1
|
Liang Y, Liu R, Zhang J, Chen Y, Shan S, Zhu Y, Yang G, Li H. Negative regulation of interferon regulatory factor 6 (IRF6) in interferon and NF-κB signalling pathways of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:433. [PMID: 36503433 PMCID: PMC9743528 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03538-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interferon (IFN) regulatory factors (IRFs) is a kind of transcription factors, which play an important role in regulating the expression of type I IFN and related genes. In mammals, IRF6 is not relevant with IFN expression, while zebrafish IRF6 was reported to be a positive regulator of IFN expression and could be phosphorylated by both MyD88 and TBK1. However, the role of IRF6 in the immune response and IFN transcription of common carp is unknown. RESULTS In the present study, the cDNA of IRF6 gene (CcIRF6) was cloned from common carp using RACE technique, with a total length of 1905 bp, encoding 471 amino acid residues, which possesses two functional domains of DBD and IAD. Similarity analysis showed that CcIRF6 had more than 50% similarity with IRFs of other vertebrates, and had the highest similarity with grass carp and zebrafish, among which the DBD domain was much more conserved. The phylogenetic analysis showed that CcIRF6 is in the branch of Osteichthyes and has the closest relationship with grass carp. In healthy common carp, the CcIRF6 was expressed in all the examined tissues, with the highest level in the oral epithelium, and the lowest level in the head kidney. After intraperitoneal injection of poly(I:C) or Aeromonas hydrophila, the expression of CcIRF6 increased in spleen, head kidney, foregut and hindgut of common carp. Moreover, poly(I:C), LPS, PGN and flagellin induced the expression of CcIRF6 in peripheral leukocytes and head kidney leukocytes of common carp in vitro. In EPC cells, CcIRF6 inhibited the expression of some IFN-related genes and pro-inflammatory cytokines, and dual luciferase reporter assay showed that CcIRF6 reduced the activity of IFN and NF-κB reporter genes. CONCLUSIONS The present study suggests that CcIRF6 is involved in the antiviral and antibacterial immune response of common carp, and negatively regulate the expression of IFN and NF-κB signalling pathways, which provides a theoretical basis for the study and prevention of fish disease pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Liang
- grid.410585.d0000 0001 0495 1805Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014 China
| | - Rongrong Liu
- grid.410585.d0000 0001 0495 1805Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014 China
| | - Jiahui Zhang
- grid.410585.d0000 0001 0495 1805Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014 China
| | - Yixin Chen
- grid.410585.d0000 0001 0495 1805Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014 China
| | - Shijuan Shan
- grid.410585.d0000 0001 0495 1805Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014 China
| | - Yaoyao Zhu
- grid.449397.40000 0004 1790 3687College of Fisheries and Life Science, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, No. 1 Yucai Road, Sanya, 572022 China
| | - Guiwen Yang
- grid.410585.d0000 0001 0495 1805Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014 China
| | - Hua Li
- grid.410585.d0000 0001 0495 1805Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014 China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li W, Ling L, Wang Z, Liang Y, Huang W, Nie P, Huang B. Functional domains and amino acid residues of Japanese eel IRF1, AjIRF1, regulate its nuclear import and IFN/Mx promoter activation. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 116:103923. [PMID: 33186561 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) are a family of transcriptional factors capable of regulating the expression of distinct subsets of interferon (IFN)-stimulated genes by binding to their promoters. IRF1 was the first member identified for its ability to regulate the IFNβ gene and has now been revealed to exhibit remarkable functional diversity in the regulation of different cellular responses. In the present study, the IRF1 gene was identified and characterized in Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica (AjIRF1). The open reading frame of AjIRF1 was 804 bp in length, encoding a protein of 267 amino acids (aa) that encompasses a conserved N-terminal DNA binding domain (DBD). Sequence alignment shows the presence of six highly conserved tryptophan (W) residues in the DBD of IRF1, IRF2 and IRF11, while other IRF members have only five tryptophans. Expression analysis showed that AjIRF1 was significantly upregulated in all tested organs/tissues in response to Poly I:C stimulation or Edwardsiella tarda infection. Furthermore, the functional activity of AjIRF1 was confirmed in driving the transcription of AjIFN promoters, which depends on the highly conserved residues within DBD. Subcellular distribution analysis revealed that AjIRF1 was localized exclusively in the nucleus, which is cooperatively regulated by a bipartite NLS embedded within the DBD and a monopartite NLS located immediately downstream of the DBD. Taken together, this study presents the expression profile of AjIRF1 and defines the functional motifs required for its nuclear import and its role in activating IFN promoters, thus providing helpful information for further research on the regulatory mechanisms of teleost IRF1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenxing Li
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Lulu Ling
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Zhixuan Wang
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Ying Liang
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China; Engineering Research Center of the Modern Technology for Eel Industry, Ministry of Education, PR China, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Wenshu Huang
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China; Engineering Research Center of the Modern Technology for Eel Industry, Ministry of Education, PR China, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Pin Nie
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266237, China; School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China.
| | - Bei Huang
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China; Engineering Research Center of the Modern Technology for Eel Industry, Ministry of Education, PR China, Xiamen, 361021, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hao J, Shen C, Wei N, Yan M, Zhang X, Xu G, Zhang D, Hou J, Cao W, Jin Y, Zhang K, Zheng H, Liu X. Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Capsid Protein VP1 Antagonizes TPL2-Mediated Activation of the IRF3/IFN-β Signaling Pathway to Facilitate the Virus Replication. Front Immunol 2021; 11:580334. [PMID: 33488582 PMCID: PMC7821752 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.580334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a severe, highly contagious viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals. In order to establish an infection, the FMD virus (FMDV) needs to counteract host antiviral responses. Tumor progression locus 2 (TPL2), a mitogen-activated protein kinase, can regulate innate and adaptive immunity; however, its exact mechanisms underlying TPL2-mediated regulation of the pathogenesis of FMDV infection remain unknown. In this study, we confirmed that TPL2 could inhibit FMDV replication in vitro and in vivo. The virus replication increased in Tpl2-deficient suckling mice in association with reduced expression of interferon-stimulated genes interferon-α (IFN-α) and myxovirus resistance (MX2) and significantly reduced expression of C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10), interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), and IRF7, while the phosphorylation of IRF3 was not detected. Moreover, the interactions between TPL2 and VP1 were also confirmed. The overexpression of TPL2 promoted IRF3-mediated dose-dependent activation of the IFN-β signaling pathway in association with interactions between IRF3 and TPL2. VP1 also inhibited phosphorylation of TPL2 at Thr290, while Thr290 resulted as the key functional site associated with the TPL2-mediated antiviral response. Taken together, this study indicated that FMDV capsid protein VP1 antagonizes TPL2-mediated activation of the IRF3/IFN-β signaling pathway for immune escape and facilitated virus replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junhong Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chaochao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, China
| | - Nannan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, China
| | - Minghao Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xuegang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, China
| | - Guowei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dajun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jing Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, China
| | - Weijun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ye Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, China
| | - Keshan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiangtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jiang Z, Weng P, Xu X, Li M, Li Y, Lv Y, Chang K, Wang S, Lin G, Hu C. IRF9 promotes apoptosis and innate immunity by inhibiting SIRT1-p53 axis in fish. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 103:220-228. [PMID: 32439513 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
As a NAD+-dependent deacetylase, SIRT1 is widely involved in apoptosis and cellular inflammation via multiple pathways such as p53, NF-кB and STAT. More and more studies have shown that p53 is the first non-histone deacetylation target of SIRT1. SIRT1-p53 axis thus plays an important role in mammalian cells. IRF9 is an important member of interferon regulator factor family and performs an important role in innate immunity against foreign virus invasion. More importantly, human IRF9 can suppress the SIRT1-p53 axis. However, the functions and relationship between IRF9 and SIRT1-p53 axis are rarely studied in fish. To this end, we made a preliminary research on the functions of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) IRF9, SIRT1 and p53 in apoptosis and innate immunity. Firstly, we cloned and identified the ORF of SIRT1 (named CiSIRT1, MN125614) from C. idella and demonstrated that CiIRF9 promoted apoptosis, while CiSIRT1 inhibited apoptosis by flow cytometry and TUNEL experiments. Next, we found the interaction between CiSIRT1 and Cip53 in vivo by co-immunoprecipitation experiments. Moreover, the colocalization analysis also showed CiSIRT1 and Cip53 were mainly distributed in nucleus. Thirdly, we got a conclusion that CiIRF9 can repress the expression of CiSIRT1, implying that CiIRF9 regulates CiSIRT1-p53 axis. Finally, CiSIRT1 mRNA level was significantly up-regulated and the expression reached the highest level at 24 h post poly (I:C) stimulation in CIK cells. So, CiSIRT1 may exert an important function in innate immunity. Furthermore, we found CiSIRT1 down-regulated the expression of CiIFN1. In summary, CiIRF9 promotes apoptosis and innate immunity by inhibiting SIRT1-p53 axis. These findings will provide a new theoretical basis for the research on teleost innate immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeyin Jiang
