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Higashi T, Saito AC, Chiba H. Damage control of epithelial barrier function in dynamic environments. Eur J Cell Biol 2024; 103:151410. [PMID: 38579602 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2024.151410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Epithelial tissues cover the surfaces and lumens of the internal organs of multicellular animals and crucially contribute to internal environment homeostasis by delineating distinct compartments within the body. This vital role is known as epithelial barrier function. Epithelial cells are arranged like cobblestones and intricately bind together to form an epithelial sheet that upholds this barrier function. Central to the restriction of solute and fluid diffusion through intercellular spaces are occluding junctions, tight junctions in vertebrates and septate junctions in invertebrates. As part of epithelial tissues, cells undergo constant renewal, with older cells being replaced by new ones. Simultaneously, the epithelial tissue undergoes relative rearrangement, elongating, and shifting directionally as a whole. The movement or shape changes within the epithelial sheet necessitate significant deformation and reconnection of occluding junctions. Recent advancements have shed light on the intricate mechanisms through which epithelial cells sustain their barrier function in dynamic environments. This review aims to introduce these noteworthy findings and discuss some of the questions that remain unanswered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohito Higashi
- Department of Basic Pathology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan.
| | - Akira C Saito
- Department of Basic Pathology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Hideki Chiba
- Department of Basic Pathology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
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2
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Bora K, Kushwah N, Maurya M, Pavlovich MC, Wang Z, Chen J. Assessment of Inner Blood-Retinal Barrier: Animal Models and Methods. Cells 2023; 12:2443. [PMID: 37887287 PMCID: PMC10605292 DOI: 10.3390/cells12202443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper functioning of the neural retina relies on the unique retinal environment regulated by the blood-retinal barrier (BRB), which restricts the passage of solutes, fluids, and toxic substances. BRB impairment occurs in many retinal vascular diseases and the breakdown of BRB significantly contributes to disease pathology. Understanding the different molecular constituents and signaling pathways involved in BRB development and maintenance is therefore crucial in developing treatment modalities. This review summarizes the major molecular signaling pathways involved in inner BRB (iBRB) formation and maintenance, and representative animal models of eye diseases with retinal vascular leakage. Studies on Wnt/β-catenin signaling are highlighted, which is critical for retinal and brain vascular angiogenesis and barriergenesis. Moreover, multiple in vivo and in vitro methods for the detection and analysis of vascular leakage are described, along with their advantages and limitations. These pre-clinical animal models and methods for assessing iBRB provide valuable experimental tools in delineating the molecular mechanisms of retinal vascular diseases and evaluating therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jing Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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3
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Yu S, He J, Xie K. Zonula Occludens Proteins Signaling in Inflammation and Tumorigenesis. Int J Biol Sci 2023; 19:3804-3815. [PMID: 37564207 PMCID: PMC10411466 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.85765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Tight junction (TJ) is the barrier of epithelial and endothelial cells to maintain paracellular substrate transport and cell polarity. As one of the TJ cytoplasmic adaptor proteins adjacent to cell membrane, zonula occludens (ZO) proteins are responsible for connecting transmembrane TJ proteins and cytoplasmic cytoskeleton, providing a binding platform for transmembrane TJ proteins to maintain the barrier function. In addition to the basic structural function, ZO proteins play important roles in signal regulation such as cell proliferation and motility, the latter including cell migration, invasion and metastasis, to influence embryonic development, tissue homeostasis, damage repair, inflammation, tumorigenesis, and cancer progression. In this review, we will focus on the signal regulating function of ZO proteins in inflammation and tumorigenesis, and discuss the limitations of previous research and future challenges in ZO protein research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Yu
- Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, The South China University of Technology School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie He
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Guangzhou First People's Hospital, South China University of Technology School of Medicine, Guangdong, China
| | - Keping Xie
- Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, The South China University of Technology School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Guangzhou First People's Hospital, South China University of Technology School of Medicine, Guangdong, China
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4
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Schmidt A, Finegan T, Häring M, Kong D, Fletcher AG, Alam Z, Grosshans J, Wolf F, Peifer M. Polychaetoid/ZO-1 strengthens cell junctions under tension while localizing differently than core adherens junction proteins. Mol Biol Cell 2023; 34:ar81. [PMID: 37163320 PMCID: PMC10398881 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-03-0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
During embryonic development, dramatic cell shape changes and movements reshape the embryonic body plan. These require robust but dynamic linkage between the cell-cell adherens junctions and the force-generating actomyosin cytoskeleton. Our view of this linkage has evolved, and we now realize linkage is mediated by mechanosensitive multiprotein complexes assembled via multivalent connections. Here we combine genetic, cell biological, and modeling approaches to define the mechanism of action and functions of an important player, Drosophila polychaetoid, homologue of mammalian ZO-1. Our data reveal that Pyd reinforces cell junctions under elevated tension, and facilitates cell rearrangements. Pyd is important to maintain junctional contractility and in its absence cell rearrangements stall. We next use structured illumination microscopy to define the molecular architecture of cell-cell junctions during these events. The cadherin-catenin complex and Cno both localize to puncta along the junctional membrane, but are differentially enriched in different puncta. Pyd, in contrast, exhibits a distinct localization to strands that extend out from the region occupied by core junction proteins. We then discuss the implications for the protein network at the junction-cytoskeletal interface, suggesting different proteins localize and function in distinct ways, perhaps in distinct subcomplexes, but combine to produce robust connections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Schmidt
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280
| | - Tara Finegan
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627-0211
| | - Matthias Häring
- Göttingen Campus Institute for Dynamics of Biological Networks, Georg August University, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Institute for Dynamics of Complex Systems, Georg August University, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Deqing Kong
- Department of Biology, Philipps University, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Alexander G Fletcher
- School of Mathematics and Statistics and Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Zuhayr Alam
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280
| | - Jörg Grosshans
- Department of Biology, Philipps University, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Fred Wolf
- Göttingen Campus Institute for Dynamics of Biological Networks, Georg August University, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Institute for Dynamics of Complex Systems, Georg August University, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mark Peifer
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280
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5
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Schmidt A, Finegan T, Häring M, Kong D, Fletcher AG, Alam Z, Grosshans J, Wolf F, Peifer M. Polychaetoid/ZO-1 strengthens cell junctions under tension while localizing differently than core adherens junction proteins. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.01.530634. [PMID: 36909597 PMCID: PMC10002719 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.01.530634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
During embryonic development dramatic cell shape changes and movements re-shape the embryonic body plan. These require robust but dynamic linkage between the cell-cell adherens junctions and the force-generating actomyosin cytoskeleton. Our view of this linkage has evolved, and we now realize linkage is mediated by a mechanosensitive multiprotein complex assembled via multivalent connections. Here we combine genetic, cell biological and modeling approaches to define the mechanism of action and functions of an important player, Drosophila Polychaetoid, homolog of mammalian ZO-1. Our data reveal that Pyd reinforces cell junctions under elevated tension, and facilitates cell rearrangements. Pyd is important to maintain junctional contractility and in its absence cell rearrangements stall. We next use structured illumination microscopy to define the molecular architecture of cell-cell junctions during these events. The cadherin-catenin complex and Cno both localize to puncta along the junctional membrane, but are differentially enriched in different puncta. Pyd, in contrast, exhibits a distinct localization to strands that extend out from the region occupied by core junction proteins. We then discuss the implications for the protein network at the junction-cytoskeletal interface, suggesting different proteins localize and function in distinct ways but combine to produce robust connections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Schmidt
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB#3280, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA
| | - Tara Finegan
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA 14627-0211
| | - Matthias Häring
- Göttingen Campus Institute for Dynamics of Biological Networks, Georg August University, Hermann Rein Str. 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Am Faßberg 17, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Hermann Rein St. 3, 37075 Göttingen, German
- Institute for Dynamics of Complex Systems, Georg August University, Friedrich Hund Pl. 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Deqing Kong
- Department of Biology, Philipps University, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße 8, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Alexander G Fletcher
- School of Mathematics and Statistics & Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Zuhayr Alam
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB#3280, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA
| | - Jörg Grosshans
- Department of Biology, Philipps University, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße 8, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Fred Wolf
- Göttingen Campus Institute for Dynamics of Biological Networks, Georg August University, Hermann Rein Str. 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Am Faßberg 17, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Hermann Rein St. 3, 37075 Göttingen, German
- Institute for Dynamics of Complex Systems, Georg August University, Friedrich Hund Pl. 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mark Peifer
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB#3280, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA
- Corresponding author
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6
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Wei W, Li W, Yang L, Weeramantry S, Ma L, Fu P, Zhao Y. Tight junctions and acute kidney injury. J Cell Physiol 2023; 238:727-741. [PMID: 36815285 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is characterized by a rapid reduction in kidney function caused by various etiologies. Tubular epithelial cell dysregulation plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of AKI. Tight junction (TJ) is the major molecular structure that connects adjacent epithelial cells and is critical in maintaining barrier function and determining the permeability of epithelia. TJ proteins are dysregulated in various types of AKI, and some reno-protective drugs can reverse TJ changes caused by insult. An in-depth understanding of TJ regulation and its causality with AKI will provide more insight to the disease pathogenesis and will shed light on the potential role of TJs to serve as novel therapeutic targets in AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Weiying Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Florida Hospital/AdventHealth, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Letian Yang
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Savidya Weeramantry
- Department of Internal Medicine, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Liang Ma
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ping Fu
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuliang Zhao
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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7
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Canse C, Yildirim E, Yaba A. Overview of junctional complexes during mammalian early embryonic development. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1150017. [PMID: 37152932 PMCID: PMC10158982 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1150017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-cell junctions form strong intercellular connections and mediate communication between blastomeres during preimplantation embryonic development and thus are crucial for cell integrity, polarity, cell fate specification and morphogenesis. Together with cell adhesion molecules and cytoskeletal elements, intercellular junctions orchestrate mechanotransduction, morphokinetics and signaling networks during the development of early embryos. This review focuses on the structure, organization, function and expressional pattern of the cell-cell junction complexes during early embryonic development. Understanding the importance of dynamic junction formation and maturation processes will shed light on the molecular mechanism behind developmental abnormalities of early embryos during the preimplantation period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceren Canse
- Faculty of Medicine, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Ecem Yildirim
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Yeditepe University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Aylin Yaba
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Yeditepe University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Türkiye
- *Correspondence: Aylin Yaba,
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8
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Goncalves A, Antonetti DA. Transgenic animal models to explore and modulate the blood brain and blood retinal barriers of the CNS. Fluids Barriers CNS 2022; 19:86. [PMID: 36320068 PMCID: PMC9628113 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-022-00386-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The unique environment of the brain and retina is tightly regulated by blood-brain barrier and the blood-retinal barrier, respectively, to ensure proper neuronal function. Endothelial cells within these tissues possess distinct properties that allow for controlled passage of solutes and fluids. Pericytes, glia cells and neurons signal to endothelial cells (ECs) to form and maintain the barriers and control blood flow, helping to create the neurovascular unit. This barrier is lost in a wide range of diseases affecting the central nervous system (CNS) and retina such as brain tumors, stroke, dementia, and in the eye, diabetic retinopathy, retinal vein occlusions and age-related macular degeneration to name prominent examples. Recent studies directly link barrier changes to promotion of disease pathology and degradation of neuronal function. Understanding how these barriers form and how to restore these barriers in disease provides an important point for therapeutic intervention. This review aims to describe the fundamentals of the blood-tissue barriers of the CNS and how the use of transgenic animal models led to our current understanding of the molecular framework of these barriers. The review also highlights examples of targeting barrier properties to protect neuronal function in disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Goncalves
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Kellogg Eye Center, 1000 Wall St Rm, Ann Arbor, MI, 7317, USA
| | - David A Antonetti
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Kellogg Eye Center, 1000 Wall St Rm, Ann Arbor, MI, 7317, USA.
