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Liang Y, Liu B, Xiao L, Ren S, Sheng X, Qi X, Zhang Z, Yuan N, Guo K, Wang X. Exosomes-mediated transmission of standard bovine viral diarrhea strain OregonC24Va in bovine trophoblast cells. J Reprod Immunol 2024; 164:104254. [PMID: 38761508 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2024.104254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) can infect cows on days 30-110 of gestation and crossing the placental barrier, resulting in persistently infected (PI) and causing significant economic losses to dairy farming. Bovine placental trophoblast cells (BTCs) are the major cells in the early chorionic tissue of the placenta and play important roles in placental resistance to viral transmission. In this study, we have confirmed that BTCs is among a groups of cell types those could be infected by BVDV in vivo, and BVDV infection stimulates the autophagic responses in BTCs and promotes the release of exosomes. Meanwhile, the exosomes derived from BTCs can be used by BVDV to spread between placental trophoblast cells, and this mode of transmission cannot be blocked by antibodies against the BVDV E2 protein, whereas the replication and spread of BVDV in BTCs can be blocked by inhibiting autophagy and exosomogenesis. Our study provides a theoretical and practical basis for scientific prediction and intervention of reproductive disorders caused by BVDV infection in cows of different gestation periods from a novel perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Liang
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Bingying Liu
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Longfei Xiao
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Siqi Ren
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Xihui Sheng
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Xiaolong Qi
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Zhenhao Zhang
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Naihan Yuan
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Kaijun Guo
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Xiangguo Wang
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China.
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2
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Van Campen H, Bishop JV, Brink Z, Engle TE, Gonzalez-Berrios CL, Georges HM, Kincade JN, Murtazina DA, Hansen TR. Epigenetic Modifications of White Blood Cell DNA Caused by Transient Fetal Infection with Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus. Viruses 2024; 16:721. [PMID: 38793603 PMCID: PMC11125956 DOI: 10.3390/v16050721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infections cause USD 1.5-2 billion in losses annually. Maternal BVDV after 150 days of gestation causes transient fetal infection (TI) in which the fetal immune response clears the virus. The impact of fetal TI BVDV infections on postnatal growth and white blood cell (WBC) methylome as an index of epigenetic modifications was examined by inoculating pregnant heifers with noncytopathic type 2 BVDV or media (sham-inoculated controls) on Day 175 of gestation to generate TI (n = 11) and control heifer calves (n = 12). Fetal infection in TI calves was confirmed by virus-neutralizing antibody titers at birth and control calves were seronegative. Both control and TI calves were negative for BVDV RNA in WBCs by RT-PCR. The mean weight of the TI calves was less than that of the controls (p < 0.05). DNA methyl seq analysis of WBC DNA demonstrated 2349 differentially methylated cytosines (p ≤ 0.05) including 1277 hypomethylated cytosines, 1072 hypermethylated cytosines, 84 differentially methylated regions based on CpGs in promoters, and 89 DMRs in islands of TI WBC DNA compared to controls. Fetal BVDV infection during late gestation resulted in epigenomic modifications predicted to affect fetal development and immune pathways, suggesting potential consequences for postnatal growth and health of TI cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Van Campen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (H.V.C.); (J.V.B.); (Z.B.); (C.L.G.-B.); (H.M.G.); (J.N.K.); (D.A.M.)
| | - Jeanette V. Bishop
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (H.V.C.); (J.V.B.); (Z.B.); (C.L.G.-B.); (H.M.G.); (J.N.K.); (D.A.M.)
| | - Zella Brink
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (H.V.C.); (J.V.B.); (Z.B.); (C.L.G.-B.); (H.M.G.); (J.N.K.); (D.A.M.)
| | - Terry E. Engle
- Department of Animal Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA;
| | - Carolina L. Gonzalez-Berrios
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (H.V.C.); (J.V.B.); (Z.B.); (C.L.G.-B.); (H.M.G.); (J.N.K.); (D.A.M.)
| | - Hanah M. Georges
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (H.V.C.); (J.V.B.); (Z.B.); (C.L.G.-B.); (H.M.G.); (J.N.K.); (D.A.M.)
- Currently at Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Jessica N. Kincade
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (H.V.C.); (J.V.B.); (Z.B.); (C.L.G.-B.); (H.M.G.); (J.N.K.); (D.A.M.)
| | - Dilyara A. Murtazina
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (H.V.C.); (J.V.B.); (Z.B.); (C.L.G.-B.); (H.M.G.); (J.N.K.); (D.A.M.)
| | - Thomas R. Hansen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (H.V.C.); (J.V.B.); (Z.B.); (C.L.G.-B.); (H.M.G.); (J.N.K.); (D.A.M.)
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3
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Lamothe-Reyes Y, Figueroa M, Sánchez O. Host cell factors involved in classical swine fever virus entry. Vet Res 2023; 54:115. [PMID: 38041163 PMCID: PMC10693020 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01238-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) is an ancient pathogen that continues to pose a threat to animal agriculture worldwide. The virus belongs to the genus Pestivirus and the family Flaviviridae. It causes a multisystemic disease that affects only pigs and is responsible for significant economic losses. CSFV infection is probably a multistep process that involves the proteins in the virus envelope and more than one receptor in the membrane of permissive cells. To date, the cellular receptors essential for CSFV entry and their detailed functions during this process remains unknown. All the viral envelope proteins Erns, E1 and E2 are involved in the entry process to some extent and the experimental approaches conducted until now have helped to unveil their contributions. This review aims to provide an overview of current knowledge on cellular molecules described to be involved in CSFV entry, including complement regulatory protein 46 (CD46), heparan sulphate (HS), Laminin receptor, Integrin ß3, Annexin II, MERKT and ADAM17. This knowledge would not only help to understand the molecular mechanisms involved in pestivirus infection, but also provide a rational basis for the development of nonvaccinal alternatives for CSFV control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaneysis Lamothe-Reyes
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile.
- Laboratory of Recombinant Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile.
| | - Maximiliano Figueroa
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Oliberto Sánchez
- Laboratory of Recombinant Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile.
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Choe S, Park GN, Kim KS, Shin J, Lim SI, An BH, Hyun BH, An DJ. Efficacy of an orally administered classical swine fever live marker vaccine (Flc-LOM-BE rns strain) in pigs. Vaccine 2023; 41:7377-7386. [PMID: 37973511 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.10.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
In several countries, classical swine fever (CSF) has not been detected in domestic pigs, but has been detected in wild boars, making the disease difficult to control. To overcome this problem, we inoculated pigs with a CSF live marker vaccine (Flc-LOM-BErns strain), which has "distinguish infection from vaccinated animals (DIVA)" function, to determine whether it is suitable as an oral vaccine specifically for wild boars. Pigs inoculated intramuscularly or orally with the Flc-LOM-BErns vaccine were challenged 2 or 4 weeks later, respectively, with virulent CSFV. Pigs administered the oral Flc-LOM-BErns strain (105.0 and 6.0 TCID50/dose), and those vaccinated intramuscularly (103.0 TCID50/dose), had normal numbers of leukocytes and normal body temperature. Also, they generated protective neutralizing antibodies and anti-BVDV Erns antibodies. In addition, all pigs in these groups survived, with no CSFV RNA detected in feces, spleen, or other organs. Thus, the Flc-LOM-BErns vaccine shows excellent safety and efficacy, while having DIVA function and suitability for oral inoculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- SeEun Choe
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Gyeongbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea.
| | - Gyu-Nam Park
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Gyeongbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ki-Sun Kim
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Gyeongbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jihye Shin
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Gyeongbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seong-In Lim
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Gyeongbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea.