- School of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Panwei Weng
- School of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Xiaowen Xu
- School of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Meifeng Li
- School of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Yinping Li
- School of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Yangfeng Lv
- School of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Kaile Chang
- School of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Shanghong Wang
- School of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Gang Lin
- School of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Chengyu Hu
- School of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shen C, Liu J, Wang J, Zhong X, Dong D, Yang X, Wang Y. Development and validation of a prognostic immune-associated gene signature in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 81:106274. [PMID: 32044664 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have demonstrated that immune-associated genes (IAGs) play an important role in the occurrence and progression of clear renal clear cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Novel biomarkers and a reliable prognostic prediction model for ccRCC patients are still limited. The objective of this study was to develop a IAGs signature and validate its prognostic value in ccRCC using bioinformatic methods and publicly database. METHODS In the present study, we identified differentially expressed IAGs in ccRCC based on The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. A prognostic IAGs risk model was further developed and its prognostic and predictive value was evaluated by survival analysis and nomogram. RESULTS A total of 681 differentially expressed IAGs were identified and seven IAGs (IFI30, WNT5A, IRF9, AGER, PLAUR, TEK, BID) were finally selected in a IAGs signature. Survival analysis revealed that high IAGs risk scores were significantly related to poor survival outcomes. The IAGs signature was demonstrated as an independent prognostic factor and closely related to the metastasis status of ccRCC. A nomogram with clinicopathologic characteristics and IAGs signature was also constructed to superiorly predict prognosis of ccRCC patients. CONCLUSIONS We identified seven IAGs as a potential signature for reflecting the prognosis of ccRCC based on TCGA database. Further clinical trials are needed to validate our observations and the mechanisms underlying the prognostic value of IAGs signature in ccRCC also deserve further experimental exploration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengquan Shen
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Research Management and International Cooperation, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Jirong Wang
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xiulong Zhong
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Dahai Dong
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaokun Yang
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
| | - Yonghua Wang
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
IRF-2 Inhibits Gastric Cancer Invasion and Migration by Down-Regulating MMP-1. Dig Dis Sci 2020; 65:168-177. [PMID: 31350707 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-019-05739-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The interferon regulatory factor 2 (IRF-2) acted as a tumor suppressor. We inspected IRF-2 as a predictor of prognosis in gastric cancer (GC) patients and tried to find out the potential molecular mechanism. METHODS In this study, the association between IRF-2 expression and clinical or prognosis significance was investigated in 86 pairs of tumor and the adjacent normal gastric tissues from GC patients. After establishing the stable cell lines, the Transwell assays were deduced to evaluate the malignancy of tumor. Then, microarray assay was carried out and the GO/KEGG pathway analyses were conducted to identify IRF-2's target gene. The relationship between IRF-2 and matrix metalloproteinases 1 (MMP-1) was also investigated by the immunohistochemistry in 15 pairs of tumor and adjacent normal gastric tissues. RESULTS We found that IRF-2 expression level in GC was significantly correlated with the prognosis of the patients. Transwell assays suggested an impaired ability of invasion and migration in IRF-2-overexpressed GC cells and a progressive malignant phenotype in IRF-2-knockdown GC cells. Ninety differentially expressed genes were found between IRF-2-overexpressed GC cells and its normal control sets by microarray. We demonstrated that MMP-1 was canonical in the network of differentially expressed genes by GO and KEGG pathway analysis and its expression level was markedly decreased in IRF-2-overexpressed cells of MKN-45 and increased in IRF-2-knockdown cells of SGC-7901. The expression of MMP-1 was inversely correlated with IRF-2 in GAC TMA specimens. CONCLUSION IRF-2 may inhibit GC progression by down-regulating MMP-1 level.
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhu Y, Shan S, Feng H, Jiang L, An L, Yang G, Li H. Molecular characterization and functional analysis of interferon regulatory factor 9 (irf9) in common carp Cyprinus carpio: a pivotal molecule in the Ifn response against pathogens. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2019; 95:510-519. [PMID: 31059592 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, interferon (IFN) regulatory factor (IRF) 9 gene (irf9) was identified and characterized in common carp Cyprinus carpio. The predicted protein sequence of Irf9 contains a DNA binding domain (DBD) that possess five tryptophans, an IRF association domain (IAD) and two nuclear localisation signals (NLS). Alignment of Irf9 of C. carpio with the corresponding Irf9 proteins of other species showed that the DBD is more highly conserved than the IAD. The putative Irf9 protein sequence of C. carpio shares higher identities with teleosts (53.8-82.3%) and lower identities with mammals (30.2-31.0%). Phylogenetic studies of the putative amino-acid sequence of IRF9 based on the neighbour-joining method showed that Irf9 of C. carpio has the closest relationship with the grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella. Tissue distribution analysis showed that irf9 transcripts were detectable in all examined tissues with the highest expression in the skin and the lowest expression in the head kidney. Poly I:C and Aeromonas hydrophila stimulation up-regulated irf9 expression in the spleen, head kidney, foregut and hindgut at different time intervals. In addition, irf9 was induced by Poly I:C and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in vitro. These results indicate that Irf9 participates in antiviral and antibacterial immunity. Transfection of irf9 up-regulated the expression of cytokines, including type I IFN, protein kinase R (PKR), interferon-stimulated gene (ISG)15 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)α in epithelioma papulosum cyprini cells (EPC) upon poly I:C and LPS stimulation. A dual-luciferase reporter assay revealed that Irf9 has no effect on NF-κB activation. The present study on Irf9 provides new insights into the IFN system of C. carpio and a valuable experimental platform for future studies on the immune system of fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyao Zhu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shijuan Shan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanxiao Feng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Liguo An
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Guiwen Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Krishnan R, Kurcheti PP, Mushtaq Z, K J, Naik T V. Interferon-regulatory factors, IRF3 and IRF7 in Asian seabass, Lates calcarifer: Characterization, ontogeny and transcriptional modulation upon challenge with nervous necrosis virus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 89:468-476. [PMID: 30940578 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.03.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor (IRF) 3 and IRF7 are key regulators of type I interferon (IFN) gene expression for the antiviral immune response. In the present study, interferon regulatory factor 3 and 7 from Asian seabass, namely AsIRF3 and AsIRF7 were cloned and characterized. The full-length cDNA sequence of IRF3 and IRF7 consisted of 2965 and 2343 bp respectively. AsIRF3 and AsIRF7 were true orthologes of vertebrate IRF3/7 and showed similar domain organization, with an N-terminal DBD which consisted five tryptophan residues in IRF3 and four in IRF7, a C-terminal IRF3 domain and a serine rich region. Both IRF3 and 7 constitutively expressed during the ontogenesis and in all tissues of healthy fish. The expression of both genes was up-regulated following NNV challenge with obvious transcript abundance in brain heart and kidney. Ectopic expression of AsIRF3 and AsIRF7 displayed activation of ISRE/NF-κB promoters and modulation of interferon, ISGs and pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression. These observations indicated that IRF3 and IRF7 play an important role in Asian seabass's antiviral defense and the RIG-IRF-IFN axis is conserved in the species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Krishnan
- Aquatic Environment and Health Management Division, ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, 400061, India; Present Address: Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Pani Prasad Kurcheti
- Aquatic Environment and Health Management Division, ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, 400061, India.