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9
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Xu J, Kausalya PJ, Ong AGM, Goh CMF, Mohamed Ali S, Hunziker W. ZO-2/Tjp2 suppresses Yap and Wwtr1/Taz-mediated hepatocyte to cholangiocyte transdifferentiation in the mouse liver. NPJ Regen Med 2022; 7:55. [PMID: 36151109 PMCID: PMC9508083 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-022-00251-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
TJP2/ZO-2-inactivating mutations in humans cause progressive cholestatic liver disease. Liver-specific deletion of Tjp2 in the mouse (Tjp2 cKO mice) leads to mild progressive cholestasis without an overt degradation of the bile-blood barrier (BBB). These mice are more susceptible to cholic acid (CA) induced liver injury. Interestingly, while initially also more susceptible, Tjp2 cKO mice develop tolerance to a DDC-supplemented diet. The DDC diet induces an exacerbated ductular reaction in Tjp2 cKO mice, which arises from the transdifferentiation of hepatocytes to cholangiocytes. Consequently, this transdifferentiation is only observed if Tjp2 is inactivated in hepatocytes, but not if deleted in cholangiocytes. The DDC-diet-induced hepatocyte transdifferentiation in Tjp2 cKO mice requires Yap and Wwtr1/Taz, whose protein expression is upregulated in hepatocytes lacking Tjp2, but is independent of Notch2. Although inactivating Tjp2 is sufficient for the upregulation of Yap and Wwtr1/Taz protein, efficient transdifferentiation requires the DDC-diet insult. Thus, Tjp2 negatively regulates Yap/Taz-mediated transdifferentiation of hepatocytes to cholangiocytes in response to DDC-diet-induced liver injury. Furthermore, transdifferentiation is regulated at multiple levels and the type of injury inflicted on the Tjp2 deficient liver plays an important role in the resulting pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianliang Xu
- Epithelial Polarity in Disease and Tissue Regeneration Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive Proteos, Singapore, 138673, Singapore.
| | - P Jaya Kausalya
- Epithelial Polarity in Disease and Tissue Regeneration Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive Proteos, Singapore, 138673, Singapore.,M Diagnostics Pte. Ltd. (MiRXES), 30 Biopolis Road, #09-05/06 Matrix, Singapore, 138671, Singapore
| | - Alicia Ghia Min Ong
- Epithelial Polarity in Disease and Tissue Regeneration Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive Proteos, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
| | - Christine Meng Fan Goh
- Epithelial Polarity in Disease and Tissue Regeneration Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive Proteos, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
| | - Safiah Mohamed Ali
- Epithelial Polarity in Disease and Tissue Regeneration Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive Proteos, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
| | - Walter Hunziker
- Epithelial Polarity in Disease and Tissue Regeneration Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive Proteos, Singapore, 138673, Singapore. .,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 2 Medical Drive MD9, Singapore, 117593, Singapore.
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10
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Godbole NM, Chowdhury AA, Chataut N, Awasthi S. Tight Junctions, the Epithelial Barrier, and Toll-like Receptor-4 During Lung Injury. Inflammation 2022; 45:2142-2162. [PMID: 35779195 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-022-01708-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Lung epithelium is constantly exposed to the environment and is critically important for the orchestration of initial responses to infectious organisms, toxins, and allergic stimuli, and maintenance of normal gaseous exchange and pulmonary function. The integrity of lung epithelium, fluid balance, and transport of molecules is dictated by the tight junctions (TJs). The TJs are formed between adjacent cells. We have focused on the topic of the TJ structure and function in lung epithelial cells. This review includes a summary of the last twenty years of literature reports published on the disrupted TJs and epithelial barrier in various lung conditions and expression and regulation of specific TJ proteins against pathogenic stimuli. We discuss the molecular signaling and crosstalk among signaling pathways that control the TJ structure and function. The Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) recognizes the pathogen- and damage-associated molecular patterns released during lung injury and inflammation and coordinates cellular responses. The molecular aspects of TLR4 signaling in the context of TJs or the epithelial barrier are not fully known. We describe the current knowledge and possible networking of the TLR4-signaling with cellular and molecular mechanisms of TJs, lung epithelial barrier function, and resistance to treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nachiket M Godbole
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 1110 N. Stonewall Avenue, Oklahoma City, OK, 73117, USA
| | - Asif Alam Chowdhury
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 1110 N. Stonewall Avenue, Oklahoma City, OK, 73117, USA
| | - Neha Chataut
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 1110 N. Stonewall Avenue, Oklahoma City, OK, 73117, USA
| | - Shanjana Awasthi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 1110 N. Stonewall Avenue, Oklahoma City, OK, 73117, USA.
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11
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Yazici D, Ogulur I, Kucukkase O, Li M, Rinaldi AO, Pat Y, Wallimann A, Wawrocki S, Sozener ZC, Buyuktiryaki B, Sackesen C, Akdis M, Mitamura Y, Akdis C. Epithelial barrier hypothesis and the development of allergic and autoimmune diseases. ALLERGO JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s15007-022-5033-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Solaymani-Mohammadi S. Mucosal Defense Against Giardia at the Intestinal Epithelial Cell Interface. Front Immunol 2022; 13:817468. [PMID: 35250996 PMCID: PMC8891505 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.817468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human giardiasis, caused by the protozoan parasite Giardia duodenalis (syn. Giardia lamblia, Giardia intestinalis, Lamblia intestinalis), is one of the most commonly-identified parasitic diseases worldwide. Chronic G. duodenalis infections cause a malabsorption syndrome that may lead to failure to thrive and/or stunted growth, especially in children in developing countries. Understanding the parasite/epithelial cell crosstalk at the mucosal surfaces of the small intestine during human giardiasis may provide novel insights into the mechanisms underlying the parasite-induced immunopathology and epithelial tissue damage, leading to malnutrition. Efforts to identify new targets for intervening in the development of intestinal immunopathology and the progression to malnutrition are critical. Translating these findings into a clinical setting will require analysis of these pathways in cells and tissues from humans and clinical trials could be devised to determine whether interfering with unwanted mucosal immune responses developed during human giardiasis provide better therapeutic benefits and clinical outcomes for G. duodenalis infections in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahram Solaymani-Mohammadi
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States
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13
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Pfister ED, Dröge C, Liebe R, Stalke A, Buhl N, Ballauff A, Cantz T, Bueltmann E, Stindt J, Luedde T, Baumann U, Keitel V. Extrahepatic manifestations of progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis syndromes: Presentation of a case series and literature review. Liver Int 2022; 42:1084-1096. [PMID: 35184362 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC) is a collective term for a heterogenous group of rare, inherited cholestasis syndromes. The number of genes underlying the clinical PFIC phenotype is still increasing. While progressive liver disease and its sequelae such as portal hypertension, pruritus and hepatocellular carcinoma determine transplant-free survival, extrahepatic manifestations may cause relevant morbidity. METHODS We performed a literature search for extrahepatic manifestations of PFIC associated with pathogenic gene variants in ATP8B1, ABCB11, ABCB4, TJP2, NR1H4 and MYO5B. To illustrate the extrahepatic symptoms described in the literature, PFIC cases from our centres were revisited. RESULTS Extrahepatic symptoms are common in PFIC subtypes, where the affected gene is expressed at high levels in other tissues. While most liver-associated complications resolve after successful orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT), some extrahepatic symptoms show no response or even worsen after OLT. CONCLUSION The spectrum of extrahepatic manifestations in PFIC highlights essential, non-redundant roles of the affected genes in other organs. Extrahepatic features contribute towards low health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and morbidity in PFIC. While OLT is often the only remaining, curative treatment, potential extrahepatic manifestations need to be carefully monitored and addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Doreen Pfister
- Division of Paediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Paediatric Liver, Kidney and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Carola Dröge
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty of Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Magdeburg, Medical Faculty of Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Roman Liebe
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty of Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Amelie Stalke
- Division of Paediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Paediatric Liver, Kidney and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nicole Buhl
- Division of Paediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Paediatric Liver, Kidney and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Antje Ballauff
- Department of Paediatrics, Helios Hospital, Krefeld, Germany
| | - Tobias Cantz
- Translational Hepatology and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, REBIRTH-Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Eva Bueltmann
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jan Stindt
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty of Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tom Luedde
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty of Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ulrich Baumann
- Division of Paediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Paediatric Liver, Kidney and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Verena Keitel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty of Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Magdeburg, Medical Faculty of Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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14
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Ram AK, Vairappan B. Role of zonula occludens in gastrointestinal and liver cancers. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10:3647-3661. [PMID: 35647143 PMCID: PMC9100728 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i12.3647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests that tight junction (TJ) proteins play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of various diseases, including gastrointestinal (GI) cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). TJ proteins primarily maintain the epithelial and endothelial cells intact together through integral proteins however, recent reports suggest that they also regulate gene expression necessary for cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis through adapter proteins such as zonula occludens (ZO). ZO proteins are membrane-associated cytosolic scaffolding proteins that modulate cell proliferation by interacting with several transcription factors. Reduced ZO proteins in GI cancer and HCC are correlated with tumor development and poor prognosis. Pubmed has searched for using the keyword ZO and gastric cancer, ZO and cancer, and ZO and HCC for the last ten years to date. This review summarized the role of ZO proteins in cell proliferation and their expression in GI cancer and HCC. Furthermore, therapeutic interventions targeting ZO in GI and liver cancers are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar Ram
