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Guo C, Lv X, Zhang Q, Yi L, Ren Y, Li Z, Yan J, Zheng S, Sun M, Liu S. CRKL but not CRKII contributes to hemin-induced erythroid differentiation of CML. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18308. [PMID: 38683131 PMCID: PMC11057422 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Destruction of erythropoiesis process leads to various diseases, including thrombocytopenia, anaemia, and leukaemia. miR-429-CT10 regulation of kinase-like (CRKL) axis involved in development, progression and metastasis of cancers. However, the exact role of miR-429-CRKL axis in leukaemic cell differentiation are still unknown. The current work aimed to uncover the effect of miR-429-CRKL axis on erythropoiesis. In the present study, CRKL upregulation was negatively correlated with miR-429 downregulation in both chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) patient and CR patient samples. Moreover, CRKL expression level was significantly decreased while miR-429 expression level was increased during the erythroid differentiation of K562 cells following hemin treatment. Functional investigations revealed that overexpression and knockdown of CRKL was remarkably effective in suppressing and promoting hemin-induced erythroid differentiation of K562 cells, whereas, miR-429 exhibited opposite effects to CRKL. Mechanistically, miR-429 regulates erythroid differentiation of K562 cells by downregulating CRKL via selectively targeting CRKL-3'-untranslated region (UTR) through Raf/MEK/ERK pathway. Conversely, CRKII had no effect on erythroid differentiation of K562 cells. Taken together, our data demonstrated that CRKL (but not CRKII) and miR-429 contribute to development, progression and erythropoiesis of CML, miR-429-CRKL axis regulates erythropoiesis of K562 cells via Raf/MEK/ERK pathway, providing novel insights into effective diagnosis and therapy for CML patients.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Hemin/pharmacology
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- MicroRNAs/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/metabolism
- K562 Cells
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics
- Erythroid Cells/metabolism
- Erythroid Cells/drug effects
- Erythroid Cells/pathology
- Erythroid Cells/cytology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-crk/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-crk/genetics
- Erythropoiesis/genetics
- Erythropoiesis/drug effects
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/drug effects
- 3' Untranslated Regions
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Guo
- Department of Biotechnology & Liaoning Key Laboratory of Cancer Stem Cell Research, College of Basic Medical SciencesDalian Medical UniversityDalianLiaoningChina
| | - Xinxin Lv
- Department of Biotechnology & Liaoning Key Laboratory of Cancer Stem Cell Research, College of Basic Medical SciencesDalian Medical UniversityDalianLiaoningChina
| | - Qiuling Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Basic Medical SciencesDalian Medical UniversityDalianLiaoningChina
| | - Lina Yi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Basic Medical SciencesDalian Medical UniversityDalianLiaoningChina
| | - Yingying Ren
- Department of Biotechnology & Liaoning Key Laboratory of Cancer Stem Cell Research, College of Basic Medical SciencesDalian Medical UniversityDalianLiaoningChina
| | - Zhaopeng Li
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Basic Medical SciencesDalian Medical UniversityDalianLiaoningChina
| | - Jinsong Yan
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical UniversityInstitute of Stem Cell Transplantation of Dalian Medical UniversityDalianLiaoningChina
| | - Shanliang Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Basic Medical SciencesDalian Medical UniversityDalianLiaoningChina
| | - Ming‐Zhong Sun
- Department of Biotechnology & Liaoning Key Laboratory of Cancer Stem Cell Research, College of Basic Medical SciencesDalian Medical UniversityDalianLiaoningChina
| | - Shuqing Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Basic Medical SciencesDalian Medical UniversityDalianLiaoningChina
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2
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Stergas HR, Dillon-Martin M, Dumas CM, Hansen NA, Carasi-Schwartz FJ, D'Amico AR, Finnegan KM, Juch U, Kane KR, Kaplan IE, Masengarb ML, Melero ME, Meyer LE, Sacher CR, Scriven EA, Ebert AM, Ballif BA. CRK and NCK adaptors may functionally overlap in zebrafish neurodevelopment, as indicated by common binding partners and overlapping expression patterns. FEBS Lett 2024; 598:302-320. [PMID: 38058169 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
CRK adaptor proteins are important for signal transduction mechanisms driving cell proliferation and positioning during vertebrate central nervous system development. Zebrafish lacking both CRK family members exhibit small, disorganized retinas with 50% penetrance. The goal of this study was to determine whether another adaptor protein might functionally compensate for the loss of CRK adaptors. Expression patterns in developing zebrafish, and bioinformatic analyses of the motifs recognized by their SH2 and SH3 domains, suggest NCK adaptors are well-positioned to compensate for loss of CRK adaptors. In support of this hypothesis, proteomic analyses found CRK and NCK adaptors share overlapping interacting partners including known regulators of cell adhesion and migration, suggesting their functional intersection in neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Caroline M Dumas
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Nicole A Hansen
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | | | - Alex R D'Amico
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Kylie M Finnegan
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Uatchet Juch
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Keeley R Kane
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Isabel E Kaplan
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | | | - Marina E Melero
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Lauren E Meyer
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Conrad R Sacher
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Evan A Scriven
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Alicia M Ebert
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Bryan A Ballif
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
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3
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Wu B, Wu B, Benkaci S, Shi L, Lu P, Park T, Morrow BE, Wang Y, Zhou B. Crk and Crkl Are Required in the Endocardial Lineage for Heart Valve Development. J Am Heart Assoc 2023; 12:e029683. [PMID: 37702066 PMCID: PMC10547300 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.029683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Background Endocardial cells are a major progenitor population that gives rise to heart valves through endocardial cushion formation by endocardial to mesenchymal transformation and the subsequent endocardial cushion remodeling. Genetic variants that affect these developmental processes can lead to congenital heart valve defects. Crk and Crkl are ubiquitously expressed genes encoding cytoplasmic adaptors essential for cell signaling. This study aims to explore the specific role of Crk and Crkl in the endocardial lineage during heart valve development. Methods and Results We deleted Crk and Crkl specifically in the endocardial lineage. The resultant heart valve morphology was evaluated by histological analysis, and the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms were investigated by immunostaining and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. We found that the targeted deletion of Crk and Crkl impeded the remodeling of endocardial cushions at the atrioventricular canal into the atrioventricular valves. We showed that apoptosis was temporally increased in the remodeling atrioventricular endocardial cushions, and this developmentally upregulated apoptosis was repressed by deletion of Crk and Crkl. Loss of Crk and Crkl also resulted in altered extracellular matrix production and organization in the remodeling atrioventricular endocardial cushions. These morphogenic defects were associated with altered expression of genes in BMP (bone morphogenetic protein), connective tissue growth factor, and WNT signaling pathways, and reduced extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling activities. Conclusions Our findings support that Crk and Crkl have shared functions in the endocardial lineage that critically regulate atrioventricular valve development; together, they likely coordinate the morphogenic signals involved in the remodeling of the atrioventricular endocardial cushions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingruo Wu
- Department of GeneticsAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNY
| | - Brian Wu
- Department of GeneticsAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNY
| | - Sonia Benkaci
- Department of GeneticsAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNY
| | - Lijie Shi
- Department of GeneticsAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNY
| | - Pengfei Lu
- Department of GeneticsAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNY
| | - Taeju Park
- Children’s Mercy Research Institute, Children’s Mercy Kansas City and Department of Pediatrics, University of Missouri‐Kansas City School of MedicineKansas CityMO
| | | | - Yidong Wang
- Department of GeneticsAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNY
- Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Basic Medical SciencesXi’an Jiaotong University Health Science CenterXi’anChina
| | - Bin Zhou
- Department of GeneticsAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNY
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4
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Shi L, Song H, Zhou B, Morrow BE. Crk/Crkl regulates early angiogenesis in mouse embryos by accelerating endothelial cell maturation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.12.548782. [PMID: 37503032 PMCID: PMC10369973 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.12.548782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Rationale Ubiquitously expressed cytoplasmic adaptors CRK and CRKL mediate multiple signaling pathways in mammalian embryogenesis. They are also associated with cardiovascular defects occurring in Miller-Dieker syndrome and 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, respectively. The embryonic mesoderm contributes to the formation of the cardiovascular system, yet the roles that Crk and Crkl play there are not understood on a single cell level. Objectives To determine functions of Crk and Crkl in the embryonic mesoderm during early mouse vascular development. Secondly, we will examine the molecular mechanisms responsible for early embryonic endothelial cell (EC) defects by performing single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) and in vivo validation experiments. Methods and Results Inactivation of both Crk and Crkl together using Mesp1 Cre resulted embryonic lethality with severe vascular defects. Although vasculogenesis appeared normal, angiogenesis was disrupted both in the yolk sac and embryo proper, leading to disorganized vascular networks. We performed scRNA-seq of the Mesp1 Cre mesodermal lineage and found that there was upregulation of a great number of angiogenesis and cell migration related genes in ECs in the mutants, including NOTCH signaling genes such as Dll4 and Hey1 . Further bioinformatic analysis of EC subpopulations identified a relative increase in the number of more differentiated angiogenic ECs and decrease in EC progenitors. Consistent with this, we identified an expansion of Dll4 expressing cells within abnormal arteries, in vivo . Also, our bioinformatic data indicates that there is dysregulated expression of lineage genes that promote EC differentiation causing accelerated cell fate progression during EC differentiation. Conclusions Our results show that Crk and Crkl are crucial for regulating early embryonic angiogenesis. Combined inactivation of Crk/Crkl caused precocious EC maturation with an increase of atypical differentiated angiogenic ECs and failed vascular remodeling. This is in part due to increased NOTCH signaling and altered expression of cell migration genes.