| | - Zahoor Mushtaq
- Aquatic Environment and Health Management Division, ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, 400061, India
| | - Jeena K
- Aquatic Environment and Health Management Division, ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, 400061, India
| | - Vismai Naik T
- Aquatic Environment and Health Management Division, ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, 400061, India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Fang C, Li J, Qi S, Lei Y, Zeng Y, Yu P, Hu Z, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Dai R, Li J, Huang S, Xu P, Chen K, Ding C, Yu FX. An alternatively transcribed TAZ variant negatively regulates JAK-STAT signaling. EMBO Rep 2019; 20:embr.201847227. [PMID: 30979708 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201847227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferon (IFN)-induced Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling drives the expression of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) to mediate antiviral response. The strength and duration of JAK-STAT signaling are tightly regulated to ensure effective antiviral defense while avoiding pathological inflammation and autoimmunity. Here, we report that cTAZ, an isoform of the Hippo pathway effector TAZ, is transcribed by an alternative promoter. Although majority of C-terminal sequences of TAZ is retained, cTAZ is not regulated by the Hippo signaling and does not mediate its growth-inhibitory functions. Instead, cTAZ negatively regulates JAK-STAT signaling by inhibiting STAT1/2 nuclear localization and ISG expression, and its expression is induced by type I IFN Thus, cTAZ functions as a modulator of JAK-STAT signaling and may play a role in fine-tuning cellular antiviral response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuantao Fang
- Children's Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Li
- Children's Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sixian Qi
- Children's Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yubin Lei
- Children's Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zeng
- Children's Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pengcheng Yu
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaolan Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yufeng Zhou
- Children's Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yulong Wang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruping Dai
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jin Li
- Children's Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shenglin Huang
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pinglong Xu
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kang Chen
- Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, National Institutes of Health, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.,Jiangsu Province Hospital of TCM, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of TCM, Nanjing, China
| | - Chen Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Human Phenome Institute, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fa-Xing Yu
- Children's Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mao F, Lin Y, Zhou Y, He Z, Li J, Zhang Y, Yu Z. Structural and functional analysis of interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) reveals a novel regulatory model in an invertebrate, Crassostrea gigas. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 89:14-22. [PMID: 30077552 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factors (IRF), a family of transcription factors, are involved in the regulation of interferon to response the pathogen infection. Here, three IRF-like genes including CgIRF1a, CgIRF1b and CgIRF8 were identified in the genome of the oyster C. gigas. Among these genes, CgIRF1a and CgIRF1b, which are tandemly located in adjacent loci of scaffold 4, share the same domains. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that CgIRF1a and CgIRF1b were two paralogs that may originate from duplication of the same ancestral IRF gene. Subcellular localization analysis confirmed the nuclear distribution of CgIRF1a and CgIRF1b. Dual-luciferase reporter assay showed that CgIRF1a significantly activated the ISRE reporter gene, whereas CgIRF1b did not. Additionally, overexpression of CgIRF1b could significantly suppress the activation effect of CgIRF1a, which strongly suggests that CgIRF1b may serve as a regulator of the IRF signaling pathway. Furthermore, the result of native page revealed that CgIRF1a would form homologous dimers, and CgIRF1b would interact with CgIRF1a to inhibit the activity of the latter. Taken together, one novel regulatory model of IRF signaling pathways has been raised one paralog of IRF has evolved and appears to be a regulator of IRF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Mao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yue Lin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yingli Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhiying He
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, 510301, China.
| | - Ziniu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, 510301, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Marié IJ, Chang HM, Levy DE. HDAC stimulates gene expression through BRD4 availability in response to IFN and in interferonopathies. J Exp Med 2018; 215:3194-3212. [PMID: 30463877 PMCID: PMC6279398 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20180520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In contrast to the common role of histone deacetylases (HDACs) for gene repression, HDAC activity provides a required positive function for IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) expression. Here, we show that HDAC1/2 as components of the Sin3A complex are required for ISG transcriptional elongation but not for recruitment of RNA polymerase or transcriptional initiation. Transcriptional arrest by HDAC inhibition coincides with failure to recruit the epigenetic reader Brd4 and elongation factor P-TEFb due to sequestration of Brd4 on hyperacetylated chromatin. Brd4 availability is regulated by an equilibrium cycle between opposed acetyltransferase and deacetylase activities that maintains a steady-state pool of free Brd4 available for recruitment to inducible promoters. An ISG expression signature is a hallmark of interferonopathies and other autoimmune diseases. Combined inhibition of HDAC1/2 and Brd4 resolved the aberrant ISG expression detected in cells derived from patients with two inherited interferonopathies, ISG15 and USP18 deficiencies, defining a novel therapeutic approach to ISG-associated autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle J Marié
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology and Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Hao-Ming Chang
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology and Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - David E Levy
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology and Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Negishi H, Taniguchi T, Yanai H. The Interferon (IFN) Class of Cytokines and the IFN Regulatory Factor (IRF) Transcription Factor Family. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:a028423. [PMID: 28963109 PMCID: PMC6211389 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are a broad class of cytokines elicited on challenge to the host defense and are essential for mobilizing immune responses to pathogens. Divided into three classes, type I, type II, and type III, all IFNs share in common the ability to evoke antiviral activities initiated by the interaction with their cognate receptors. The nine-member IFN regulatory factor (IRF) family, first discovered in the context of transcriptional regulation of type I IFN genes following viral infection, are pivotal for the regulation of the IFN responses. In this review, we briefly describe cardinal features of the three types of IFNs and then focus on the role of the IRF family members in the regulation of each IFN system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Negishi
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Komaba 4-6-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Tadatsugu Taniguchi
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Komaba 4-6-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
- Max Planck-The University of Tokyo Center for Integrative Inflammology, Komaba 4-6-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Yanai
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Komaba 4-6-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
- Max Planck-The University of Tokyo Center for Integrative Inflammology, Komaba 4-6-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hernandez N, Melki I, Jing H, Habib T, Huang SSY, Danielson J, Kula T, Drutman S, Belkaya S, Rattina V, Lorenzo-Diaz L, Boulai A, Rose Y, Kitabayashi N, Rodero MP, Dumaine C, Blanche S, Lebras MN, Leung MC, Mathew LS, Boisson B, Zhang SY, Boisson-Dupuis S, Giliani S, Chaussabel D, Notarangelo LD, Elledge SJ, Ciancanelli MJ, Abel L, Zhang Q, Marr N, Crow YJ, Su HC, Casanova JL. Life-threatening influenza pneumonitis in a child with inherited IRF9 deficiency. J Exp Med 2018; 215:2567-2585. [PMID: 30143481 PMCID: PMC6170168 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20180628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We report a child with inherited, complete IRF9 deficiency who suffered from life-threatening influenza pneumonitis. IRF9 deficiency disrupts the activation of ISGF3 and impairs but does not abolish cellular responses to type I IFNs, as some ISGs are induced. Life-threatening pulmonary influenza can be caused by inborn errors of type I and III IFN immunity. We report a 5-yr-old child with severe pulmonary influenza at 2 yr. She is homozygous for a loss-of-function IRF9 allele. Her cells activate gamma-activated factor (GAF) STAT1 homodimers but not IFN-stimulated gene factor 3 (ISGF3) trimers (STAT1/STAT2/IRF9) in response to IFN-α2b. The transcriptome induced by IFN-α2b in the patient’s cells is much narrower than that of control cells; however, induction of a subset of IFN-stimulated gene transcripts remains detectable. In vitro, the patient’s cells do not control three respiratory viruses, influenza A virus (IAV), parainfluenza virus (PIV), and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). These phenotypes are rescued by wild-type IRF9, whereas silencing IRF9 expression in control cells increases viral replication. However, the child has controlled various common viruses in vivo, including respiratory viruses other than IAV. Our findings show that human IRF9- and ISGF3-dependent type I and III IFN responsive pathways are essential for controlling IAV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Hernandez
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Isabelle Melki