- Liver Diseases Research Lab, Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry 605006, India
| | - Balasubramaniyan Vairappan
- Liver Diseases Research Lab, Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry 605006, India
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15
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Chen J, Wang X, He Q, Harris RC. TAZ is important for maintenance of the integrity of podocytes. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2022; 322:F419-F428. [PMID: 35157550 PMCID: PMC8934679 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00426.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The podocyte is an important component of the glomerular filtration barrier, and maintenance of the integrity of its highly specified structure and function is critical for normal kidney function. Yes-associated protein (YAP)/transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) are two crucial effectors of the Hippo signaling pathway, and recent studies have shown that podocyte-specific YAP deletion causes podocyte apoptosis and the development of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis followed by progressive renal failure. In the present study, we investigated a potential role of the YAP paralog TAZ in podocytes. TAZ was found to be constitutively active in podocytes, and mice with podocyte-specific deletion of TAZ (TazpodKO) developed proteinuria starting at 4 wk of age and had increased podocyte apoptosis. Using primary cultured podocytes or immortalized mouse podocytes from Tazflox/flox mice, we found that TAZ is a transcriptional activator for TEAD-dependent expression of synaptopodin, zonula occludens-1, and zonula occludens-2. This is the first study to determine that TAZ plays an important role in the maintenance of the structure and function of podocytes.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Podocytes play an important role in maintaining the integrity of the structure and function of the kidney. We observed that mice with selective deletion of transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) in podocytes developed proteinuria. TAZ is constitutively active and critical for expression of synaptopodin, zonula occludens-1, and zonula occludens-2 in podocytes. The findings of this study implicate TAZ as an important mediator of podocyte structural integrity and provide further insights into the role of Hippo-Yes-associated protein/TAZ in podocyte biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianchun Chen
- United States Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Xiaoyong Wang
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Qian He
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Raymond C Harris
- United States Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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16
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Fei X, Dou YN, Lv W, Ding B, Wei J, Wu X, He X, Fei Z, Fei F. TLR4 deletion improves cognitive brain function and structure in aged mice. Neuroscience 2022; 492:1-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Li CZ, Ogawa H, Ng SS, Chen X, Kishimoto E, Sakabe K, Fukami A, Hu YC, Mayhew CN, Hellmann J, Miethke A, Tasnova NL, Blackford SJ, Tang ZM, Syanda AM, Ma L, Xiao F, Sambrotta M, Tavabie O, Soares F, Baker O, Danovi D, Hayashi H, Thompson RJ, Rashid ST, Asai A. Human iPSC-derived hepatocyte system models cholestasis with tight junction protein 2 deficiency. JHEP Rep 2022; 4:100446. [PMID: 35284810 PMCID: PMC8904612 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2022.100446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims The truncating mutations in tight junction protein 2 (TJP2) cause progressive cholestasis, liver failure, and hepatocyte carcinogenesis. Due to the lack of effective model systems, there are no targeted medications for the liver pathology with TJP2 deficiency. We leveraged the technologies of patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) and CRISPR genome-editing, and we aim to establish a disease model which recapitulates phenotypes of patients with TJP2 deficiency. Methods We differentiated iPSC to hepatocyte-like cells (iHep) on the Transwell membrane in a polarized monolayer. Immunofluorescent staining of polarity markers was detected by a confocal microscope. The epithelial barrier function and bile acid transport of bile canaliculi were quantified between the two chambers of Transwell. The morphology of bile canaliculi was measured in iHep cultured in the Matrigel sandwich system using a fluorescent probe and live-confocal imaging. Results The iHep differentiated from iPSC with TJP2 mutations exhibited intracellular inclusions of disrupted apical membrane structures, distorted canalicular networks, altered distribution of apical and basolateral markers/transporters. The directional bile acid transport of bile canaliculi was compromised in the mutant hepatocytes, resembling the disease phenotypes observed in the liver of patients. Conclusions Our iPSC-derived in vitro hepatocyte system revealed canalicular membrane disruption in TJP2 deficient hepatocytes and demonstrated the ability to model cholestatic disease with TJP2 deficiency to serve as a platform for further pathophysiologic study and drug discovery. Lay summary We investigated a genetic liver disease, progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC), which causes severe liver disease in newborns and infants due to a lack of gene called TJP2. By using cutting-edge stem cell technology and genome editing methods, we established a novel disease modeling system in cell culture experiments. Our experiments demonstrated that the lack of TJP2 induced abnormal cell polarity and disrupted bile acid transport. These findings will lead to the subsequent investigation to further understand disease mechanisms and develop an effective treatment.
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Key Words
- ALB, albumin
- ASGR2, asialoglycoprotein receptor 2
- ATP1a1, ATPases subunit alpha-1
- BMP4, bone morphogenetic protein 4
- BSA-FAF, bovine serum albumin fatty acid-free
- BSEP, bile salt export pump
- Bile acid transport
- CDFDA, 5-(and-6)-carboxy-2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein
- Cellular polarity
- DE, definitive endoderm
- DILI, drug-induced liver injury
- FGF2, fibroblast growth factor 2
- GCA, glycocholate
- GCDCA, glycochenodeoxycholate
- HCM, Hepatocyte Culture Medium
- HE, hepatic endodermal
- HGF, hepatocyte growth factor
- HNF4a, hepatic nuclear factor 4a
- MDCKII, Madin–Darby canine kidney II
- MRP2, multidrug resistance-associated protein 2
- NTCP, Na+-TCA cotransporter
- PFIC (progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis)
- PFIC, progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis
- PI, propidium iodide
- RT-qPCR, quantitative reverse transcription PCR
- TCA, taurocholic acid
- TCDCA, taurochenodeoxycholate
- TEER, transepithelial electrical resistance
- TEM, transmission electron microscopy
- TJP1, tight junction protein 1
- TJP2, tight junction protein 2
- iHep, iPSC-derived hepatocytes
- iPSC, induced pluripotent stem cell
- sgRNA, single-guide RNA
- ssODN, single-stranded oligonucleotide-DNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zheng Li
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Hiromi Ogawa
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Soon Seng Ng
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Xindi Chen
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Eriko Kishimoto
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kokoro Sakabe
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Aiko Fukami
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Yueh-Chiang Hu
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | - Jennifer Hellmann
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Alexander Miethke
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Nahrin L. Tasnova
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
| | | | - Zu Ming Tang
- Stem Cell Hotel, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Adam M. Syanda
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Liang Ma
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Fang Xiao
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Melissa Sambrotta
- Institute of Liver Studies King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Tavabie
- Institute of Liver Studies King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Oliver Baker
- Genome Editing and Embryology Core Facility, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Davide Danovi
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Hisamitsu Hayashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - S. Tamir Rashid
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Akihiro Asai
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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18
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Zhao R, Trainor PA. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition during mammalian neural crest cell delamination. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 138:54-67. [PMID: 35277330 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a well-defined cellular process that was discovered in chicken embryos and described as "epithelial to mesenchymal transformation" [1]. During EMT, epithelial cells lose their epithelial features and acquire mesenchymal character with migratory potential. EMT has subsequently been shown to be essential for both developmental and pathological processes including embryo morphogenesis, wound healing, tissue fibrosis and cancer [2]. During the past 5 years, interest and study of EMT especially in cancer biology have increased exponentially due to the implied role of EMT in multiple aspects of malignancy such as cell invasion, survival, stemness, metastasis, therapeutic resistance and tumor heterogeneity [3]. Since the process of EMT in embryogenesis and cancer progression shares similar phenotypic changes, core transcription factors and molecular mechanisms, it has been proposed that the initiation and development of carcinoma could be attributed to abnormal activation of EMT factors usually required for normal embryo development. Therefore, developmental EMT mechanisms, whose timing, location, and tissue origin are strictly regulated, could prove useful for uncovering new insights into the phenotypic changes and corresponding gene regulatory control of EMT under pathological conditions. In this review, we initially provide an overview of the phenotypic and molecular mechanisms involved in EMT and discuss the newly emerging concept of epithelial to mesenchymal plasticity (EMP). Then we focus on our current knowledge of a classic developmental EMT event, neural crest cell (NCC) delamination, highlighting key differences in our understanding of NCC EMT between mammalian and non-mammalian species. Lastly, we highlight available tools and future directions to advance our understanding of mammalian NCC EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruonan Zhao
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Paul A Trainor
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