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5
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Integration of Transcriptomics and Non-Targeted Metabolomics Reveals the Underlying Mechanism of Skeletal Muscle Development in Duck during Embryonic Stage. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065214. [PMID: 36982289 PMCID: PMC10049352 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is an important economic trait in duck breeding; however, little is known about the molecular mechanisms of its embryonic development. Here, the transcriptomes and metabolomes of breast muscle of Pekin duck from 15 (E15_BM), 21 (E21_BM), and 27 (E27_BM) days of incubation were compared and analyzed. The metabolome results showed that the differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs), including the up-regulated metabolites, l-glutamic acid, n-acetyl-1-aspartylglutamic acid, l-2-aminoadipic acid, 3-hydroxybutyric acid, bilirubin, and the significantly down-regulated metabolites, palmitic acid, 4-guanidinobutanoate, myristic acid, 3-dehydroxycarnitine, and s-adenosylmethioninamine, were mainly enriched in metabolic pathways, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, biosynthesis of cofactors, protein digestion and absorption, and histidine metabolism, suggesting that these pathways may play important roles in the muscle development of duck during the embryonic stage. Moreover, a total of 2142 (1552 up-regulated and 590 down-regulated), 4873 (3810 up-regulated and 1063 down-regulated), and 2401 (1606 up-regulated and 795 down-regulated) DEGs were identified from E15_BM vs. E21_BM, E15_BM vs. E27_BM and E21_BM vs. E27_BM in the transcriptome, respectively. The significantly enriched GO terms from biological processes were positive regulation of cell proliferation, regulation of cell cycle, actin filament organization, and regulation of actin cytoskeleton organization, which were associated with muscle or cell growth and development. Seven significant pathways, highly enriched by FYN, PTK2, PXN, CRK, CRKL, PAK, RHOA, ROCK, INSR, PDPK1, and ARHGEF, were focal adhesion, regulation of actin cytoskeleton, wnt signaling pathway, insulin signaling pathway, extracellular matrix (ECM)-receptor interaction, cell cycle, and adherens junction, which participated in regulating the development of skeletal muscle in Pekin duck during the embryonic stage. KEGG pathway analysis of the integrated transcriptome and metabolome indicated that the pathways, including arginine and proline metabolism, protein digestion and absorption, and histidine metabolism, were involved in regulating skeletal muscle development in embryonic Pekin duck. These findings suggested that the candidate genes and metabolites involved in crucial biological pathways may regulate muscle development in the Pekin duck at the embryonic stage, and increased our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the avian muscle development.
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6
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Da Silva JD, Gonzaga D, Barreta A, Correia H, Fortuna AM, Soares AR, Tkachenko N. Refining the Clinical Spectrum of the 17p13.3 Microduplication Syndrome: Case-Report of a Familial Small Microduplication. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10123078. [PMID: 36551834 PMCID: PMC9775100 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The chromosomal region 17p13.3 contains extensive repetitive sequences and is a well-recognized region of genomic instability. The 17p13.3 microduplication syndrome has been associated with a clinical spectrum of moderately non-specific phenotypes, including global developmental delay/intellectual disability, behavioral disorders, autism spectrum disorder and variable dysmorphic features. Depending on the genes involved in the microduplication, it can be categorized in two subtypes with different phenotypes. Here, we report a case of a 7-year-old boy with global developmental delay, speech impairment, hypotonia, behavioral conditions (ADHD and ODD), non-specific dysmorphic features and overgrowth. Genetic testing revealed a small 17p13.3 chromosomal duplication, which included the BHLHA9, CRK and YWHAE genes. Additionally, we observed that this was maternally inherited, and that the mother presented with a milder phenotype including mild learning disabilities, speech impairment and non-specific dysmorphic features, which did not significantly affect her. In conclusion, we present a clinical case of a 17p13.3 duplication that further delineates the clinical spectrum of this syndrome, including its intrafamilial/intergenerational variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Diogo Da Silva
- Centro de Genética Médica Doutor Jacinto Magalhães (CGM), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, 4050-106 Porto, Portugal
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4806-909 Braga, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Diana Gonzaga
- Centro de Genética Médica Doutor Jacinto Magalhães (CGM), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, 4050-106 Porto, Portugal
- Centro Materno-Infantil do Norte, Centro Hospital Universitário do Porto, 4099-001 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Barreta
- Medical Genetics Service, Joaquim Chaves Saúde, 2685-145 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Hildeberto Correia
- Medical Genetics Service, Joaquim Chaves Saúde, 2685-145 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana Maria Fortuna
- Centro de Genética Médica Doutor Jacinto Magalhães (CGM), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, 4050-106 Porto, Portugal
- Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute, Porto University, 4050-345 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Soares
- Centro de Genética Médica Doutor Jacinto Magalhães (CGM), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, 4050-106 Porto, Portugal
- Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute, Porto University, 4050-345 Porto, Portugal
| | - Nataliya Tkachenko
- Centro de Genética Médica Doutor Jacinto Magalhães (CGM), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, 4050-106 Porto, Portugal
- Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute, Porto University, 4050-345 Porto, Portugal
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Sugiyama A, Hirashima M. Fetal nuchal edema and developmental anomalies caused by gene mutations in mice. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:949013. [PMID: 36111337 PMCID: PMC9468611 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.949013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetal nuchal edema, a subcutaneous accumulation of extracellular fluid in the fetal neck, is detected as increased nuchal translucency (NT) by ultrasonography in the first trimester of pregnancy. It has been demonstrated that increased NT is associated with chromosomal anomalies and genetic syndromes accompanied with fetal malformations such as defective lymphatic vascular development, cardiac anomalies, anemia, and a wide range of other fetal anomalies. However, in many clinical cases of increased NT, causative genes, pathogenesis and prognosis have not been elucidated in humans. On the other hand, a large number of gene mutations have been reported to induce fetal nuchal edema in mouse models. Here, we review the relationship between the gene mutants causing fetal nuchal edema with defective lymphatic vascular development, cardiac anomalies, anemia and blood vascular endothelial barrier anomalies in mice. Moreover, we discuss how studies using gene mutant mouse models will be useful in developing diagnostic method and predicting prognosis.
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8
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Control of CRK-RAC1 activity by the miR-1/206/133 miRNA family is essential for neuromuscular junction function. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3180. [PMID: 35676269 PMCID: PMC9178026 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30778-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Formation and maintenance of neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) are essential for skeletal muscle function, allowing voluntary movements and maintenance of the muscle tone, thereby preventing atrophy. Generation of NMJs depends on the interaction of motor neurons with skeletal muscle fibers, which initiates a cascade of regulatory events that is essential for patterning of acetylcholine receptor (AChR) clusters at specific sites of the sarcolemma. Here, we show that muscle-specific miRNAs of the miR-1/206/133 family are crucial regulators of a signaling cascade comprising DOK7-CRK-RAC1, which is critical for stabilization and anchoring of postsynaptic AChRs during NMJ development and maintenance. We describe that posttranscriptional repression of CRK by miR-1/206/133 is essential for balanced activation of RAC1. Failure to adjust RAC1 activity severely compromises NMJ function, causing respiratory failure in neonates and neuromuscular symptoms in adult mice. We conclude that miR-1/206/133 serve a specific function for NMJs but are dispensable for skeletal muscle development. The miR-1/133/206 gene family codes for the most abundant microRNAs in striated muscles. Here, Klockner et al show that inactivation of all family members in skeletal muscle prevents formation of normal neuromuscular junctions due to increased expression of the adaptor protein CRK.
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Omelchenko T. Cellular protrusions in 3D: Orchestrating early mouse embryogenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 129:63-74. [PMID: 35577698 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cellular protrusions generated by the actin cytoskeleton are central to the process of building the body of the embryo. Problems with cellular protrusions underlie human diseases and syndromes, including implantation defects and pregnancy loss, congenital birth defects, and cancer. Cells use protrusive activity together with actin-myosin contractility to create an ordered body shape of the embryo. Here, I review how actin-rich protrusions are used by two major morphological cell types, epithelial and mesenchymal cells, during collective cell migration to sculpt the mouse embryo body. Pre-gastrulation epithelial collective migration of the anterior visceral endoderm is essential for establishing the anterior-posterior body axis. Gastrulation mesenchymal collective migration of the mesoderm wings is crucial for body elongation, and somite and heart formation. Analysis of mouse mutants with disrupted cellular protrusions revealed the key role of protrusions in embryonic morphogenesis and embryo survival. Recent technical approaches have allowed examination of the mechanisms that control cell and tissue movements in vivo in the complex 3D microenvironment of living mouse embryos. Advancing our understanding of protrusion-driven morphogenesis should provide novel insights into human developmental disorders and cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Omelchenko
- Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York 10065, USA.
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10
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ATAD3B and SKIL polymorphisms associated with antipsychotic-induced QTc interval change in patients with schizophrenia: a genome-wide association study. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:56. [PMID: 35136033 PMCID: PMC8825824 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-01825-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
QTc interval prolongation is one of the most common antipsychotic-induced side effects which could lead to ventricular tachycardia or Torsade de Pointes, even cardiac arrest. There is very limited understanding on the genetic factors that associated with antipsychotic-induced QTc interval change. We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of antipsychotic-induced QTc interval change among patients with schizophrenia. A total of 2040 patients with schizophrenia were randomly assigned to six groups (olanzapine, risperidone, quetiapine, aripiprazole, ziprasidone, and first-generation antipsychotics; first-generation antipsychotics including haloperidol or perphenazine were also assigned randomly) and received 6-week antipsychotic treatment. We identified two novel loci (rs200050752 in ATAD3B and rs186507741 in SKIL) that were associated with antipsychotic-induced QTc interval change at a genome-wide significance level. The combination of polygenic risk score (PRS), based the GWAS of myocardial infarction from BioBank Japan project, and clinical data (sex, heart rate and QTc interval at baseline) could be applied to predict whether patients with schizophrenia have QTc interval prolongation (10 ms was applied as threshold, P < 0.001, area under the curve [AUC] was 0.797), especially for the first episode patients (P < 0.001, AUC was 0.872). We identified two loci located within genes related to mitochondrial function and cell growth and differentiation, which were both associated with schizophrenia and heart function. The combination of PRS and clinical data could predict whether patients with schizophrenia have the side effect of QTc interval prolongation, which could fundamentally guide the choice of antipsychotic in patients with schizophrenia, especially for the first-episode patients.