| | - Byung-Hyun An
- Department of Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Bang-Hun Hyun
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Gyeongbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dong-Jun An
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Gyeongbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Guo X, Zhang M, Liu X, Zhang Y, Wang C, Guo Y. Attachment, Entry, and Intracellular Trafficking of Classical Swine Fever Virus. Viruses 2023; 15:1870. [PMID: 37766277 PMCID: PMC10534341 DOI: 10.3390/v15091870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever virus (CSFV), which is a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus with an envelope, is a member of the Pestivirus genus in the Flaviviridae family. CSFV causes a severe and highly contagious disease in pigs and is prevalent worldwide, threatening the pig farming industry. The detailed mechanisms of the CSFV life cycle have been reported, but are still limited. Some receptors and attachment factors of CSFV, including heparan sulfate (HS), laminin receptor (LamR), complement regulatory protein (CD46), MER tyrosine kinase (MERTK), disintegrin, and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17 (ADAM17), were identified. After attachment, CSFV internalizes via clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) and/or caveolae/raft-dependent endocytosis (CavME). After internalization, CSFV moves to early and late endosomes before uncoating. During this period, intracellular trafficking of CSFV relies on components of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) and Rab proteins in the endosome dynamics, with a dependence on the cytoskeleton network. This review summarizes the data on the mechanisms of CSFV attachment, internalization pathways, and intracellular trafficking, and provides a general view of the early events in the CSFV life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yidi Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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6
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Wu Y, Zhang G, Jiang H, Xin T, Jia L, Zhang Y, Yang Y, Qin T, Xu C, Cao J, Ameni G, Ahmad A, Ding J, Li L, Ma Y, Fan X. Molecular Characteristics of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Strains Isolated from Persistently Infected Cattle. Vet Sci 2023; 10:413. [PMID: 37505819 PMCID: PMC10384089 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10070413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we reported the isolation, identification, and molecular characteristics of nine BVDV strains that were isolated from the serum of persistently infected cattle. The new strains were designated as BVDV TJ2101, TJ2102, TJ2103, TJ2104, TJ2105, TJ2106, TJ2107, TJ2108 and TJ2109. The TJ2102 and TJ2104 strains were found to be cytopathic BVDV, and the other strains were non-cytopathic BVDV. An alignment and phylogenetic analysis showed that the new isolates share 92.2-96.3% homology with the CP7 strain and, thus, were classified as the BVDV-1b subgenotype. A recombination analysis of the genome sequences showed that the new strains could be recombined by the major parent BVDV-1a NADL strain and the minor parent BVDV-1m SD-15 strain. Some genome variations or unique amino acid mutations were found in 5'-UTR, E0 and E2 of these new isolates. In addition, a potential linear B cell epitopes prediction showed that the potential linear B cell epitope at positions 56-61 is highly variable in BVDV-1b. In conclusion, the present study has identified nine strains of BVDV from persistently infected cattle in China. Further studies on the virulence and pathogenesis of these new strains are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghao Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Guangzhi Zhang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ting Xin
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Li Jia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Yichen Zhang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yifei Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tong Qin
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chuang Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jie Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Gobena Ameni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Arfan Ahmad
- University Diagnostic Lab, University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Jiabo Ding
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Limin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Yuzhong Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Xuezheng Fan
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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7
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Leveringhaus E, Cagatay GN, Hardt J, Becher P, Postel A. Different impact of bovine complement regulatory protein 46 (CD46 bov) as a cellular receptor for members of the species Pestivirus H and Pestivirus G. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:60-72. [PMID: 34839792 PMCID: PMC8741246 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.2011620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The genus Pestivirus within the family Flaviviridae comprises highly relevant animal pathogens such as bovine viral diarrhoea virus 1 and 2 (BVDV-1 and -2) classified into the two species Pestivirus A and Pestivirus B, respectively. First described in 2004, HoBi-like pestiviruses (HoBiPeV) represent emerging bovine pathogens that belong to a separate species (Pestivirus H), but share many similarities with BVDV-1 and -2. Additionally, two giraffe pestivirus (GPeV) strains both originating from Kenya represent another distinct species (Pestivirus G), whose members replicate very efficiently in bovine cells. In this study, we investigated the role of bovine complement regulatory protein 46 (CD46bov), the receptor of BVDV-1 and -2, in the entry of HoBiPeV and GPeV. For this purpose, bovine CD46-knockout and CD46-rescue cell lines were generated by CRISPR/Cas9 technology and subsequent trans-complementation, respectively. Our results provide strong evidence that the impact of CD46bov differs between viruses belonging to Pestivirus H and viruses representing Pestivirus G: CD46bov revealed to be a major cellular entry factor for HoBiPeV strain HaVi-20. In contrast, GPeV strain PG-2 presented as largely independent of CD46bov, suggesting a different entry mechanism involving other molecular determinants which remain to be identified. In addition, we demonstrated that, similar to BVDV-1 and -2, virus isolates of both Pestivirus H and Pestivirus G are able to adapt to cell culture conditions by using heparan sulfate to enter the host cell. In conclusion, our findings show that different bovine pestiviruses use diverse mechanisms of host cell entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Leveringhaus
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gökce Nur Cagatay
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Coriolis Pharma Research GmbH, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Juliane Hardt
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health at the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Paul Becher
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexander Postel
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Host Cell Receptors Implicated in the Cellular Tropism of BVDV. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102302. [PMID: 36298858 PMCID: PMC9607657 DOI: 10.3390/v14102302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is one of the most hazardous viruses, which causes huge economic losses in the cattle industry around the world. In recent years, there has been a continuous increase in the diversity of pestivirus worldwide. As a member of the genus Pestivirus in the Flaviviridae family, BVDV has a wide range of host animals including cattle, goat, sheep, pig, camel and other cloven-hoofed animals, and it has multi-tissue tropism as well. The recognition of their permissive cells by viruses via interaction with the cellular receptors is a prerequisite for successful infection. So far, little is known about the cellular receptors essential for BVDV entry and their detailed functions during BVDV infection. Thus, discovery of the cellular receptors involved in the entry of BVDV and other pestiviruses is significant for development of the novel intervention. The viral envelope glycoprotein Erns and E2 are crucial determinants of the cellular tropism of BVDV. The cellular proteins bound with Erns and E2 potentially participate in BVDV entry, and their abundance might determine the cellular tropism of BVDV. Here, we summarize current knowledge regarding the cellular molecules have been described for BVDV entry, such as, complement regulatory protein 46 (CD46), heparan sulfate (HS), the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor, and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 17 (ADAM17). Furthermore, we focus on their implications of the recently identified cellular receptors for pestiviruses in BVDV life cycle. This knowledge provides a theoretical basis for BVDV prevention and treatment by targeting the cellular receptors essential for BVDV infection.
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Wyse J, Latif S, Gurusinghe S, McCormick J, Weston LA, Stephen CP. Phytoestrogens: A Review of Their Impacts on Reproductive Physiology and Other Effects upon Grazing Livestock. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12192709. [PMID: 36230450 PMCID: PMC9559698 DOI: 10.3390/ani12192709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Legume crops and pastures have a high economic value in Australia. However, legume species commonly used for grazing enterprises have been identified to produce high concentrations of phytoestrogens. These compounds are heterocyclic phenolic, and are similar in structure to the mammalian estrogen, 17β-estradiol. The biological activity of the various phytoestrogen types; isoflavones, lignans and coumestans, are species-specific, although at concentrations of 25 mg/kg of dry matter each of the phytoestrogen types affect reproductive functions in grazing livestock. The impacts upon fertility in grazing livestock such as cattle and sheep, vary greatly over length of exposure time, age and health of animal and the stress stimuli the plant is exposed to. More recently, research into the other effects that phytoestrogens may have upon metabolism, immune capacity and growth and performance of grazing livestock has been conducted. Potential new benefits for using these phytoestrogens, such as daidzein and genistein, have been identified by observing the stimulation of production in lymphocytes and other antibody cells. Numerous isoflavones have also been recognized to promote protein synthesis, increase the lean meat ratio, and increase weight gain in cattle and sheep. In Australia, the high economic value of legumes as pasture crops in sheep and cattle production enterprises requires proactive management strategies to mitigate risk associated with potential loss of fertility associated with inclusion of pasture legumes as forages for grazing livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Wyse
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
- Gulbali Institute for Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
- Correspondence: (J.W.); (C.P.S.)
| | - Sajid Latif
- National Life Sciences Research Hub, Faculty of Science and Health, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
| | - Saliya Gurusinghe
- Gulbali Institute for Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
| | - Jeffrey McCormick
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
- Gulbali Institute for Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
| | - Leslie A. Weston
- Gulbali Institute for Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
| | - Cyril P. Stephen
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
- Gulbali Institute for Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
- Correspondence: (J.W.); (C.P.S.)
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10
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Jafari A, Esmaeilzadeh Z, Khezri MR, Ghasemnejad-Berenji H, Pashapour S, Sadeghpour S, Ghasemnejad-Berenji M. An overview of possible pivotal mechanisms of Genistein as a potential phytochemical against SARS-CoV-2 infection: A hypothesis. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14345. [PMID: 35866873 PMCID: PMC9350103 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic has been caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2). It is a global problem that humanity has not yet found a definitive solution for it. In this regard, a global effort has been done to find effective or potential adjuvant therapies in order to fight this infection. Genistein is a small, biologically active phytoestrogen flavonoid that is found in high amounts in soy and plants of the Fabaceae family. This important compound is known due to its anti‐cancer, anti‐inflammatory, and antioxidant effects. Additionally, protective effects of genistein have been reported in different pathological conditions through modulating intracellular pathways such as PI3K, Akt, mTOR, NF‐κB, PPARγ, AMPK, and Nrf2. Scientific evidence suggests that genistein could have a potential role to treat COVID‐19 through its anti‐inflammatory and anti‐oxidant effects. Furthermore, it appears to interfere with intracellular pathways involved in viral entry into the cell. This review provides a basis for further research and development of clinical applications of genistein as a potential alternative therapy to decrease inflammation and oxidative stress in COVID‐19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Jafari
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Zeinab Esmaeilzadeh
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | | | | | - Sarvin Pashapour
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Sonia Sadeghpour
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Morteza Ghasemnejad-Berenji
- Experimental and Applied Pharmaceutical Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
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11
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Involvement of adaptor proteins in clathrin-mediated endocytosis of virus entry. Microb Pathog 2021; 161:105278. [PMID: 34740810 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The first step in the initiation of effective viral infection is breaking through the cytomembrane to enter the cell. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis is a key vesicular trafficking process in which a variety of cargo molecules are transported from the outside to the inside of the cell. This process is hijacked by numerous families of enveloped or non-enveloped viruses, which use it to enter host cells, followed by trafficking to their replicating sites. Various adaptor proteins that assist in cargo selection, coat assembly, and clathrin-coated bud maturation are important in this process. Research data documented on the involvement of adaptor proteins, such as AP-2, Eps-15, Epsin1, and AP180/CALM, in the invasion of viruses via the clathrin-mediated endocytosis have provided novel insights into understanding the viral life cycle and have led to the development of novel therapeutics. Here, we summarize the latest discoveries on the role of these adaptor proteins in clathrin-mediated endocytosis of virus entry and also discuss the future trends in this field.