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Alizadeh A, Akbari P, Garssen J, Fink-Gremmels J, Braber S. Epithelial integrity, junctional complexes, and biomarkers associated with intestinal functions. Tissue Barriers 2021; 10:1996830. [PMID: 34719339 PMCID: PMC9359365 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2021.1996830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An intact intestinal barrier is crucial for immune homeostasis and its impairment activates the immune system and may result in chronic inflammation. The epithelial cells of the intestinal barrier are connected by tight junctions, which form an anastomosing network sealing adjacent epithelial cells. Tight junctions are composed of transmembrane and cytoplasmic scaffolding proteins. Transmembrane tight junction proteins at the apical-lateral membrane of the cell consist of occludin, claudins, junctional adhesion molecules, and tricellulin. Cytoplasmic scaffolding proteins, including zonula occludens, cingulin and afadin, provide a direct link between transmembrane tight junction proteins and the intracellular cytoskeleton. Each individual component of the tight junction network closely interacts with each other to form an efficient intestinal barrier. This review aims to describe the molecular structure of intestinal epithelial tight junction proteins and to characterize their organization and interaction. Moreover, clinically important biomarkers associated with impairment of gastrointestinal integrity are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Alizadeh
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Peyman Akbari
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Immunology, Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johanna Fink-Gremmels
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia Braber
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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20
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González-González L, Gallego-Gutiérrez H, Martin-Tapia D, Avelino-Cruz JE, Hernández-Guzmán C, Rangel-Guerrero SI, Alvarez-Salas LM, Garay E, Chávez-Munguía B, Gutiérrez-Ruiz MC, Hernández-Melchor D, López-Bayghen E, González-Mariscal L. ZO-2 favors Hippo signaling, and its re-expression in the steatotic liver by AMPK restores junctional sealing. Tissue Barriers 2021; 10:1994351. [PMID: 34689705 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2021.1994351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
ZO-2 is a peripheral tight junction (TJ) protein whose silencing in renal epithelia induces cell hypertrophy. Here, we found that in ZO-2 KD MDCK cells, in compensatory renal hypertrophy triggered in rats by a unilateral nephrectomy and in liver steatosis of obese Zucker (OZ) rats, ZO-2 silencing is accompanied by the diminished activity of LATS, a kinase of the Hippo pathway, and the nuclear concentration of YAP, the final effector of this signaling route. ZO-2 appears to function as a scaffold for the Hippo pathway as it associates to LATS1. ZO-2 silencing in hypertrophic tissue is due to a diminished abundance of ZO-2 mRNA, and the Sp1 transcription factor is critical for ZO-2 transcription in renal cells. Treatment of OZ rats with metformin, an activator of AMPK that blocks JNK activity, augments ZO-2 and claudin-1 expression in the liver, reduces the paracellular permeability of hepatocytes, and serum bile acid content. Our results suggest that ZO-2 silencing is a common feature of hypertrophy, and that ZO-2 is a positive regulator of the Hippo pathway that regulates cell size. Moreover, our observations highlight the importance of AMPK, JNK, and ZO-2 as therapeutic targets for blood-bile barrier dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura González-González
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics, and Neurosciences, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Helios Gallego-Gutiérrez
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics, and Neurosciences, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Dolores Martin-Tapia
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics, and Neurosciences, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Everardo Avelino-Cruz
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Institute of Physiology, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Christian Hernández-Guzmán
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics, and Neurosciences, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sergio Israel Rangel-Guerrero
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis Marat Alvarez-Salas
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Erika Garay
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics, and Neurosciences, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Bibiana Chávez-Munguía
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Concepción Gutiérrez-Ruiz
- Department of Health Sciences, Autonomous Metropolitan University- Iztapalapa (UAM-I), Mexico City, Mexico; Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Unit of Translational Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Research, Unam, National Institute of Cardiology "Ignacio Chávez", Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Esther López-Bayghen
- Department of Toxicology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lorenza González-Mariscal
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics, and Neurosciences, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico
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21
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Upadhaya P, Giri S, Barhoi D, Bhattacharjee A. Altered expression of junctional proteins as a potential biomarker in oral precancerous and cancerous patients. Tissue Barriers 2021; 10:1973329. [PMID: 34534039 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2021.1973329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to a lower survival rate in patients with advanced clinical stages of oral cancer, discovering a biomarker that could diagnose and predict disease progression is vital. Cell-cell junctional proteins play a crucial role in the maintenance of tissue architecture but are often deregulated in different cancer. The present study investigates the expression of cell-cell junctional proteins viz: e-cadherin (E-cad) and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) in oral precancerous (OED) and cancerous (OSCC) patients to monitor if they can serve as practicable molecular markers. The ultrastructural junctional complex was studied by transmission electron microscopy, and the expression of proteins was performed by immunohistochemistry. The relationship between the expression of protein and clinicopathological features of the patients was checked by Pearson's correlation test. Furthermore, the survival curve of the follow-up data was estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method. We observed a disrupted junctional complex and a significantly decreased immunoexpression of E-cad and ZO-1 in OED and OSCC when compared to the adjacent non-cancerous tissues. The expression of ZO-1 was associated with TNM stages, whereas E-cad was associated with histological grades as well as TNM stages. A positive correlation was observed between the expression of ZO-1 and E-cad proteins in OED and OSCC. Further, follow-up studies revealed that high ZO-1 and E-cad expressing patients survived longer than their low expressed counterparts. The present study shows disruption of junctional complex and alteration of junctional proteins expression that could draw the attention of health professionals to explore junctional proteins as a possible therapeutic target in oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Upadhaya
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India
| | - Sarbani Giri
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India
| | - Dharmeswar Barhoi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India
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22
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Cao L, Yang T, Huang S, Yun X, Hou H, Wang T, Shi D, Li X. Expression patterns of ZO-1/2 and their effects on porcine oocyte in vitro maturation and early embryonic development. Theriogenology 2020; 161:262-270. [PMID: 33348145 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Zonula occludens (ZO)-1 and ZO-2 are involved in epithelial polarity maintenance, gene transcription, cell proliferation and tumor cell metastasis. Regulating ZO-1/2 expression influences the early embryonic development of mice, but whether they are involved in oocyte maturation is still poorly understood. In the present study, the expression patterns of ZO-1 and ZO-2 in porcine cumulus cells and oocytes matured in vitro and early embryos from parthenogenetic activation were detected by qRT-PCR or Western blot, and then their roles in porcine oocyte maturation and early embryo development were investigated by shRNA technology. ZO-1 and ZO-2 were found to be expressed in cumulus cells, oocytes and early embryos, while ZO-1α+ was expressed only in cumulus cells, morula and blastocysts. During in vitro maturation (IVM), the abundance of ZO-1 and ZO-2 in oocytes was significantly higher than that in cumulus cells at 0 h (P < 0.01), and their mRNA and protein levels displayed relatively higher expression at 0 and 18 h, respectively. Compared with the control groups, cumulus cell expansion, oocyte nucleus maturation, and subsequent cleavage were not influenced by treatment of the cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) with ZO-1-shRNA1, ZO-2-shRNA2 or combined ZO-1-shRNA1 and ZO-2-shRNA2 lentivirus (P > 0.05). However, the blastocyst rate was reduced by treatment of COCs with ZO-1-shRNA1 but not ZO-2-shRNA2. The total cell number of blastocysts was decreased by downregulation of ZO-1 and ZO-2 (P < 0.05). Downregulation of ZO-1 and ZO-2 also resulted in a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in the expression of Cx43, Cx45, PTX3 and PTGS2 in cumulus cells, Cx45, BMP15, ZP3 and C-KIT in MII oocytes, and Nanog in blastocysts, with the exception of HAS2 expression in cumulus cells and Oct4 expression in blastocysts (P > 0.05). Altogether, the above results indicate that ZO-1 and ZO-2 display similar expression patterns during porcine oocyte IVM and are critical to porcine oocyte maturation and early embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, PR China
| | - Ting Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, PR China
| | - Shihai Huang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, PR China
| | - Xuedan Yun
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, PR China
| | - Hanqi Hou
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, PR China
| | - Ting Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, PR China
| | - Deshun Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, PR China.
| | - Xiangping Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, PR China.
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23
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The PDZ motif peptide of ZO-1 attenuates Pseudomonas aeruginosa LPS-induced airway inflammation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19644. [PMID: 33184397 PMCID: PMC7665049 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76883-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is known to play a role in many human diseases. Therefore, examining the negative control mechanisms of tight junction protein ZO-1 on the exotoxin LPS of P. aeruginosa-induced diseases could be critical in the development of novel therapeutics. We found that ZO-1 expression dramatically decreased in inflammatory human lung tissues. Interestingly, PDZ1 deletion of the PDZ domain in the ZO-1 protein dramatically decreased LPS-induced F-actin formation and increased the expression of genes for pro-inflammatory cytokines, but not PDZ2 and PDZ3 of the ZO-1 protein. We also found that the consensus PDZ peptide (based on PDZ1) of ZO-1 down-regulates the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes and F-actin formation; in contrast, the GG24,25AA mutant PDZ peptide cannot control these genes. LPS activates IL-8 secretion extracellularly in a time-dependent manner, while the secretion is inhibited by PDZ peptide. Whereas increased IL-8 secretion by LPS activates the CXCR2 receptor, overexpressed RGS12 negatively regulates LPS-induced CXCR2/IL-8 signaling. The PDZ peptide also decreases LPS-induced inflammatory cell populations, pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression, and TEER in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and cultured alveolar macrophages. Collectively, we suggest that the PDZ peptide may be a potential therapeutic for bacteria-induced respiratory diseases.