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11
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Liu X, Bennison SA, Robinson L, Toyo-oka K. Responsible Genes for Neuronal Migration in the Chromosome 17p13.3: Beyond Pafah1b1(Lis1), Crk and Ywhae(14-3-3ε). Brain Sci 2021; 12:brainsci12010056. [PMID: 35053800 PMCID: PMC8774252 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The 17p13.3 chromosome region is often deleted or duplicated in humans, resulting in severe neurodevelopmental disorders such as Miller–Dieker syndrome (MDS) and 17p13.3 duplication syndrome. Lissencephaly can also be caused by gene mutations or deletions of a small piece of the 17p13.3 region, including a single gene or a few genes. PAFAH1B1 gene, coding for LIS1 protein, is a responsible gene for lissencephaly and MDS and regulates neuronal migration by controlling microtubules (MTs) and cargo transport along MTs via dynein. CRK is a downstream regulator of the reelin signaling pathways and regulates neuronal migration. YWHAE, coding for 14-3-3ε, is also responsible for MDS and regulates neuronal migration by binding to LIS1-interacting protein, NDEL1. Although these three proteins are known to be responsible for neuronal migration defects in MDS, there are 23 other genes in the MDS critical region on chromosome 17p13.3, and little is known about their functions in neurodevelopment, especially in neuronal migration. This review will summarize the recent progress on the functions of LIS1, CRK, and 14-3-3ε and describe the recent findings of other molecules in the MDS critical regions in neuronal migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA;
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA; (S.A.B.); (L.R.)
| | - Sarah A. Bennison
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA; (S.A.B.); (L.R.)
| | - Lozen Robinson
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA; (S.A.B.); (L.R.)
| | - Kazuhito Toyo-oka
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA; (S.A.B.); (L.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(215)-991-8288
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12
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Shi L, Racedo SE, Diacou A, Park T, Zhou B, Morrow BE. Crk and Crkl have shared functions in neural crest cells for cardiac outflow tract septation and vascular smooth muscle differentiation. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 31:1197-1215. [PMID: 34686881 PMCID: PMC9029238 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CRK and CRKL encode cytoplasmic adaptors that contribute to the etiology of congenital heart disease. Neural crest cells (NCCs) are required for cardiac outflow tract (OFT) septation and aortic arch formation. The roles of Crk/Crkl in NCCs during mouse cardiovascular development remains unknown. To test this, we inactivated Crk and/or Crkl in NCCs. We found that the loss of Crk, rather than Crkl, in NCCs resulted in double outlet right ventricle, while loss of both Crk/Crkl in NCCs resulted in severe defects with earlier lethality due to failed OFT septation and severe dilation of the pharyngeal arch arteries (PAAs). We found that these defects are due to altered cell morphology resulting in reduced localization of NCCs to the OFT and failed integrity of the PAAs, along with reduced expression of Integrin signaling genes. Further, molecular studies identified reduced differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells that may in part be due to altered Notch signaling. Additionally, there is increased cellular stress that leads to modest increase in apoptosis. Overall, this explains the mechanism for the Crk/Crkl phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Shi
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein college of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Silvia E Racedo
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein college of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Alexander Diacou
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein college of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Taeju Park
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Bin Zhou
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein college of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Bernice E Morrow
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein college of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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13
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Stergas HR, Kalbag Z, St Clair RM, Talbot JC, Ballif BA, Ebert AM. Crk adaptor proteins are necessary for the development of the zebrafish retina. Dev Dyn 2021; 251:362-376. [PMID: 34268820 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of the central nervous system (CNS) requires critical cell signaling molecules to coordinate cell proliferation and migration in order to structure the adult tissue. Chicken tumor virus #10 Regulator of Kinase (CRK) and CRK-like (CRKL) are adaptor proteins with pre-metazoan ancestry and are known to be required for patterning laminated structures downstream of Reelin (RELN), such as the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and hippocampus. CRK and CRKL also play crucial roles in a variety of other growth factor and extracellular matrix signaling cascades. The neuronal retina is another highly laminated structure within the CNS that is dependent on migration for proper development, but the cell signaling mechanisms behind neuronal positioning in the retina are only partly understood. RESULTS We find that crk and crkl have largely overlapping expression within the developing zebrafish nervous system. We find that their disruption results in smaller eye size and loss of retinal lamination. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that Crk adaptors are critical for proper development of the zebrafish neural retina in a crk/crkl dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helaina R Stergas
- Department of Biology, The University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Zoë Kalbag
- Department of Biology, The University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Riley M St Clair
- Department of Biology, The University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Jared C Talbot
- School of Biology and Ecology, The University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA
| | - Bryan A Ballif
- Department of Biology, The University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Alicia M Ebert
- Department of Biology, The University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
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14
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Kim JH, Kim K, Kim I, Seong S, Kook H, Kim KK, Koh JT, Kim N. Bifunctional Role of CrkL during Bone Remodeling. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137007. [PMID: 34209812 PMCID: PMC8269069 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Coupled signaling between bone-forming osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts is crucial to the maintenance of bone homeostasis. We previously reported that v-crk avian sarcoma virus CT10 oncogene homolog-like (CrkL), which belongs to the Crk family of adaptors, inhibits bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2)-mediated osteoblast differentiation, while enhancing receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast differentiation. In this study, we investigated whether CrkL can also regulate the coupling signals between osteoblasts and osteoclasts, facilitating bone homeostasis. Osteoblastic CrkL strongly decreased RANKL expression through its inhibition of runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) transcription. Reduction in RANKL expression by CrkL in osteoblasts resulted in the inhibition of not only osteoblast-dependent osteoclast differentiation but also osteoclast-dependent osteoblast differentiation, suggesting that CrkL participates in the coupling signals between osteoblasts and osteoclasts via its regulation of RANKL expression. Therefore, CrkL bifunctionally regulates osteoclast differentiation through both a direct and indirect mechanism while it inhibits osteoblast differentiation through its blockade of both BMP2 and RANKL reverse signaling pathways. Collectively, these data suggest that CrkL is involved in bone homeostasis, where it helps to regulate the complex interactions of the osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and their coupling signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Ha Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Korea; (J.H.K.); (K.K.); (I.K.); (S.S.); (H.K.); (K.K.K.)
- Hard-Tissue Biointerface Research Center, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
| | - Kabsun Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Korea; (J.H.K.); (K.K.); (I.K.); (S.S.); (H.K.); (K.K.K.)
| | - Inyoung Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Korea; (J.H.K.); (K.K.); (I.K.); (S.S.); (H.K.); (K.K.K.)
| | - Semun Seong
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Korea; (J.H.K.); (K.K.); (I.K.); (S.S.); (H.K.); (K.K.K.)
- Hard-Tissue Biointerface Research Center, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
| | - Hyun Kook
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Korea; (J.H.K.); (K.K.); (I.K.); (S.S.); (H.K.); (K.K.K.)
| | - Kyung Keun Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Korea; (J.H.K.); (K.K.); (I.K.); (S.S.); (H.K.); (K.K.K.)
| | - Jeong-Tae Koh
- Hard-Tissue Biointerface Research Center, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
- Department of Pharmacology and Dental Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Nacksung Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Korea; (J.H.K.); (K.K.); (I.K.); (S.S.); (H.K.); (K.K.K.)
- Hard-Tissue Biointerface Research Center, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-61-379-2835
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15
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Park T. Crk and CrkL as Therapeutic Targets for Cancer Treatment. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040739. [PMID: 33801580 PMCID: PMC8065463 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Crk and CrkL are cellular counterparts of the viral oncoprotein v-Crk. Crk and CrkL are overexpressed in many types of human cancer, correlating with poor prognosis. Furthermore, gene knockdown and knockout of Crk and CrkL in tumor cell lines suppress tumor cell functions, including cell proliferation, transformation, migration, invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, resistance to chemotherapy drugs, and in vivo tumor growth and metastasis. Conversely, overexpression of tumor cells with Crk or CrkL enhances tumor cell functions. Therefore, Crk and CrkL have been proposed as therapeutic targets for cancer treatment. However, it is unclear whether Crk and CrkL make distinct or overlapping contributions to tumor cell functions in various cancer types because Crk or CrkL have been examined independently in most studies. Two recent studies using colorectal cancer and glioblastoma cells clearly demonstrated that Crk and CrkL need to be ablated individually and combined to understand distinct and overlapping roles of the two proteins in cancer. A comprehensive understanding of individual and overlapping roles of Crk and CrkL in tumor cell functions is necessary to develop effective therapeutic strategies. This review systematically discusses crucial functions of Crk and CrkL in tumor cell functions and provides new perspectives on targeting Crk and CrkL in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeju Park
- Children's Mercy Research Institute, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Department of Pediatrics, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
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16
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Schuldt M, Dorsch LM, Knol JC, Pham TV, Schelfhorst T, Piersma SR, Dos Remedios C, Michels M, Jimenez CR, Kuster DWD, van der Velden J. Sex-Related Differences in Protein Expression in Sarcomere Mutation-Positive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:612215. [PMID: 33732734 PMCID: PMC7956946 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.612215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Sex-differences in clinical presentation contribute to the phenotypic heterogeneity of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) patients. While disease prevalence is higher in men, women present with more severe diastolic dysfunction and worse survival. Until today, little is known about the cellular differences underlying sex-differences in clinical presentation. Methods: To define sex-differences at the protein level, we performed a proteomic analysis in cardiac tissue obtained during myectomy surgery to relieve left ventricular outflow tract obstruction of age-matched female and male HCM patients harboring a sarcomere mutation (n = 13 in both groups). Furthermore, these samples were compared to 8 non-failing controls. Women presented with more severe diastolic dysfunction. Results: Out of 2099 quantified proteins, direct comparison of male, and female HCM samples revealed only 46 significantly differentially expressed proteins. Increased levels of tubulin and heat shock proteins were observed in female compared to male HCM patients. Western blot analyses confirmed higher levels of tubulin in female HCM samples. In addition, proteins involved in carbohydrate metabolism were significantly lower in female compared to male samples. Furthermore, we found lower levels of translational proteins specifically in male HCM samples. The disease-specificity of these changes were confirmed by a second analysis in which we compared female and male samples separately to non-failing control samples. Transcription factor analysis showed that sex hormone-dependent transcription factors may contribute to differential protein expression, but do not explain the majority of protein changes observed between male and female HCM samples. Conclusion: In conclusion, based on our proteomics analyses we propose that increased levels of tubulin partly underlie more severe diastolic dysfunction in women compared to men. Since heat shock proteins have cardioprotective effects, elevated levels of heat shock proteins in females may contribute to later disease onset in woman, while reduced protein turnover in men may lead to the accumulation of damaged proteins which in turn affects proper cellular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Schuldt
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Physiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Larissa M Dorsch
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Physiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jaco C Knol
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Medical Oncology, OncoProteomics Laboratory, VUmc-Cancer Center Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Thang V Pham
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Medical Oncology, OncoProteomics Laboratory, VUmc-Cancer Center Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tim Schelfhorst
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Medical Oncology, OncoProteomics Laboratory, VUmc-Cancer Center Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sander R Piersma
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Medical Oncology, OncoProteomics Laboratory, VUmc-Cancer Center Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Cris Dos Remedios
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Heart Bank, Discipline of Anatomy, Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michelle Michels
- Department of Cardiology, Thorax Center, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Connie R Jimenez
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Medical Oncology, OncoProteomics Laboratory, VUmc-Cancer Center Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Diederik W D Kuster
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Physiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jolanda van der Velden
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Physiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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17
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Li S, Zhou Y, Yang C, Fan S, Huang L, Zhou T, Wang Q, Zhao R, Tang C, Tao M, Liu S. Comparative analyses of hypothalamus transcriptomes reveal fertility-, growth-, and immune-related genes and signal pathways in different ploidy cyprinid fish. Genomics 2021; 113:595-605. [PMID: 33485949 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Triploid crucian carp (TCC) is obtained by hybridization of female diploid red crucian carp (Carassius auratus red var., RCC) and male allotetraploid hybrids. In this study, high-throughput sequencing was used to conduct the transcriptome analysis of the female hypothalamus of diploid RCC, diploid common carp (Cyprinus carpio L., CC) and TCC. The key functional expression genes of the hypothalamus were obtained through functional gene annotation and differential gene expression screening. A total of 71.56 G data and 47,572 genes were obtained through sequencing and genome mapping, respectively. The Fuzzy Analysis Clustering assigned the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) into eight groups, two of which, overdominance expression (6005, 12.62%) and underdominance expression (3849, 8.09%) in TCC were further studied. KEGG enrichment analysis showed that the DEGs in overdominance were mainly enriched in four pathways. The expression of several fertility-related genes was lower levels in TCC, whereas the expression of several growth-related genes and immune-related genes was higher levels in TCC. Besides, 15 DEGs were verified by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). The present study can provide a reference for breeding sterility, fast-growth, and disease-resistant varieties by distant hybridization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Polyploid Fish Reproduction and Breeding of the State Education Ministry, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, PR China
| | - Yi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Polyploid Fish Reproduction and Breeding of the State Education Ministry, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, PR China
| | - Conghui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Polyploid Fish Reproduction and Breeding of the State Education Ministry, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, PR China
| | - Siyu Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Polyploid Fish Reproduction and Breeding of the State Education Ministry, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, PR China
| | - Lu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Polyploid Fish Reproduction and Breeding of the State Education Ministry, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, PR China
| | - Tian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Polyploid Fish Reproduction and Breeding of the State Education Ministry, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, PR China
| | - Qiubei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Polyploid Fish Reproduction and Breeding of the State Education Ministry, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, PR China
| | - Rurong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Polyploid Fish Reproduction and Breeding of the State Education Ministry, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, PR China
| | - Chenchen Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Polyploid Fish Reproduction and Breeding of the State Education Ministry, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, PR China
| | - Min Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Polyploid Fish Reproduction and Breeding of the State Education Ministry, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, PR China.