- Pediatric Immunology-Hematology and Rheumatology Unit, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France.,General Pediatrics, Infectious Disease and Internal Medicine Department, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroinflammation, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR 1163, Paris, France
| | - Huie Jing
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Tanwir Habib
- Division of Translational Medicine, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Susie S Y Huang
- Division of Translational Medicine, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Jeffrey Danielson
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Tomasz Kula
- Division of Genetics, Department of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Scott Drutman
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Serkan Belkaya
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Vimel Rattina
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Lazaro Lorenzo-Diaz
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Anais Boulai
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroinflammation, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR 1163, Paris, France
| | - Yoann Rose
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroinflammation, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR 1163, Paris, France
| | - Naoki Kitabayashi
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroinflammation, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR 1163, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu P Rodero
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroinflammation, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR 1163, Paris, France
| | - Cecile Dumaine
- Pediatric Immunology-Hematology and Rheumatology Unit, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France.,General Pediatrics, Infectious Disease and Internal Medicine Department, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Blanche
- Pediatric Immunology-Hematology and Rheumatology Unit, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Noëlle Lebras
- Pediatric Pulmonology, Infectious Disease and Internal Medicine Department, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Man Chun Leung
- Division of Translational Medicine, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Bertrand Boisson
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Shen-Ying Zhang
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Stephanie Boisson-Dupuis
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Silvia Giliani
- Angelo Nocivelli Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Luigi D Notarangelo
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Stephen J Elledge
- Division of Genetics, Department of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Michael J Ciancanelli
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Laurent Abel
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Qian Zhang
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Nico Marr
- Division of Translational Medicine, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Yanick J Crow
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroinflammation, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR 1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Department of Genetics, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
| | - Helen C Su
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY .,Pediatric Immunology-Hematology and Rheumatology Unit, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Paul A, Tang TH, Ng SK. Interferon Regulatory Factor 9 Structure and Regulation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1831. [PMID: 30147694 PMCID: PMC6095977 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 9 (IRF9) is an integral transcription factor in mediating the type I interferon antiviral response, as part of the interferon-stimulated gene factor 3. However, the role of IRF9 in many important non-communicable diseases has just begun to emerge. The duality of IRF9’s role in conferring protection but at the same time exacerbates diseases is certainly puzzling. The regulation of IRF9 during these conditions is not well understood. The high homology of IRF9 DNA-binding domain to other IRFs, as well as the recently resolved IRF9 IRF-associated domain structure can provide the necessary insights for progressive inroads on understanding the regulatory mechanism of IRF9. This review sought to outline the structural basis of IRF9 that guides its regulation and interaction in antiviral immunity and other diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alvin Paul
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Thean Hock Tang
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Siew Kit Ng
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Interferon regulatory factor 1 inactivation in human cancer. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20171672. [PMID: 29599126 PMCID: PMC5938431 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20171672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) are a group of closely related proteins collectively referred to as the IRF family. Members of this family were originally recognized for their roles in inflammatory responses; however, recent research has suggested that they are also involved in tumor biology. This review focusses on current knowledge of the roles of IRF-1 and IRF-2 in human cancer, with particular attention paid to the impact of IRF-1 inactivation. The different mechanisms underlying IRF-1 inactivation and their implications for human cancers and the potential importance of IRF-1 in immunotherapy are also summarized.
Collapse
|
16
|
Karki R, Lee E, Place D, Samir P, Mavuluri J, Sharma BR, Balakrishnan A, Malireddi RKS, Geiger R, Zhu Q, Neale G, Kanneganti TD. IRF8 Regulates Transcription of Naips for NLRC4 Inflammasome Activation. Cell 2018; 173:920-933.e13. [PMID: 29576451 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.02.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Inflammasome activation is critical for host defenses against various microbial infections. Activation of the NLRC4 inflammasome requires detection of flagellin or type III secretion system (T3SS) components by NLR family apoptosis inhibitory proteins (NAIPs); yet how this pathway is regulated is unknown. Here, we found that interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF8) is required for optimal activation of the NLRC4 inflammasome in bone-marrow-derived macrophages infected with Salmonella Typhimurium, Burkholderia thailandensis, or Pseudomonas aeruginosa but is dispensable for activation of the canonical and non-canonical NLRP3, AIM2, and Pyrin inflammasomes. IRF8 governs the transcription of Naips to allow detection of flagellin or T3SS proteins to mediate NLRC4 inflammasome activation. Furthermore, we found that IRF8 confers protection against bacterial infection in vivo, owing to its role in inflammasome-dependent cytokine production and pyroptosis. Altogether, our findings suggest that IRF8 is a critical regulator of NAIPs and NLRC4 inflammasome activation for defense against bacterial infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Karki
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Ein Lee
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - David Place
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Parimal Samir
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jayadev Mavuluri
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Bhesh Raj Sharma
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Arjun Balakrishnan
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | | | - Rechel Geiger
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Qifan Zhu
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Geoffrey Neale
- Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics & Biotechnology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yang X, Wang HL, Liang HW, Liang L, Wen DY, Zhang R, Chen G, Wei DM. Clinical significance of microRNA-449a in hepatocellular carcinoma with microarray data mining together with initial bioinformatics analysis. Exp Ther Med 2018; 15:3247-3258. [PMID: 29545842 PMCID: PMC5841030 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.5836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence has demonstrated that microRNA (miR)-449a expression is reduced in various types of tumors and that it serves as a tumor suppressor. However, the molecular mechanism of miR-449a in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has not been thoroughly elucidated and is disputed. Therefore, the aim of the present work was to systematically review the current literature and to utilize the public Gene Expression Omnibus database to determine the role of miR-449a and its significance in HCC. A total of eight original papers and seven microarrays were included in the present study. Based on the evidence, miR-449a was reduced in HCC. miR-449a is likely involved in various signaling pathways and is targeted to multiple mRNA as part of its function in HCC. In addition, a preliminary bioinformatic analysis was conducted for miR-449a to investigate the novel potential pathways that miR-449a may participate in regarding HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xia Yang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Han-Lin Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Wei Liang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Liang Liang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530007, P.R. China
| | - Dong-Yue Wen
- Department of Ultrasonography, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Dan-Ming Wei
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Nan Y, Wu C, Zhang YJ. Interplay between Janus Kinase/Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription Signaling Activated by Type I Interferons and Viral Antagonism. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1758. [PMID: 29312301 PMCID: PMC5732261 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs), which were discovered a half century ago, are a group of secreted proteins that play key roles in innate immunity against viral infection. The major signaling pathway activated by IFNs is the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway, which leads to the expression of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), including many antiviral effectors. Viruses have evolved various strategies with which to antagonize the JAK/STAT pathway to influence viral virulence and pathogenesis. In recent years, notable progress has been made to better understand the JAK/STAT pathway activated by IFNs and antagonized by viruses. In this review, recent progress in research of the JAK/STAT pathway activated by type I IFNs, non-canonical STAT activation, viral antagonism of the JAK/STAT pathway, removing of the JAK/STAT antagonist from viral genome for attenuation, and the potential pathogenesis roles of tyrosine phosphorylation-independent non-canonical STATs activation during virus infection are discussed in detail. We expect that this review will provide new insight into the understanding the complexity of the interplay between JAK/STAT signaling and viral antagonism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Nan