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Wu J, Ye J, Kong W, Zhang S, Zheng Y. Programmed cell death pathways in hearing loss: A review of apoptosis, autophagy and programmed necrosis. Cell Prolif 2020; 53:e12915. [PMID: 33047870 PMCID: PMC7653260 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD)—apoptosis, autophagy and programmed necrosis—is any pathological form of cell death mediated by intracellular processes. Ototoxic drugs, ageing and noise exposure are some common pathogenic factors of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) that can induce the programmed death of auditory hair cells through different pathways, and eventually lead to the loss of hair cells. Furthermore, several mutations in apoptotic genes including DFNA5, DFNA51 and DFNB74 have been suggested to be responsible for the new functional classes of monogenic hearing loss (HL). Therefore, in this review, we elucidate the role of these three forms of PCD in different types of HL and discuss their guiding significance for HL treatment. We believe that further studies of PCD pathways are necessary to understand the pathogenesis of HL and guide scientists and clinicians to identify new drug targets for HL treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhao Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Ye
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Weili Kong
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shouyue Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Zheng
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Rouaud F, Sluysmans S, Flinois A, Shah J, Vasileva E, Citi S. Scaffolding proteins of vertebrate apical junctions: structure, functions and biophysics. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183399. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Li J, Liu Y, Xue R, Shen H, Wu Y, Quinn M, Zhang H, Wu W. Inflammation-related downregulation of zonula Occludens-1 in fetal membrane contributes to development of prelabor rupture of membranes. Placenta 2020; 99:173-179. [PMID: 32810765 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2020.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this research was to study the alteration of three key tight junction proteins, to explore whether they were involved in the occurrence of prelabor rupture of the membrane (PROM) and to determine the correlation with intrauterine infection. METHODS A total of 208 women were enrolled between January 2015 to December 2018, including those with preterm and term PROM (PROM group) and normal pregnancies with intact fetal membrane (control group). We investigated the expressions of three key TJ molecules (Zonula occludens-1, Occludin and Claudin-5) in fetal membranes. The localization and expression of Zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) in the amnion and chorion were studied by immunohistochemistry assay. The associations between ZO-1 expression levels and extent of inflammatory reactions as well as other obstetric characteristics were further studied using Spearman's rank correlation test and Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS ZO-1 was significantly downregulated in PROM group compared with control group (P < 0.001), whereas no significant changes were found for Occludin and Claudin-5. ZO-1 expression was reduced in the chorion and amnion layers in PROM group compared with that in control group, which showed a significant difference (P < 0.01), but no significant differences were observed between the preterm PROM and term PROM groups (P > 0.05). The expression levels of ZO-1 in the chorion were negatively correlated with the stage/grade of acute chorioamnionitis (P < 0.05). DISCUSSION Our study suggests that inflammation-related downregulation of ZO-1 might be a pivotal event in the occurrence of PROM, which helps to clarify the mechanism of membrane rupture caused by infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- Departments of Pathology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Departments of Pathology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruihong Xue
- Departments of Obstetrics, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Shen
- Departments of Obstetrics, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Departments of Neonatology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Martin Quinn
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Huijuan Zhang
- Departments of Pathology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Disease, Shanghai, China.
| | - Weibin Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Disease, Shanghai, China; Departments of Biobank, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Neuronal regulation of the blood-brain barrier and neurovascular coupling. Nat Rev Neurosci 2020; 21:416-432. [PMID: 32636528 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-020-0322-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
To continuously process neural activity underlying sensation, movement and cognition, the CNS requires a homeostatic microenvironment that is not only enriched in nutrients to meet its high metabolic demands but that is also devoid of toxins that might harm the sensitive neural tissues. This highly regulated microenvironment is made possible by two unique features of CNS vasculature absent in the peripheral organs. First, the blood-blood barrier, which partitions the circulating blood from the CNS, acts as a gatekeeper to facilitate the selective trafficking of substances between the blood and the parenchyma. Second, neurovascular coupling ensures that, following local neural activation, regional blood flow is increased to quickly supply more nutrients and remove metabolic waste. Here, we review how neural and vascular activity act on one another with regard to these two properties.
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Zhang J, Vincent KP, Peter AK, Klos M, Cheng H, Huang SM, Towne JK, Ferng D, Gu Y, Dalton ND, Chan Y, Li R, Peterson KL, Chen J, McCulloch AD, Knowlton KU, Ross RS. Cardiomyocyte Expression of ZO-1 Is Essential for Normal Atrioventricular Conduction but Does Not Alter Ventricular Function. Circ Res 2020; 127:284-297. [PMID: 32345129 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.119.315539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE ZO-1 (Zonula occludens-1), a plasma membrane-associated scaffolding protein regulates signal transduction, transcription, and cellular communication. Global deletion of ZO-1 in the mouse is lethal by embryonic day 11.5. The function of ZO-1 in cardiac myocytes (CM) is largely unknown. OBJECTIVE To determine the function of CM ZO-1 in the intact heart, given its binding to other CM proteins that have been shown instrumental in normal cardiac conduction and function. METHODS AND RESULTS We generated ZO-1 CM-specific knockout (KO) mice using α-Myosin Heavy Chain-nuclear Cre (ZO-1cKO) and investigated physiological and electrophysiological function by echocardiography, surface ECG and conscious telemetry, intracardiac electrograms and pacing, and optical mapping studies. ZO-1cKO mice were viable, had normal Mendelian ratios, and had a normal lifespan. Ventricular morphometry and function were not significantly different between the ZO-1cKO versus control (CTL) mice, basally in young or aged mice, or even when hearts were subjected to hemodynamic loading. Atrial mass was increased in ZO-1cKO. Electrophysiological and optical mapping studies indicated high-grade atrioventricular (A-V) block in ZO-1cKO comparing to CTL hearts. While ZO-1-associated proteins such as vinculin, connexin 43, N-cadherin, and α-catenin showed no significant change with the loss of ZO-1, Connexin-45 and Coxsackie-adenovirus (CAR) proteins were reduced in atria of ZO-1cKO. Further, with loss of ZO-1, ZO-2 protein was increased significantly in ventricular CM in a presumed compensatory manner but was still not detected in the AV nodal myocytes. Importantly, the expression of the sodium channel protein NaV1.5 was altered in AV nodal cells of the ZO-1cKO versus CTL. CONCLUSIONS ZO-1 protein has a unique physiological role in cardiac nodal tissue. This is in alignment with its known interaction with CAR and Cx45, and a new function in regulating the expression of NaV1.5 in AV node. Uniquely, ZO-1 is dispensable for function of the working myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Zhang
- From the Department of Medicine (J.Z., A.K.P., M.K., H.C., S.M.H., J.K.T., D.F., Y.G., N.D.D., Y.C., J.K.T., D.F., Y.G., N.D.D., Y.C., R.L., K.L.P., J.C., A.D.M., R.S.R.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Kevin P Vincent
- Department of Bioengineering (K.P.V., A.D.M.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Angela K Peter
- From the Department of Medicine (J.Z., A.K.P., M.K., H.C., S.M.H., J.K.T., D.F., Y.G., N.D.D., Y.C., J.K.T., D.F., Y.G., N.D.D., Y.C., R.L., K.L.P., J.C., A.D.M., R.S.R.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Matthew Klos
- From the Department of Medicine (J.Z., A.K.P., M.K., H.C., S.M.H., J.K.T., D.F., Y.G., N.D.D., Y.C., J.K.T., D.F., Y.G., N.D.D., Y.C., R.L., K.L.P., J.C., A.D.M., R.S.R.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Hongqiang Cheng
- From the Department of Medicine (J.Z., A.K.P., M.K., H.C., S.M.H., J.K.T., D.F., Y.G., N.D.D., Y.C., J.K.T., D.F., Y.G., N.D.D., Y.C., R.L., K.L.P., J.C., A.D.M., R.S.R.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Selina M Huang
- From the Department of Medicine (J.Z., A.K.P., M.K., H.C., S.M.H., J.K.T., D.F., Y.G., N.D.D., Y.C., J.K.T., D.F., Y.G., N.D.D., Y.C., R.L., K.L.P., J.C., A.D.M., R.S.R.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Jordan K Towne
- From the Department of Medicine (J.Z., A.K.P., M.K., H.C., S.M.H., J.K.T., D.F., Y.G., N.D.D., Y.C., J.K.T., D.F., Y.G., N.D.D., Y.C., R.L., K.L.P., J.C., A.D.M., R.S.R.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Debbie Ferng
- From the Department of Medicine (J.Z., A.K.P., M.K., H.C., S.M.H., J.K.T., D.F., Y.G., N.D.D., Y.C., J.K.T., D.F., Y.G., N.D.D., Y.C., R.L., K.L.P., J.C., A.D.M., R.S.R.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Yusu Gu
- From the Department of Medicine (J.Z., A.K.P., M.K., H.C., S.M.H., J.K.T., D.F., Y.G., N.D.D., Y.C., J.K.T., D.F., Y.G., N.D.D., Y.C., R.L., K.L.P., J.C., A.D.M., R.S.R.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Nancy D Dalton
- From the Department of Medicine (J.Z., A.K.P., M.K., H.C., S.M.H., J.K.T., D.F., Y.G., N.D.D., Y.C., J.K.T., D.F., Y.G., N.D.D., Y.C., R.L., K.L.P., J.C., A.D.M., R.S.R.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Yunghang Chan
- From the Department of Medicine (J.Z., A.K.P., M.K., H.C., S.M.H., J.K.T., D.F., Y.G., N.D.D., Y.C., J.K.T., D.F., Y.G., N.D.D., Y.C., R.L., K.L.P., J.C., A.D.M., R.S.R.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Ruixia Li
- From the Department of Medicine (J.Z., A.K.P., M.K., H.C., S.M.H., J.K.T., D.F., Y.G., N.D.D., Y.C., J.K.T., D.F., Y.G., N.D.D., Y.C., R.L., K.L.P., J.C., A.D.M., R.S.R.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Kirk L Peterson
- From the Department of Medicine (J.Z., A.K.P., M.K., H.C., S.M.H., J.K.T., D.F., Y.G., N.D.D., Y.C., J.K.T., D.F., Y.G., N.D.D., Y.C., R.L., K.L.P., J.C., A.D.M., R.S.R.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Ju Chen
- From the Department of Medicine (J.Z., A.K.P., M.K., H.C., S.M.H., J.K.T., D.F., Y.G., N.D.D., Y.C., J.K.T., D.F., Y.G., N.D.D., Y.C., R.L., K.L.P., J.C., A.D.M., R.S.R.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Andrew D McCulloch
- From the Department of Medicine (J.Z., A.K.P., M.K., H.C., S.M.H., J.K.T., D.F., Y.G., N.D.D., Y.C., J.K.T., D.F., Y.G., N.D.D., Y.C., R.L., K.L.P., J.C., A.D.M., R.S.R.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Department of Bioengineering (K.P.V., A.D.M.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | | | - Robert S Ross
- From the Department of Medicine (J.Z., A.K.P., M.K., H.C., S.M.H., J.K.T., D.F., Y.G., N.D.D., Y.C., J.K.T., D.F., Y.G., N.D.D., Y.C., R.L., K.L.P., J.C., A.D.M., R.S.R.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Veterans Administration Healthcare, Cardiology Section, San Diego, CA (R.S.R.)