| | - Shaojun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Polyploid Fish Reproduction and Breeding of the State Education Ministry, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, PR China.
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18
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Requirement for Crk and CrkL during postnatal lens development. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 529:603-607. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.06.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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19
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Crk1/2 and CrkL play critical roles in maintaining podocyte morphology and function. Exp Cell Res 2020; 394:112135. [PMID: 32535035 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Podocytes are actin-rich epithelial cells whose effacement and detachment are the main cause of glomerular disease. Crk family proteins: Crk1/2 and CrkL are reported to be important intracellular signaling proteins that are involved in many biological processes. However, the roles of them in maintaining podocyte morphology and function remain poorly understood. In this study, specific knocking down of Crk1/2 and CrkL in podocytes caused abnormal cell morphology, actin cytoskeleton rearrangement and dysfunction in cell adhesion, spreading, migration, and viability. The p130Cas, focal adhesion kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt, p38 and JNK signaling pathways involved in these alterations. Furthermore, knocking down CrkL alone conferred a more modest phenotype than did the Crk1/2 knockdown and the double knockdown. Kidney biopsy specimens from patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and minimal change nephropathy showed downregulation of Crk1/2 and CrkL in glomeruli. In zebrafish embryos, Crk1/2 and CrkL knockdown compromised the morphology and caused abnormal glomerular development. Thus, our results suggest that Crk1/2 and CrkL expression are important in podocytes; loss of either will cause podocyte dysfunction, leading to foot process effacement and podocyte detachment.
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20
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Roy NH, Mammadli M, Burkhardt JK, Karimi M. CrkL is required for donor T cell migration to GvHD target organs. Oncotarget 2020; 11:1505-1514. [PMID: 32391120 PMCID: PMC7197453 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The success of cancer therapies based on allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant relies on the ability to separate graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) from graft-versus-tumor (GVT) responses. Controlling donor T cell migration into peripheral tissues is a viable option to limit unwanted tissue damage, but a lack of specific targets limits progress on this front. Here, we show that the adaptor protein CrkL, but not the closely related family members CrkI or CrkII, is a crucial regulator of T cell migration. In vitro, CrkL-deficient T cells fail to polymerize actin in response to the integrin ligand ICAM-1, resulting in defective migration. Using a mouse model of GvHD/GVT, we found that while CrkL-deficient T cells can efficiently eliminate hematopoietic tumors they are unable to migrate into inflamed organs, such as the liver and small intestine, and thus do not cause GvHD. These results suggest a specific role for CrkL in trafficking to peripheral organs but not the lymphatic system. In line with this, we found that although CrkL-deficient T cells could clear hematopoietic tumors, they failed to clear the same tumor growing subcutaneously, highlighting the role of CrkL in controlling T cell migration into peripheral tissues. Our results define a unique role for CrkL in controlling T cell migration, and suggest that CrkL function could be therapeutically targeted to enhance the efficacy of immunotherapies involving allogeneic donor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan H Roy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mahinbanu Mammadli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Janis K Burkhardt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mobin Karimi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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21
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Imamoto A, Ki S, Li L, Iwamoto K, Maruthamuthu V, Devany J, Lu O, Kanazawa T, Zhang S, Yamada T, Hirayama A, Fukuda S, Suzuki Y, Okada M. Essential role of the Crk family-dosage in DiGeorge-like anomaly and metabolic homeostasis. Life Sci Alliance 2020; 3:3/2/e201900635. [PMID: 32041892 PMCID: PMC7010317 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201900635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CRK and CRKL (CRK-like) encode adapter proteins with similar biochemical properties. Here, we show that a 50% reduction of the family-combined dosage generates developmental defects, including aspects of DiGeorge/del22q11 syndrome in mice. Like the mouse homologs of two 22q11.21 genes CRKL and TBX1, Crk and Tbx1 also genetically interact, thus suggesting that pathways shared by the three genes participate in organogenesis affected in the syndrome. We also show that Crk and Crkl are required during mesoderm development, and Crk/Crkl deficiency results in small cell size and abnormal mesenchyme behavior in primary embryonic fibroblasts. Our systems-wide analyses reveal impaired glycolysis, associated with low Hif1a protein levels as well as reduced histone H3K27 acetylation in several key glycolysis genes. Furthermore, Crk/Crkl deficiency sensitizes MEFs to 2-deoxy-D-glucose, a competitive inhibitor of glycolysis, to induce cell blebbing. Activated Rapgef1, a Crk/Crkl-downstream effector, rescues several aspects of the cell phenotype, including proliferation, cell size, focal adhesions, and phosphorylation of p70 S6k1 and ribosomal protein S6. Our investigations demonstrate that Crk/Crkl-shared pathways orchestrate metabolic homeostasis and cell behavior through widespread epigenetic controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Imamoto
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sewon Ki
- RIKEN Integrative Medical Sciences, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Leiming Li
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kazunari Iwamoto
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Venkat Maruthamuthu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - John Devany
- Department of Physics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ocean Lu
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Tomomi Kanazawa
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Suxiang Zhang
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takuji Yamada
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Hirayama
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Shinji Fukuda
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, Japan.,Intestinal Microbiota Project, Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan.,Transborder Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yutaka Suzuki
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mariko Okada
- RIKEN Integrative Medical Sciences, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan .,Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Center for Drug Design and Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
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22
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Spracklen AJ, Thornton-Kolbe EM, Bonner AN, Florea A, Compton PJ, Fernandez-Gonzalez R, Peifer M. The Crk adapter protein is essential for Drosophila embryogenesis, where it regulates multiple actin-dependent morphogenic events. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:2399-2421. [PMID: 31318326 PMCID: PMC6741062 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-05-0302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Small Src homology domain 2 (SH2) and 3 (SH3) adapter proteins regulate cell fate and behavior by mediating interactions between cell surface receptors and downstream signaling effectors in many signal transduction pathways. The CT10 regulator of kinase (Crk) family has tissue-specific roles in phagocytosis, cell migration, and neuronal development and mediates oncogenic signaling in pathways like that of Abelson kinase. However, redundancy among the two mammalian family members and the position of the Drosophila gene on the fourth chromosome precluded assessment of Crk's full role in embryogenesis. We circumvented these limitations with short hairpin RNA and CRISPR technology to assess Crk's function in Drosophila morphogenesis. We found that Crk is essential beginning in the first few hours of development, where it ensures accurate mitosis by regulating orchestrated dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton to keep mitotic spindles in syncytial embryos from colliding. In this role, it positively regulates cortical localization of the actin-related protein 2/3 complex (Arp2/3), its regulator suppressor of cAMP receptor (SCAR), and filamentous actin to actin caps and pseudocleavage furrows. Crk loss leads to the loss of nuclei and formation of multinucleate cells. We also found roles for Crk in embryonic wound healing and in axon patterning in the nervous system, where it localizes to the axons and midline glia. Thus, Crk regulates diverse events in embryogenesis that require orchestrated cytoskeletal dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Spracklen
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Emma M Thornton-Kolbe
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Alison N Bonner
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Alexandru Florea
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, and Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Peter J Compton
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Rodrigo Fernandez-Gonzalez
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, and Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Mark Peifer
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599.,Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599.,Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
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23
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Roy NH, MacKay JL, Robertson TF, Hammer DA, Burkhardt JK. Crk adaptor proteins mediate actin-dependent T cell migration and mechanosensing induced by the integrin LFA-1. Sci Signal 2018; 11:eaat3178. [PMID: 30538176 PMCID: PMC6333317 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aat3178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
T cell entry into inflamed tissue involves firm adhesion, spreading, and migration of the T cells across endothelial barriers. These events depend on "outside-in" signals through which engaged integrins direct cytoskeletal reorganization. We investigated the molecular events that mediate this process and found that T cells from mice lacking expression of the adaptor protein Crk exhibited defects in phenotypes induced by the integrin lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1), namely, actin polymerization, leading edge formation, and two-dimensional cell migration. Crk protein was an essential mediator of LFA-1 signaling-induced phosphorylation of the E3 ubiquitin ligase c-Cbl and its subsequent interaction with the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) subunit p85, thus promoting PI3K activity and cytoskeletal remodeling. In addition, we found that Crk proteins were required for T cells to respond to changes in substrate stiffness, as measured by alterations in cell spreading and differential phosphorylation of the force-sensitive protein CasL. These findings identify Crk proteins as key intermediates coupling LFA-1 signals to actin remodeling and provide mechanistic insights into how T cells sense and respond to substrate stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan H Roy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joanna L MacKay
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tanner F Robertson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniel A Hammer
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Janis K Burkhardt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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24