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Evaluating Large Spontaneous Deletions in a Bovine Cell Line Selected for Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Resistance. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112147. [PMID: 34834954 PMCID: PMC8622392 DOI: 10.3390/v13112147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus’s (BVDV) entry into bovine cells involves attachment of virions to cellular receptors, internalization, and pH-dependent fusion with endosomal membranes. The primary host receptor for BVDV is CD46; however, the complete set of host factors required for virus entry is unknown. The Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cell line is susceptible to BVDV infection, while a derivative cell line (CRIB) is resistant at the level of virus entry. We performed complete genome sequencing of each to identify genomic variation underlying the resistant phenotype with the aim of identifying host factors essential for BVDV entry. Three large compound deletions in the BVDV-resistant CRIB cell line were identified and predicted to disrupt the function or expression of the genes PTPN12, GRID2, and RABGAP1L. However, CRISPR/Cas9 mediated knockout of these genes, individually or in combination, in the parental MDBK cell line did not impact virus entry or replication. Therefore, resistance to BVDV in the CRIB cell line is not due to the apparent spontaneous loss of PTPN12, GRID2, or RABGAP1L gene function. Identifying the functional cause of BVDV resistance in the CRIB cell line may require more detailed comparisons of the genomes and epigenomes.
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Shi R, Hou L, Wei L, Quan R, Zhou B, Jiang H, Wang J, Zhu S, Song J, Wang D, Liu J. Porcine Circovirus Type 3 Enters Into PK15 Cells Through Clathrin- and Dynamin-2-Mediated Endocytosis in a Rab5/Rab7 and pH-Dependent Fashion. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:636307. [PMID: 33679671 PMCID: PMC7928314 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.636307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) invades multiple tissues and organs of pigs of different ages and are widely spread throughout pig farms, emerging as an important viral pathogen that can potentially damage the pig industry worldwide. Since PCV3 is a newly discovered virus, many aspects of its life cycle remain unknown. Porcine kidney epithelial cells are important host targets for PCV3. Here, we used systematic approaches to dissect the molecular mechanisms underlying the cell entry and intracellular trafficking of PCV3 in PK15 cells, a cell line of porcine kidney epithelial origin. A large number of PCV3 viral particles were found to colocalize with clathrin but not caveolin-1 after entry, and PCV3 infection was significantly decreased when treated with chlorpromazine, dynasore, knockdown of clathrin heavy chain expression via RNA interference, or overexpression of a dominant-negative mutant of EPS15 in PCV3-infected cells. After internalization, the viral particles were further observed to colocalize with Rab5 and Rab7, and knockdown of both expression by RNA interference significantly inhibited PCV3 replication. We also found that PCV3 infection was impeded by ammonium chloride treatment, which indicated the requirement of an acidic environment for viral entry. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that PCV3 enters PK15 cells through a clathrin- and dynamin-2-mediated endocytic pathway, which requires early and late endosomal trafficking, as well as an acidic environment, providing an insightful theoretical basis for further understanding the PCV3 life cycle and its pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihan Shi
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Hou
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Li Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Quan
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haijun Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shanshan Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangwei Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jue Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Zhang L, Zhao D, Jin M, Song M, Liu S, Guo K, Zhang Y. Rab18 binds to classical swine fever virus NS5A and mediates viral replication and assembly in swine umbilical vein endothelial cells. Virulence 2021; 11:489-501. [PMID: 32419589 PMCID: PMC7239025 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1767356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever virus (CSFV), a positive-sense RNA virus, hijacks cell host proteins for its own replication. Rab18, a small Rab GTPase, regulates intracellular membrane-trafficking events between various compartments in cells and is involved in the life cycle of multiple viruses. However, the effect of Rab18 on the production of CSFV remains uncertain. In this study, we showed that knockdown of Rab18 by lentiviruses inhibited CSFV production, while overexpression of Rab18 by lentiviruses enhanced CSFV production. Subsequent experiments revealed that the negative-mutant Rab18-S22 N inhibited CSFV infection, while the positive-mutant Rab18-Q67 L enhanced CSFV infection. Furthermore, we showed that CSFV RNA replication and virion assembly, measured by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA), and confocal microscopy, were reduced in cells lacking Rab18 expression. In addition, co-immunoprecipitation, GST-pulldown, and confocal microscopy assays revealed that Rab18 bound to the viral protein NS5A. Further, NS5A was shown to be redistributed in Rab18 knockdown cells. Taken together, these findings demonstrate Rab18 as a novel host factor required for CSFV RNA replication and particle assembly by interaction with the viral protein NS5A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Di Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mingxing Jin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mengzhao Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shanchuan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kangkang Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanming Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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Identification of an Antiviral Compound from the Pandemic Response Box that Efficiently Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 Infection In Vitro. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8121872. [PMID: 33256227 PMCID: PMC7760777 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8121872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With over 50 million currently confirmed cases worldwide, including more than 1.3 million deaths, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has a major impact on the economy and health care system. Currently, limited prophylactic or therapeutic intervention options are available against SARS-CoV-2. In this study, 400 compounds from the antimicrobial “pandemic response box” library were screened for inhibiting properties against SARS-CoV-2. An initial screen on Vero E6 cells identified five compounds that inhibited SARS-CoV-2 replication. However, validation of the selected hits in a human lung cell line highlighted that only a single compound, namely Retro-2.1, efficiently inhibited SARS-CoV-2 replication. Additional analysis revealed that the antiviral activity of Retro-2.1 occurs at a post-entry stage of the viral replication cycle. Combined, these data demonstrate that stringent in vitro screening of preselected compounds in multiple cell lines refines the rapid identification of new potential antiviral candidate drugs targeting SARS-CoV-2.
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Dun Y, Yan J, Wang M, Wang M, Liu L, Yu R, Zhang S. Rac1-dependent endocytosis and Rab5-dependent intracellular trafficking are required by Enterovirus A71 and Coxsackievirus A10 to establish infections. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 529:97-103. [PMID: 32560826 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EVA71) and Coxsackievirus A10 (CVA10) are representative types of Enterovirus A. Dependent on the host cell types, the EVA71 entry may utilize clathrin-, caveola-, and endophilin-A2-mediated endocytosis. However, the cell-entry and intracellular trafficking pathways of CVA10, using KREMEN1 as its receptor, are unclear. Here, we tested the relevant mechanisms through RNA interference (RNAi) and chemical inhibitors. We found that endocytosis of EVA71 and CVA10 in rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells engaged multiple pathways, and both viruses required Rac1. Interestingly, while CDC42 and Pak1 participated in EVA71 infection, PI3K played a role in CVA10 infection. The functions of Rab proteins in intracellular trafficking of CVA10 and EVA71 were examined by RNAi. Knockdown of Rab5 and Rab21 significantly reduced CVA10 infectivity, while knockdown of Rab5, Rab7 and Rab9 reduced EVA71 infectivity. Confocal microscopy confirmed the colocalization of CVA10 virions with Rab5 or Rab21, and colocalization of EVA71 virions with Rab5 or Rab7. Additionally, we observed that both CVA10 and EVA71 infections were inhibited by endosome acidification inhibitors, bafilomycin-A1 and NH4Cl. Together, our findings comparatively illustrate the entry and intracellular trafficking processes of representative Enterovirus A types and revealed novel enterovirus intervention targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Dun
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingjing Yan
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Wang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lizhen Liu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Yu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuye Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Proteomic study of hypothalamus in pigs exposed to heat stress. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:286. [PMID: 32787853 PMCID: PMC7424663 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02505-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background With evidence of warming climates, it is important to understand the effects of heat stress in farm animals in order to minimize production losses. Studying the changes in the brain proteome induced by heat stress may aid in understanding how heat stress affects brain function. The hypothalamus is a critical region in the brain that controls the pituitary gland, which is responsible for the secretion of several important hormones. In this study, we examined the hypothalamic protein profile of 10 pigs (15 ± 1 kg body weight), with five subjected to heat stress (35 ± 1 °C; relative humidity = 90%) and five acting as controls (28 ± 3 °C; RH = 90%). Result The isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) analysis of the hypothalamus identified 1710 peptides corresponding to 360 proteins, including 295 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), 148 of which were up-regulated and 147 down-regulated, in heat-stressed animals. The Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) software predicted 30 canonical pathways, four functional groups, and four regulatory networks of interest. The DEPs were mainly concentrated in the cytoskeleton of the pig hypothalamus during heat stress. Conclusions In this study, heat stress significantly increased the body temperature and reduced daily gain of body weight in pigs. Furthermore, we identified 295 differentially expressed proteins, 147 of which were down-regulated and 148 up-regulated in hypothalamus of heat stressed pigs. The IPA showed that the DEPs identified in the study are involved in cell death and survival, cellular assembly and organization, and cellular function and maintenance, in relation to neurological disease, metabolic disease, immunological disease, inflammatory disease, and inflammatory response. We hypothesize that a malfunction of the hypothalamus may destroy the host physical and immune function, resulting in decreased growth performance and immunosuppression in heat stressed pigs.
