T Mee
- Division of Retrovirology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, UK
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Mee ET, Murrell CK, Sauermann U, Wilkinson RC, Cutler K, North D, Heath A, Ladhani K, Almond N, Rose NJ. TheMhcclass IIDRBgenotype ofMacaca fascicularisdoes not influence infection by simian retrovirus type 2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 72:369-78. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2008.01114.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Philipp-Staheli J, Marquardt T, Thouless ME, Bruce AG, Grant RF, Tsai CC, Rose TM. Genetic variability of the envelope gene of Type D simian retrovirus-2 (SRV-2) subtypes associated with SAIDS-related retroperitoneal fibromatosis in different macaque species. Virol J 2006; 3:11. [PMID: 16515713 PMCID: PMC1450265 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-3-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2005] [Accepted: 03/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background D-type simian retrovirus-2 (SRV-2) causes an AIDS-like immune deficiency syndrome (SAIDS) in various macaque species. SAIDS is often accompanied by retroperitoneal fibromatosis (RF), an aggressive fibroproliferative disorder reminiscent of Kaposi's sarcoma in patients with HIV-induced AIDS. In order to determine the association of SRV-2 subtypes with SAIDS-RF, and study the evolution and transmission of SRV-2 in captive macaque populations, we have molecularly characterized the env gene of a number of SRV-2 isolates from different macaque species with and without RF. Results We sequenced the env gene from eighteen SRV-2 isolates and performed sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analyses. Our studies revealed the presence of six distinct subtypes of SRV-2, three of which were associated with SAIDS-RF cases. We found no association between SRV-2 subtypes and a particular macaque species. Little sequence variation was detected in SRV-2 isolates from the same individual, even after many years of infection, or from macaques housed together or related by descent from a common infected parent. Seventy-two amino acid changes were identified, most occurring in the larger gp70 surface protein subunit. In contrast to the lentiviruses, none of the amino acid variations involved potential N-linked glycosylation sites. Structural analysis of a domain within the gp22/gp20 transmembrane subunit that was 100% conserved between SRV-2 subtypes, revealed strong similarities to a disulfide-bonded loop that is crucial for virus-cell fusion and is found in retroviruses and filoviruses. Conclusion Our study suggests that separate introductions of at least six parental SRV-2 subtypes into the captive macaque populations in the U.S. have occurred with subsequent horizontal transfer between macaque species and primate centers. No specific association of a single SRV-2 subtype with SAIDS-RF was seen. The minimal genetic variability of the env gene within a subtype over time suggests that a strong degree of adaptation to its primate host has occurred during evolution of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannette Philipp-Staheli
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Taya Marquardt
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Margaret E Thouless
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Richard F Grant
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Che-Chung Tsai
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Timothy M Rose
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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