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Nabekura T, Chen Z, Schroeder C, Park T, Vivier E, Lanier LL, Liu D. Crk Adaptor Proteins Regulate NK Cell Expansion and Differentiation during Mouse Cytomegalovirus Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:3420-3428. [PMID: 29618525 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer cells are critical in the immune response to infection and malignancy. Prior studies have demonstrated that Crk family proteins can influence cell apoptosis, proliferation, and cell transformation. In this study, we investigated the role of Crk family proteins in mouse NK cell differentiation and host defense using a mouse CMV infection model. The number of NK cells, maturational state, and the majority of the NKR repertoire was similar in Crk x Crk-like (CrkL)-double-deficient and wild type NK cells. However, Crk family proteins were required for optimal activation, IFN-γ production, expansion, and differentiation of Ly49H+ NK cells, as well as host defense during mouse CMV infection. The diminished function of Crk x CrkL-double-deficient NK cells correlated with decreased phosphorylation of STAT4 and STAT1 in response to IL-12 and IFN-α stimulation, respectively. Together, our findings analyzing NK cell-specific Crk-deficient mice provide insights into the role of Crk family proteins in NK cell function and host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Nabekura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA 94143.,Life Science Center, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Zhiying Chen
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Casey Schroeder
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Taeju Park
- Children's Research Institute, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108
| | - Eric Vivier
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, 13288 Marseille, France.,Service d'Immunologie, Hôpital de la Timone, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, 13288 Marseille, France; and
| | - Lewis L Lanier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143; .,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Dongfang Liu
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030; .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065
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25
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Aiello FB, Guszczynski T, Li W, Hixon JA, Jiang Q, Hodge DL, Massignan T, Di Lisio C, Merchant A, Procopio AD, Bonetto V, Durum SK. IL-7-induced phosphorylation of the adaptor Crk-like and other targets. Cell Signal 2018; 47:131-141. [PMID: 29581031 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
IL-7 is required for T cell differentiation and mature T cell homeostasis and promotes pro-B cell proliferation and survival. Tyrosine phosphorylation plays a central role in IL-7 signaling. We identified by two-dimensional electrophoresis followed by anti-phosphotyrosine immunoblotting and mass spectrometry sixteen tyrosine phosphorylated proteins from the IL-7-dependent cell line D1. IL-7 stimulation induced the phosphorylation of the proteins STI1, ATIC and hnRNPH, involved in pathways related to survival, proliferation and gene expression, respectively, and increased the phosphorylation of CrkL, a member of a family of adaptors including the highly homologous Crk isoforms CrkII and CrkI, important in multiple signaling pathways. We observed an increased phosphorylation of CrkL in murine pro-B cells and in murine and human T cells. In addition, IL-7 increased the association of CrkL with the transcription factor Stat5, essential for IL-7 pro-survival activity. The selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor Imatinib. counteracted the IL-7 pro-survival effect in D1 cells and decreased CrkL phosphorylation. These data suggested that CrkL could play a pro-survival role in IL-7-mediated signaling. We observed that pro-B cells also expressed, in addition to CrkL, the Crk isoforms CrkII and CrkI and therefore utilized pro-B cells conditionally deficient in all three to evaluate the role of these proteins. The observation that the IL-7 pro-survival effect was reduced in Crk/CrkL conditionally-deficient pro-B cells further pointed to a pro-survival role of these adaptors. To further evaluate the role of these proteins, gene expression studies were performed in Crk/CrkL conditionally-deficient pro-B cells. IL-7 decreased the transcription of the receptor LAIR1, which inhibits B cell proliferation, in a Crk/CrkL-dependent manner, suggesting that the Crk family of proteins may promote pro-B cell proliferation. Our data contribute to the understanding of IL-7 signaling and suggest the involvement of Crk family proteins in pathways promoting survival and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca B Aiello
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bldg 560, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Tad Guszczynski
- Molecular Targets Laboratory, FCRDC, Bldg 560, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Wenqing Li
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bldg 560, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Julie A Hixon
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bldg 560, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Qiong Jiang
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bldg 560, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Deborah L Hodge
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, FCRDC, Bldg 560, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Tania Massignan
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche M. Negri, via La Masa 19, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Chiara Di Lisio
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, via dei Vestini, 66013 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Anand Merchant
- Center for Cancer Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Antonio D Procopio
- Department of Clinical and Medical Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, via Tronto 10, 60100 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Valentina Bonetto
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche M. Negri, via La Masa 19, 20156 Milano, Italy.
| | - Scott K Durum
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bldg 560, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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26
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Collins TN, Mao Y, Li H, Bouaziz M, Hong A, Feng GS, Wang F, Quilliam LA, Chen L, Park T, Curran T, Zhang X. Crk proteins transduce FGF signaling to promote lens fiber cell elongation. eLife 2018; 7:32586. [PMID: 29360039 PMCID: PMC5818251 DOI: 10.7554/elife.32586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific cell shapes are fundamental to the organization and function of multicellular organisms. Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) signaling induces the elongation of lens fiber cells during vertebrate lens development. Nonetheless, exactly how this extracellular FGF signal is transmitted to the cytoskeletal network has previously not been determined. Here, we show that the Crk family of adaptor proteins, Crk and Crkl, are required for mouse lens morphogenesis but not differentiation. Genetic ablation and epistasis experiments demonstrated that Crk and Crkl play overlapping roles downstream of FGF signaling in order to regulate lens fiber cell elongation. Upon FGF stimulation, Crk proteins were found to interact with Frs2, Shp2 and Grb2. The loss of Crk proteins was partially compensated for by the activation of Ras and Rac signaling. These results reveal that Crk proteins are important partners of the Frs2/Shp2/Grb2 complex in mediating FGF signaling, specifically promoting cell shape changes. As an embryo develops, its cells divide multiple times to transform into the specialized cell types that form our tissues and organs. To carry out specific roles, cells need to be of a certain shape. For example, in mammals, the cells that make up the main portion of the eye lens, develop into a fiber-like shape to be perfectly aligned with each other. This enables them to transmit light to the retina at the rear end of the eye. To do so, the lens cells increase over 1000 times in length with the help of a group of proteins called the Fibroblast Growth Factor, or FGF for short. The FGF pathway includes a network of interacting proteins that transmit signals to molecules inside the lens cells to control how they specialize and grow. However, until now it was not clear how it does this. Here, Zhang et al. used mouse lens-cells grown in the laboratory to investigate how FGF signaling causes cells to change their structure. The experiments revealed two related proteins called Crk and Crkl that linked the FGF pathway with another signaling system. When these two proteins were removed from the lens cells, the lens cells were still able to specialize, but could no longer grow in length. This suggests that these two processes are independent of each other. Moreover, Crk and Crkl helped the cells to change shape by increasing the amount of another group of proteins called Ras, which are known to both help cells to specialize and to regulate their shape. Zhang et al. discovered that the amount of Ras proteins determined whether cells specialized or modified their shape by changing the organization of proteins in the cell. Millions of children are born with cataracts, a disease caused when lens cells fail to shape properly. A better knowledge of FGF signaling may help to understand how cataracts develop and inspire future treatments. Moreover, the pathways identified in this study could also apply to other organs and diseases in which FGF signaling is active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamica N Collins
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - Yingyu Mao
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - Hongge Li
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - Michael Bouaziz
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - Angela Hong
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - Gen-Sheng Feng
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Fen Wang
- Center for Cancer Biology and Nutrition, Houston, United States
| | - Lawrence A Quilliam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Taeju Park
- The Children's Research Institute, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, United States
| | - Tom Curran
- The Children's Research Institute, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, United States
| | - Xin Zhang
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, United States
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27
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He S, Wang X, Chen A. Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury: the role of adaptor proteins Crk. Perfusion 2017; 32:345-349. [PMID: 28553779 DOI: 10.1177/0267659117691813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have reported that the ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) myocardium may act as an immune system where an exaggerated inflammatory reaction initiates. With activation of the immune system, damage-associated molecular patterns migrate and adhere into the I/R region and, consequently, induce myocardial injury. Emerging data have indicated that the adaptor proteins Crk are thought to play essential roles in signaling during apoptosis and cell adhesion and migration. Accumulated data highlight that Crk proteins are potential immunotherapeutic targets in immune diseases. However, very few studies have determined the roles of Crk on myocardial I/R injury. This mini review will focus on the emerging roles of Crk adaptors during myocardial I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangfei He
- Department of Cardiology, Zhu Jiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, China
| | - Xianbao Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhu Jiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, China
| | - Aihua Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Zhu Jiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, China
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28