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Zhang L, Wang T, Song M, Jin M, Liu S, Guo K, Zhang Y. Rab1b-GBF1-ARFs mediated intracellular trafficking is required for classical swine fever virus replication in swine umbilical vein endothelial cells. Vet Microbiol 2020; 246:108743. [PMID: 32605744 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Classical swine fever virus (CSFV), a plus-sense RNA virus, utilizes host intracellular membrane organelles for its replication. Our previous studies have shown that disruption of the intracellular membrane-trafficking events can inhibit CSFV replication. However, the underlying mechanism of this process in CSFV infection has not been elucidated. To determine the role of Golgi-associated anterograde and retrograde trafficking in CSFV replication, we revealed the effect of vesicular transport between Golgi and ER inhibitors Brefeldin A (BFA) and 2,2-methyl-N-(2,4,6,-trimethoxyphenyl) dodecanamide (CI-976), the GBF1 inhibitor golgicide A (GCA) on virus production. Our results showed that disruption of vesicular trafficking by BFA, CI-976, and GCA significantly inhibited CSFV infection. Subsequent experiments revealed that knockdown of Rab1b by lentiviruses and negative-mutant Rab1b-N121I transfection inhibited CSFV infection. Furthermore, we showed that the Rab1b downstream vesicular component effectors GBF1, and class I and class II ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs) were also involved in virus replication. In addition, confocal microscopy assay showed that CSFV infection disrupted the Golgi apparatus resulting in extended Golgi distribution around the nucleus. We also showed that cell secretory pathway, measured using Gaussia luciferase flash assay, was blocked in CSFV infected cells. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that CSFV utilizes Rab1b-GBF1-ARFs mediated trafficking to promote its own replication. These findings also provide new insights into the intracellular trafficking pathways utilized for CSFV life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Tao Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Mengzhao Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Mingxing Jin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Shanchuan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Kangkang Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Yanming Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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Riedel C, Chen HW, Reichart U, Lamp B, Laketa V, Rümenapf T. Real Time Analysis of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) Infection and Its Dependence on Bovine CD46. Viruses 2020; 12:E116. [PMID: 31963539 PMCID: PMC7019258 DOI: 10.3390/v12010116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus attachment and entry is a complex interplay of viral and cellular interaction partners. Employing bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) encoding an mCherry-E2 fusion protein (BVDVE2-mCherry), being the first genetically labelled member of the family Flaviviridae applicable for the analysis of virus particles, the early events of infection-attachment, particle surface transport, and endocytosis-were monitored to better understand the mechanisms underlying virus entry and their dependence on the virus receptor, bovine CD46. The analysis of 801 tracks on the surface of SK6 cells inducibly expressing fluorophore labelled bovine CD46 (CD46fluo) demonstrated the presence of directed, diffusive, and confined motion. 26 entry events could be identified, with the majority being associated with a CD46fluo positive structure during endocytosis and occurring more than 20 min after virus addition. Deletion of the CD46fluo E2 binding domain (CD46fluo∆E2bind) did not affect the types of motions observed on the cell surface but resulted in a decreased number of observable entry events (2 out of 1081 tracks). Mean squared displacement analysis revealed a significantly increased velocity of particle transport for directed motions on CD46fluo∆E2bind expressing cells in comparison to CD46fluo. These results indicate that the presence of bovine CD46 is only affecting the speed of directed transport, but otherwise not influencing BVDV cell surface motility. Instead, bovine CD46 seems to be an important factor during uptake, suggesting the presence of additional cellular proteins interacting with the virus which are able to support its transport on the virus surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Riedel
- Institute of Virology, Vetmeduni Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (H.-W.C.); (T.R.)
| | - Hann-Wei Chen
- Institute of Virology, Vetmeduni Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (H.-W.C.); (T.R.)
| | - Ursula Reichart
- VetCore Facility for Research, Vetmeduni Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Benjamin Lamp
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig University, 35392 Gießen, Germany;
| | - Vibor Laketa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
- German Center for Infection Research, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Till Rümenapf
- Institute of Virology, Vetmeduni Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (H.-W.C.); (T.R.)
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Baloch AS, Liu C, Liang X, Liu Y, Chen J, Cao R, Zhou B. Avian Flavivirus Enters BHK-21 Cells by a Low pH-Dependent Endosomal Pathway. Viruses 2019; 11:v11121112. [PMID: 31801284 PMCID: PMC6949961 DOI: 10.3390/v11121112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV), a pathogenic member of the Flavivirus family, was first discovered in the coastal provinces of South-Eastern China in 2010. Many previous reports have clearly shown that some Flaviviruses utilize several endocytic pathways to enter the host cells, however, the detailed mechanism of DTMUV entry into BHK-21 cells, which is usually employed to produce commercial veterinary vaccines for DTMUV, as well as of other Flaviviruses by serial passages, is still unknown. In this study, DTMUV entry into BHK-21 cells was found to be inhibited by noncytotoxic concentrations of the agents chloroquine, NH4Cl, and Bafilomycin A1, which blocked the acidification of the endosomes. Inactivation of virions by acid pretreatment is a hallmark of viruses that utilize a low-pH-mediated entry pathway. Exposure of DTMUV virions to pH 5.0 in the absence of host cell membranes decreased entry into cells by 65%. Furthermore, DTMUV infection was significantly decreased by chlorpromazine treatment, or by knockdown of the clathrin heavy chain (CHC) through RNA interference, which suggested that DTMUV entry depends on clathrin. Taken together, these findings highlight that a low endosomal pH is an important route of entry for DTMUV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Sattar Baloch
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chunchun Liu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaodong Liang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yayun Liu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jing Chen
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ruibing Cao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Comprehensive analysis of circRNAs expression profiles in different periods of MDBK cells infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus. Res Vet Sci 2019; 125:52-60. [PMID: 31146221 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CircRNAs play an important regulatory role in the regulation of disease. However, we have a limited understanding of the role of circRNAs in the host's complex protective and pathological mechanisms of BVDV infection. Transcriptome analysis of circRNAs in host cells after BVDV infection may allow us to understand the biological functions of circRNAs in the regulation of BVDV infection. Here, we identified a total of 19,118 circRNAs from the MBDK cells (at 12 h, 24 h, and 48 h post-infection) infected with BVDV by using RNA-seq technology. We confirmed several circRNAs using RT-PCR and DNA sequencing, and qRT-PCR analysis was performed to identify several circRNAs expression and circRNAs resistance to RNase R digestion. GO (Gene Ontology) and KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) enrichment analysis showed that the host genes of differentially expressed circRNAs were involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, apoptosis, cycle and viral infection related signaling pathways. These results indicate that circRNA in host cells plays a broad regulatory role after BVDV infection and provides a valuable resource for studying circRNA biology in host cells after BVDV infection.
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Dehydrojuncusol, a Natural Phenanthrene Compound Extracted from Juncus maritimus, Is a New Inhibitor of Hepatitis C Virus RNA Replication. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.02009-18. [PMID: 30842319 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02009-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent emergence of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) targeting hepatitis C virus (HCV) proteins has considerably enhanced the success of antiviral therapy. However, the appearance of DAA-resistant-associated variants is a cause of treatment failure, and the high cost of DAAs renders the therapy not accessible in countries with inadequate medical infrastructures. Therefore, the search for new inhibitors with a lower cost of production should be pursued. In this context, the crude extract of Juncus maritimus Lam. was shown to exhibit high antiviral activity against HCV in cell culture. Bio-guided fractionation allowed the isolation and identification of the active compound, dehydrojuncusol. A time-of-addition assay showed that dehydrojuncusol significantly inhibited HCV infection when added after virus inoculation of HCV genotype 2a (50% effective concentration [EC50] = 1.35 µM). This antiviral activity was confirmed with an HCV subgenomic replicon, and no effect on HCV pseudoparticle entry was observed. Antiviral activity of dehydrojuncusol was also demonstrated in primary human hepatocytes. No in vitro toxicity was observed at active concentrations. Dehydrojuncusol is also efficient on HCV genotype 3a and can be used in combination with sofosbuvir. Interestingly, dehydrojuncusol was able to inhibit RNA replication of two frequent daclatasvir-resistant mutants (L31M or Y93H in NS5A). Finally, mutants resistant to dehydrojuncusol were obtained and showed that the HCV NS5A protein is the target of the molecule. In conclusion, dehydrojuncusol, a natural compound extracted from J. maritimus, inhibits infection of different HCV genotypes by targeting the NS5A protein and is active against resistant HCV variants frequently found in patients with treatment failure.IMPORTANCE Tens of millions of people are infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) worldwide. Recently marketed direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) targeting HCV proteins have enhanced the efficacy of treatment. However, due to its high cost, this new therapy is not accessible to the vast majority of infected patients. Furthermore, treatment failures have also been reported due to the appearance of viral resistance. Here, we report on the identification of a new HCV inhibitor, dehydrojuncusol, that targets HCV NS5A and is able to inhibit RNA replication of replicons harboring resistance mutations to anti-NS5A DAAs used in current therapy. Dehydrojuncusol is a natural compound isolated from Juncus maritimus, a halophilic plant species that is very common in coastlines worldwide. This molecule might serve as a lead for the development of a new therapy that is more accessible to hepatitis C patients in the future.
