1
|
Yuan Y, Fang A, Wang Z, Chen H, Fu ZF, Zhou M, Zhao L. The matrix protein of lyssavirus hijacks autophagosome for efficient egress by recruiting NEDD4 through its PPxY motif. Autophagy 2024:1-18. [PMID: 38566321 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2024.2338575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Lyssaviruses are well-known worldwide and often cause fatal encephalitis. Previous studies have shown that autophagy is beneficial for the replication of rabies virus (RABV), the representative lyssavirus, but the detailed mechanism remains obscure. In this study, we showed that the rabies virus matrix protein (RABV-M) used its PPxY motif to interact with the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase NEDD4. NEDD4 then recruited MAP1LC3/LC3 via its LC3-interacting region (LIR). Interestingly, after binding to the ubiquitinated RABV-M, NEDD4 could bind more LC3 and enhance autophagosome accumulation, while NEDD4 knockdown significantly reduced M-induced autophagosome accumulation. Further study revealed that RABV-M prevented autophagosome-lysosome fusion and facilitated viral budding. Inhibition of RABV-M-induced autophagosome accumulation reduced the production of extracellular virus-like particles. We also found that M proteins of most lyssaviruses share the same mechanism to accumulate autophagosome by hijacking NEDD4. Collectively, this study revealed a novel strategy for lyssaviruses to achieve efficient viral replication by exploiting the host autophagy system.Abbreviations: ABLV: Australian bat lyssavirus; ATG5: autophagy related 5; Baf A1:bafilomycin A1;co-IP: co-immunoprecipitation; CQ: chloroquine; DAPI:4',6-diamidino-2'-phenylindole; DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide; EBLV:European bat lyssavirus; GFP: green fluorescent protein; GST:glutathione S-transferase; hpi: hours post-infection; hpt: hourspost-transfection; LIR: LC3-interactingregion;MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; mCherry:red fluorescent protein; MOI: multiplicity of infection; NC: negativecontrol; MVB: multivesicular body; NEDD4: neural precursorcell-expressed developmentally down-regulated 4; RABV: rabies virus;SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; VLP: virus-like particle; VPS4B: vacuolarprotein sorting 4B; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; WB:western blotting; WT: wild-type; μm: micrometer; μM: micromole.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yueming Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - An Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhihui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen F Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dai J, Feng Y, Liao Y, Tan L, Sun Y, Song C, Qiu X, Ding C. ESCRT machinery and virus infection. Antiviral Res 2024; 221:105786. [PMID: 38147902 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
The endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery plays a significant role in the spread of human viruses. However, our understanding of how the host ESCRT machinery responds to viral infection remains limited. Emerging evidence suggests that the ESCRT machinery can be hijacked by viruses of different families to enhance their replication. Throughout their life cycle, these viruses can interfere with or exploit ESCRT-mediated physiological processes to increase their chances of infecting the host. In contrast, to counteract virus infection, the interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) or the E3 ISG15-protein ligase (HERC5) system within the infected cells is activated to degrade the ESCRT proteins. Many retroviral and RNA viral proteins have evolved "late (L) domain" motifs, which enable them to recruit host ESCRT subunit proteins to facilitate virus transport, replication, budding, mature, and even endocytosis, Therefore, the L domain motifs and ESCRT subunit proteins could serve as promising drug targets for antiviral therapy. This review investigated the composition and essential functions of the ESCRT, shedding light on the impact of ESCRT subunits and viral L domain motifs on the replication of viruses. Furthermore, the antiviral effects facilitated by the ESCRT machinery have been investigated, aiming to provide valuable insights to guide the development and utilization of antiviral drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Dai
- Experimental Animal Center, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563099, China; Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| | - Yiyi Feng
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology and Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China.
| | - Ying Liao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| | - Lei Tan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| | - Yingjie Sun
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| | - Cuiping Song
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| | - Xusheng Qiu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| | - Chan Ding
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pseudotyped Virus for Henipavirus. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1407:175-190. [PMID: 36920697 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-99-0113-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
The genus Henipavirus (HNV) includes two virulent infectious viruses, Nipah virus (NiV) and Hendra virus (HeV), which are the focus of considerable public health research efforts and have been classified as priority infectious diseases by the World Health Organization. Both viruses are high risk and should be handled in biosafety level 4 laboratories. Pseudotyped viruses containing the envelope proteins of HNV viruses have the same envelope protein structure as the authentic viruses; thus, they can mimic the receptor-binding and membrane fusion processes of authentic viruses with host cells and can be handled in biosafety level 2 laboratories. These characteristics enable pseudotyped viruses to be widely used in studies of viral infection mechanisms (packaging, budding, virus attachment, membrane fusion, viral entry, and glycosylation), inhibitory drug screening assays, and monoclonal antibody neutralization characteristics. This review will provide an overview of the progress of research concerning pseudotyped virus packaging systems for NiV and HeV.
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang Y, Zhou Z, Wu X, Li T, Wu J, Cai M, Nie J, Wang W, Cui Z. Pseudotyped Viruses. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1407:1-27. [PMID: 36920689 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-99-0113-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Pseudotyped viruses have been constructed for many viruses. They can mimic the authentic virus and have many advantages compared to authentic viruses. Thus, they have been widely used as a surrogate of authentic virus for viral function analysis, detection of neutralizing antibodies, screening viral entry inhibitors, and others. This chapter reviewed the progress in the field of pseudotyped viruses in general, including the definition and the advantages of pseudotyped viruses, their potential usage, different strategies or vectors used for the construction of pseudotyped viruses, and factors that affect the construction of pseudotyped viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youchun Wang
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China.
| | - Zehua Zhou
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC) and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Wu
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC) and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Li
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC) and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Beijing, China
| | - Jiajing Wu
- Beijing Yunling Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Meina Cai
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC) and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhui Nie
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC) and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Beijing, China
| | - Wenbo Wang
- Division of Monoclonal Antibody Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC) and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Beijing, China
| | - Zhimin Cui
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC) and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu X, Li F, Zhang J, Wang L, Wang J, Wen Z, Wang Z, Shuai L, Wang X, Ge J, Zhao D, Bu Z. The ATPase ATP6V1A facilitates rabies virus replication by promoting virion uncoating and interacting with the viral matrix protein. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100096. [PMID: 33208464 PMCID: PMC7949080 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.014190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies virus (RABV) matrix protein (M) plays crucial roles in viral transcription, replication, assembly, and budding; however, its function during the early stage of virus replication remains unknown. Here, we mapped the protein interactome between RABV M and human host factors using a proteomic approach, finding a link to the V-type proton ATPase catalytic subunit A (ATP6V1A), which is located in the endosomes where RABV first enters. By downregulating or upregulating ATP6V1A expression in HEK293T cells, we found that ATP6V1A facilitated RABV replication. We further found that ATP6V1A was involved in the dissociation of incoming viral M proteins during viral uncoating. Coimmunoprecipitation demonstrated that M interacted with the full length or middle domain of ATP6V1A, which was dependent on the lysine residue at position 256 and the glutamic acid residue at position 279. RABV growth and uncoating in ATP6V1A-depleted cells was restored by trans-complementation with the full length or interaction domain of ATP6V1A. Moreover, stably overexpressed ATP6V1A enhanced RABV growth in Vero cells, which are used for the production of rabies vaccine. Our findings identify a new partner for RABV M proteins and establish a new role of ATP6V1A by promoting virion uncoating during RABV replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Lulu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinliang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyuan Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Zilong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Shuai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xijun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinying Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongming Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China; National High Containment Laboratory for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhigao Bu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China; National High Containment Laboratory for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ray A, Sharma S, Sadasivam B. The Potential Therapeutic Role of Proton Pump Inhibitors in COVID-19: Hypotheses Based on Existing Evidences. Drug Res (Stuttg) 2020; 70:484-488. [PMID: 32877948 PMCID: PMC7672704 DOI: 10.1055/a-1236-3041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Although the major therapeutic uses of the proton pump inhibitors are in gastric-acid related diseases, evidences are suggestive of a pleiotropic nature of the compounds. We comment on the probable pathways and cellular machineries via which proton pump inhibitors could show beneficial therapeutic effects against SARS-CoV-2 based on the existing evidences. Proton pump inhibitors have shown antiviral potencies in various in vivo and in vitro studies. Some of the major possible ways through which they can act against SARS-CoV-2 are by exerting anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects, via vacuolar ATPase pumps leading to raised endolysosomal pH and by targeting endosomal complexes. The current pandemic has put forward a challenge to find treatment options. Although the potential roles of proton pump inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 have been discussed in recent publications, the clinical evidences for their real-world effectiveness do not point towards a beneficial effect clearly yet. We suggest that although proton pump inhibitors should strongly be considered as potential therapeutic options for COVID-19, larger studies in the form of randomized controlled trials would be required to arrive at a definite conclusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Avik Ray