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Molecular Virology Laboratory, VA-MD Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Chunyan Wu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yan-Jin Zhang
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, VA-MD Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Interferon regulatory factors: A key to tumour immunity. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 49:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
20
|
Yang Q, Cui J, Song W, Zhao X, Xu T. The evolution and functional characterization of miiuy croaker interferon regulatory factor 9 involved in immune response. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 66:524-530. [PMID: 28546020 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) are transcription factors which play important roles in regulating the expression of type I interferons (IFNs) and IFN-stimulated genes. IRF9 is one of the IRF family gene members which belongs to the IRF4 subfamily. Mammalian IRF9 has been known to be involved in antiviral responses as the DNA sequence recognition subunit of IFN-stimulated gene factor 3 (ISGF3) complex. In fish, only a few studies investigated the characteristics of IRF9 and the role in IFN signaling. In this study, we identified the IRF9 gene from miiuy croaker (mmiIRF9) and studied its feature and function. Sequence analysis showed the similarity of mmiIRF9 and other fish IRF9 genes. Structural and syntenic analysis showed the conservatism in fish IRF9 genes. The result of expression analysis in normal tissues and infected tissues and macrophages showed that mmiIRF9 expressed in all tested normal tissues and up-regulated expression in liver, kidney and macrophages after stimulated with poly(I:C). Luciferase reporter assays demonstrated the mmiIRF9 can induced IFNα and IFNβ luciferase reporters and the cellular localization of mmiIRF9 was mainly distributed in the cytoplasm in Hela cells. Furthermore, the evolutionary analysis of IRF4 subfamily showed the IRF4 and IRF8 may be the most ancient and conservative genes in the evolution of this subfamily.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Yang
- Laboratory of Fish Biogenetics & Immune Evolution, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Junxia Cui
- Laboratory of Fish Biogenetics & Immune Evolution, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Weihua Song
- Laboratory of Fish Biogenetics & Immune Evolution, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Xueyan Zhao
- Laboratory of Fish Biogenetics & Immune Evolution, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Tianjun Xu
- Laboratory of Fish Biogenetics & Immune Evolution, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Mechanisms and consequences of Jak-STAT signaling in the immune system. Nat Immunol 2017; 18:374-384. [PMID: 28323260 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 740] [Impact Index Per Article: 105.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Kinases of the Jak ('Janus kinase') family and transcription factors (TFs) of the STAT ('signal transducer and activator of transcription') family constitute a rapid membrane-to-nucleus signaling module that affects every aspect of the mammalian immune system. Research on this paradigmatic pathway has experienced breakneck growth in the quarter century since its discovery and has yielded a stream of basic and clinical insights that have profoundly influenced modern understanding of human health and disease, exemplified by the bench-to-bedside success of Jak inhibitors ('jakinibs') and pathway-targeting drugs. Here we review recent advances in Jak-STAT biology, focusing on immune cell function, disease etiology and therapeutic intervention, as well as broader principles of gene regulation and signal-dependent TFs.
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFN-1) are cytokines that affect the expression of thousands of genes, resulting in profound cellular changes. IFN-1 activates the cell by dimerizing its two-receptor chains, IFNAR1 and IFNAR2, which are expressed on all nucleated cells. Despite a similar mode of binding, the different IFN-1s activate a spectrum of activities. The causes for differential activation may stem from differences in IFN-1-binding affinity, duration of binding, number of surface receptors, induction of feedbacks, and cell type-specific variations. All together these will alter the signal that is transmitted from the extracellular domain inward. The intracellular domain binds, directly or indirectly, different effector proteins that transmit signals. The composition of effector molecules deviates between different cell types and tissues, inserting an additional level of complexity to the system. Moreover, IFN-1s do not act on their own, and clearly there is much cross-talk between the activated effector molecules by IFN-1 and other cytokines. The outcome generated by all of these factors (processing step) is an observed phenotype, which can be the transformation of the cell to an antiviral state, differentiation of the cell to a specific immune cell, senescence, apoptosis, and many more. IFN-1 activities can be divided into robust and tunable. Antiviral activity, which is stimulated by minute amounts of IFN-1 and is common to all cells, is termed robust. The other activities, which we term tunable, are cell type-specific and often require more stringent modes of activation. In this review, I summarize the current knowledge on the mode of activation and processing that is initiated by IFN-1, in perspective of the resulting phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gideon Schreiber
- From the Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zhao X, Chu Q, Cui J, Huo R, Xu T. IRF9 as a negative regulator involved in TRIF-mediated NF-κB pathway in a teleost fish, Miichthys miiuy. Mol Immunol 2017; 85:123-129. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
24
|
Wu Z, Wang L, Xu X, Lin G, Mao H, Ran X, Zhang T, Huang K, Wang H, Huang Q, Xu Q, Hu C. Interaction of IRF9 and STAT2 synergistically up-regulates IFN and PKR transcription in Ctenopharyngodon idella. Mol Immunol 2017; 85:273-282. [PMID: 28347954 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
IRF9 is a key factor in the JAK-STAT pathway. Under the stimulation of type I IFN, IRF9 interacts with STAT1 and STAT2 to form the IFN-I-stimulated gene factor 3 (ISGF3) which activates the transcription of ISG. However, many studies also showed that the dimmer IRF9/STAT2 rather than the tripolymer IRF9/STAT1/STAT2 acts as the ISGF3 in cells in response to IFN signals. In the present study, the full-length cDNA sequence of IRF9 (termed CiIRF9, KT601055) and STAT2 (term CiSTAT2, KT781914) from grass carp were cloned and identified. A low level of constitutive expression of CiIRF9 was detected by RT-PCR in grass carp tissues, but it was significantly up-regulated by LPS and poly I:C stimulation. In vitro, a high-affinity interaction between CiIRF9 and the promoter of CiIFN or CiPKR was demonstrated by gel mobility shift assay. In vivo, the promoter activities of CiIFN and CiPKR were not only increased by transient transfection of CiIRF9, but also prominently increased by co-transfection of CiIRF9 and CiSTAT2. Moreover, the interaction of CiIRF9 and CiSTAT2 was further investigated by in vivo and in vitro protein interaction assays. Recombinant CiIRF9 and CiSTAT2, both tagged with FLAG (or HA), were expressed in HEK 293T cells by transient transfection experiment. Co-immunoprecipitation assays showed that CiIRF9 can interact with CiSTAT2 in vivo. Soluble GST-ST2-936 (containing the N-terminal and coiled-coil domain of CiSTAT2) was expressed and purified from E. coli. A GST pull-down assay suggested that GST-tagged ST2-936 efficiently bound to FLAG-tagged IRF9. The data indicated that interaction of IRF9 and STAT2 synergistically up-regulated the transcriptional level of IFN and ISG genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wu
- College of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Liqiang Wang
- College of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Xiaowen Xu
- College of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Gang Lin
- College of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Huiling Mao
- College of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Xiaoqin Ran
- College of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- College of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Keyi Huang
- College of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Haizhou Wang
- College of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Qingli Huang
- College of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Qun Xu
- College of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Chengyu Hu
- College of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
The unique role of STAT2 in constitutive and IFN-induced transcription and antiviral responses. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2016; 29:71-81. [PMID: 27053489 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In the canonical pathway of IFN-I-mediated signaling, phosphorylation of STAT1 and STAT2 leads to heterodimerization and interaction with IRF9. This complex, also known as IFN-stimulated gene factor 3 (ISGF3), then translocates into the nucleus and binds the IFN-I-stimulated response element (ISRE) leading to the activation of transcription of over 300 interferon stimulated genes (ISGs). In addition, STAT1 homodimers [known as γ-activated factor (GAF)] are formed and translocate to the nucleus, where they target genes containing the γ-activated sequence (GAS). The primary function of ISGF3 is to mediate a rapid and robust IFN-I activated response by regulating transient transcription of antiviral ISGs. This requires the quick assembly of ISGF3 from its pre-existing components STAT1, STAT2 and IRF9 and transport to the nucleus to bind ISRE-containing ISGs. The exact events that take place in formation, nuclear translocation and DNA-binding of active ISGF3 are still not clear. Over the years many studies have provided evidence for the existence of a multitude of alternative STAT2-containing (ISRE or GAS-binding) complexes involved in IFN-I signaling, emphasizing the importance of STAT2 in the regulation of specific IFN-I-induced transcriptional programs, independent of its involvement in the classical ISGF3 complex. This review describes the unique role of STAT2 in differential complex formation of unphosphorylated and phosphorylated ISGF3 components that direct constitutive and IFN-I-stimulated transcriptional responses. In addition, we highlight the existence of a STAT1-independent IFN-I signaling pathway, where STAT2/IRF9 can potentially substitute for the role of ISGF3 and offer a back-up response against viral infection.