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Riedel C, Lamp B, Chen HW, Heimann M, Rümenapf T. Fluorophore labelled BVDV: a novel tool for the analysis of infection dynamics. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5972. [PMID: 30979966 PMCID: PMC6461705 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42540-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic labelling of viruses with a fluorophore allows to study their life cycle in real time, without the need for fixation or staining techniques. Within the family Flaviviridae, options for genetic labelling of non-structural proteins exist. Yet, no system to genetically label structural proteins has been put forward to date. Taking advantage of a previously described site within the structural protein E2, a fluorophore was introduced into a cytopathogenic (cpe) BVDV-1 virus (BVDVE2_fluo). This insertion was well tolerated, resulting in a 2-fold drop in titer compared to the parental virus, and remained stably integrated into the genome for more than 10 passages. The fluorophore E2 fusion protein was readily detectable in purified virus particles by Western blot and fluorescence microscopy and the particle integrity and morphology was confirmed by cryo electron microscopy. The same integration site could also be used to label the related Classical swine fever virus. Also, BVDVE2_fluo particles bound to fluorophore labelled CD46 expressing cells could be resolved in fluorescence microscopy. This underlines the applicability of BVDVE2_fluo as a tool to study the dynamics of the whole life cycle of BVDV in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Riedel
- Institute of Virology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Benjamin Lamp
- Institute of Virology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hann-Wei Chen
- Institute of Virology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Manuela Heimann
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Till Rümenapf
- Institute of Virology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Cell-to-Cell Transmission Is the Main Mechanism Supporting Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Spread in Cell Culture. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01776-18. [PMID: 30404802 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01776-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
After initiation of an infective cycle, spread of virus infection can occur in two fundamentally different ways: (i) viral particles can be released into the external environment and diffuse through the extracellular space until they interact with a new host cell, and (ii) virions can remain associated with infected cells, promoting the direct passage between infected and uninfected cells that is referred to as direct cell-to-cell transmission. Although evidence of cell-associated transmission has accumulated for many different viruses, the ability of members of the genus Pestivirus to use this mode of transmission has not been reported. In the present study, we used a novel recombinant virus expressing the envelope glycoprotein E2 fused to mCherry fluorescent protein to monitor the spreading of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) (the type member of the pestiviruses) infection. To demonstrate direct cell-to-cell transmission of BVDV, we developed a cell coculture system that allowed us to prove direct transmission from infected to uninfected cells in the presence of neutralizing antibodies. This mode of transmission requires cell-cell contacts and clathrin-mediated receptor-dependent endocytosis. Notably, it overcomes antibody blocking of the BVDV receptor CD46, indicating that cell-to-cell transmission of the virus involves the engagement of coreceptors on the target cell.IMPORTANCE BVDV causes one of the most economically important viral infections for the cattle industry. The virus is able to cross the placenta and infect the fetus, leading to the birth of persistently infected animals, which are reservoirs for the spread of BVDV. The occurrence of persistent infection has hampered the efficacy of vaccination because it requires eliciting levels of protection close to sterilizing immunity to prevent fetal infections. While vaccination prevents disease, BVDV can be detected if animals with neutralizing antibodies are challenged with the virus. Virus cell-to-cell transmission allows the virus to overcome barriers to free virus dissemination, such as antibodies or epithelial barriers. Here we show that BVDV exploits cell-cell contacts to propagate infection in a process that is resistant to antibody neutralization. Our results provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of BVDV infection and can aid in the design of effective control strategies.
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Zhu L, Huang L, Wang A, Li Q, Guo J, Wang L, Zhang G. The evaluation of an immunoperoxidase assay applicable in antiviral drug screening. Biologicals 2018; 57:61-66. [PMID: 30477957 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) fall into cytopathic (CP) and noncytopathic (NCP) biotypes, based on their ability to kill cultured cells. NCP-BVDV can not be titrated by conventional means as used for CP-BVDV, which has impeded the identification of antiviral drugs targeting NCP-BVDV virus strains. In this study, the application of an immunoperoxidase assay in the screening of antiviral drugs was tested using two known BVDV inhibitors, ribavirin and ammonium chloride (NH4Cl). Phospholipase C inhibitor U73122 was identified to affect BVDV infection by using this immunoperoxidase assay. In addition, the results of immunoperoxidase assay were validated by real-time PCR. Taken together, the immunoperoxidase assay is a useful and versatile method suitable for antiviral drug screening targeting NCP-BVDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqian Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450002, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, China
| | - Liai Huang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450002, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, China
| | - Aiping Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Qingmei Li
- Key Laboratory for Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450002, China
| | - Junqing Guo
- Key Laboratory for Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450002, China
| | - Li Wang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450002, China
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450002, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, China.
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26
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Yun SI, Song BH, Frank JC, Julander JG, Olsen AL, Polejaeva IA, Davies CJ, White KL, Lee YM. Functional Genomics and Immunologic Tools: The Impact of Viral and Host Genetic Variations on the Outcome of Zika Virus Infection. Viruses 2018; 10:v10080422. [PMID: 30103523 PMCID: PMC6116225 DOI: 10.3390/v10080422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) causes no-to-mild symptoms or severe neurological disorders. To investigate the importance of viral and host genetic variations in determining ZIKV infection outcomes, we created three full-length infectious cDNA clones as bacterial artificial chromosomes for each of three spatiotemporally distinct and genetically divergent ZIKVs: MR-766 (Uganda, 1947), P6-740 (Malaysia, 1966), and PRVABC-59 (Puerto Rico, 2015). Using the three molecularly cloned ZIKVs, together with 13 ZIKV region-specific polyclonal antibodies covering nearly the entire viral protein-coding region, we made three conceptual advances: (i) We created a comprehensive genome-wide portrait of ZIKV gene products and their related species, with several previously undescribed gene products identified in the case of all three molecularly cloned ZIKVs. (ii) We found that ZIKV has a broad cell tropism in vitro, being capable of establishing productive infection in 16 of 17 animal cell lines from 12 different species, although its growth kinetics varied depending on both the specific virus strain and host cell line. More importantly, we identified one ZIKV-non-susceptible bovine cell line that has a block in viral entry but fully supports the subsequent post-entry steps. (iii) We showed that in mice, the three molecularly cloned ZIKVs differ in their neuropathogenicity, depending on the particular combination of viral and host genetic backgrounds, as well as in the presence or absence of type I/II interferon signaling. Overall, our findings demonstrate the impact of viral and host genetic variations on the replication kinetics and neuropathogenicity of ZIKV and provide multiple avenues for developing and testing medical countermeasures against ZIKV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Im Yun
- Department of Animal Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA.
| | - Byung-Hak Song
- Department of Animal Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA.
| | - Jordan C Frank
- Department of Animal Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA.
| | - Justin G Julander
- Department of Animal Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA.
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA.
| | - Aaron L Olsen
- Department of Animal Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA.
| | - Irina A Polejaeva
- Department of Animal Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA.
- Veterinary Diagnostics and Infectious Diseases, Utah Science Technology and Research, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84341, USA.
| | - Christopher J Davies
- Department of Animal Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA.
- Veterinary Diagnostics and Infectious Diseases, Utah Science Technology and Research, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84341, USA.
| | - Kenneth L White
- Department of Animal Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA.
- Veterinary Diagnostics and Infectious Diseases, Utah Science Technology and Research, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84341, USA.
| | - Young-Min Lee
- Department of Animal Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA.
- Veterinary Diagnostics and Infectious Diseases, Utah Science Technology and Research, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84341, USA.
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Rab5, Rab7, and Rab11 Are Required for Caveola-Dependent Endocytosis of Classical Swine Fever Virus in Porcine Alveolar Macrophages. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00797-18. [PMID: 29769350 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00797-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The members of Flaviviridae utilize several endocytic pathways to enter a variety of host cells. Our previous work showed that classical swine fever virus (CSFV) enters porcine kidney (PK-15) cells through a clathrin-dependent pathway that requires Rab5 and Rab7. The entry mechanism for CSFV into other cell lines remains unclear, for instance, porcine alveolar macrophages (3D4/21 cells). More importantly, the trafficking of CSFV within endosomes controlled by Rab GTPases is unknown in 3D4/21 cells. In this study, entry and postinternalization of CSFV were analyzed using chemical inhibitors, RNA interference, and dominant-negative (DN) mutants. Our data demonstrated that CSFV entry into 3D4/21 cells depends on caveolae, dynamin, and cholesterol but not clathrin or macropinocytosis. The effects of DN mutants and knockdown of four Rab proteins that regulate endosomal trafficking were examined on CSFV infection, respectively. The results showed that Rab5, Rab7, and Rab11, but not Rab9, regulate CSFV endocytosis. Confocal microscopy showed that virus particles colocalize with Rab5, Rab7, or Rab11 within 30 min after virus entry and further with lysosomes, suggesting that after internalization CSFV moves to early, late, and recycling endosomes and then into lysosomes before the release of the viral genome. Our findings provide insights into the life cycle of pestiviruses in macrophages.IMPORTANCE Classical swine fever, is caused by classical swine fever virus (CSFV). The disease is notifiable to World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) in most countries and causes significant financial losses to the pig industry globally. Understanding the processes of CSFV endocytosis and postinternalization will advance our knowledge of the disease and provide potential novel drug targets against CSFV. With this objective, we used systematic approaches to dissect these processes in CSFV-infected 3D4/21 cells. The data presented here demonstrate for the first time to our knowledge that CSFV is able to enter cells via caveola-mediated endocytosis that requires Rab5, Rab7 and Rab11, in addition to the previously described classical clathrin-dependent pathway that requires Rab5 and Rab7. The characterization of CSFV entry will further promote our current understanding of Pestivirus cellular entry pathways and provide novel targets for antiviral drug development.