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Bhopal, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Swati Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Bhopal, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Balakrishnan Sadasivam
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Bhopal, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Watanabe SM, Ehrlich LS, Strickland M, Li X, Soloveva V, Goff AJ, Stauft CB, Bhaduri-McIntosh S, Tjandra N, Carter C. Selective Targeting of Virus Replication by Proton Pump Inhibitors. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4003. [PMID: 32132561 PMCID: PMC7055211 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60544-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Two proton pump inhibitors, tenatoprazole and esomeprazole, were previously shown to inhibit HIV-1 egress by blocking the interaction between Tsg101, a member of the ESCRT-I complex, and ubiquitin. Here, we deepen our understanding of prazole budding inhibition by studying a range of viruses in the presence of tenatoprazole. Furthermore, we investigate the relationship between the chemistry of prodrug activation and HIV-1 inhibition for diverse prazoles currently on the market. We report that tenatoprazole is capable of inhibiting the replication of members of the enveloped filo, alpha, and herpes virus families but not the flavivirus group and not the non-enveloped poliovirus. Another key finding is that prazole prodrugs must be activated inside the cell, while their rate of activation in vitro correlated to their efficacy in cells. Our study lays the groundwork for future efforts to repurpose prazole-based compounds as antivirals that are both broad-spectrum and selective in nature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Watanabe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5222, USA
| | - Lorna S Ehrlich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5222, USA
| | - Madeleine Strickland
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Xiaofan Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases and Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Veronica Soloveva
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, 21702-5011, USA
| | - Arthur J Goff
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, 21702-5011, USA
| | - Charles B Stauft
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5222, USA
| | - Sumita Bhaduri-McIntosh
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases and Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Nico Tjandra
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Carol Carter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5222, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
The WW domain is a modular protein structure that recognizes the proline-rich Pro-Pro-x-Tyr (PPxY) motif contained in specific target proteins. The compact modular nature of the WW domain makes it ideal for mediating interactions between proteins in complex networks and signaling pathways of the cell (e.g. the Hippo pathway). As a result, WW domains play key roles in a plethora of both normal and disease processes. Intriguingly, RNA and DNA viruses have evolved strategies to hijack cellular WW domain-containing proteins and thereby exploit the modular functions of these host proteins for various steps of the virus life cycle, including entry, replication, and egress. In this review, we summarize key findings in this rapidly expanding field, in which new virus-host interactions continue to be identified. Further unraveling of the molecular aspects of these crucial virus-host interactions will continue to enhance our fundamental understanding of the biology and pathogenesis of these viruses. We anticipate that additional insights into these interactions will help support strategies to develop a new class of small-molecule inhibitors of viral PPxY-host WW-domain interactions that could be used as antiviral therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Shepley-McTaggart
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Hao Fan
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 30 Biopolis Street, Matrix #07-01, Singapore 138671.,Department of Biological Sciences (DBS), National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077.,Center for Computational Biology, DUKE-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857
| | - Marius Sudol
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077.,Laboratory of Cancer Signaling and Domainopathies, Yong Loo Li School of Medicine, Block MD9, 2 Medical Drive #04-01, Singapore 117597.,Mechanobiology Institute, T-Lab, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411.,Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
| | - Ronald N Harty
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Økland AL, Nylund A, Øvergård AC, Skoge RH, Kongshaug H. Genomic characterization, phylogenetic position and in situ localization of a novel putative mononegavirus in Lepeophtheirus salmonis. Arch Virol 2019; 164:675-689. [PMID: 30535526 PMCID: PMC6394706 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-04119-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The complete genome sequence of a novel mononegavirus, Lepeophtheirus salmonis negative-stranded RNA virus 1 (LsNSRV-1), obtained from a salmonid ectoparasite, Lepeophtheirus salmonis was determined. The viral genome contains five open reading frames encoding three unknown proteins (ORF I, II and III), a putative glycoprotein (G), and a large (L) protein. Phylogenetic analysis placed LsNSRV-1 in the recently established mononegaviral family Artoviridae. LsNSRV-1 showed a prevalence of around 97% and was detected in all L. salmonis developmental stages. Viral genomic and antigenomic RNA was localized to nerve tissue, connective tissue, epithelial cells of the gut, subepidermal tissue, exocrine and cement glands, as well as the testis, vas deferens and spermatophore sac of male L. salmonis and the ovaries and oocytes of females. Viral RNA was detected in both the cytoplasm and the nucleoli of infected cells, and putative nuclear export and localization signals were found within the ORF I, III and L proteins, suggesting nuclear replication of LsNSRV-1. RNA interference (RNAi) was induced twice during development by the introduction of a double-stranded RNA fragment of ORF I, resulting in a transient knockdown of viral RNA. A large variation in the knockdown level was seen in adult males and off springs of knockdown animals, whereas the RNA level was more stable in adult females. Together with the localization of viral RNA within the male spermatophore and female oocytes and the amplification of viral RNA in developing embryos, this suggests that LsNSRV-1 is transmitted both maternally and paternally. Small amounts of viral RNA were detected at the site where chalimi were attached to the skin of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). However, as the RNAi-mediated treatment did not result in LsNSRV-1-negative offspring and the virus failed to replicate in the tested fish cell cultures, it is difficult to investigate the influence of secreted LsNSRV-1 on the salmon immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arnfinn Lodden Økland
- Fish Disease Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgt. 55, Pb. 7803, 5020, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Are Nylund
- Fish Disease Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgt. 55, Pb. 7803, 5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Aina-Cathrine Øvergård
- Sea Lice Research Centre, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgt. 55, Pb. 7803, 5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Renate Hvidsten Skoge
- Fish Disease Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgt. 55, Pb. 7803, 5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Heidi Kongshaug
- Sea Lice Research Centre, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgt. 55, Pb. 7803, 5020, Bergen, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Status of antiviral therapeutics against rabies virus and related emerging lyssaviruses. Curr Opin Virol 2019; 35:1-13. [PMID: 30753961 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Rabies virus (RABV) constitutes a major social and economic burden associated with 60 000 deaths annually worldwide. Although pre-exposure and post-exposure treatment options are available, they are efficacious only when initiated before the onset of clinical symptoms. Aggravating the problem, the current RABV vaccine does not cross-protect against the emerging zoonotic phylogroup II lyssaviruses. A requirement for an uninterrupted cold chain and high cost of the immunoglobulin component of rabies prophylaxis generate an unmet need for the development of RABV-specific antivirals. We discuss desirable anti-RABV drug profiles, past efforts to address the problem and inhibitor candidates identified, and examine how the rapidly expanding structural insight into RABV protein organization has illuminated novel druggable target candidates and paved the way to structure-aided drug optimization. Special emphasis is given to the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase complex as a promising target for direct-acting broad-spectrum RABV inhibitors.