Collapse
|
26
|
Suprunenko T, Hofer MJ. The emerging role of interferon regulatory factor 9 in the antiviral host response and beyond. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2016; 29:35-43. [PMID: 26987614 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The host response to viral infections relies on tightly regulated and intricate signaling pathways involving type I interferons (IFN-Is). The IFN-Is mediate their antiviral effects predominantly through a signaling factor complex that comprises the transcription factors, interferon regulatory factor 9 (IRF9) and the signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) 1 and STAT2. While STAT1 and STAT2 have been studied extensively, the biological significance of IRF9 is only beginning to emerge. Recent studies have revealed a unique role for IRF9 as a conductor of the cellular responses to IFN-Is. Intriguingly, novel roles for IRF9 outside of the antiviral response are also being identified. Thus IRF9 may have a more extensive influence on cellular processes than previously recognized, ranging from antiviral immune responses to oncogenesis and gut homeostasis. In this review, we will focus on the distinct and emerging roles of IRF9 in the antiviral host response and beyond.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Suprunenko
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The Charles Perkins Centre and the Bosch Institute, Maze Crescent G08, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Markus J Hofer
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The Charles Perkins Centre and the Bosch Institute, Maze Crescent G08, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Huang B, Jia QQ, Liang Y, Huang WS, Nie P. Interferon regulatory factor 10 (IRF10): Cloning in orange spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides, and evolutionary analysis in vertebrates. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 46:669-677. [PMID: 26260314 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
IRF10 gene was cloned in orange spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides, and its expression was examined following poly(I:C) stimulation and bacterial infection. The cDNA sequence of grouper IRF10 contains an open reading frame of 1197 bp, flanked by 99 bp 5'-untranslated region and 480 bp 3'- untranslated region. Multiple alignments showed that the grouper IRF10 has a highly conserved DNA binding domain in the N terminus with characteristic motif containing five tryptophan residues. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that the expression of IRF10 was responsive to both poly(I:C) stimulation and Vibrio parahemolyticus infection, with a higher increase to poly(I:C), indicating an important role of IRF10 in host immune response during infection. A phyletic distribution of IRF members was also examined in vertebrates, and IRF10 was found in most lineages of vertebrates, not in modern primates and rodents. It is suggested that the first divergence of IRF members might have occurred before the evolutionary split of vertebrate and cephalochordates, producing ancestors of IRF (1/2/11) and IRF (4/8/9/10)[(3/7) (5/6)], and that the second and/or third divergence of IRF members occurred following the split, thus leading to the subsets of the IRF family in vertebrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bei Huang
- College of Fisheries, Jimei University, 43 Yindou Road, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361021, China
| | - Qin Qin Jia
- College of Fisheries, Jimei University, 43 Yindou Road, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361021, China
| | - Ying Liang
- College of Fisheries, Jimei University, 43 Yindou Road, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361021, China
| | - Wen Shu Huang
- College of Fisheries, Jimei University, 43 Yindou Road, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361021, China
| | - P Nie
- College of Fisheries, Jimei University, 43 Yindou Road, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361021, China; State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Lee KJ, Ye JS, Choe H, Nam YR, Kim N, Lee U, Joo CH. Serine cluster phosphorylation liberates the C-terminal helix of IFN regulatory factor 7 to bind histone acetyltransferase p300. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:4137-48. [PMID: 25225665 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
IFN regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) is a major regulator of type I (αβ) IFN secretion. A growing body of evidence shows that IRF7 is involved in a wide variety of pathologic conditions in addition to infections; however, the detailed mechanism of IRF7 transactivation remains elusive. Our current knowledge of IRF7 transactivation is based on studies of IRF3, another major regulator of IFN-β secretion. IRF3 and IRF7 are closely related homologs with high sequence similarity in their C-terminal regions, and both proteins are activated by phosphorylation of a specific serine cluster (SC). Nevertheless, the functional domains of the two proteins are arranged in an inverted manner. We generated a model structure of the IRF7 C-terminal region using homology modeling and used it to guide subsequent functional domain studies. The model structure led to the identification of a tripod-helix structure containing the SC. Based on the model and experimental data, we hypothesized that phosphorylation-mediated IRF7 transactivation is controlled by a tripod-helix structure. Inducible IκB kinase binds a tripod-helix structure. Serial phosphorylation of the SC by the kinase liberates C-terminal helix from an inhibitory hydrophobic pocket. A histone acetyltransferase P300 binds the liberated helix. The difference in the P300 binding sites explains why the domain arrangement of IRF7 is inverted relative to that of IRF3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Jin Lee
- Department of Microbiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Korea
| | - Jung Sook Ye
- Department of Microbiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Korea
| | - Han Choe
- Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Korea; Department of Physiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Korea; and
| | - Young Ran Nam
- Department of Microbiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Korea
| | - Nari Kim
- Department of Microbiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Korea
| | - Uk Lee
- Department of Microbiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Korea
| | - Chul Hyun Joo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Korea; Cell Dysfunction Research Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Shi J, Zhang YB, Zhang JS, Gui JF. Expression regulation of zebrafish interferon regulatory factor 9 by promoter analysis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 41:534-543. [PMID: 23916490 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We previously showed that a fish interferon (IFN) regulatory factor 9 (IRF9) homologue, crucian carp Carassius auratus IRF9, displays constitutively nuclear localization and involvement in fish IFN-dependent JAK-STAT signaling; however, little is known about the expression regulation of fish IRF9. Here, we characterized the expression of zebrafish IRF9 by promoter analysis. Zebrafish IRF9 gene promoter contained several putative transcription factor binding sites, including one ISRE (IFN-stimulated response element), one GAS (IFN gamma activation sequence) and three GATEs (IFNγ activated transcriptional element, GATE1/2/3). Further sequence analyses revealed that GAS and GATE motifs existed in all promoters of IRF9 from mammals and fishes. Luciferase assays confirmed that zebrafish IRF9 promoter could be activated by zebrafish IFNφs and zebrafish IFNγ2, as well as transcription factors IRF3, IRF7, and combination of IRF9 and STAT2. Treatment of recombinant crucian carp IFN protein or overexpression of zebrafish IFNγ2 both led to significant increase in crucian carp IRF9 mRNA and protein in cultured fish cells. Comparison of IFN-stimulated promoter activity revealed much more significant induction of zebrafish IRF9 by zebrafish IFNγ2 than by zebrafish IFNφs. Mutation analyses showed that the putative GAS and GATE3 contributed to zebrafish IFNγ2-triggered IRF9 expression, whereas the putative ISRE and the other two GATEs were not functional for induction of zebrafish IRF9. These results together indicated that the expression property of IRF9 might be conserved from fish to mammals and that some not yet identified mechanisms could exist in IRF9 gene transcription regulation in response to IFNs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; Department of Bioengineering & Environmental Science, Changsha University, Changsha 410003, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Motaghed M, Al-Hassan FM, Hamid SS. Thymoquinone regulates gene expression levels in the estrogen metabolic and interferon pathways in MCF7 breast cancer cells. Int J Mol Med 2013; 33:8-16. [PMID: 24270600 PMCID: PMC3868490 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