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28
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Pascual MJ, Merwaiss F, Leal E, Quintana ME, Capozzo AV, Cavasotto CN, Bollini M, Alvarez DE. Structure-based drug design for envelope protein E2 uncovers a new class of bovine viral diarrhea inhibitors that block virus entry. Antiviral Res 2018; 149:179-190. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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29
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Rab5 and Rab11 Are Required for Clathrin-Dependent Endocytosis of Japanese Encephalitis Virus in BHK-21 Cells. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01113-17. [PMID: 28724764 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01113-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During infection Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) generally enters host cells via receptor-mediated clathrin-dependent endocytosis. The trafficking of JEV within endosomes is controlled by Rab GTPases, but which Rab proteins are involved in JEV entry into BHK-21 cells is unknown. In this study, entry and postinternalization of JEV were analyzed using biochemical inhibitors, RNA interference, and dominant negative (DN) mutants. Our data demonstrate that JEV entry into BHK-21 cells depends on clathrin, dynamin, and cholesterol but not on caveolae or macropinocytosis. The effect on JEV infection of dominant negative (DN) mutants of four Rab proteins that regulate endosomal trafficking was examined. Expression of DN Rab5 and DN Rab11, but not DN Rab7 and DN Rab9, significantly inhibited JEV replication. These results were further tested by silencing Rab5 or Rab11 expression before viral infection. Confocal microscopy showed that virus particles colocalized with Rab5 or Rab11 within 15 min after virus entry, suggesting that after internalization JEV moves to early and recycling endosomes before the release of the viral genome. Our findings demonstrate the roles of Rab5 and Rab11 on JEV infection of BHK-21 cells through the endocytic pathway, providing new insights into the life cycle of flaviviruses.IMPORTANCE Although Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) utilizes different endocytic pathways depending on the cell type being infected, the detailed mechanism of its entry into BHK-21 cells is unknown. Understanding the process of JEV endocytosis and postinternalization will advance our knowledge of JEV infection and pathogenesis as well as provide potential novel drug targets for antiviral intervention. With this objective, we used systematic approaches to dissect this process. The results show that entry of JEV into BHK-21 cells requires a low-pH environment and that the process occurs through dynamin-, actin-, and cholesterol-dependent clathrin-mediated endocytosis that requires Rab5 and Rab11. Our work provides a detailed picture of the entry of JEV into BHK-21 cells and the cellular events that follow.
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30
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Galabov AS, Mukova L, Abashev YP, Wassilewa L, Tzvetkov P, Minkov V, Barinskiy IF, Rice CM, Ouzounov S, Sidzhakova D. Cycluridine: A novel antiviral effective against flaviviruses. Antivir Chem Chemother 2017; 25:58-67. [PMID: 28768435 PMCID: PMC5890530 DOI: 10.1177/2040206617723442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This review describes the contemporary state of research for antivirals effective against flaviviruses, especially focusing on inhibitors of the pestivirus causative agent of bovine viral diarrhoea virus. We highlight cycluridine, an originally synthesized Mannich’s base [a tetrahydro-2(1H)-pyrimidinones derivative], as a highly effective antiviral possessing a strong inhibitory effect on bovine viral diarrhoea virus replication. Cycluridine was active against replication of a wide variety of bovine viral diarrhoea virus strains in cell cultures. The drug-sensitive period in the bovine viral diarrhoea virus replication cycle included the latent period and the exponential phase; a 90-min delay in the peak of viral RNA synthesis was observed. Cycluridine administered orally manifested a pronounced protective effect in calves with natural mucosal disease/viral diarrhoea and calves experimentally infected with bovine viral diarrhoea virus. Its magnitude of activity and selectivity places cycluridine in the lead among all known substances with anti- bovine viral diarrhoea virus activity. Additionally, cycluridine applied subcutaneously showed anti-tick-born encephalitis virus activity, manifesting a marked protective effect in mice infected with tick-born encephalitis virus. Cycluridine could be a prospective antiviral in veterinary and medical practice for the treatment of bovine viral diarrhoea virus and other flavivirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel S Galabov
- 1 The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Lucia Mukova
- 1 The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Yuriy P Abashev
- 1 The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Lilia Wassilewa
- 1 The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | | | - Igor F Barinskiy
- 4 D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Charles M Rice
- 5 Medical Faculty, University of Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Sergey Ouzounov
- 1 The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Dorotea Sidzhakova
- 6 Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, St. Kliment Ohridski University of Sofia, Bulgaria
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Complex Virus-Host Interactions Involved in the Regulation of Classical Swine Fever Virus Replication: A Minireview. Viruses 2017; 9:v9070171. [PMID: 28678154 PMCID: PMC5537663 DOI: 10.3390/v9070171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF), caused by classical swine fever virus (CSFV), is one of the most devastating epizootic diseases of pigs in many countries. Viruses are small intracellular parasites and thus rely on the cellular factors for replication. Fundamental aspects of CSFV-host interactions have been well described, such as factors contributing to viral attachment, modulation of genomic replication and translation, antagonism of innate immunity, and inhibition of cell apoptosis. However, those host factors that participate in the viral entry, assembly, and release largely remain to be elucidated. In this review, we summarize recent progress in the virus-host interactions involved in the life cycle of CSFV and analyze the potential mechanisms of viral entry, assembly, and release. We conclude with future perspectives and highlight areas that require further understanding.
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32
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Classical Swine Fever-An Updated Review. Viruses 2017; 9:v9040086. [PMID: 28430168 PMCID: PMC5408692 DOI: 10.3390/v9040086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) remains one of the most important transboundary viral diseases of swine worldwide. The causative agent is CSF virus, a small, enveloped RNA virus of the genus Pestivirus. Based on partial sequences, three genotypes can be distinguished that do not, however, directly correlate with virulence. Depending on both virus and host factors, a wide range of clinical syndromes can be observed and thus, laboratory confirmation is mandatory. To this means, both direct and indirect methods are utilized with an increasing degree of commercialization. Both infections in domestic pigs and wild boar are of great relevance; and wild boars are a reservoir host transmitting the virus sporadically also to pig farms. Control strategies for epidemic outbreaks in free countries are mainly based on classical intervention measures; i.e., quarantine and strict culling of affected herds. In these countries, vaccination is only an emergency option. However, live vaccines are used for controlling the disease in endemically infected regions in Asia, Eastern Europe, the Americas, and some African countries. Here, we will provide a concise, updated review on virus properties, clinical signs and pathology, epidemiology, pathogenesis and immune responses, diagnosis and vaccination possibilities.
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Entry of Classical Swine Fever Virus into PK-15 Cells via a pH-, Dynamin-, and Cholesterol-Dependent, Clathrin-Mediated Endocytic Pathway That Requires Rab5 and Rab7. J Virol 2016; 90:9194-208. [PMID: 27489278 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00688-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Classical swine fever virus (CSFV), a member of the genus Pestivirus within the family Flaviviridae, is a small, enveloped, positive-strand RNA virus. Due to its economic importance to the pig industry, the biology and pathogenesis of CSFV have been investigated extensively. However, the mechanisms of CSFV entry into cells are not well characterized. In this study, we used systematic approaches to dissect CSFV cell entry. We first observed that CSFV infection was inhibited by chloroquine and NH4Cl, suggesting that viral entry required a low-pH environment. By using the specific inhibitor dynasore, or by expressing the dominant negative (DN) K44A mutant, we verified that dynamin is required for CSFV entry. CSFV particles were observed to colocalize with clathrin at 5 min postinternalization, and CSFV infection was significantly reduced by chlorpromazine treatment, overexpression of a dominant negative form of the EPS15 protein, or knockdown of the clathrin heavy chain by RNA interference. These results suggested that CSFV entry depends on clathrin. Additionally, we found that endocytosis of CSFV was dependent on membrane cholesterol, while neither the overexpression of a dominant negative caveolin mutant nor the knockdown of caveolin had an effect. These results further suggested that CSFV entry required cholesterol and not caveolae. Importantly, the effect of DN mutants of three Rab proteins that regulate endosomal traffic on CSFV infection was examined. Expression of DN Rab5 and Rab7 mutants, but not the DN Rab11 mutant, significantly inhibited CSFV replication. These results were confirmed by silencing of Rab5 and Rab7. Confocal microscopy showed that virus particles colocalized with Rab5 or Rab7 during the early phase of infection within 45 min after virus entry. These results indicated that after internalization, CSFV moved to early and late endosomes before releasing its RNA. Taken together, our findings demonstrate for the first time that CSFV enters cells through the endocytic pathway, providing new insights into the life cycle of pestiviruses. IMPORTANCE Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), a single-stranded, positive-sense pestivirus within the family Flaviviridae, is internalized by clathrin-dependent receptor-mediated endocytosis. However, the detailed mechanism of cell entry is unknown for other pestiviruses, such as classical swine fever (CSF) virus (CSFV). CSFV is the etiological agent of CSF, a highly contagious disease of swine that causes numerous deaths in pigs and enormous economic losses in China. Understanding the entry pathway of CSFV will not only advance our knowledge of CSFV infection and pathogenesis but also provide novel drug targets for antiviral intervention. Based on this objective, we used systematic approaches to dissect the pathway of entry of CSFV into PK-15 cells. This is the first report to show that the entry of CSFV into PK-15 cells requires a low-pH environment and involves dynamin- and cholesterol-dependent, clathrin-mediated endocytosis that requires Rab5 and Rab7.
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On endocytosis of foreign ferritin and occurrence of phagolysosomes in fish heart endothelial cells. Acta Histochem 2016; 118:252-5. [PMID: 26852295 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In the present study the ultrastructure and function of the endothelial cells enveloping the muscle trabeculae in heart in two teleosts, platyfish and firemouth cichlid, are described and discussed. These cells displayed a structure making them able to take up large amounts of foreign ferritin particles from the blood stream. The ferritin particles were assembled into huge phagolysosomes. Large amounts of Prussian blue were precipitated throughout these lysosomes when treated with acid ferrohexacyanide solution. The occurrence of Prussian blue precipitations in the control heart endothelial cells after Schmorl's solution, suggests that these cells normally contain undigestible material, a finding which strengthens the view that this tissue is involved in blood clearance in the present species. In conclusion, these heart endothelial cells seem able to perform a very efficient blood clearance of scavenger and foreign macromolecules and particles in the present species.