Collapse
|
11
|
Cytoplasmic Motifs in the Nipah Virus Fusion Protein Modulate Virus Particle Assembly and Egress. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.02150-16. [PMID: 28250132 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02150-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV), a paramyxovirus in the genus Henipavirus, has a mortality rate in humans of approximately 75%. While several studies have begun our understanding of NiV particle formation, the mechanism of this process remains to be fully elucidated. For many paramyxoviruses, M proteins drive viral assembly and egress; however, some paramyxoviral glycoproteins have been reported as important or essential in budding. For NiV the matrix protein (M), the fusion glycoprotein (F) and, to a much lesser extent, the attachment glycoprotein (G) autonomously induce the formation of virus-like particles (VLPs). However, functional interactions between these proteins during assembly and egress remain to be fully understood. Moreover, if the F-driven formation of VLPs occurs through interactions with host cell machinery, the cytoplasmic tail (CT) of F is a likely interactive domain. Therefore, we analyzed NiV F CT deletion and alanine mutants and report that several but not all regions of the F CT are necessary for efficient VLP formation. Two of these regions contain YXXØ or dityrosine motifs previously shown to interact with cellular machinery involved in F endocytosis and transport. Importantly, our results showed that F-driven, M-driven, and M/F-driven viral particle formation enhanced the recruitment of G into VLPs. By identifying key motifs, specific residues, and functional viral protein interactions important for VLP formation, we improve our understanding of the viral assembly/egress process and point to potential interactions with host cell machinery.IMPORTANCE Henipaviruses can cause deadly infections of medical, veterinary, and agricultural importance. With recent discoveries of new henipa-like viruses, understanding the mechanisms by which these viruses reproduce is paramount. We have focused this study on identifying the functional interactions of three Nipah virus proteins during viral assembly and particularly on the role of one of these proteins, the fusion glycoprotein, in the incorporation of other viral proteins into viral particles. By identifying several regions in the fusion glycoprotein that drive viral assembly, we further our understanding of how these viruses assemble and egress from infected cells. The results presented will likely be useful toward designing treatments targeting this aspect of the viral life cycle and for the production of new viral particle-based vaccines.
Collapse
|
12
|
Quinoxaline-based inhibitors of Ebola and Marburg VP40 egress. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:3429-35. [PMID: 27377328 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We prepared a series of quinoxalin-2-mercapto-acetyl-urea analogs and evaluated them for their ability to inhibit viral egress in our Marburg and Ebola VP40 VLP budding assays in HEK293T cells. We also evaluated selected compounds in our bimolecular complementation assay (BiMC) to detect and visualize a Marburg mVP40-Nedd4 interaction in live mammalian cells. Antiviral activity was assessed for selected compounds using a live recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) (M40 virus) that expresses the EBOV VP40 PPxY L-domain. Finally selected compounds were evaluated in several ADME assays to have an early assessment of their drug properties. Our compounds had low nM potency in these assays (e.g., compounds 21, 24, 26, 39), and had good human liver microsome stability, as well as little or no inhibition of P450 3A4.
Collapse
|
13
|
Moerdyk-Schauwecker M, Hwang SI, Grdzelishvili VZ. Cellular proteins associated with the interior and exterior of vesicular stomatitis virus virions. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104688. [PMID: 25105980 PMCID: PMC4126742 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus particles (virions) often contain not only virus-encoded but also host-encoded proteins. Some of these host proteins are enclosed within the virion structure, while others, in the case of enveloped viruses, are embedded in the host-derived membrane. While many of these host protein incorporations are likely accidental, some may play a role in virus infectivity, replication and/or immunoreactivity in the next host. Host protein incorporations may be especially important in therapeutic applications where large numbers of virus particles are administered. Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is the prototypic rhabdovirus and a candidate vaccine, gene therapy and oncolytic vector. Using mass spectrometry, we previously examined cell type dependent host protein content of VSV virions using intact (“whole”) virions purified from three cell lines originating from different species. Here we aimed to determine the localization of host proteins within the VSV virions by analyzing: i) whole VSV virions; and ii) whole VSV virions treated with Proteinase K to remove all proteins outside the viral envelope. A total of 257 proteins were identified, with 181 identified in whole virions and 183 identified in Proteinase K treated virions. Most of these proteins have not been previously shown to be associated with VSV. Functional enrichment analysis indicated the most overrepresented categories were proteins associated with vesicles, vesicle-mediated transport and protein localization. Using western blotting, the presence of several host proteins, including some not previously shown in association with VSV (such as Yes1, Prl1 and Ddx3y), was confirmed and their relative quantities in various virion fractions determined. Our study provides a valuable inventory of virion-associated host proteins for further investigation of their roles in the replication cycle, pathogenesis and immunoreactivity of VSV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan Moerdyk-Schauwecker
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, United States of America
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sun-Il Hwang
- Proteomics Laboratory for Clinical and Translational Research, Carolinas HealthCare System, Charlotte, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Valery Z. Grdzelishvili
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, United States of America
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Small-molecule probes targeting the viral PPxY-host Nedd4 interface block egress of a broad range of RNA viruses. J Virol 2014; 88:7294-306. [PMID: 24741084 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00591-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Budding of filoviruses, arenaviruses, and rhabdoviruses is facilitated by subversion of host proteins, such as Nedd4 E3 ubiquitin ligase, by viral PPxY late (L) budding domains expressed within the matrix proteins of these RNA viruses. As L domains are important for budding and are highly conserved in a wide array of RNA viruses, they represent potential broad-spectrum targets for the development of antiviral drugs. To identify potential competitive blockers, we used the known Nedd4 WW domain-PPxY interaction interface as the basis of an in silico screen. Using PPxY-dependent budding of Marburg (MARV) VP40 virus-like particles (VLPs) as our model system, we identified small-molecule hit 1 that inhibited Nedd4-PPxY interaction and PPxY-dependent budding. This lead candidate was subsequently improved with additional structure-activity relationship (SAR) analog testing which enhanced antibudding activity into the nanomolar range. Current lead compounds 4 and 5 exhibit on-target effects by specifically blocking the MARV VP40 PPxY-host Nedd4 interaction and subsequent PPxY-dependent egress of MARV VP40 VLPs. In addition, lead compounds 4 and 5 exhibited antibudding activity against Ebola and Lassa fever VLPs, as well as vesicular stomatitis and rabies viruses (VSV and RABV, respectively). These data provide target validation and suggest that inhibition of the PPxY-Nedd4 interaction can serve as the basis for the development of a novel class of broad-spectrum, host-oriented antivirals targeting viruses that depend on a functional PPxY L domain for efficient egress. IMPORTANCE There is an urgent and unmet need for the development of safe and effective therapeutics against biodefense and high-priority pathogens, including filoviruses (Ebola and Marburg) and arenaviruses (e.g., Lassa and Junin) which cause severe hemorrhagic fever syndromes with high mortality rates. We along with others have established that efficient budding of filoviruses, arenaviruses, and other viruses is critically dependent on the subversion of host proteins. As disruption of virus budding would prevent virus dissemination, identification of small-molecule compounds that block these critical viral-host interactions should effectively block disease progression and transmission. Our findings provide validation for targeting these virus-host interactions as we have identified lead inhibitors with broad-spectrum antiviral activity. In addition, such inhibitors might prove useful for newly emerging RNA viruses for which no therapeutics would be available.
Collapse
|
15
|
Vasilakis N, Castro-Llanos F, Widen SG, Aguilar PV, Guzman H, Guevara C, Fernandez R, Auguste AJ, Wood TG, Popov V, Mundal K, Ghedin E, Kochel TJ, Holmes EC, Walker PJ, Tesh RB. Arboretum and Puerto Almendras viruses: two novel rhabdoviruses isolated from mosquitoes in Peru. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:787-792. [PMID: 24421116 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.058685-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Arboretum virus (ABTV) and Puerto Almendras virus (PTAMV) are two mosquito-associated rhabdoviruses isolated from pools of Psorophora albigenu and Ochlerotattus fulvus mosquitoes, respectively, collected in the Department of Loreto, Peru, in 2009. Initial tests suggested that both viruses were novel rhabdoviruses and this was confirmed by complete genome sequencing. Analysis of their 11 482 nt (ABTV) and 11 876 (PTAMV) genomes indicates that they encode the five canonical rhabdovirus structural proteins (N, P, M, G and L) with an additional gene (U1) encoding a small hydrophobic protein. Evolutionary analysis of the L protein indicates that ABTV and PTAMV are novel and phylogenetically distinct rhabdoviruses that cannot be classified as members of any of the eight currently recognized genera within the family Rhabdoviridae, highlighting the vast diversity of this virus family.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikos Vasilakis
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | | | - Steven G Widen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Patricia V Aguilar
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Hilda Guzman
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Albert J Auguste
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Thomas G Wood
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Vsevolod Popov
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Kirk Mundal
- US Naval Medical Research Unit no. 6, Lima, Peru
| | - Elodie Ghedin
- Center for Vaccine Research, Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Edward C Holmes
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Biological Sciences and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Peter J Walker
- CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Robert B Tesh
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Paragas J, Geisbert TW. Development of treatment strategies to combat Ebola and Marburg viruses. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 4:67-76. [PMID: 16441210 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.4.1.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ebola and Marburg viruses are emerging/re-emerging pathogens that pose a significant threat to human health. These naturally occurring viral infections frequently cause a lethal hemorrhagic fever in humans and nonhuman primates. The disastrous consequences of infection with these viruses have been pursued as potential biological weapons. To date, there are no therapeutic options available for the prophylaxis or treatment of infected individuals. The recognition that Ebola and Marburg viruses may be exploited as biological weapons has resulted in major efforts to develop modalities to counter infection. In this review, select technologies and approaches will be highlighted as part of the critical path for the development of therapeutics to ameliorate the invariably devastating outcomes of human filoviral infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Paragas
- Virology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702-5011, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Characterization of Farmington virus, a novel virus from birds that is distantly related to members of the family Rhabdoviridae. Virol J 2013; 10:219. [PMID: 23816310 PMCID: PMC3722107 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Farmington virus (FARV) is a rhabdovirus that was isolated from a wild bird during an outbreak of epizootic eastern equine encephalitis on a pheasant farm in Connecticut, USA. Findings Analysis of the nearly complete genome sequence of the prototype CT AN 114 strain indicates that it encodes the five canonical rhabdovirus structural proteins (N, P, M, G and L) with alternative ORFs (> 180 nt) in the N and G genes. Phenotypic and genetic characterization of FARV has confirmed that it is a novel rhabdovirus and probably represents a new species within the family Rhabdoviridae. Conclusions In sum, our analysis indicates that FARV represents a new species within the family Rhabdoviridae.