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Shi Y, Li R, Yang J, Li X. No tight junctions in tight junction protein-1 expressing HeLa and fibroblast cells. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 12:70-78. [PMID: 32419902 PMCID: PMC7218737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tight junctions are important structures that form the barrier of cells and tissues, and they play key roles in maintaining homeostasis of our body. The backbone of the tight junction proteins are claudins, which composed more than twenty members. The tight junction protein 1 (TJP1), also called ZO-1 (Zonula Occludens-1), is one of the tight junction related proteins, and it is widely used in literature to label tight junctions. Here we showed that TJP1 (ZO-1) is highly expressed in cancerous HeLa cells, fibroblast cells, HUVEC as well as MDCK cells, while claudin-1 is highly expressed in HUVEC and MDCK cells, but not expressed in HeLa and fibroblast cells. We aimed to investigate whether tight junction is present in HeLa and fibroblast cells. We used transepithelial/transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) to measure tight junction dynamics in these cells. The results showed that there is no TEERs in HeLa and fibroblast cells, while there is relatively high TEER in HUVEC and MDCK cells. Importantly, the TEER in MDCK cells is dramatically reduced after knockdown of TJP1 (ZO-1). These results suggest that TJP1 (ZO-1) cannot be used as a marker of tight junctions in a variety of cells, while TJP1 (ZO-1) may play an important role in regulation of tight junctions in MDCK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Shi
- Eye Institute, Eye and Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital of Fudan University83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai 200031, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rongqiang Li
- Department of Urology, Weihaiwei HospitalWeihai, Shandong, China
| | - Jin Yang
- Eye Institute, Eye and Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital of Fudan University83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai 200031, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinbo Li
- Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science UniversityPortland, Oregon, USA
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González-Mariscal L, Miranda J, Gallego-Gutiérrez H, Cano-Cortina M, Amaya E. Relationship between apical junction proteins, gene expression and cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183278. [PMID: 32240623 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The apical junctional complex (AJC) is a cell-cell adhesion system present at the upper portion of the lateral membrane of epithelial cells integrated by the tight junction (TJ) and the adherens junction (AJ). This complex is crucial to initiate and stabilize cell-cell adhesion, to regulate the paracellular transit of ions and molecules and to maintain cell polarity. Moreover, we now consider the AJC as a hub of signal transduction that regulates cell-cell adhesion, gene transcription and cell proliferation and differentiation. The molecular components of the AJC are multiple and diverse and depending on the cellular context some of the proteins in this complex act as tumor suppressors or as promoters of cell transformation, migration and metastasis outgrowth. Here, we describe these new roles played by TJ and AJ proteins and their potential use in cancer diagnostics and as targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenza González-Mariscal
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center of Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Jael Miranda
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center of Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Helios Gallego-Gutiérrez
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center of Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Misael Cano-Cortina
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center of Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Elida Amaya
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center of Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico
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Amacher JF, Brooks L, Hampton TH, Madden DR. Specificity in PDZ-peptide interaction networks: Computational analysis and review. JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY-X 2020; 4:100022. [PMID: 32289118 PMCID: PMC7138185 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjsbx.2020.100022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Globular PDZ domains typically serve as protein-protein interaction modules that regulate a wide variety of cellular functions via recognition of short linear motifs (SLiMs). Often, PDZ mediated-interactions are essential components of macromolecular complexes, and disruption affects the entire scaffold. Due to their roles as linchpins in trafficking and signaling pathways, PDZ domains are attractive targets: both for controlling viral pathogens, which bind PDZ domains and hijack cellular machinery, as well as for developing therapies to combat human disease. However, successful therapeutic interventions that avoid off-target effects are a challenge, because each PDZ domain interacts with a number of cellular targets, and specific binding preferences can be difficult to decipher. Over twenty-five years of research has produced a wealth of data on the stereochemical preferences of individual PDZ proteins and their binding partners. Currently the field lacks a central repository for this information. Here, we provide this important resource and provide a manually curated, comprehensive list of the 271 human PDZ domains. We use individual domain, as well as recent genomic and proteomic, data in order to gain a holistic view of PDZ domains and interaction networks, arguing this knowledge is critical to optimize targeting selectivity and to benefit human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanine F Amacher
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA 98225, USA
| | - Lionel Brooks
- Department of Biology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA 98225, USA
| | - Thomas H Hampton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Dean R Madden
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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Abstract
Epithelial cells form highly organized polarized sheets with characteristic cell morphologies and tissue architecture. Cell–cell adhesion and intercellular communication are prerequisites of such cohesive sheets of cells, and cell connectivity is mediated through several junctional assemblies, namely desmosomes, adherens, tight and gap junctions. These cell–cell junctions form signalling hubs that not only mediate cell–cell adhesion but impact on multiple aspects of cell behaviour, helping to coordinate epithelial cell shape, polarity and function. This review will focus on the tight and adherens junctions, constituents of the apical junctional complex, and aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the complex signalling that underlies junction assembly, integrity and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra D Rusu
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Marios Georgiou
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
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Seo S, Kim H, Sung JH, Choi N, Lee K, Kim HN. Microphysiological systems for recapitulating physiology and function of blood-brain barrier. Biomaterials 2019; 232:119732. [PMID: 31901694 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) diseases are emerging as a major issue in an aging society. Although extensive research has focused on the development of CNS drugs, the limited transport of therapeutic agents across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) remains a major challenge. Conventional two-dimensional culture dishes do not recapitulate in vivo physiology and real-time observations of molecular transport are not possible in animal models. Recent advances in engineering techniques have enabled the generation of more physiologically relevant in vitro BBB models, and their applications have expanded from fundamental biological research to practical applications in the pharmaceutical industry. In this article, we provide an overview of recent advances in the development of in vitro BBB models, with a particular focus on the recapitulation of BBB function. The development of biomimetic BBB models is postulated to revolutionize not only fundamental biological studies but also drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyeong Seo
- Center for BioMicrosystems, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; Program in Nano Science and Technology, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwieun Kim
- Center for BioMicrosystems, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul, 04066, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hwan Sung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul, 04066, Republic of Korea
| | - Nakwon Choi
- Center for BioMicrosystems, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Kangwon Lee
- Program in Nano Science and Technology, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hong Nam Kim
- Center for BioMicrosystems, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
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Tight Junctions in Cell Proliferation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20235972. [PMID: 31783547 PMCID: PMC6928848 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tight junction (TJ) proteins form a continuous intercellular network creating a barrier with selective regulation of water, ion, and solutes across endothelial, epithelial, and glial tissues. TJ proteins include the claudin family that confers barrier properties, members of the MARVEL family that contribute to barrier regulation, and JAM molecules, which regulate junction organization and diapedesis. In addition, the membrane-associated proteins such as MAGUK family members, i.e., zonula occludens, form the scaffold linking the transmembrane proteins to both cell signaling molecules and the cytoskeleton. Most studies of TJ have focused on the contribution to cell-cell adhesion and tissue barrier properties. However, recent studies reveal that, similar to adherens junction proteins, TJ proteins contribute to the control of cell proliferation. In this review, we will summarize and discuss the specific role of TJ proteins in the control of epithelial and endothelial cell proliferation. In some cases, the TJ proteins act as a reservoir of critical cell cycle modulators, by binding and regulating their nuclear access, while in other cases, junctional proteins are located at cellular organelles, regulating transcription and proliferation. Collectively, these studies reveal that TJ proteins contribute to the control of cell proliferation and differentiation required for forming and maintaining a tissue barrier.