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RNA interference screening of interferon-stimulated genes with antiviral activities against classical swine fever virus using a reporter virus. Antiviral Res 2016; 128:49-56. [PMID: 26868874 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) caused by classical swine fever virus (CSFV) is a highly contagious and often fatal disease of pigs, which leads to significant economic losses in many countries. Viral infection can induce the production of interferons (IFNs), giving rise to the transcription of hundreds of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) to exert antiviral effects. Although numerous ISGs have been identified to possess antiviral activities against different viruses, rare anti-CSFV ISGs have been reported to date. In this study, to screen anti-CSFV ISGs, twenty-one ISGs reported previously were individually knocked down using small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) followed by infection with a reporter CSFV expressing Renilla luciferase (Rluc). As a result, four novel anti-CSFV ISGs were identified, including natural-resistance-associated macrophage protein 1 (NRAMP1), cytosolic 5'-nucleotidase III A (NT5C3A), chemokine C-X-C motif ligand 10 (CXCL10), and 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase 1 (OAS1), which were further verified to exhibit antiviral activities against wild-type CSFV. We conclude that the reporter virus is a useful tool for efficient screening anti-CSFV ISGs.
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36
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Structures and Functions of Pestivirus Glycoproteins: Not Simply Surface Matters. Viruses 2015; 7:3506-29. [PMID: 26131960 PMCID: PMC4517112 DOI: 10.3390/v7072783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pestiviruses, which include economically important animal pathogens such as bovine viral diarrhea virus and classical swine fever virus, possess three envelope glycoproteins, namely Erns, E1, and E2. This article discusses the structures and functions of these glycoproteins and their effects on viral pathogenicity in cells in culture and in animal hosts. E2 is the most important structural protein as it interacts with cell surface receptors that determine cell tropism and induces neutralizing antibody and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses. All three glycoproteins are involved in virus attachment and entry into target cells. E1-E2 heterodimers are essential for viral entry and infectivity. Erns is unique because it possesses intrinsic ribonuclease (RNase) activity that can inhibit the production of type I interferons and assist in the development of persistent infections. These glycoproteins are localized to the virion surface; however, variations in amino acids and antigenic structures, disulfide bond formation, glycosylation, and RNase activity can ultimately affect the virulence of pestiviruses in animals. Along with mutations that are driven by selection pressure, antigenic differences in glycoproteins influence the efficacy of vaccines and determine the appropriateness of the vaccines that are currently being used in the field.
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Daniel JA, Chau N, Abdel-Hamid MK, Hu L, von Kleist L, Whiting A, Krishnan S, Maamary P, Joseph SR, Simpson F, Haucke V, McCluskey A, Robinson PJ. Phenothiazine-derived antipsychotic drugs inhibit dynamin and clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Traffic 2015; 16:635-54. [PMID: 25693808 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chlorpromazine is a phenothiazine-derived antipsychotic drug (APD) that inhibits clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) in cells by an unknown mechanism. We examined whether its action and that of other APDs might be mediated by the GTPase activity of dynamin. Eight of eight phenothiazine-derived APDs inhibited dynamin I (dynI) in the 2-12 µm range, the most potent being trifluoperazine (IC50 2.6 ± 0.7 µm). They also inhibited dynamin II (dynII) at similar concentrations. Typical and atypical APDs not based on the phenothiazine scaffold were 8- to 10-fold less potent (haloperidol and clozapine) or were inactive (droperidol, olanzapine and risperidone). Kinetic analysis showed that phenothiazine-derived APDs were lipid competitive, while haloperidol was uncompetitive with lipid. Accordingly, phenothiazine-derived APDs inhibited dynI GTPase activity stimulated by lipids but not by various SH3 domains. All dynamin-active APDs also inhibited transferrin (Tfn) CME in cells at related potencies. Structure-activity relationships (SAR) revealed dynamin inhibition to be conferred by a substituent group containing a terminal tertiary amino group at the N2 position. Chlorpromazine was previously proposed to target AP-2 recruitment in the formation of clathrin-coated vesicles (CCV). However, neither chlorpromazine nor thioridazine affected AP-2 interaction with amphiphysin or clathrin. Super-resolution microscopy revealed that chlorpromazine blocks neither clathrin recruitment by AP-2, nor AP-2 recruitment, showing that CME inhibition occurs downstream of CCV formation. Overall, potent dynamin inhibition is a shared characteristic of phenothiazine-derived APDs, but not other typical or atypical APDs, and the data indicate that dynamin is their likely in-cell target in endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Daniel
- Cell Signalling Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2145, Australia.,Present address: Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ngoc Chau
- Cell Signalling Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Mohammed K Abdel-Hamid
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Chemistry, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Lingbo Hu
- Epithelial Cancer Group, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Lisa von Kleist
- Leibniz Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie & Freie Universität Berlin, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ainslie Whiting
- Cell Signalling Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Sai Krishnan
- Cell Signalling Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Peter Maamary
- Cell Signalling Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Shannon R Joseph
- Epithelial Cancer Group, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Fiona Simpson
- Epithelial Cancer Group, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Volker Haucke
- Leibniz Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie & Freie Universität Berlin, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Adam McCluskey
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Chemistry, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Phillip J Robinson
- Cell Signalling Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2145, Australia
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Ji W, Guo Z, Ding NZ, He CQ. Studying classical swine fever virus: Making the best of a bad virus. Virus Res 2015; 197:35-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Dräger C, Beer M, Blome S. Porcine complement regulatory protein CD46 and heparan sulfates are the major factors for classical swine fever virus attachment in vitro. Arch Virol 2015; 160:739-46. [PMID: 25559665 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-014-2313-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) is the causative agent of a severe multi-systemic disease of pigs. While several aspects of virus-host-interaction are known, the early steps of infection remain unclear. For the closely related bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), a cellular receptor is known: bovine complement regulatory protein CD46. Given that these two pestiviruses are closely related, porcine CD46 is also a candidate receptor for CSFV. In addition to CD46, cell-culture-adapted CSFV strains have been shown to use heparan sulfates as an additional cellular factor. In the present study, the interaction of field-type and cell-culture-adapted CSFV with a permanent porcine cell line or primary macrophages was assessed using anti-porcine CD46 monoclonal antibodies and a heparan-sulfate-blocking compound, DSTP-27. The influence of receptor blocking was assessed using virus titration and quantitative PCR. Treatment of cells with monoclonal antibodies against porcine CD46 led to a reduction of viral growth in both cell types. The effect was most pronounced with field-type CSFV. The blocking could be enhanced by addition of DSTP-27, especially for cell-culture-adapted CSFV. The combined use of both blocking agents led to a significant reduction of viral growth but was also not able to abolish infection completely. The results obtained in this study showed that both porcine CD46 and heparan sulfates play a major role in the initial steps of CSFV infection. Additional receptors might also play a role for attachment and entry; however, their impact is obviously limited in vitro in comparison to CD46 and heparan sulfates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Dräger
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
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Bangphoomi N, Takenaka-Uema A, Sugi T, Kato K, Akashi H, Horimoto T. Akabane virus utilizes alternative endocytic pathways to entry into mammalian cell lines. J Vet Med Sci 2014; 76:1471-8. [PMID: 25056673 PMCID: PMC4272979 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The entry mechanisms of
Akabane virus (AKAV), Bunyaviridae family, have not yet been determined.
In this study, chemical inhibitors were used to analyze endocytic mechanisms during AKAV
infection of mammalian cell lines. The analyses using drug treatments followed by
quantitative measurement of viral RNA and N protein revealed that AKAV enters
non-bovine-derived cell lines (Vero, HmLu-1 and BHK cells) in a manner indicative of
clathrin endocytosis. By contrast, AKAV infection in bovine-derived cell lines (LB9.K and
MDBK cells) is independent of this pathway. Further analyses indicated that AKAV entry
into bovine cell lines involves a non-clathrin, non-caveolae endocytic pathway that is
dependent on dynamin. We conclude that although both cell types require a low pH for AKAV
penetration, AKAV utilizes alternative entry pathways into mammalian cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norasuthi Bangphoomi
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Prolonged activity of the pestiviral RNase Erns as an interferon antagonist after uptake by clathrin-mediated endocytosis. J Virol 2014; 88:7235-43. [PMID: 24741078 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00672-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The RNase activity of the envelope glycoprotein E(rns) of the pestivirus bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is required to block type I interferon (IFN) synthesis induced by single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) and double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) in bovine cells. Due to the presence of an unusual membrane anchor at its C terminus, a significant portion of E(rns) is also secreted. In addition, a binding site for cell surface glycosaminoglycans is located within the C-terminal region of E(rns). Here, we show that the activity of soluble E(rns) as an IFN antagonist is not restricted to bovine cells. Extracellularly applied E(rns) protein bound to cell surface glycosaminoglycans and was internalized into the cells within 1 h of incubation by an energy-dependent mechanism that could be blocked by inhibitors of clathrin-dependent endocytosis. E(rns) mutants that lacked the C-terminal membrane anchor retained RNase activity but lost most of their intracellular activity as an IFN antagonist. Surprisingly, once taken up into the cells, E(rns) remained active and blocked dsRNA-induced IFN synthesis for several days. Thus, we propose that E(rns) acts as an enzymatically active decoy receptor that degrades extracellularly added viral RNA mainly in endolysosomal compartments that might otherwise activate intracellular pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in order to maintain a state of innate immunotolerance. IMPORTANCE The pestiviral RNase E(rns) was previously shown to inhibit viral ssRNA- and dsRNA-induced interferon (IFN) synthesis. However, the localization of E(rns) at or inside the cells, its species specificity, and its mechanism of interaction with cell membranes in order to block the host's innate immune response are still largely unknown. Here, we provide strong evidence that the pestiviral RNase E(rns) is taken up within minutes by clathrin-mediated endocytosis and that this uptake is mostly dependent on the glycosaminoglycan binding site located within the C-terminal end of the protein. Remarkably, the inhibitory activity of E(rns) remains for several days, indicating the very potent and prolonged effect of a viral IFN antagonist. This novel mechanism of an enzymatically active decoy receptor that degrades a major viral pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) might be required to efficiently maintain innate and, thus, also adaptive immunotolerance, and it might well be relevant beyond the bovine species.