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
Virus budding is a complex, multistep process in which viral proteins make specific alterations in membrane curvature. Many different viral proteins can deform the membrane and form a budding virion, but very few can mediate membrane scission to complete the budding process. As a result, enveloped viruses have developed numerous ways of facilitating membrane scission, including hijacking host cellular scission machinery and expressing their own scission proteins. These proteins mediate scission in very different ways, though the biophysical mechanics underlying their actions may be similar. In this review, we explore the mechanisms of membrane scission and the ways in which enveloped viruses use these systems to mediate the release of budding virions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy S Rossman
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NJ, United Kingdom;
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Assembly of negative-strand RNA viruses occurs by budding from host plasma membranes. The budding process involves association of the viral core or nucleocapsid with a region of cellular membrane that will become the virus budding site, which contains the envelope glycoproteins and matrix protein. This region of membrane then buds out and pinches off to become the virus envelope. This review will address the questions of what are the mechanisms that bring the nucleocapsid and envelope glycoproteins together to form the virus budding site, and how does this lead to release of progeny virions? Recent evidence supports the idea that viral envelope glycoproteins and matrix proteins are organized into membrane microdomains that coalesce to form virus budding sites. There has also been substantial progress in understanding the last step in virus release, referred to as the "late budding function," which often involves host proteins of the vacuolar protein sorting apparatus. Key questions are raised as to the mechanism of the initial steps in formation of virus budding sites: How are membrane microdomains brought together and how are nucleocapsids selected for incorporation into these budding sites, particularly in the case of viruses for which genome RNA sequences are important for envelopment of nucleocapsids?
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas S Lyles
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Center Boulevard, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Genetic diversity and molecular evolution of the rabies virus matrix protein gene in China. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 16:248-53. [PMID: 23453987 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the diversity of rabies virus (RABV) matrix protein (M) gene in the current Chinese rabies epidemic, we fully examined M gene of 63 street RABVs (Virus isolated from naturally infected animals), and performed phylogenetic and mutational analysis. Our results indicate that the Chinese RABV M gene is well conserved with 90.6% to 100% amino acid similarity. Analysis of the mutations indicates that the sequences can be divided into four groups with each group defined by distinct substitutions. The PPxY motif and residue E58, which are essential for efficient virus production and pathogenicity, were completely conserved. The estimated mean rate of nucleotide substitution was 4.6×10(-4) substitutions per site per year, and the estimated average time of the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) was 265 years ago based on the M gene of Chinese street RABVs, which are similar to previously reported values for the glycoprotein (G) and nucleoprotein (N) gene. This indicates that the genomic RNA of RABVs circulating worldwide is stable; G, N and M genes are evolving at a similar rate. This study showed that although the Chinese RABV strains could be divided into distinct clades based on the phylogenetic analysis, their functional domains of M proteins were highly conserved.
Collapse
|
21
|
Arenavirus budding: a common pathway with mechanistic differences. Viruses 2013; 5:528-49. [PMID: 23435234 PMCID: PMC3640512 DOI: 10.3390/v5020528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Arenaviridae is a diverse and growing family of viruses that includes several agents responsible for important human diseases. Despite the importance of this family for public health, particularly in Africa and South America, much of its biology remains poorly understood. However, in recent years significant progress has been made in this regard, particularly relating to the formation and release of new enveloped virions, which is an essential step in the viral lifecycle. While this process is mediated chiefly by the viral matrix protein Z, recent evidence suggests that for some viruses the nucleoprotein (NP) is also required to enhance the budding process. Here we highlight and compare the distinct budding mechanisms of different arenaviruses, concentrating on the role of the matrix protein Z, its known late domain sequences, and the involvement of cellular endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) pathway components. Finally we address the recently described roles for the nucleoprotein NP in budding and ribonucleoprotein complex (RNP) incorporation, as well as discussing possible mechanisms related to its involvement.
Collapse
|
22
|
Strandin T, Hepojoki J, Vaheri A. Cytoplasmic tails of bunyavirus Gn glycoproteins-Could they act as matrix protein surrogates? Virology 2013; 437:73-80. [PMID: 23357734 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Revised: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Viruses of the family Bunyaviridae are negative-sense RNA viruses (NRVs). Unlike other NRVs bunyaviruses do not possess a matrix protein, which typically facilitates virus release from host cells and acts as an anchor between the viral membrane and its genetic core. Therefore the functions of matrix protein in bunyaviruses need to be executed by other viral proteins. In fact, the cytoplasmic tail of glycoprotein Gn (Gn-CT) of various bunyaviruses interacts with the genetic core (nucleocapsid protein and/or genomic RNA). In addition the Gn-CT of phleboviruses (a genus in the family Bunyaviridae) has been demonstrated to be essential for budding. This review brings together what is known on the role of various bunyavirus Gn-CTs in budding and assembly, and hypothesizes on their yet unrevealed functions in viral life cycle by comparing to the matrix proteins of NRVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Strandin
- Department of Virology, Haartman Institute, P.O. Box 21, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Irie T, Carnero E, García-Sastre A, Harty RN. In Vivo Replication and Pathogenesis of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Recombinant M40 Containing Ebola Virus L-Domain Sequences. Infect Dis (Lond) 2012; 5:59-64. [PMID: 23794798 DOI: 10.4137/idrt.s10652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The M40 VSV recombinant was engineered to contain overlapping PTAP and PPxY L-domain motifs and flanking residues from the VP40 protein of Ebola virus. Replication of M40 in cell culture is virtually indistinguishable from that of control viruses. However, the presence of the Ebola PTAP motif in the M40 recombinant enabled this virus to interact with and recruit host Tsg101, which was packaged into M40 virions. In this brief report, we compared replication and the pathogenic profiles of M40 and the parental virus M51R in mice to determine whether the presence of the Ebola L-domains and flanking residues altered in vivo characteristics of the virus. Overall, the in vivo characteristics of M40 were similar to those of the parental M51R virus, indicating that the Ebola sequences did not alter pathogenesis of VSV in this small animal model of infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Irie
- Department of Virology, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Arenaviruses have a bisegmented negative-strand RNA genome, which encodes four viral proteins: GP and NP by the S segment and L and Z by the L segment. These four viral proteins possess multiple functions in infection, replication and release of progeny viruses from infected cells. The small RING finger protein, Z protein is a matrix protein that plays a central role in viral assembly and budding. Although all arenaviruses encode Z protein, amino acid sequence alignment showed a huge variety among the species, especially at the C-terminus where the L-domain is located. Recent publications have demonstrated the interactions between viral protein and viral protein, and viral protein and host cellular protein, which facilitate transportation and assembly of viral components to sites of virus egress. This review presents a summary of current knowledge regarding arenavirus assembly and budding, in comparison with other enveloped viruses. We also refer to the restriction of arenavirus production by the antiviral cellular factor, Tetherin/BST-2.