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Park T, Koptyra M, Curran T. Fibroblast Growth Requires CT10 Regulator of Kinase (Crk) and Crk-like (CrkL). J Biol Chem 2016; 291:26273-26290. [PMID: 27807028 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.764613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CT10 regulator of kinase (Crk) and Crk-like (CrkL) are the cellular counterparts of the viral oncogene v-Crk Elevated levels of Crk and CrkL have been observed in many human cancers; inhibition of Crk and CrkL expression reduced the tumor-forming potential of cancer cell lines. Despite a close relationship between the Crk family proteins and tumorigenesis, how Crk and CrkL contribute to cell growth is unclear. We ablated endogenous Crk and CrkL from cultured fibroblasts carrying floxed alleles of Crk and CrkL by transfection with synthetic Cre mRNA (synCre). Loss of Crk and CrkL induced by synCre transfection blocked cell proliferation and caused shrinkage of the cytoplasm and the nucleus, formation of adherens junctions, and reduced cell motility. Ablation of Crk or CrkL alone conferred a much more modest reduction in cell proliferation. Reintroduction of CrkI, CrkII, or CrkL individually rescued cell proliferation in the absence of the endogenous Crk and CrkL, suggesting that Crk and CrkL play overlapping functions in regulating fibroblast growth. Serum and basic FGF induced phosphorylation of Akt, MAP kinases, and S6 kinase and Fos expression in the absence of Crk and CrkL, suggesting that cells lacking Crk and CrkL are capable of initiating major signal transduction pathways in response to extracellular stimuli. Furthermore, cell cycle and cell death analyses demonstrated that fibroblasts lacking Crk and CrkL become arrested at the G1-S transition and undergo a modest apoptosis. Taken together, our results suggest that Crk and CrkL play essential overlapping roles in fibroblast growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeju Park
- From the Children's Research Institute, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri 64108
| | - Mateusz Koptyra
- From the Children's Research Institute, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri 64108
| | - Tom Curran
- From the Children's Research Institute, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri 64108
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29
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Penberthy KK, Ravichandran KS. Apoptotic cell recognition receptors and scavenger receptors. Immunol Rev 2016; 269:44-59. [PMID: 26683144 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine recognition receptors are a highly diverse set of receptors grouped by their ability to recognize the 'eat-me' signal phosphatidylserine on apoptotic cells. Most of the phosphatidylserine recognition receptors dampen inflammation by inducing the production of anti-inflammatory mediators during the phagocytosis of apoptotic corpses. However, many phosphatidylserine receptors are also capable of recognizing other ligands, with some receptors being categorized as scavenger receptors. It is now appreciated that these receptors can elicit different downstream events for particular ligands. Therefore, how phosphatidylserine recognition receptors mediate specific signals during recognition of apoptotic cells versus other ligands, and how this might help regulate the inflammatory state of a tissue is an important question that is not fully understood. Here, we revisit the work on signaling downstream of the phosphatidylserine recognition receptor BAI1, and evaluate how these and other signaling modules mediate signaling downstream from other receptors, including Stabilin-2, MerTK, and αvβ5. We also propose the concept that phosphatidylserine recognition receptors could be viewed as a subset of scavenger receptors that are capable of eliciting anti-inflammatory responses to apoptotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen K Penberthy
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, Center for Cell Clearance, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Kodi S Ravichandran
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, Center for Cell Clearance, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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30
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Tarantini S, Giles CB, Wren JD, Ashpole NM, Valcarcel-Ares MN, Wei JY, Sonntag WE, Ungvari Z, Csiszar A. IGF-1 deficiency in a critical period early in life influences the vascular aging phenotype in mice by altering miRNA-mediated post-transcriptional gene regulation: implications for the developmental origins of health and disease hypothesis. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 38:239-258. [PMID: 27566308 PMCID: PMC5061677 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-016-9943-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological findings support the concept of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease, suggesting that early-life hormonal influences during a sensitive period of development have a fundamental impact on vascular health later in life. The endocrine changes that occur during development are highly conserved across mammalian species and include dramatic increases in circulating IGF-1 levels during adolescence. The present study was designed to characterize the effect of developmental IGF-1 deficiency on the vascular aging phenotype. To achieve that goal, early-onset endocrine IGF-1 deficiency was induced in mice by knockdown of IGF-1 in the liver using Cre-lox technology (Igf1 f/f mice crossed with mice expressing albumin-driven Cre recombinase). This model exhibits low-circulating IGF-1 levels during the peripubertal phase of development, which is critical for the biology of aging. Due to the emergence of miRNAs as important regulators of the vascular aging phenotype, the effect of early-life IGF-1 deficiency on miRNA expression profile in the aorta was examined in animals at 27 months of age. We found that developmental IGF-1 deficiency elicits persisting late-life changes in miRNA expression in the vasculature, which significantly differed from those in mice with adult-onset IGF-1 deficiency (TBG-Cre-AAV8-mediated knockdown of IGF-1 at 5 month of age in Igf1 f/f mice). Using a novel computational approach, we identified miRNA target genes that are co-expressed with IGF-1 and associate with aging and vascular pathophysiology. We found that among the predicted targets, the expression of multiple extracellular matrix-related genes, including collagen-encoding genes, were downregulated in mice with developmental IGF-1 deficiency. Collectively, IGF-1 deficiency during a critical period during early in life results in persistent changes in post-transcriptional miRNA-mediated control of genes critical targets for vascular health, which likely contribute to the deleterious late-life cardiovascular effects known to occur with developmental IGF-1 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Tarantini
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Donald W. Reynolds Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Cory B Giles
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Donald W. Reynolds Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Arthritis & Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Jonathan D Wren
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Donald W. Reynolds Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Arthritis & Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Nicole M Ashpole
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Donald W. Reynolds Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - M Noa Valcarcel-Ares
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Donald W. Reynolds Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Jeanne Y Wei
- Reynolds Institute on Aging and Department of Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Science, 4301 West Markham Street, No. 748, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - William E Sonntag
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Donald W. Reynolds Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
- The Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Zoltan Ungvari
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Donald W. Reynolds Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- The Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Anna Csiszar
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Donald W. Reynolds Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
- The Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
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31
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Ylösmäki L, Fagerlund R, Kuisma I, Julkunen I, Saksela K. Nuclear Translocation of Crk Adaptor Proteins by the Influenza A Virus NS1 Protein. Viruses 2016; 8:101. [PMID: 27092521 PMCID: PMC4848595 DOI: 10.3390/v8040101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The non-structural protein-1 (NS1) of many influenza A strains, especially those of avian origin, contains an SH3 ligand motif, which binds tightly to the cellular adaptor proteins Crk (Chicken tumor virus number 10 (CT10) regulator of kinase) and Crk-like adapter protein (CrkL). This interaction has been shown to potentiate NS1-induced activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), but additional effects on the host cell physiology may exist. Here we show that NS1 can induce an efficient translocation of Crk proteins from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, which results in an altered pattern of nuclear protein tyrosine phosphorylation. This was not observed using NS1 proteins deficient in SH3 binding or engineered to be exclusively cytoplasmic, indicating a physical role for NS1 as a carrier in the nuclear translocation of Crk. These data further emphasize the role of Crk proteins as host cell interaction partners of NS1, and highlight the potential for host cell manipulation gained by a viral protein simply via acquiring a short SH3 binding motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena Ylösmäki
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Riku Fagerlund
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Inka Kuisma
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Ilkka Julkunen
- Department of Virology, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland and Virology Unit, Department of Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), 00300 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Kalle Saksela
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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32
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The Poly(C) Binding Protein Pcbp2 and Its Retrotransposed Derivative Pcbp1 Are Independently Essential to Mouse Development. Mol Cell Biol 2015; 36:304-19. [PMID: 26527618 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00936-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA-binding proteins participate in a complex array of posttranscriptional controls essential to cell type specification and somatic development. Despite their detailed biochemical characterizations, the degree to which each RNA-binding protein impacts mammalian embryonic development remains incompletely defined, and the level of functional redundancy among subsets of these proteins remains open to question. The poly(C) binding proteins, PCBPs (αCPs and hnRNP E proteins), are encoded by a highly conserved and broadly expressed gene family. The two major Pcbp isoforms, Pcbp2 and Pcbp1, are robustly expressed in a wide range of tissues and exert both nuclear and cytoplasmic controls over gene expression. Here, we report that Pcbp1-null embryos are rendered nonviable in the peri-implantation stage. In contrast, Pcbp2-null embryos undergo normal development until midgestation (12.5 to 13.5 days postcoitum), at which time they undergo a dramatic loss in viability associated with combined cardiovascular and hematopoietic abnormalities. Mice heterozygous for either Pcbp1 or Pcbp2 null alleles display a mild and nondisruptive defect in initial postpartum weight gain. These data reveal that Pcbp1 and Pcbp2 are individually essential for mouse embryonic development and have distinct impacts on embryonic viability and that Pcpb2 has a nonredundant in vivo role in hematopoiesis. These data further provide direct evidence that Pcbp1, a retrotransposed derivative of Pcpb2, has evolved an essential function(s) in the mammalian genome.