New drugs are continuously being developed for the treatment of patients with estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. Thymoquinone is one of the drugs that exhibits anticancer characteristics based on in vivo and in vitro models. This study further investigates the effects of thymoquinone on human gene expression using cDNA microarray technology. The quantification of RNA samples was carried out using an Agilent 2100 Bioanalyser to determine the RNA integrity number (RIN). The Agilent Low Input Quick Amplification Labelling kit was used to generate cRNA in two-color microarray analysis. Samples with RIN >9.0 were used in this study. The universal human reference RNA was used as the common reference. The samples were labelled with cyanine-3 (cye-3) CTP dye and the universal human reference was labelled with cyanine-5 (cye-5) CTP dye. cRNA was purified with the RNeasy Plus Mini kit and quantified using a NanoDrop 2000c spectrophotometer. The arrays were scanned data analysed using Feature Extraction and GeneSpring software. Two-step qRT-PCR was selected to determine the relative gene expression using the High Capacity RNA-to-cDNA kit. The results from Gene Ontology (GO) analysis, indicated that 8 GO terms were related to biological processes (84%) and molecular functions (16%). A total of 577 entities showed >2-fold change in expression. Of these entities, 45.2% showed an upregulation and 54.7% showed a downregulation in expression. The interpretation of single experiment analysis (SEA) revealed that the cytochrome P450, family 1, subfamily A, polypeptide 1 (CYP1A1) and UDP glucuronosyltransferase 1 family, polypeptide A8 (UGT1A8) genes in the estrogen metabolic pathway were downregulated significantly by 43- and 11‑fold, respectively. The solute carrier family 7 (anionic amino acid transporter light chain, xc-system), member 11 (SLC7A11) gene in the interferon pathway, reported to be involved in the development of chemoresistance, was downregulated by 15‑fold. The interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats (IFIT)1, IFIT2, IFIT3, interferon, α-inducible protein (IFI)6 (also known as G1P3), interferon regulatory factor 9 (IRF9, ISGF3), 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase 1, 40/46 kDa (OAS1) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) genes all showed changes in expression following treatment with thymoquinone. The caspase 10, apoptosis-related cysteine peptidase (CASP10) gene was activated and the protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, R (PTPRR) and myocyte enhancer factor 2C (MEF2C) genes were upregulated in the classical MAPK and p38 MAPK pathways. These findings indicate that thymquinone targets specific genes in the estrogen metabolic and interferon pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marjaneh Motaghed
- Oncology and Radiological Science Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas, Penang 13200, Malaysia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Azahri NSM, Kavurma MM. Transcriptional regulation of tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:3617-29. [PMID: 23329170 PMCID: PMC11113472 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1264-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) has dual functions mediating both apoptosis and survival of cells. This review focusses on the current regulatory factors that control TRAIL transcription. Here, we also highlight the role of distinct transcription factors that co-operate and regulate TRAIL in different pathological states. A better understanding of the molecular signalling pathways of TRAIL-induced cell death and survival in disease may lead to more sophisticated technologies for novel therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nor Saadah M. Azahri
- Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang Malaysia
| | - Mary M. Kavurma
- Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Interferon-beta therapy in multiple sclerosis: the short-term and long-term effects on the patients' individual gene expression in peripheral blood. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 48:737-56. [PMID: 23636981 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8463-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Therapy with interferon-beta (IFN-beta) is a mainstay in the management of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS), with proven long-term effectiveness and safety. Much has been learned about the molecular mechanisms of action of IFN-beta in the past years. Previous studies described more than a hundred genes to be modulated in expression in blood cells in response to the therapy. However, for many of these genes, the precise temporal expression pattern and the therapeutic relevance are unclear. We used Affymetrix microarrays to investigate in more detail the gene expression changes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from MS patients receiving subcutaneous IFN-beta-1a. The blood samples were obtained longitudinally at five different time points up to 2 years after the start of therapy, and the patients were clinically followed up for 5 years. We examined the functions of the genes that were upregulated or downregulated at the transcript level after short-term or long-term treatment. Moreover, we analyzed their mutual interactions and their regulation by transcription factors. Compared to pretreatment levels, 96 genes were identified as highly differentially expressed, many of them already after the first IFN-beta injection. The interactions between these genes form a large network with multiple feedback loops, indicating the complex crosstalk between innate and adaptive immune responses during therapy. We discuss the genes and biological processes that might be important to reduce disease activity by attenuating the proliferation of autoreactive immune cells and their migration into the central nervous system. In summary, we present novel insights that extend the current knowledge on the early and late pharmacodynamic effects of IFN-beta therapy and describe gene expression differences between the individual patients that reflect clinical heterogeneity.
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
We look back on the discoveries that the tyrosine kinases TYK2 and JAK1 and the transcription factors STAT1, STAT2, and IRF9 are required for the cellular response to type I interferons. This initial description of the JAK-STAT pathway led quickly to additional discoveries that type II interferons and many other cytokines signal through similar mechanisms. This well-understood pathway now serves as a paradigm showing how information from protein-protein contacts at the cell surface can be conveyed directly to genes in the nucleus. We also review recent work on the STAT proteins showing the importance of several different posttranslational modifications, including serine phosphorylation, acetylation, methylation, and sumoylation. These remarkably proficient proteins also provide noncanonical functions in transcriptional regulation and they also function in mitochondrial respiration and chromatin organization in ways that may not involve transcription at all.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George R. Stark
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - James E. Darnell
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065-6399, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
Since its discovery two decades ago, the activation of the Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway by numerous cytokines and growth factors has resulted in it becoming one of the most well-studied intracellular signalling networks. The field has progressed from the identification of the individual components to high-resolution crystal structures of both JAK and STAT, and an understanding of the complexities of the molecular activation and deactivation cycle which results in a diverse, yet highly specific and regulated pattern of transcriptional responses. While there is still more to learn, we now appreciate how disruption and deregulation of this pathway can result in clinical disease and look forward to adoption of the next generation of JAK inhibitors in routine clinical treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiu Kiu
- Walter & Eliza Hall Institute, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville 3052, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Lee JW, Kang HS, Lee JY, Lee EJ, Rhim H, Yoon JH, Seo SR, Chung KC. The transcription factor STAT2 enhances proteasomal degradation of RCAN1 through the ubiquitin E3 ligase FBW7. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 420:404-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
36
|
O'Shea JJ, Gadina M, Kanno Y. Cytokine signaling: birth of a pathway. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2011; 187:5475-8. [PMID: 22102730 PMCID: PMC3226779 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John J O'Shea
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutesof Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Terasawa K, Shimizu K, Tsujimoto G. Synthetic Pre-miRNA-Based shRNA as Potent RNAi Triggers. J Nucleic Acids 2011; 2011:131579. [PMID: 21776374 PMCID: PMC3139136 DOI: 10.4061/2011/131579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Revised: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a powerful tool for studying gene function owing to the ease with which it can selectively silence genes of interest, and it has also attracted attention because of its potential for therapeutic applications. Chemically synthesized small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and DNA vector-based short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) are now widely used as RNAi triggers. In contrast to expressed shRNAs, the use of synthetic shRNAs is limited. Here we designed shRNAs modeled on a precursor microRNA (pre-miRNA) and evaluated their biological activity. We demonstrated that chemically synthetic pre-miRNA-based shRNAs have more potent RNAi activity than their corresponding siRNAs and found that their antisense strands are more efficiently incorporated into the RNA-induced silencing complex. Although greater off-target effects and interferon responses were induced by shRNAs than by their corresponding siRNAs, these effects could be overcome by simply using a lower concentration or by optimizing and chemically modifying shRNAs similar to synthetic siRNAs. These are challenges for the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Terasawa