Collapse
|
25
|
Cytopathogenesis of vesicular stomatitis virus is regulated by the PSAP motif of M protein in a species-dependent manner. Viruses 2012; 4:1605-18. [PMID: 23170175 PMCID: PMC3499822 DOI: 10.3390/v4091605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is an important vector-borne pathogen of bovine and equine species, causing a reportable vesicular disease. The matrix (M) protein of VSV is multifunctional and plays a key role in cytopathogenesis, apoptosis, host protein shut-off, and virion assembly/budding. Our previous findings indicated that mutations of residues flanking the 37PSAP40 motif within the M protein resulted in VSV recombinants having attenuated phenotypes in mice. In this report, we characterize the phenotype of VSV recombinant PS > A4 (which harbors four alanines (AAAA) in place of the PSAP motif without disruption of flanking residues) in both mice, and in Aedes albopictus C6/36 mosquito and Culicoides sonorensis KC cell lines. The PS > A4 recombinant displayed an attenuated phenotype in infected mice as judged by weight loss, mortality, and viral titers measured from lung and brain samples of infected animals. However, unexpectedly, the PS > A4 recombinant displayed a robust cytopathic phenotype in insect C6/36 cells compared to that observed with control viruses. Notably, titers of recombinant PS > A4 were approximately 10-fold greater than those of control viruses in infected C6/36 cells and in KC cells from Culicoides sonorensis, a known VSV vector species. In addition, recombinant PS > A4 induced a 25-fold increase in the level of C3 caspase activity in infected C6/36 cells. These findings indicate that the PSAP motif plays a direct role in regulating cytopathogenicity in a species-dependent manner, and suggest that the intact PSAP motif may be important for maintaining persistence of VSV in an insect host.
Collapse
|
26
|
Budding of Enveloped Viruses: Interferon-Induced ISG15-Antivirus Mechanisms Targeting the Release Process. Adv Virol 2012; 2012:532723. [PMID: 22666250 PMCID: PMC3362814 DOI: 10.1155/2012/532723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic strains of viruses that infect humans are encapsulated in membranes derived from the host cell in which they infect. After replication, these viruses are released by a budding process that requires cell/viral membrane scission. As such, this represents a natural target for innate immunity mechanisms to interdict enveloped virus spread and recent advances in this field will be the subject of this paper.
Collapse
|
27
|
Chang TH, Segovia J, Sabbah A, Mgbemena V, Bose S. Cholesterol-rich lipid rafts are required for release of infectious human respiratory syncytial virus particles. Virology 2011; 422:205-13. [PMID: 22088217 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2011.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol and sphingolipid enriched lipid raft micro-domains in the plasma membrane play an important role in the life-cycle of numerous enveloped viruses. Although human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) proteins associate with the raft domains of infected cells and rafts are incorporated in RSV virion particles, the functional role of raft during RSV infection was unknown. In the current study we have identified rafts as an essential component of host cell that is required for RSV infection. Treatment of human lung epithelial cells with raft disrupting agent methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (MBCD) led to drastic loss of RSV infectivity due to diminished release of infectious progeny RSV virion particles from raft disrupted cells. RSV infection of raft deficient Niemann-Pick syndrome type C human fibroblasts and normal human embryonic lung fibroblasts revealed that during productive RSV infection, raft is required for release of infectious RSV particles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Te-Hung Chang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Weterman MAJ, Sorrentino V, Kasher PR, Jakobs ME, van Engelen BGM, Fluiter K, de Wissel MB, Sizarov A, Nürnberg G, Nürnberg P, Zelcer N, Schelhaas HJ, Baas F. A frameshift mutation in LRSAM1 is responsible for a dominant hereditary polyneuropathy. Hum Mol Genet 2011; 21:358-70. [PMID: 22012984 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddr471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the high number of genes identified in hereditary polyneuropathies/Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease, the genetic defect in many families is still unknown. Here we report the identification of a new gene for autosomal dominant axonal neuropathy in a large three-generation family. Linkage analysis identified a 5 Mb region on 9q33-34 with a LOD score of 5.12. Sequence capture and next-generation sequencing of the region of interest identified five previously unreported non-synonymous heterozygous single nucleotide changes or indels, four of which were confirmed by Sanger sequencing. Two sequence variants co-segregated with the disease, and one, a 2 bp insertion in the last exon of LRSAM1, was also absent in 676 ethnicity-matched control chromosomes. This frameshift mutation (p.Leu708Argfx28) is located in the C-terminal RING finger motif of the encoded protein. Ubiquitin ligase activity in transfected cells with constructs carrying the patient mutation was affected as measured by a higher level of abundance of TSG101, the only reported target of LRSAM1. Injections of morpholino oligonucleotides in zebrafish embryos directed against the ATG or last splice site of zebrafish Lrsam1 disturbed neurodevelopment, showing a less organized neural structure and, in addition, affected tail formation and movement. LRSAM1 is highly expressed in adult spinal cord motoneurons as well as in fetal spinal cord and muscle tissue. Recently, a homozygous mutation in LRSAM1 was proposed as a strong candidate for the disease in a family with recessive axonal polyneuropathy. Our data strongly support the hypothesis that LRSAM1 mutations can cause both dominant and recessive forms of CMT.
Collapse
|
29
|
Structural insights into the rhabdovirus transcription/replication complex. Virus Res 2011; 162:126-37. [PMID: 21963663 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Revised: 09/17/2011] [Accepted: 09/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The rhabdoviruses have a non-segmented single stranded negative-sense RNA genome. Their multiplication in a host cell requires three viral proteins in addition to the viral RNA genome. The nucleoprotein (N) tightly encapsidates the viral RNA, and the N-RNA complex serves as the template for both transcription and replication. The viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase is a two subunit complex that consists of a large subunit, L, and a non-catalytic cofactor, the phosphoprotein, P. P also acts as a chaperone of nascent RNA-free N by forming a N(0)-P complex that prevents N from binding to cellular RNAs and from polymerizing in the absence of RNA. Here, we discuss the recent molecular and structural studies of individual components and multi-molecular complexes that are involved in the transcription/replication complex of these viruses with regard to their implication in viral transcription and replication.
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
Several arenaviruses cause hemorrhagic fever disease in humans and pose a significant public health concern in their endemic regions. On the other hand, the prototypic arenavirus LCMV is a superb workhorse for the investigation of virus-host interactions and associated disease. The arenavirus small RING finger protein called Z has been shown to be the main driving force of virus budding. The budding activity of Z is mediated by late (L) domain motifs, PT/SAP, and PPXY, located at the C-terminus of Z. This paper will present the current knowledge on arenavirus budding including the diversity of L domain motifs used by different arenaviruses. We will also discuss how improved knowledge of arenavirus budding may facilitate the development of novel antiviral strategies to combat human pathogenic arenaviruses.