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Cong X, Kong W. Endothelial tight junctions and their regulatory signaling pathways in vascular homeostasis and disease. Cell Signal 2019; 66:109485. [PMID: 31770579 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.109485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial tight junctions (TJs) regulate the transport of water, ions, and molecules through the paracellular pathway, serving as an important barrier in blood vessels and maintaining vascular homeostasis. In endothelial cells (ECs), TJs are highly dynamic structures that respond to multiple external stimuli and pathological conditions. Alterations in the expression, distribution, and structure of endothelial TJs may lead to many related vascular diseases and pathologies. In this review, we provide an overview of the assessment methods used to evaluate endothelial TJ barrier function both in vitro and in vivo and describe the composition of endothelial TJs in diverse vascular systems and ECs. More importantly, the direct phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of TJ proteins by intracellular kinases and phosphatases, as well as the signaling pathways involved in the regulation of TJs, including and the protein kinase C (PKC), PKA, PKG, Ras homolog gene family member A (RhoA), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt, and Wnt/β-catenin pathways, are discussed. With great advances in this area, targeting endothelial TJs may provide novel treatment for TJ-related vascular pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Cong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Wei Kong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing 100191, China.
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36
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Castro Dias M, Mapunda JA, Vladymyrov M, Engelhardt B. Structure and Junctional Complexes of Endothelial, Epithelial and Glial Brain Barriers. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5372. [PMID: 31671721 PMCID: PMC6862204 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The homeostasis of the central nervous system (CNS) is ensured by the endothelial, epithelial, mesothelial and glial brain barriers, which strictly control the passage of molecules, solutes and immune cells. While the endothelial blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the epithelial blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) have been extensively investigated, less is known about the epithelial and mesothelial arachnoid barrier and the glia limitans. Here, we summarize current knowledge of the cellular composition of the brain barriers with a specific focus on describing the molecular constituents of their junctional complexes. We propose that the brain barriers maintain CNS immune privilege by dividing the CNS into compartments that differ with regard to their role in immune surveillance of the CNS. We close by providing a brief overview on experimental tools allowing for reliable in vivo visualization of the brain barriers and their junctional complexes and thus the respective CNS compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Britta Engelhardt
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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37
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Rui YN, Chen Y, Guo Y, Bock CE, Hagan JP, Kim DH, Xu Z. Podosome formation impairs endothelial barrier function by sequestering zonula occludens proteins. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:4655-4666. [PMID: 31637713 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Podosomes and tight junctions (TJs) are subcellular compartments that both exist in endothelial cells and localize at cell surfaces. In contrast to the well-characterized role of TJs in maintaining cerebrovascular integrity, the specific function of endothelial podosomes remains unknown. Intriguingly, we discovered cross-talk between podosomes and TJs in human brain endothelial cells. Tight junction scaffold proteins ZO-1 and ZO-2 localize at podosomes in response to phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate treatment. We found that both ZO proteins are essential for podosome formation and function. Rather than being derived from new protein synthesis, podosomal ZO-1 and ZO-2 are relocated from a pre-existing pool found at the peripheral plasma membrane with enhanced physical interaction with cortactin, a known protein marker for podosomes. Sequestration of ZO proteins in podosomes weakens tight junction complex formation, leading to increased endothelial cell permeability. This effect can be further attenuated by podosome inhibitor PP2. Altogether, our data revealed a novel cellular function of podosomes, specifically, their ability to negatively regulate tight junction and endothelial barrier integrity, which have been linked to a variety of cerebrovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ning Rui
- Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Yawen Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas.,Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yichen Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas.,Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Caroline E Bock
- Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - John P Hagan
- Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Dong H Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Zhen Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
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38
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ZO-2 Is a Master Regulator of Gene Expression, Cell Proliferation, Cytoarchitecture, and Cell Size. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20174128. [PMID: 31450555 PMCID: PMC6747478 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ZO-2 is a cytoplasmic protein of tight junctions (TJs). Here, we describe ZO-2 involvement in the formation of the apical junctional complex during early development and in TJ biogenesis in epithelial cultured cells. ZO-2 acts as a scaffold for the polymerization of claudins at TJs and plays a unique role in the blood–testis barrier, as well as at TJs of the human liver and the inner ear. ZO-2 movement between the cytoplasm and nucleus is regulated by nuclear localization and exportation signals and post-translation modifications, while ZO-2 arrival at the cell border is triggered by activation of calcium sensing receptors and corresponding downstream signaling. Depending on its location, ZO-2 associates with junctional proteins and the actomyosin cytoskeleton or a variety of nuclear proteins, playing a role as a transcriptional repressor that leads to inhibition of cell proliferation and transformation. ZO-2 regulates cell architecture through modulation of Rho proteins and its absence induces hypertrophy due to inactivation of the Hippo pathway and activation of mTOR and S6K. The interaction of ZO-2 with viral oncoproteins and kinases and its silencing in diverse carcinomas reinforce the view of ZO-2 as a tumor regulator protein.
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Schliffka MF, Maître JL. Stay hydrated: basolateral fluids shaping tissues. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2019; 57:70-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2019.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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40
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Manning LA, Perez-Vale KZ, Schaefer KN, Sewell MT, Peifer M. The Drosophila Afadin and ZO-1 homologues Canoe and Polychaetoid act in parallel to maintain epithelial integrity when challenged by adherens junction remodeling. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:1938-1960. [PMID: 31188739 PMCID: PMC6727765 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-04-0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During morphogenesis, cells must change shape and move without disrupting tissue integrity. This requires cell-cell junctions to allow dynamic remodeling while resisting forces generated by the actomyosin cytoskeleton. Multiple proteins play roles in junctional-cytoskeletal linkage, but the mechanisms by which they act remain unclear. Drosophila Canoe maintains adherens junction-cytoskeletal linkage during gastrulation. Canoe's mammalian homologue Afadin plays similar roles in cultured cells, working in parallel with ZO-1 proteins, particularly at multicellular junctions. We take these insights back to the fly embryo, exploring how cells maintain epithelial integrity when challenged by adherens junction remodeling during germband extension and dorsal closure. We found that Canoe helps cells maintain junctional-cytoskeletal linkage when challenged by the junctional remodeling inherent in mitosis, cell intercalation, and neuroblast invagination or by forces generated by the actomyosin cable at the leading edge. However, even in the absence of Canoe, many cells retain epithelial integrity. This is explained by a parallel role played by the ZO-1 homologue Polychaetoid. In embryos lacking both Canoe and Polychaetoid, cell junctions fail early, with multicellular junctions especially sensitive, leading to widespread loss of epithelial integrity. Our data suggest that Canoe and Polychaetoid stabilize Bazooka/Par3 at cell-cell junctions, helping maintain balanced apical contractility and tissue integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lathiena A Manning
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Kia Z Perez-Vale
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Kristina N Schaefer
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Mycah T Sewell
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Mark Peifer
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599.,Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
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Ge T, Zhang X, Xiao Y, Wang Y, Zhang T. Novel compound heterozygote mutations of TJP2 in a Chinese child with progressive cholestatic liver disease. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2019; 20:18. [PMID: 30658709 PMCID: PMC6339326 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-019-0753-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC) is a group of genetic autosomal recessive disorders that predominantly affects young children and results in early-onset progressive liver damage. Several types of PFIC were defined based on different genetic aetiologies in last decades. Case presentation Here, we report a Chinese young child diagnosed as PFIC with variants in tight junction protein 2 (TJP2). The patient was affected by a long history of jaundice, pruritus, and failure to thrive. Highly elevated level of serum total bile acid (TBA) and normal levels of gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) were observed at hospitalization. The patient’s clinical symptoms could be alleviated by administration of ursodeoxycholic acid. Genetic testing by next generation sequencing (NGS) found novel compound heterozygote mutations c.2448 + 1G > C/c.2639delC (p.T880Sfs*12) in TJP2, which were inherited from her mother and father, respectively. Both mutations were predicted to abolish TJP2 protein translation, and neither has previously been identified. Conclusion We report a Chinese female PFIC child with novel compound heterozygous mutations of TJP2. Genetic testing by NGS is valuable in the clinical diagnosis of hereditary liver disease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12881-019-0753-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Ge
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Yongmei Xiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Yizhong Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200062, China.
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200062, China.
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Shi J, Barakat M, Chen D, Chen L. Bicellular Tight Junctions and Wound Healing. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123862. [PMID: 30518037 PMCID: PMC6321209 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bicellular tight junctions (TJs) are intercellular junctions comprised of a variety of transmembrane proteins including occludin, claudins, and junctional adhesion molecules (JAMs) as well as intracellular scaffold proteins such as zonula occludens (ZOs). TJs are functional, intercellular structures that form a barrier between adjacent cells, which constantly seals and unseals to control the paracellular passage of molecules. They are primarily present in the epithelial and endothelial cells of all tissues and organs. In addition to their well-recognized roles in maintaining cell polarity and barrier functions, TJs are important regulators of signal transduction, which modulates cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation, as well as some components of the immune response and homeostasis. A vast breadth of research data is available on TJs, but little has been done to decipher their specific roles in wound healing, despite their primary distribution in epithelial and endothelial cells, which are essential contributors to the wound healing process. Some data exists to indicate that a better understanding of the functions and significance of TJs in healing wounds may prove crucial for future improvements in wound healing research and therapy. Specifically, recent studies demonstrate that occludin and claudin-1, which are two TJ component proteins, are present in migrating epithelial cells at the wound edge but are absent in chronic wounds. This indicates that functional TJs may be critical for effective wound healing. A tremendous amount of work is needed to investigate their roles in barrier function, re-epithelialization, angiogenesis, scar formation, and in the interactions between epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and immune cells both in the acute wound healing process and in non-healing wounds. A more thorough understanding of TJs in wound healing may shed new light on potential research targets and reveal novel strategies to enhance tissue regeneration and improve wound repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhe Shi
- Center for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 801 S. Paulina Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - May Barakat
- Center for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 801 S. Paulina Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Dandan Chen
- Colgate-Palmolive Company, Piscataway, NJ 08855, USA.