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33
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Tintignac LA, Brenner HR, Rüegg MA. Mechanisms Regulating Neuromuscular Junction Development and Function and Causes of Muscle Wasting. Physiol Rev 2015; 95:809-52. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00033.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The neuromuscular junction is the chemical synapse between motor neurons and skeletal muscle fibers. It is designed to reliably convert the action potential from the presynaptic motor neuron into the contraction of the postsynaptic muscle fiber. Diseases that affect the neuromuscular junction may cause failure of this conversion and result in loss of ambulation and respiration. The loss of motor input also causes muscle wasting as muscle mass is constantly adapted to contractile needs by the balancing of protein synthesis and protein degradation. Finally, neuromuscular activity and muscle mass have a major impact on metabolic properties of the organisms. This review discusses the mechanisms involved in the development and maintenance of the neuromuscular junction, the consequences of and the mechanisms involved in its dysfunction, and its role in maintaining muscle mass during aging. As life expectancy is increasing, loss of muscle mass during aging, called sarcopenia, has emerged as a field of high medical need. Interestingly, aging is also accompanied by structural changes at the neuromuscular junction, suggesting that the mechanisms involved in neuromuscular junction maintenance might be disturbed during aging. In addition, there is now evidence that behavioral paradigms and signaling pathways that are involved in longevity also affect neuromuscular junction stability and sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel A. Tintignac
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and INRA, UMR866 Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme, Montpellier, France
| | - Hans-Rudolf Brenner
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and INRA, UMR866 Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme, Montpellier, France
| | - Markus A. Rüegg
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and INRA, UMR866 Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme, Montpellier, France
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Wood S, Goldufsky J, Shafikhani SH. Pseudomonas aeruginosa ExoT Induces Atypical Anoikis Apoptosis in Target Host Cells by Transforming Crk Adaptor Protein into a Cytotoxin. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004934. [PMID: 26020630 PMCID: PMC4447348 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we demonstrated that Pseudomonas aeruginosa ExoT induces potent apoptosis in host epithelial cells in a manner that primarily depends on its ADP-ribosyltransferase domain (ADPRT) activity. However, the mechanism underlying ExoT/ADPRT-induced apoptosis remains undetermined. We now report that ExoT/ADPRT disrupts focal adhesion sites, activates p38β and JNK, and interferes with integrin-mediated survival signaling; causing atypical anoikis. We show that ExoT/ADPRT-induced anoikis is mediated by the Crk adaptor protein. We found that Crk-/- knockout cells are significantly more resistant to ExoT-induced apoptosis, while Crk-/- cells complemented with Crk are rendered sensitive to ExoT-induced apoptosis. Moreover, a dominant negative (DN) mutant form of Crk phenocopies ExoT-induced apoptosis both kinetically and mechanistically. Crk is generally believed to be a component of focal adhesion (FA) and its role in cellular survival remains controversial in that it has been found to be either pro-survival or pro-apoptosis. Our data demonstrate that although Crk is recruited to FA sites, its function is likely not required for FA assembly or for survival per se. However, when modified by ExoT or by mutagenesis, it can be transformed into a cytotoxin that induces anoikis by disrupting FA sites and interfering with integrin survival signaling. To our knowledge, this is the first example whereby a bacterial toxin exerts its cytotoxicity by subverting the function of an innocuous host cellular protein and turning it against the host cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Wood
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Josef Goldufsky
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Sasha H. Shafikhani
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Cancer Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Cheerathodi M, Vincent JJ, Ballif BA. Quantitative comparison of CrkL-SH3 binding proteins from embryonic murine brain and liver: Implications for developmental signaling and the quantification of protein species variants in bottom-up proteomics. J Proteomics 2015; 125:104-11. [PMID: 25982384 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A major aim of proteomics is to comprehensively identify and quantify all protein species variants from a given biological source. However, in spite of its tremendous utility, bottom-up proteomic strategies can do little to provide true quantification of distinct whole protein species variants given its reliance on proteolysis. This is particularly true when molecular size information is lost as in gel-free proteomics. Crk and CrkL comprise a family of adaptor proteins that couple upstream phosphotyrosine signals to downstream effectors by virtue of their SH2 and SH3 domains respectively. Here we compare the identification and quantification of CrkL-SH3 binding partners between embryonic murine brain and liver. We also uncover and quantify tissue-specific variants in CrkL-SH3 binding proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James J Vincent
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA; Bioinformatics Core, Vermont Genetics Network, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Bryan A Ballif
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
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Goldufsky J, Wood S, Hajihossainlou B, Rehman T, Majdobeh O, Kaufman HL, Ruby CE, Shafikhani SH. Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin T induces potent cytotoxicity against a variety of murine and human cancer cell lines. J Med Microbiol 2015; 64:164-73. [PMID: 25627204 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In patients with malignancy, the major barrier to achieving complete response is emergence of resistance to current chemotherapeutic agents. One of the major mechanisms by which tumour cells become resistant to therapies is by altering cellular drug targets through mutations and/or deletions. Resistance by this mechanism is achieved more easily if the drug has limited cellular targets and/or processes. We hypothesized that as Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin T (ExoT) targets six proteins that are required for cancer cell survival and proliferation, it is highly unlikely for cancer cells to develop resistance to this toxin. We assessed ExoT's cytotoxicity against multiple invasive and highly resistant tumour cell lines in order to evaluate its potential as a chemotherapeutic agent. Our data demonstrated that ExoT induced potent cytotoxicity in all tumour cell lines that we examined. Collectively, our data highlighted the potential of ExoT as a possible chemotherapeutic candidate for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Goldufsky
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Stephen Wood
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Behnam Hajihossainlou
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Tooba Rehman
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Omar Majdobeh
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Carl E Ruby
- Department of Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA Sarepta Therapeutics, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Sasha H Shafikhani
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA Rush University Cancer Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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Racedo S, McDonald-McGinn D, Chung J, Goldmuntz E, Zackai E, Emanuel B, Zhou B, Funke B, Morrow B. Mouse and human CRKL is dosage sensitive for cardiac outflow tract formation. Am J Hum Genet 2015; 96:235-44. [PMID: 25658046 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The human chromosome 22q11.2 region is susceptible to rearrangements during meiosis leading to velo-cardio-facial/DiGeorge/22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) characterized by conotruncal heart defects (CTDs) and other congenital anomalies. The majority of individuals have a 3 Mb deletion whose proximal region contains the presumed disease-associated gene TBX1 (T-box 1). Although a small subset have proximal nested deletions including TBX1, individuals with distal deletions that exclude TBX1 have also been identified. The deletions are flanked by low-copy repeats (LCR22A, B, C, D). We describe cardiac phenotypes in 25 individuals with atypical distal nested deletions within the 3 Mb region that do not include TBX1 including 20 with LCR22B to LCR22D deletions and 5 with nested LCR22C to LCR22D deletions. Together with previous reports, 12 of 37 (32%) with LCR22B-D deletions and 5 of 34 (15%) individuals with LCR22C-D deletions had CTDs including tetralogy of Fallot. In the absence of TBX1, we hypothesized that CRKL (Crk-like), mapping to the LCR22C-D region, might contribute to the cardiac phenotype in these individuals. We created an allelic series in mice of Crkl, including a hypomorphic allele, to test for gene expression effects on phenotype. We found that the spectrum of heart defects depends on Crkl expression, occurring with analogous malformations to that in human individuals, suggesting that haploinsufficiency of CRKL could be responsible for the etiology of CTDs in individuals with nested distal deletions and might act as a genetic modifier of individuals with the typical 3 Mb deletion.
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Goldufsky J, Wood S, Hajihossainlou B, Rehman T, Majdobeh O, Kaufman HL, Ruby CE, Shafikhani SH. Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin T induces potent cytotoxicity against a variety of murine and human cancer cell lines. J Med Microbiol 2015. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joe Goldufsky
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Stephen Wood
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Behnam Hajihossainlou
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Tooba Rehman
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Omar Majdobeh
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Carl E. Ruby
- Sarepta Therapeutics, Corvallis, OR, USA
- Department of Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sasha H. Shafikhani
- Rush University Cancer Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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Huang Y, Clarke F, Karimi M, Roy NH, Williamson EK, Okumura M, Mochizuki K, Chen EJH, Park TJ, Debes GF, Zhang Y, Curran T, Kambayashi T, Burkhardt JK. CRK proteins selectively regulate T cell migration into inflamed tissues. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:1019-32. [PMID: 25621495 DOI: 10.1172/jci77278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Effector T cell migration into inflamed sites greatly exacerbates tissue destruction and disease severity in inflammatory diseases, including graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). T cell migration into such sites depends heavily on regulated adhesion and migration, but the signaling pathways that coordinate these functions downstream of chemokine receptors are largely unknown. Using conditional knockout mice, we found that T cells lacking the adaptor proteins CRK and CRK-like (CRKL) exhibit reduced integrin-dependent adhesion, chemotaxis, and diapedesis. Moreover, these two closely related proteins exhibited substantial functional redundancy, as ectopic expression of either protein rescued defects in T cells lacking both CRK and CRKL. We determined that CRK proteins coordinate with the RAP guanine nucleotide exchange factor C3G and the adhesion docking molecule CASL to activate the integrin regulatory GTPase RAP1. CRK proteins were required for effector T cell trafficking into sites of inflammation, but not for migration to lymphoid organs. In a murine bone marrow transplantation model, the differential migration of CRK/CRKL-deficient T cells resulted in efficient graft-versus-leukemia responses with minimal GVHD. Together, the results from our studies show that CRK family proteins selectively regulate T cell adhesion and migration at effector sites and suggest that these proteins have potential as therapeutic targets for preventing GVHD.
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Koptyra M, Park TJ, Curran T. Crk and CrkL are required for cell transformation by v-fos and v-ras. Mol Carcinog 2015; 55:97-104. [PMID: 25557916 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Crk and CrkL are SH2- and SH3-containing cytosolic adaptor proteins that can induce anchorage-independent growth of fibroblasts. Crk and CrkL play key roles in maintaining cytoskeletal integrity, cell motility and migration. We investigated the role of these two proteins in oncogenic transformation induced by v-fos and v-ras oncogenes using cell lines and fibroblasts carrying conditional alleles of Crk or CrkL. Transformation was assessed by cell morphology, saturation density and anchorage-independent growth in soft agar. We found that cell lines expressing v-fos or v-ras in the absence of Crk or CrkL displayed no evident morphological alterations and reduced anchorage-independent growth compared to those retaining Crk and CrkL. Similarly, overexpression of v-fos in mouse embryonic fibroblasts conferred a growth advantage and induced morphological changes, both of which were abrogated in the absence of either Crk or CrkL. In contrast, Crk, but not CrkL, contributed to v-ras-induced transformation of embryonic fibroblasts. These results suggest that both Crk and CrkL are required for the acquisition of cellular transformation by v-fos, whereas Crk plays a more prominent role than CrkL in v-ras-induced transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Koptyra
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Tae-Ju Park
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Tom Curran
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Contribution of Crk adaptor proteins to host cell and bacteria interactions. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:372901. [PMID: 25506591 PMCID: PMC4260429 DOI: 10.1155/2014/372901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The Crk adaptor family of proteins comprises the alternatively spliced CrkI and CrkII isoforms, as well as the paralog Crk-like (CrkL) protein, which is encoded by a different gene. Initially thought to be involved in signaling during apoptosis and cell adhesion, this ubiquitously expressed family of proteins is now known to play essential roles in integrating signals from a wide range of stimuli. In this review, we describe the structure and function of the different Crk proteins. We then focus on the emerging roles of Crk adaptors during Enterobacteriaceae pathogenesis, with special emphasis on the important human pathogens Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia, and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. Throughout, we remark on opportunities for future research into this intriguing family of proteins.