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Rabies virus (RABV) and other negative-strand RNA viruses are the causes of serious diseases in humans and animals worldwide. Assembly and budding are important late events in the replication cycles of these negative-strand RNA viruses that have received much attention in the past decade. Indeed, important insights into the molecular mechanisms by which rhabdoviral proteins usurp and/or interact with host proteins to promote efficient virion assembly and egress has greatly enhanced our understanding of the budding process. Assembly/budding of rhabdoviruses is driven largely by the matrix (M) protein. RABV M protein contains a late budding domain that mediates the recruitment of host proteins linked to the vacuolar protein sorting pathway of the cell to facilitate virus-cell separation. This chapter summarizes our current knowledge of the roles that both RABV M protein and interacting host proteins play during the budding process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Okumura
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Gustin JK, Moses AV, Früh K, Douglas JL. Viral takeover of the host ubiquitin system. Front Microbiol 2011; 2:161. [PMID: 21847386 PMCID: PMC3147166 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2011.00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Like the other more well-characterized post-translational modifications (phosphorylation, methylation, acetylation, acylation, etc.), the attachment of the 76 amino acid ubiquitin (Ub) protein to substrates has been shown to govern countless cellular processes. As obligate intracellular parasites, viruses have evolved the capability to commandeer many host processes in order to maximize their own survival, whether it be to increase viral production or to ensure the long-term survival of latently infected host cells. The first evidence that viruses could usurp the Ub system came from the DNA tumor viruses and Adenoviruses, each of which use Ub to dysregulate the host cell cycle (Scheffner et al., 1990; Querido et al., 2001). Today, the list of viruses that utilize Ub includes members from almost every viral class, encompassing both RNA and DNA viruses. Among these, there are examples of Ub usage at every stage of the viral life cycle, involving both ubiquitination and de-ubiquitination. In addition to viruses that merely modify the host Ub system, many of the large DNA viruses encode their own Ub modifying machinery. In this review, we highlight the latest discoveries regarding the myriad ways that viruses utilize Ub to their advantage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean K Gustin
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University Beaverton, OR, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Bardens A, Döring T, Stieler J, Prange R. Alix regulates egress of hepatitis B virus naked capsid particles in an ESCRT-independent manner. Cell Microbiol 2010; 13:602-19. [PMID: 21129143 PMCID: PMC7162389 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2010.01557.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is an enveloped DNA virus that exploits the endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) pathway for budding. In addition to infectious particles, HBV‐replicating cells release non‐enveloped (nucleo)capsids, but their functional implication and pathways of release are unclear. Here, we focused on the molecular mechanisms and found that the sole expression of the HBV core protein is sufficient for capsid release. Unexpectedly, released capsids are devoid of a detectable membrane bilayer, implicating a non‐vesicular exocytosis process. Unlike virions, naked capsid budding does not require the ESCRT machinery. Rather, we identified Alix, a multifunctional protein with key roles in membrane biology, as a regulator of capsid budding. Ectopic overexpression of Alix enhanced capsid egress, while its depletion inhibited capsid release. Notably, the loss of Alix did not impair HBV production, furthermore indicating that virions and capsids use diverse export routes. By mapping of Alix domains responsible for its capsid release‐mediating activity, its Bro1 domain was found to be required and sufficient. Alix binds to core via its Bro1 domain and retained its activity even if its ESCRT‐III binding site is disrupted. Together, the boomerang‐shaped Bro1 domain of Alix appears to escort capsids without ESCRT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Bardens
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene,University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Zhu RL, Lei XY, Ke F, Yuan XP, Zhang QY. Genome of turbot rhabdovirus exhibits unusual non-coding regions and an additional ORF that could be expressed in fish cell. Virus Res 2010; 155:495-505. [PMID: 21185339 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2010.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Revised: 12/05/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Genomic sequence of Scophthalmus maximus rhabdovirus (SMRV) isolated from diseased turbot has been characterized. The complete genome of SMRV comprises 11,492 nucleotides and encodes five typical rhabdovirus genes N, P, M, G and L. In addition, two open reading frames (ORF) are predicted overlapping with P gene, one upstream of P and smaller than P (temporarily called Ps), and another in P gene which may encodes a protein similar to the vesicular stomatitis virus C protein. The C ORF is contained within the P ORF. The five typical proteins share the highest sequence identities (48.9%) with the corresponding proteins of rhabdoviruses in genus Vesiculovirus. Phylogenetic analysis of partial L protein sequence indicates that SMRV is close to genus Vesiculovirus. The first 13 nucleotides at the ends of the SMRV genome are absolutely inverse complementarity. The gene junctions between the five genes show conserved polyadenylation signal (CATGA(7)) and intergenic dinucleotide (CT) followed by putative transcription initiation sequence A(A/G)(C/G)A(A/G/T), which are different from known rhabdoviruses. The entire Ps ORF was cloned and expressed, and used to generate polyclonal antibody in mice. One obvious band could be detected in SMRV-infected carp leucocyte cells (CLCs) by anti-Ps/C serum via Western blot, and the subcellular localization of Ps-GFP fusion protein exhibited cytoplasm distribution as multiple punctuate or doughnut shaped foci of uneven size.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruo-Lin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Watanabe R, Lamb RA. Influenza virus budding does not require a functional AAA+ ATPase, VPS4. Virus Res 2010; 153:58-63. [PMID: 20621136 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2010.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2010] [Revised: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The process of budding of many enveloped viruses utilizes the cellular ESCRT (endosomal sorting complex required for transport) machinery, that is normally involved in the formation of luminal vesicles of endosomal multivesiculate bodies (MVB). A late step in the MVB pathway involves the recruitment of VPS4, an AAA+ ATPase, to the ESCRT complexes. Our earlier work had shown that the formation of influenza virus-like particles was not inhibited by dominant negative VPS4A. However, it was not known if there was a role of VPS4 and the ESCRT pathway in influenza virus particle budding and this needed to be investigated. It was found that neither siRNA knockdown of VPS4A and VPS4B expression nor the use of cell lines that inducibly express VPS4A or VPS4B dominant negative mutants, inhibited influenza virus budding. In contrast, and in keeping with more recent data, vesicular stomatitis virus budding was diminished by VPS4 dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rie Watanabe
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-3500, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
The filoviruses, Ebola and Marburg, utilize a multifaceted mechanism for assembly and budding of infectious virions from mammalian cells. Growing evidence not only demonstrates the importance of multiple viral proteins for efficient assembly and budding, but also the exploitation of various host proteins/pathways by the virus during this late stage of filovirus replication, including endocytic compartments, vacuolar protein sorting pathways, ubiquitination machinery, lipid rafts and cytoskeletal components. Continued elucidation of these complex and orchestrated virus-host interactions will provide a fundamental understanding of the molecular mechanisms of filovirus assembly/budding and ultimately lead to the development of novel viral- and/or host-oriented therapeutics to inhibit filovirus egress and spread. This article will focus on the most recent studies on host interactions and modulation of filovirus budding and summarize the key findings from these investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuliang Liu
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Irie T. [Envelope virus assembly and budding]. Uirusu 2010; 60:105-113. [PMID: 20848870 DOI: 10.2222/jsv.60.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
For many enveloped viruses, viral matrix and retroviral Gag proteins are able to bud from the cell surface by themselves in the form of lipid-enveloped, virus-like particles (VLPs), suggesting that these proteins play important roles in viral assembly and budding. The major three-types of L-domain motifs, PPxY, P(T/S)AT, and YP(x)(n)L have been identified within these proteins. Many viruses have been shown to commonly utilize cellular ESCRT pathway via direct interaction between the L-domains and the components of the pathway for efficient viral budding. However, for many enveloped viruses, L-domain motifs have not yet been identified, and the involvement of the ESCRT pathway in virus budding is still unknown. Among such viruses, we have been focusing on Sendai virus (SeV) and shown that (i) SeV M functionally and physically interact with a component of the ESCRT complex, Alix/AIP1, although budding of M-VLPs does not seem to be dependent on the pathway; (ii) one of the accessory proteins of SeV, C, also interact with Alix/AIP1, and recruit it to the plasma membrane for efficient budding of M-VLPs; (iii) the C protein regulate balance of viral genome and antigenome RNA synthesis for optimized production of infectious virus particles. These results demonstrate a unique mechanism for budding of SeV as well as a novel mechanism of regulated synthesis of viral genome RNAs for efficient production of infectious particles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Irie
- Department of Virology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Harrison MS, Sakaguchi T, Schmitt AP. Paramyxovirus assembly and budding: building particles that transmit infections. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2010; 42:1416-29. [PMID: 20398786 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2010.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Revised: 04/05/2010] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The paramyxoviruses define a diverse group of enveloped RNA viruses that includes a number of important human and animal pathogens. Examples include human respiratory syncytial virus and the human parainfluenza viruses, which cause respiratory illnesses in young children and the elderly; measles and mumps viruses, which have caused recent resurgences of disease in developed countries; the zoonotic Hendra and Nipah viruses, which have caused several outbreaks of fatal disease in Australia and Asia; and Newcastle disease virus, which infects chickens and other avian species. Like other enveloped viruses, paramyxoviruses form particles that assemble and bud from cellular membranes, allowing the transmission of infections to new cells and hosts. Here, we review recent advances that have improved our understanding of events involved in paramyxovirus particle formation. Contributions of viral matrix proteins, glycoproteins, nucleocapsid proteins, and accessory proteins to particle formation are discussed, as well as the importance of host factor recruitment for efficient virus budding. Trafficking of viral structural components within infected cells is described, together with mechanisms that allow for the selection of specific sites on cellular membranes for the coalescence of viral proteins in preparation of bud formation and virion release.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan S Harrison
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, and Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Salditt A, Koethe S, Pohl C, Harms H, Kolesnikova L, Becker S, Schneider-Schaulies S. Measles virus M protein-driven particle production does not involve the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) system. J Gen Virol 2010; 91:1464-72. [PMID: 20130136 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.018523-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Assembly and budding of enveloped RNA viruses rely on viral matrix (M) proteins and host proteins involved in sorting and vesiculation of cellular cargoes, such as the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT). The measles virus (MV) M protein promotes virus-like particle (VLP) production, and we now show that it shares association with detergent-resistant or tetraspanin-enriched membrane microdomains with ebolavirus VP40 protein, yet accumulates less efficiently at the plasma membrane. Unlike VP40, which recruits ESCRT components via its N-terminal late (L) domain and exploits them for particle production, the M protein does this independently of this pathway, as (i) ablation of motifs bearing similarity to canonical L domains did not affect VLP production, (ii) it did not redistribute Tsg101, AIP-1 or Vps4A to the plasma membrane, and (iii) neither VLP nor infectious virus production was sensitive to inhibition by dominant-negative Vps4A. Importantly, transfer of the VP40 L domain into the MV M protein did not cause recruitment of ESCRT proteins or confer sensitivity of VLP release to Vps4A, indicating that MV particle production occurs independently of and cannot be routed into an ESCRT-dependent pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Salditt
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Wuerzburg, Versbacher Str. 7, D-97078 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
Rabies virus, the prototypical neurotropic virus, causes one of the most lethal zoonotic diseases. According to official estimates, over 55,000 people die of the disease annually, but this is probably a severe underestimation. A combination of virulence factors enables the virus to enter neurons at peripheral sites and travel through the spinal cord to the brain of the infected host, where it often induces aggression that facilitates the transfer of the virus to a new host. This Review summarizes the current knowledge of the replication cycle of rabies virus and virus- host cell interactions, both of which are fundamental elements in our quest to understand the life cycle of rabies virus and the pathogenesis of rabies.