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Morphogenesis of pestiviruses: new insights from ultrastructural studies of strain Giraffe-1. J Virol 2013; 88:2717-24. [PMID: 24352462 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03237-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge on the morphogenesis of pestiviruses is limited due to low virus production in infected cells. In order to localize virion morphogenesis and replication sites of pestiviruses and to examine intracellular virion transport, a cell culture model was established to facilitate ultrastructural studies. Based on results of virus growth kinetic analysis and quantification of viral RNA, pestivirus strain Giraffe-1 turned out to be a suitable candidate for studies on virion generation and export from culture cells. Using conventional transmission electron microscopy and single-tilt electron tomography, we found virions located predominately in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in infected cells and were able to depict the budding process of virions at ER membranes. Colocalization of the viral core protein and the envelope glycoprotein E2 with the ER marker protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) was demonstrated by immunogold labeling of cryosections. Moreover, pestivirions could be shown in transport vesicles and the Golgi complex and during exocytosis. Interestingly, viral capsid protein and double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) were detected in multivesicular bodies (MVBs), which implies that the endosomal compartment plays a role in pestiviral replication. Significant cellular membrane alterations such as those described for members of the Flavivirus and Hepacivirus genera were not found. Based on the gained morphological data, we present a consistent model of pestivirus morphogenesis.
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Abstract
Human astroviruses (HAstV) are a frequent cause of gastroenteritis in young children and immunocompromised patients. To understand the early steps of HAstV infection in the highly permissive Caco-2 cell line, the binding and entry processes of the virus were characterized. The half-time of virus binding to the cell surface was about 10 min, while virus decapsidation took around 130 min. Drugs affecting clathrin-mediated endocytosis, endosome acidification, and actin filament polymerization, as well as those that reduce the presence of cholesterol in the cell membrane, decreased the infectivity of the virus. The infection was also reduced by silencing the expression of the clathrin heavy chain (CHC) by RNA interference or by overexpression of dominant-negative mutants of dynamin 2 and Eps15. Furthermore, the entry of HAstV apparently depends on the maturation of endosomes, since the infection was reduced by silencing the expression of Rab7, a small GTPase involved in the early- to late-endosome maturation. Altogether, our results suggest that HAstV enters Caco-2 cells using a clathrin-dependent pathway and reaches late endosomes to enter cells. Here, we have characterized the mechanism used by human astroviruses, important agents of gastroenteritis in children, to gain entry into their host cells. Using a combination of biochemical and genetic tools, we found that these viruses enter Caco-2 cells using a clathrin-dependent endocytic pathway, where they most likely need to travel to late endosomes to reach the cytoplasm and begin their replication cycle.
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Abstract
Pestiviruses cause economically important diseases among domestic ruminants and pigs, but they may also infect a wide spectrum of wild species of even-toed ungulates (Artiodactyla). Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and Border disease virus of sheep infect their hosts either transiently or persistently. Cellular and humoral immunotolerance to the infecting strain is a unique feature of persistent infection (PI) by ruminant pestiviruses. Persistence, caused by transplacental infection early in fetal development, depends on virally encoded interferon antagonists that inactivate the host's innate immune response to the virus without globally interfering with its function against other viruses. At epidemiological equilibrium, approximately 1-2% of animals are PI. Successful BVDV control programs show that removal of PI animals results in viral extinction in the host population. The nucleotide sequences of ruminant pestiviruses change little during persistent infection. Nevertheless, they display large heterogeneity, pointing to a long history of virus-host coevolution in which avirulent strains are more successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schweizer
- Institute of Veterinary Virology, University of Bern, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland; ,
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Animal models, prophylaxis, and therapeutics for arenavirus infections. Viruses 2012; 4:1802-29. [PMID: 23170184 PMCID: PMC3499831 DOI: 10.3390/v4091802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Arenaviruses are enveloped, bipartite negative single-stranded RNA viruses that can cause a wide spectrum of disease in humans and experimental animals including hemorrhagic fever. The majority of these viruses are rodent-borne and the arenavirus family can be divided into two groups: the Lassa-Lymphocytic choriomeningitis serocomplex and the Tacaribe serocomplex. Arenavirus-induced disease may include characteristic symptoms ranging from fever, malaise, body aches, petechiae, dehydration, hemorrhage, organ failure, shock, and in severe cases death. Currently, there are few prophylactic and therapeutic treatments available for arenavirus-induced symptoms. Supportive care and ribavirin remain the predominant strategies for treating most of the arenavirus-induced diseases. Therefore, efficacy testing of novel therapeutic and prophylactic strategies in relevant animal models is necessary. Because of the potential for person-to-person spread, the ability to cause lethal or debilitating disease in humans, limited treatment options, and potential as a bio-weapon, the development of prophylactics and therapeutics is essential. This article reviews the current arenavirus animal models and prophylactic and therapeutic strategies under development to treat arenavirus infection.
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Vieyres G, Pietschmann T. Entry and replication of recombinant hepatitis C viruses in cell culture. Methods 2012; 59:233-48. [PMID: 23009812 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2012.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 08/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a positive-strand enveloped RNA virus and belongs to the Flaviviridae family. The heavy health burden associated with the virus infection in humans and the intriguing peculiarities of the interaction between the HCV replication cycle and the hepatocyte host cell have stimulated a flourishing research field. The present review aims at recapitulating the different viral and cellular systems modelling HCV entry and replication, and in particular at gathering the tools available to dissect the HCV entry pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Vieyres
- Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research; A Joint Venture Between The Medical School Hannover and The Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 7-9, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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Abstract
In recent years, significant progress has been achieved for the development of novel anti-viral drugs. These newly developed drugs belong to three groups of compounds, nucleoside analogues, thymidine kinase-dependent nucleotide analogues and specific viral enzyme inhibitors. It has been found that the natural products, like plant-derived compounds (phytochemicals) as well as traditional medicines, like traditional Chinese medicines (TCM), Ayurvedic medicines and so on, are the important sources for potential and novel anti-viral drugs. In this chapter, the history of natural products as antiviral drugs, the approaches to discover potential lead compounds, and the anti-viral properties of phytochemicals with different action mechanisms are discussed. The key conclusion is that natural products are most important sources for novel anti-viral drugs.
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Inhibition of Lassa virus and Ebola virus infection in host cells treated with the kinase inhibitors genistein and tyrphostin. Arch Virol 2011; 157:121-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-011-1115-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Tylosema esculentum (Marama) Tuber and Bean Extracts Are Strong Antiviral Agents against Rotavirus Infection. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2011; 2011:284795. [PMID: 21423688 PMCID: PMC3057194 DOI: 10.1155/2011/284795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2010] [Revised: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 01/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tylosema esculentum (marama) beans and tubers are used as food, and traditional medicine against diarrhoea in Southern Africa. Rotaviruses (RVs) are a major cause of diarrhoea among infants, young children, immunocompromised people, and domesticated animals. Our work is first to determine anti-RV activity of marama bean and tuber ethanol and water extracts; in this case on intestinal enterocyte cells of human infant (H4), adult pig (CLAB) and adult bovine (CIEB) origin. Marama cotyledon ethanolic extract (MCE) and cotyledon water extract (MCW) without RV were not cytotoxic to all cells tested, while seed coat and tuber extracts showed variable levels of cytotoxicity. Marama cotyledon ethanolic and water extracts (MCE and MCW, resp.) (≥0.1 mg/mL), seed coat extract (MSCE) and seed coat water extract (MSCW) (0.01 to 0.001 mg/mL), especially ethanolic, significantly increased cell survival and enhanced survival to cytopathic effects of RV by at least 100% after in vitro co- and pre-incubation treatments. All marama extracts used significantly enhanced nitric oxide release from H4 cells and enhanced TER (Ω/cm2) of enterocyte barriers after coincubation with RV. Marama cotyledon and seed coat extracts inhibited virion infectivity possibly through interference with replication due to accumulation of nitric oxide. Marama extracts are therefore promising microbicides against RV.
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Katsarou K, Lavdas AΑ, Tsitoura P, Serti E, Markoulatos P, Mavromara P, Georgopoulou U. Endocytosis of hepatitis C virus non-enveloped capsid-like particles induces MAPK-ERK1/2 signaling events. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:2491-506. [PMID: 20358251 PMCID: PMC11115770 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0351-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Revised: 03/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although HCV is an enveloped virus, naked nucleocapsids have been reported in the serum of infected patients. The HCV core particle serves as a protective capsid shell for the viral genome and recombinant in vitro assembled HCV core particles induce strong specific immunity. We investigated the post-binding mechanism of recombinant core particle uptake and its intracellular fate. In hepatic cells, these particles are internalized, most likely in a clathrin-dependent pathway, reaching early to late endosomes and finally lysosomes. The endocytic acidic milieu is implicated in trafficking process. Using specific phosphoantibodies, signaling pathway inhibitors and chemical agents, ERK(1/2) was found to be activated in a sustained way after endocytosis, followed by downstream immediate early genes (c-fos and egr-1) modulation. We propose that the intriguing properties of cellular internalization of HCV non-enveloped particles can induce specific ERK(1/2)-MAPKs events that could be important in HCV life cycle and pathogenesis of HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandros Α. Lavdas
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiota Tsitoura
- Present Address: Insect Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, NCSR Demokritos, Athens, Greece
| | - Elisavet Serti
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Penelope Mavromara
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
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