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Kumar S, Fajardo JE, Birge RB, Sriram G. Crk at the quarter century mark: perspectives in signaling and cancer. J Cell Biochem 2014; 115:819-25. [PMID: 24356912 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The Crk adaptor protein, discovered 25 years ago as the transforming gene (v-crk) product encoded by the CT10 avian retrovirus, has made a great impact on the field of signal transduction. By encoding an oncoprotein that contained a viral gag protein fused to only SH2 and SH3 domains, v-Crk demonstrated the significance of SH2 and SH3 domains in oncogenic signaling by their virtue of binding in a sequence-specific context to organize and assemble protein networks. In more recent years, the cellular homologs of Crk (Crk II, Crk I, and CrkL) have been extensively studied, and shown to have critical functions in a wide spectrum of biological and pathological processes that include cell motility, invasion, survival, bacterial pathogenesis, and the efferocytosis of apoptotic cells. Clinically, Crk proteins are implicated in the aggressive behavior of human cancers, including adenocarcinomas of the lung, breast, and stomach, as well as in sarcomas and gliomas. Over-expression of Crk proteins in human cancers has led to a renewed interest in both their signal transduction pathways and mechanisms of up-regulation. This prospect summarizes recent developments in Crk biology, including new structural and biochemical roles for the atypical carboxyl-terminal SH3 (SH3C) domain, revelations regarding the molecular differences between Crk II and Crk L, and the significance of Crk expression in stratified human tumor samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushil Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers School of Biomedical and Health Sciences-Cancer Center, Newark, New Jersey, 07103
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Kim J, Park TJ, Kwon N, Lee D, Kim S, Kohmura Y, Ishikawa T, Kim KT, Curran T, Je JH. Dendritic planarity of Purkinje cells is independent of Reelin signaling. Brain Struct Funct 2014; 220:2263-73. [PMID: 24828132 PMCID: PMC4481330 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0780-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The dendritic planarity of Purkinje cells is critical for cerebellar circuit formation. In the absence of Crk and CrkL, the Reelin pathway does not function resulting in partial Purkinje cell migration and defective dendritogenesis. However, the relationships among Purkinje cell migration, dendritic development and Reelin signaling have not been clearly delineated. Here, we use synchrotron X-ray microscopy to obtain 3-D images of Golgi-stained Purkinje cell dendrites. Purkinje cells that failed to migrate completely exhibited conical dendrites with abnormal 3-D arborization and reduced dendritic complexity. Furthermore, their spines were fewer in number with a distorted morphology. In contrast, Purkinje cells that migrated successfully displayed planar dendritic and spine morphologies similar to normal cells, despite reduced dendritic complexity. These results indicate that, during cerebellar formation, Purkinje cells migrate into an environment that supports development of dendritic planarity and spine formation. While Reelin signaling is important for the migration process, it does not make a direct major contribution to dendrite formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinkyung Kim
- X-ray Imaging Center, School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 790-784, South Korea
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Nieto-Pelegrin E, Meiler E, Martín-Villa JM, Benito-León M, Martinez-Quiles N. Crk adaptors negatively regulate actin polymerization in pedestals formed by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) by binding to Tir effector. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004022. [PMID: 24675776 PMCID: PMC3968158 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) cause diarrhea linked to high infant mortality in developing countries. EPEC adheres to epithelial cells and induces the formation of actin pedestals. Actin polymerization is driven fundamentally through signaling mediated by Tir bacterial effector protein, which inserts in the plasma membrane of the infected cell. Tir binds Nck adaptor proteins, which in turn recruit and activate N-WASP, a ubiquitous member of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome family of proteins. N-WASP activates the Arp2/3 complex to promote actin polymerization. Other proteins aside from components of the Tir-Nck-N-WASP pathway are recruited to the pedestals but their functions are unknown. Here we investigate the function of two alternatively spliced isoforms of Crk adaptors (CrkI/II) and the paralog protein CrkL during pedestal formation by EPEC. We found that the Crk isoforms act as redundant inhibitors of pedestal formation. The SH2 domain of CrkII and CrkL binds to phosphorylated tyrosine 474 of Tir and competes with Nck to bind Tir, preventing its recruitment to pedestals and thereby inhibiting actin polymerization. EPEC infection induces phosphorylation of the major regulatory tyrosine in CrkII and CrkL, possibly preventing the SH2 domain of these proteins from interacting with Tir. Phosphorylated CrkII and CrkL proteins localize specifically to the plasma membrane in contact with EPEC. Our study uncovers a novel role for Crk adaptors at pedestals, opening a new perspective in how these oncoproteins regulate actin polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Nieto-Pelegrin
- Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eugenia Meiler
- Division of Immunology, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - María Benito-León
- Division of Immunology, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Narcisa Martinez-Quiles
- Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
- Division of Immunology, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Moon HM, Wynshaw-Boris A. Cytoskeleton in action: lissencephaly, a neuronal migration disorder. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2014; 2:229-45. [PMID: 23495356 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
During neocortical development, the extensive migratory movements of neurons from their place of birth to their final location are essential for the coordinated wiring of synaptic circuits and proper neurological function. Failure or delay in neuronal migration causes severe abnormalities in cortical layering, which consequently results in human lissencephaly ('smooth brain'), a neuronal migration disorder. The brains of lissencephaly patients have less-convoluted gyri in the cerebral cortex with impaired cortical lamination of neurons. Since microtubule (MT) and actin-associated proteins play important functions in regulating the dynamics of MT and actin cytoskeletons during neuronal migration, genetic mutations or deletions of crucial genes involved in cytoskeletal processes lead to lissencephaly in human and neuronal migration defects in mouse. During neuronal migration, MT organization and transport are controlled by platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase isoform 1b regulatory subunit 1 (PAFAH1B1, formerly known as LIS1, Lissencephaly-1), doublecortin (DCX), YWHAE, and tubulin. Actin stress fibers are modulated by PAFAH1B1 (LIS1), DCX, RELN, and VLDLR (very low-density lipoprotein receptor)/LRP8 (low-density lipoprotein-related receptor 8, formerly known as APOER2). There are several important levels of crosstalk between these two cytoskeletal systems to establish accurate cortical patterning in development. The recent understanding of the protein networks that govern neuronal migration by regulating cytoskeletal dynamics, from human and mouse genetics as well as molecular and cellular analyses, provides new insights on neuronal migration disorders and may help us devise novel therapeutic strategies for such brain malformations.
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Crk1/2 and CrkL form a hetero-oligomer and functionally complement each other during podocyte morphogenesis. Kidney Int 2014; 85:1382-1394. [PMID: 24499776 PMCID: PMC4040156 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2013.556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Activation of the slit diaphragm protein nephrin induces actin cytoskeletal remodeling, resulting in lamellipodia formation in podocytes in vitro in a phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase-, focal adhesion kinase-, Cas-, and Crk1/2-dependent fashion. In mice, podocyte-specific deletion of Crk1/2 prevents or attenuates foot process effacement in two models of podocyte injury. This suggests that cellular mechanisms governing lamellipodial protrusion in vitro are similar to those in vivo during foot process effacement. As Crk1/2-null mice developed and aged normally, we tested whether the Crk1/2 paralog, CrkL, functionally complements Crk1/2 in a podocyte-specific context. Podocyte-specific CrkL-null mice, like podocyte-specific Crk1/2-null mice, developed and aged normally but were protected from protamine sulfate-induced foot process effacement. Simultaneous podocyte-specific deletion of Crk1/2 and CrkL resulted in albuminuria detected by 6 weeks postpartum and associated with altered podocyte process architecture. Nephrin-induced lamellipodia formation in podocytes in vitro was CrkL-dependent. CrkL formed a hetero-oligomer with Crk2 and, like Crk2, was recruited to tyrosine phosphorylated nephrin. Thus, Crk1/2 and CrkL are physically linked, functionally complement each other during podocyte foot process spreading, and together are required for developing typical foot process architecture.
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The adaptor protein Crk in immune response. Immunol Cell Biol 2013; 92:80-9. [PMID: 24165979 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2013.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The adaptor proteins Crk (CT10 (chicken tumor virus number 10) regulator of kinase), including CrkI, CrkII and Crk-like, are important signal molecules that regulate a variety of cellular processes. Considerable progress has been made in understanding the roles of the Crk family proteins in signal transduction, with a focus on cellular transformation and differentiation. However, since Crk was identified in 1988, very few studies have addressed how Crk regulates the immune response. Recent work demonstrates that Crk proteins function as critical signal molecules in regulating immune cell functions. Emerging data on the roles of Crk in activation and inhibitory immunoreceptor signaling suggest that Crk proteins are potential immunotherapeutic targets in cancer and infectious diseases. The aim of this review is to summarize recent key findings regarding the role of Crk in immune responses mediated by T, B and natural killer (NK) cells. In particular, the roles of Crk in NK cell functions are discussed.
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Park TJ, Curran T. Essential roles of Crk and CrkL in fibroblast structure and motility. Oncogene 2013; 33:5121-32. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Oh H, Kim H, Shin B, Lee KH, Yeo MG, Song WK. Interaction of crk with Myosin-1c participates in fibronectin-induced cell spreading. Int J Biol Sci 2013; 9:778-91. [PMID: 23983611 PMCID: PMC3753442 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.6459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported a novel interaction between v-Crk and myosin-1c, and demonstrated that this interaction is essential for cell migration, even in the absence of p130CAS. We here demonstrate a role for Crk-myosin-1c interaction in cell adhesion and spreading. Crk-knockout (Crk‑/‑) mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs) exhibited significantly decreased cell spreading and reduced Rac1 activity. A stroboscopic analysis of cell dynamics during cell spreading revealed that the cell-spreading deficiency in Crk‑/‑ MEFs was due to the short protrusion/retraction distances and long persistence times of membrane extensions. The low activity of Rac1 in Crk‑/‑ MEFs, which led to delayed cell spreading in these cells, is consistent with the observed defects in membrane dynamics. Reintroduction of v-Crk into Crk‑/‑ MEFs rescued these defects, restoring cell-spreading activity and membrane dynamics to Crk+/+ MEF levels, and normalizing Rac1 activity. Knockdown of myosin-1c by introduction of small interfering RNA resulted in a delay in cell spreading and reduced Rac1 activity to low levels, suggesting that myosin-1c also plays an essential role in cell adhesion and spreading. In addition, deletion of the v-Crk SH3 domain, which interacts with the myosin-1c tail, led to defects in cell spreading. Overexpression of the GFP-myosin-1c tail domain effectively inhibited the v-Crk-myosin-1c interaction and led to a slight decrease in cell spreading and cell surface area. Collectively, these findings suggest that the v-Crk-myosin-1c interaction, which modulates membrane dynamics by regulating Rac1 activity, is crucial for cell adhesion and spreading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyejin Oh
- Bio Imaging and Cell Dynamics Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, Korea
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Graf R, Barbero S, Keller N, Chen L, Uryu S, Schlaepfer D, Stupack D. Src-inducible association of CrkL with procaspase-8 promotes cell migration. Cell Adh Migr 2013; 7:362-9. [PMID: 23751956 DOI: 10.4161/cam.25284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Procaspase-8, the zymogen form of the apoptosis-initiator caspase-8, undergoes phosphorylation following integrin-mediated cell attachment to an extracellular matrix substrate. Concordant with cell attachment to fibronectin, a population of procaspase-8 becomes associated with a peripheral insoluble compartment that includes focal complexes and lamellar microfilaments. Phosphorylation of procaspase-8 both impairs its maturation to the proapoptotic form and can promote cell migration. Here we show that the cytoskeletal adaptor protein CrkL promotes caspase-8 recruitment to the peripheral spreading edge of cells, and that the catalytic domain of caspase-8 directly interacts with the SH2 domain of CrkL. We show that the interaction is abolished by shRNA-mediated silencing of Src, in Src-deficient MEFs, and by pharmacologic inhibitors of the kinase. The results provide insight into how tyrosine kinases may act to coordinate the suppression caspase-8 mediated apoptosis, while promoting cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryon Graf
- Department of Reproductive Medicine; Division of Gynecologic Oncology; University of California San Diego School of Medicine; La Jolla, CA USA; The UCSD Moores Cancer Center; La Jolla, CA USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA USA
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