Collapse
|
41
|
Conserved motifs within Ebola and Marburg virus VP40 proteins are important for stability, localization, and subsequent budding of virus-like particles. J Virol 2009; 84:2294-303. [PMID: 20032189 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02034-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The filovirus VP40 protein is capable of budding from mammalian cells in the form of virus-like particles (VLPs) that are morphologically indistinguishable from infectious virions. Ebola virus VP40 (eVP40) contains well-characterized overlapping L domains, which play a key role in mediating efficient virus egress. L domains represent only one component required for efficient budding and, therefore, there is a need to identify and characterize additional domains important for VP40 function. We demonstrate here that the (96)LPLGVA(101) sequence of eVP40 and the corresponding (84)LPLGIM(89) sequence of Marburg virus VP40 (mVP40) are critical for efficient release of VP40 VLPs. Indeed, deletion of these motifs essentially abolished the ability of eVP40 and mVP40 to bud as VLPs. To address the mechanism by which the (96)LPLGVA(101) motif of eVP40 contributes to egress, a series of point mutations were introduced into this motif. These mutants were then compared to the eVP40 wild type in a VLP budding assay to assess budding competency. Confocal microscopy and gel filtration analyses were performed to assess their pattern of intracellular localization and ability to oligomerize, respectively. Our results show that mutations disrupting the (96)LPLGVA(101) motif resulted in both altered patterns of intracellular localization and self-assembly compared to wild-type controls. Interestingly, coexpression of either Ebola virus GP-WT or mVP40-WT with eVP40-DeltaLPLGVA failed to rescue the budding defective eVP40-DeltaLPLGVA mutant into VLPs; however, coexpression of eVP40-WT with mVP40-DeltaLPLGIM successfully rescued budding of mVP40-DeltaLPLGIM into VLPs at mVP40-WT levels. In sum, our findings implicate the LPLGVA and LPLGIM motifs of eVP40 and mVP40, respectively, as being important for VP40 structure/stability and budding.
Collapse
|
42
|
Quan PL, Junglen S, Tashmukhamedova A, Conlan S, Hutchison SK, Kurth A, Ellerbrok H, Egholm M, Briese T, Leendertz FH, Lipkin WI. Moussa virus: a new member of the Rhabdoviridae family isolated from Culex decens mosquitoes in Côte d'Ivoire. Virus Res 2009; 147:17-24. [PMID: 19804801 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2009.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2009] [Revised: 09/24/2009] [Accepted: 09/27/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Characterization of arboviruses at the interface of pristine habitats and anthropogenic landscapes is crucial to comprehensive emergent disease surveillance and forecasting efforts. In context of a surveillance campaign in and around a West African rainforest, particles morphologically consistent with rhabdoviruses were identified in cell cultures infected with homogenates of trapped mosquitoes. RNA recovered from these cultures was used to derive the first complete genome sequence of a rhabdovirus isolated from Culex decens mosquitoes in Côte d'Ivoire, tentatively named Moussa virus (MOUV). MOUV shows the classical genome organization of rhabdoviruses, with five open reading frames (ORF) in a linear order. However, sequences show only limited conservation (12-33% identity at amino acid level), and ORF2 and ORF3 have no significant similarity to sequences deposited in GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis indicates a potential new species with distant relationship to Tupaia and Tibrogargan virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phenix-Lan Quan
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Wolf MC, Wang Y, Freiberg AN, Aguilar HC, Holbrook MR, Lee B. A catalytically and genetically optimized beta-lactamase-matrix based assay for sensitive, specific, and higher throughput analysis of native henipavirus entry characteristics. Virol J 2009; 6:119. [PMID: 19646266 PMCID: PMC2727953 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-6-119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2009] [Accepted: 07/31/2009] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) and Hendra virus (HeV) are the only paramyxoviruses requiring Biosafety Level 4 (BSL-4) containment. Thus, study of henipavirus entry at less than BSL-4 conditions necessitates the use of cell-cell fusion or pseudotyped reporter virus assays. Yet, these surrogate assays may not fully emulate the biological properties unique to the virus being studied. Thus, we developed a henipaviral entry assay based on a β-lactamase-Nipah Matrix (βla-M) fusion protein. We first codon-optimized the bacterial βla and the NiV-M genes to ensure efficient expression in mammalian cells. The βla-M construct was able to bud and form virus-like particles (VLPs) that morphologically resembled paramyxoviruses. βla-M efficiently incorporated both NiV and HeV fusion and attachment glycoproteins. Entry of these VLPs was detected by cytosolic delivery of βla-M, resulting in enzymatic and fluorescent conversion of the pre-loaded CCF2-AM substrate. Soluble henipavirus receptors (ephrinB2) or antibodies against the F and/or G proteins blocked VLP entry. Additionally, a Y105W mutation engineered into the catalytic site of βla increased the sensitivity of our βla-M based infection assays by 2-fold. In toto, these methods will provide a more biologically relevant assay for studying henipavirus entry at less than BSL-4 conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mike C Wolf
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA 90095.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Functional characterization of Negri bodies (NBs) in rabies virus-infected cells: Evidence that NBs are sites of viral transcription and replication. J Virol 2009; 83:7948-58. [PMID: 19494013 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00554-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies virus infection induces the formation of cytoplasmic inclusion bodies that resemble Negri bodies found in the cytoplasm of some infected nerve cells. We have studied the morphogenesis and the role of these Negri body-like structures (NBLs) during viral infection. The results indicate that these spherical structures (one or two per cell in the initial stage of infection), composed of the viral N and P proteins, grow during the virus cycle before appearing as smaller structures at late stages of infection. We have shown that the microtubule network is not necessary for the formation of these inclusion bodies but is involved in their dynamics. In contrast, the actin network does not play any detectable role in these processes. These inclusion bodies contain Hsp70 and ubiquitinylated proteins, but they are not misfolded protein aggregates. NBLs, in fact, appear to be functional structures involved in the viral life cycle. Specifically, using in situ fluorescent hybridization techniques, we show that all viral RNAs (genome, antigenome, and every mRNA) are located inside the inclusion bodies. Significantly, short-term RNA labeling in the presence of BrUTP strongly suggests that the NBLs are the sites where viral transcription and replication take place.