| | - Lin Chen
- Center for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 801 S. Paulina Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Expression of periaxin (PRX) specifically in the human cerebrovascular system: PDZ domain-mediated strengthening of endothelial barrier function. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10042. [PMID: 29968755 PMCID: PMC6030167 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28190-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulation of cerebral endothelial cell function plays an essential role in changes in blood-brain barrier permeability. Proteins that are important for establishment of endothelial tight junctions have emerged as critical molecules, and PDZ domain containing-molecules are among the most important. We have discovered that the PDZ-domain containing protein periaxin (PRX) is expressed in human cerebral endothelial cells. Surprisingly, PRX protein is not detected in brain endothelium in other mammalian species, suggesting that it could confer human-specific vascular properties. In endothelial cells, PRX is predominantly localized to the nucleus and not tight junctions. Transcriptome analysis shows that PRX expression suppresses, by at least 50%, a panel of inflammatory markers, of which 70% are Type I interferon response genes; only four genes were significantly activated by PRX expression. When expressed in mouse endothelial cells, PRX strengthens barrier function, significantly increases transendothelial electrical resistance (~35%; p < 0.05), and reduces the permeability of a wide range of molecules. The PDZ domain of PRX is necessary and sufficient for its barrier enhancing properties, since a splice variant (S-PRX) that contains only the PDZ domain, also increases barrier function. PRX also attenuates the permeability enhancing effects of lipopolysaccharide. Collectively, these studies suggest that PRX could potentially regulate endothelial homeostasis in human cerebral endothelial cells by modulating inflammatory gene programs.
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44
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Itoh M, Nakadate K, Matsusaka T, Hunziker W, Sugimoto H. Effects of the differential expression of ZO-1 and ZO-2 on podocyte structure and function. Genes Cells 2018; 23:546-556. [DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Itoh
- Department of Biochemistry; School of Medicine; Dokkyo Medical University; Mibu-machi Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nakadate
- Department of Basic Biology, Educational and Research Center for Pharmacy; Meiji Pharmaceutical University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Taiji Matsusaka
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences; Tokai University School of Medicine; Isehara Japan
| | - Walter Hunziker
- Epithelial Cell Biology Laboratory; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB); Singapore Singapore
| | - Hiroyuki Sugimoto
- Department of Biochemistry; School of Medicine; Dokkyo Medical University; Mibu-machi Japan
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45
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Sonar SA, Lal G. Blood–brain barrier and its function during inflammation and autoimmunity. J Leukoc Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1ru1117-428r order by 8029-- #] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is an important physiologic barrier that separates CNS from soluble inflammatory mediators and effector immune cells from peripheral circulation. The optimum function of the BBB is necessary for the homeostasis, maintenance, and proper neuronal function. The clinical and experimental findings have shown that BBB dysfunction is an early hallmark of various neurologic disorders ranging from inflammatory autoimmune, neurodegenerative, and traumatic diseases to neuroinvasive infections. Significant progress has been made in the understanding of the regulation of BBB function under homeostatic and neuroinflammatory conditions. Several neurologic disease-modifying drugs have shown to improve the BBB function. However, they have a broad-acting immunomodulatory function and can increase the risk of life-threatening infections. The recent development of in vitro multicomponent 3-dimensional BBB models coupled with fluidics chamber as well as a cell-type specific reporter and knockout mice gave a new boost to our understanding of the dynamics of the BBB. In the review, we discuss the current understanding of BBB composition and recent findings that illustrate the critical regulatory elements of the BBB function under physiologic and inflammatory conditions, and also suggested the strategies to control BBB structure and function.
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46
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Sonar SA, Lal G. Blood–brain barrier and its function during inflammation and autoimmunity. J Leukoc Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1ru1117-428r order by 8029-- -] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is an important physiologic barrier that separates CNS from soluble inflammatory mediators and effector immune cells from peripheral circulation. The optimum function of the BBB is necessary for the homeostasis, maintenance, and proper neuronal function. The clinical and experimental findings have shown that BBB dysfunction is an early hallmark of various neurologic disorders ranging from inflammatory autoimmune, neurodegenerative, and traumatic diseases to neuroinvasive infections. Significant progress has been made in the understanding of the regulation of BBB function under homeostatic and neuroinflammatory conditions. Several neurologic disease-modifying drugs have shown to improve the BBB function. However, they have a broad-acting immunomodulatory function and can increase the risk of life-threatening infections. The recent development of in vitro multicomponent 3-dimensional BBB models coupled with fluidics chamber as well as a cell-type specific reporter and knockout mice gave a new boost to our understanding of the dynamics of the BBB. In the review, we discuss the current understanding of BBB composition and recent findings that illustrate the critical regulatory elements of the BBB function under physiologic and inflammatory conditions, and also suggested the strategies to control BBB structure and function.
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47
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Sonar SA, Lal G. Blood–brain barrier and its function during inflammation and autoimmunity. J Leukoc Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1ru1117-428r order by 1-- gadu] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is an important physiologic barrier that separates CNS from soluble inflammatory mediators and effector immune cells from peripheral circulation. The optimum function of the BBB is necessary for the homeostasis, maintenance, and proper neuronal function. The clinical and experimental findings have shown that BBB dysfunction is an early hallmark of various neurologic disorders ranging from inflammatory autoimmune, neurodegenerative, and traumatic diseases to neuroinvasive infections. Significant progress has been made in the understanding of the regulation of BBB function under homeostatic and neuroinflammatory conditions. Several neurologic disease-modifying drugs have shown to improve the BBB function. However, they have a broad-acting immunomodulatory function and can increase the risk of life-threatening infections. The recent development of in vitro multicomponent 3-dimensional BBB models coupled with fluidics chamber as well as a cell-type specific reporter and knockout mice gave a new boost to our understanding of the dynamics of the BBB. In the review, we discuss the current understanding of BBB composition and recent findings that illustrate the critical regulatory elements of the BBB function under physiologic and inflammatory conditions, and also suggested the strategies to control BBB structure and function.
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48
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Sonar SA, Lal G. Blood–brain barrier and its function during inflammation and autoimmunity. J Leukoc Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1ru1117-428r and 1880=1880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is an important physiologic barrier that separates CNS from soluble inflammatory mediators and effector immune cells from peripheral circulation. The optimum function of the BBB is necessary for the homeostasis, maintenance, and proper neuronal function. The clinical and experimental findings have shown that BBB dysfunction is an early hallmark of various neurologic disorders ranging from inflammatory autoimmune, neurodegenerative, and traumatic diseases to neuroinvasive infections. Significant progress has been made in the understanding of the regulation of BBB function under homeostatic and neuroinflammatory conditions. Several neurologic disease-modifying drugs have shown to improve the BBB function. However, they have a broad-acting immunomodulatory function and can increase the risk of life-threatening infections. The recent development of in vitro multicomponent 3-dimensional BBB models coupled with fluidics chamber as well as a cell-type specific reporter and knockout mice gave a new boost to our understanding of the dynamics of the BBB. In the review, we discuss the current understanding of BBB composition and recent findings that illustrate the critical regulatory elements of the BBB function under physiologic and inflammatory conditions, and also suggested the strategies to control BBB structure and function.
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49
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Sonar SA, Lal G. Blood–brain barrier and its function during inflammation and autoimmunity. J Leukoc Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1ru1117-428r order by 1-- -] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is an important physiologic barrier that separates CNS from soluble inflammatory mediators and effector immune cells from peripheral circulation. The optimum function of the BBB is necessary for the homeostasis, maintenance, and proper neuronal function. The clinical and experimental findings have shown that BBB dysfunction is an early hallmark of various neurologic disorders ranging from inflammatory autoimmune, neurodegenerative, and traumatic diseases to neuroinvasive infections. Significant progress has been made in the understanding of the regulation of BBB function under homeostatic and neuroinflammatory conditions. Several neurologic disease-modifying drugs have shown to improve the BBB function. However, they have a broad-acting immunomodulatory function and can increase the risk of life-threatening infections. The recent development of in vitro multicomponent 3-dimensional BBB models coupled with fluidics chamber as well as a cell-type specific reporter and knockout mice gave a new boost to our understanding of the dynamics of the BBB. In the review, we discuss the current understanding of BBB composition and recent findings that illustrate the critical regulatory elements of the BBB function under physiologic and inflammatory conditions, and also suggested the strategies to control BBB structure and function.
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50
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Sonar SA, Lal G. Blood–brain barrier and its function during inflammation and autoimmunity. J Leukoc Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1ru1117-428r order by 8029-- awyx] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is an important physiologic barrier that separates CNS from soluble inflammatory mediators and effector immune cells from peripheral circulation. The optimum function of the BBB is necessary for the homeostasis, maintenance, and proper neuronal function. The clinical and experimental findings have shown that BBB dysfunction is an early hallmark of various neurologic disorders ranging from inflammatory autoimmune, neurodegenerative, and traumatic diseases to neuroinvasive infections. Significant progress has been made in the understanding of the regulation of BBB function under homeostatic and neuroinflammatory conditions. Several neurologic disease-modifying drugs have shown to improve the BBB function. However, they have a broad-acting immunomodulatory function and can increase the risk of life-threatening infections. The recent development of in vitro multicomponent 3-dimensional BBB models coupled with fluidics chamber as well as a cell-type specific reporter and knockout mice gave a new boost to our understanding of the dynamics of the BBB. In the review, we discuss the current understanding of BBB composition and recent findings that illustrate the critical regulatory elements of the BBB function under physiologic and inflammatory conditions, and also suggested the strategies to control BBB structure and function.
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