Collapse
|
45
|
Mumps virus matrix, fusion, and nucleocapsid proteins cooperate for efficient production of virus-like particles. J Virol 2009; 83:7261-72. [PMID: 19439476 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00421-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Paramyxovirus particles, like other enveloped virus particles, are formed by budding from membranes of infected cells. To define mumps virus (MuV) proteins important for this process, viral proteins were expressed either singly or in combination in mammalian cells to produce virus-like particles (VLPs). Only the MuV matrix (M) protein when expressed by itself was capable of inducing particle release, but the quantity of these M-alone particles was very small. Efficient production of mumps VLPs occurred only when the M protein was coexpressed together with other viral proteins, with maximum production achieved upon coexpression of the viral M, nucleocapsid (NP), and fusion (F) proteins together. Electron microscopy analysis confirmed that VLPs were morphologically similar to MuV virions. The two MuV glycoproteins were not equal contributors to particle formation. The F protein was a major contributor to VLP production, while the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein made a smaller contribution. Evidence for the involvement of class E protein machinery in VLP budding was obtained, with mumps VLP production inhibited upon expression of dominant-negative versions of the class E proteins Vps4A and Chmp4b. Disruption of the sequence 24-FPVI-27 within the MuV M protein led to poor VLP production, consistent with findings of earlier studies of a related sequence, FPIV, important for the budding of parainfluenza virus 5. Together, these results demonstrate that different MuV structural proteins cooperate together for efficient particle production and that particle budding likely involves host class E protein machinery.
Collapse
|
46
|
Calistri A, Salata C, Parolin C, Palù G. Role of multivesicular bodies and their components in the egress of enveloped RNA viruses. Rev Med Virol 2009; 19:31-45. [PMID: 18618839 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
As an enveloped virus buds, the nascent viral capsid becomes wrapped in a plasma membrane-derived lipid envelope, and a membrane fission event is thus necessary to separate the virion from the host cell. This membrane fission event is well characterised in the case of enveloped RNA viruses, where it is promoted by late assembly domains (L-domains) present at the level of specific viral structural proteins. Research conducted over the past 10 years has demonstrated that L-domains represent docking sites for cellular proteins essential for the biogenesis of a cellular organelle, the multivesicular body (MVB). In this way, enveloped RNA viruses hijack the MVB components to the cellular site where the budding is executed. This review will focus on the cellular machinery exploited by enveloped RNA viruses in order to be released from infected cells. The role of ubiquitin and lipids in viral budding will also be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Calistri
- Department of Histology, Microbiology and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
D'Agostino PM, Yang J, Reiss CS. DISTINCT MECHANISMS OF INHIBITION OF VSV REPLICATION IN NEURONS MEDIATED BY TYPE I AND TYPE II IFN. VIRUS REVIEWS & RESEARCH 2009; 14:20-29. [PMID: 20502625 PMCID: PMC2874913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute viral infection of neurons presents a difficult problem to the host, since neurons are essential and not replaced, therefore cell-autonomous pathway(s) of suppressing viral replication are critical. We have examined the mechanisms by which neurons respond to exogenous interferons (IFNs) and observed that novel pathways inhibit acute vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) replication. For both type I (IFN-beta) and Type II (IFN-gamma) interferons, post-translational modification of viral proteins contributed to the replication blockade, diminishing the efficiency of viral assembly and budding from the host neuron. IFN-gamma treatment induces the accumulation of NOS-1 in the absence of an increase of mRNA encoding this enzyme; a NOS-1-inhibiting protein, PIN, is rapidly ubiquitinated and eliminated in the presence of IFN-gamma. NOS-1 produces NO which combines with superoxide to form peroxynitrite (ONOO-), this binds tyrosines, cysteines, and serines; antagonism of NOS-1 with either non-specific or selective inhibitors block the antiviral effect of IFN-gamma. VSV proteins are decorated with -NO(2) in IFN-gamma-treated neurons, probably resulting in their diminished ability to interact properly and mature into budding virus. For IFN-beta, protein phosphorylation of the Matrix protein (M) and Phosphoprotein (P) were altered in infected neurons, with hyperphosphorylation of M (but not hypophosphorylated P) found in released virions. Hyperphosphorylated M protein does not immunoprecipitate with the viral ribonucleoprotein complex in IFN-beta-treated neurons. Thus both types of IFN interfere with viral assembly and release of infectious particles, but by distinct pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jingjun Yang
- Biology Department, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Carol Shoshkes Reiss
- Biology Department, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
- NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Microbiology Department, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Microbiology Department, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Harty RN. No exit: targeting the budding process to inhibit filovirus replication. Antiviral Res 2008; 81:189-97. [PMID: 19114059 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2008.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2008] [Revised: 11/25/2008] [Accepted: 12/01/2008] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The filoviruses, Ebola and Marburg, cause severe hemorrhagic fever in humans and nonhuman primates, with high mortality rates. Although the filovirus replication pathway is now understood in considerable detail, no antiviral drugs have yet been developed that directly inhibit steps in the replication cycle. One potential target is the filovirus VP40 matrix protein, the key viral protein that drives the budding process, in part by mediating specific virus-host interactions to facilitate the efficient release of virions from the infected cell. This review will summarize current knowledge of key structural and functional domains of VP40 believed to be necessary for efficient budding of virions and virus-like particles. A better understanding of the structure and function of these key regions of VP40 will be crucial, as they may represent novel and rational targets for inhibitors of filovirus egress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald N Harty
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Graham SC, Assenberg R, Delmas O, Verma A, Gholami A, Talbi C, Owens RJ, Stuart DI, Grimes JM, Bourhy H. Rhabdovirus matrix protein structures reveal a novel mode of self-association. PLoS Pathog 2008; 4:e1000251. [PMID: 19112510 PMCID: PMC2603668 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2008] [Accepted: 12/01/2008] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The matrix (M) proteins of rhabdoviruses are multifunctional proteins essential for virus maturation and budding that also regulate the expression of viral and host proteins. We have solved the structures of M from the vesicular stomatitis virus serotype New Jersey (genus: Vesiculovirus) and from Lagos bat virus (genus: Lyssavirus), revealing that both share a common fold despite sharing no identifiable sequence homology. Strikingly, in both structures a stretch of residues from the otherwise-disordered N terminus of a crystallographically adjacent molecule is observed binding to a hydrophobic cavity on the surface of the protein, thereby forming non-covalent linear polymers of M in the crystals. While the overall topology of the interaction is conserved between the two structures, the molecular details of the interactions are completely different. The observed interactions provide a compelling model for the flexible self-assembly of the matrix protein during virion morphogenesis and may also modulate interactions with host proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Graham
- Division of Structural Biology and Oxford Protein Production Facility, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
VP40, the major matrix protein of Marburg virus, is the main driving force for viral budding. Additionally, cellular factors are likely to play an important role in the release of progeny virus. In the present study, we characterized the influence of the vacuolar protein sorting (VPS) pathway on the release of virus-like particles (VLPs), which are induced by Marburg virus VP40. In the supernatants of HEK 293 cells expressing VP40, different populations of VLPs with either a vesicular or a filamentous morphology were detected. While the filaments were almost completely composed of VP40, the vesicular particles additionally contained considerable amounts of cellular proteins. In contrast to that in the vesicles, the VP40 in the filaments was regularly organized, probably inducing the elimination of cellular proteins from the released VLPs. Vesicular particles were observed in the supernatants of cells even in the absence of VP40. Mutation of the late-domain motif in VP40 resulted in reduced release of filamentous particles, and likewise, inhibition of the VPS pathway by expression of a dominant-negative (DN) form of VPS4 inhibited the release of filamentous particles. In contrast, the release of vesicular particles did not respond significantly to the expression of DN VPS4. Like the budding of VLPs, the budding of Marburg virus particles was partially inhibited by the expression of DN VPS4. While the release of VLPs from VP40-expressing cells is a valuable tool with which to investigate the budding of Marburg virus particles, it is important to separate filamentous VLPs from vesicular particles, which contain many cellular proteins and use a different budding mechanism.
Collapse
|