- Department of Pharmacogenomics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Xiang Z, Dong C, Qi L, Chen W, Huang L, Li Z, Xia Q, Liu D, Huang M, Weng S, He J. Characteristics of the interferon regulatory factor pairs zfIRF5/7 and their stimulation expression by ISKNV Infection in zebrafish (Danio rerio). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 34:1263-1273. [PMID: 20637800 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2010.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Revised: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family plays critical roles in a host's virus infection responses. In this study, two IRF family members, zfIRF5 and zfIRF7, are identified in zebrafish. The zfIRF5 protein encodes 297 amino acids without the carboxyl IRF3 domain. We suggest that zfIRF5 is a new kind of splicing variant, following the nine other kinds of IRF5 splicing variants found in mammals. The zfIRF7 protein is identified as a member of the IRF7 family, compared to the human IRF7 protein, the amino acid sequence of zfIRF7 only with 29% identity and devoid a virus activated domain (VAD). There zfIRF5/7 proteins are expressed in all 11 selective zebrafish tissues within 6-120h of embryonic development. Laser confocal microscopy shows that the full length the proteins are separately located in the cytoplasm. Mutation experiments show that the nuclear localization signals (NLS) of zfIRF7 and zfIRF-5 are at the N-terminal and C-terminals, respectively. In the assays, zfIRF7 expression increases during infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) infection and by poly(I:C) and LPS injections, both of which activate the transcriptional activity of L8G5-luc plasmids. The over-expression of zfIRF5/7 activates the interferon-stimulated response elements (ISRE) signal pathway. In addition, zfIRF7 can activate IFN-β, zfIRF5/7. Co-immunoprecipitation assays and laser co-confocal microscopy show that the two proteins could interact, and zfIRF7 may stimulate zfIRF5 to move into the nucleus. The co-expression of zfIRF5/IRF7 suppresses the transcriptional activities of IFN-β in HEK293T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Xiang
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Bergan V, Kileng Ø, Sun B, Robertsen B. Regulation and function of interferon regulatory factors of Atlantic salmon. Mol Immunol 2010; 47:2005-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2010.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Revised: 04/20/2010] [Accepted: 04/22/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
|
40
|
Modestou MA, Manzel LJ, El-Mahdy S, Look DC. Inhibition of IFN-gamma-dependent antiviral airway epithelial defense by cigarette smoke. Respir Res 2010; 11:64. [PMID: 20504369 PMCID: PMC2890646 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-11-64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although individuals exposed to cigarette smoke are more susceptible to respiratory infection, the effects of cigarette smoke on lung defense are incompletely understood. Because airway epithelial cell responses to type II interferon (IFN) are critical in regulation of defense against many respiratory viral infections, we hypothesized that cigarette smoke has inhibitory effects on IFN-gamma-dependent antiviral mechanisms in epithelial cells in the airway. METHODS Primary human tracheobronchial epithelial cells were first treated with cigarette smoke extract (CSE) followed by exposure to both CSE and IFN-gamma. Epithelial cell cytotoxicity and IFN-gamma-induced signaling, gene expression, and antiviral effects against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) were tested without and with CSE exposure. RESULTS CSE inhibited IFN-gamma-dependent gene expression in airway epithelial cells, and these effects were not due to cell loss or cytotoxicity. CSE markedly inhibited IFN-gamma-induced Stat1 phosphorylation, indicating that CSE altered type II interferon signal transduction and providing a mechanism for CSE effects. A period of CSE exposure combined with an interval of epithelial cell exposure to both CSE and IFN-gamma was required to inhibit IFN-gamma-induced cell signaling. CSE also decreased the inhibitory effect of IFN-gamma on RSV mRNA and protein expression, confirming effects on viral infection. CSE effects on IFN-gamma-induced Stat1 activation, antiviral protein expression, and inhibition of RSV infection were decreased by glutathione augmentation of epithelial cells using N-acetylcysteine or glutathione monoethyl ester, providing one strategy to alter cigarette smoke effects. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that CSE inhibits the antiviral effects of IFN-gamma, thereby presenting one explanation for increased susceptibility to respiratory viral infection in individuals exposed to cigarette smoke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Modestos A Modestou
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1081, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Zhu J, Weiss M, Grubman MJ, de los Santos T. Differential gene expression in bovine cells infected with wild type and leaderless foot-and-mouth disease virus. Virology 2010; 404:32-40. [PMID: 20494391 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2009] [Revised: 01/18/2010] [Accepted: 04/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The leader proteinase (L(pro)) of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) plays a critical role in viral pathogenesis. Molecular studies have demonstrated that L(pro) inhibits translation of host capped mRNAs and transcription of some genes involved in the innate immune response. We have used microarray technology to study the gene expression profile of bovine cells infected with wild type (WT) or leaderless FMDV. Thirty nine out of approximately 22,000 bovine genes were selectively up-regulated by 2 fold or more in leaderless versus WT virus infected cells. Most of the up-regulated genes corresponded to IFN-inducible genes, chemokines or transcription factors. Comparison of promoter sequences suggested that host factors NF-kappaB, ISGF3G and IRF1 specifically contributed to the differential expression, being NF-kappaB primarily responsible for the observed changes. Our results suggest that L(pro) plays a central role in the FMDV evasion of the innate immune response by inhibiting NF-kappaB dependent gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Zhu
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, North Atlantic Area, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Greenport, New York 11944, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Shi Y, Zhao Z, Yin JK, Zhu XP, Chen KC, Pan DB, Gui JF. Interferon regulatory factor-2 in orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides): gene, inductive expression pattern and subcellular localization. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 155:110-7. [PMID: 19857599 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2009.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2009] [Revised: 10/16/2009] [Accepted: 10/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 2 (IRF-2) is a multifunctional transcription factor which exhibits both transcriptional activating and repressing activities in the IRF family. In this study, we report an IRF-2 gene isolated from orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides). The 1854bp full-length cDNA sequence of EcIRF-2 has been cloned, encoding a putative peptide of 336 amino acids which is highly consistent with the feature of IRF family members. The genomic fragment of EcIRF-2 contains nine exons and eight introns, spanning over approximate 8.8kb. The expression of EcIRF-2 gene was detected in various tissues of healthy orange-spotted grouper and in four tissues after being challenged with poly I:C or LPS. EcIRF-2 gene is ubiquitously expressed in various healthy fish tissues and is up-regulated in vivo in response to poly I:C or LPS. Subcellular localization analysis of EcIRF-2 suggests it is an intranuclear protein in the fish cells. We believe this research is the first report of fish IRF-2 protein localization. The results in this research establish the base for further study of function mechanism of IRF family members in orange-spotted grouper.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Shi
- Pearl River Fishery Research Institute, Chinese Academic of Fishery Science, Guangzhou, 510380, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Type I interferons and interferon regulatory factors regulate TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) in HIV-1-infected macrophages. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5397. [PMID: 19404407 PMCID: PMC2672636 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2009] [Accepted: 04/01/2009] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a member of the TNF family that participates in HIV-1 pathogenesis through the depletion of CD4+ T cells. TRAIL is expressed on the cell membrane of peripheral immune cells and can be cleaved into a soluble, secreted form. The regulation of TRAIL in macrophages during HIV-1 infection is not completely understood. In this study, we investigated the mechanism(s) of TRAIL expression in HIV-1-infected macrophages, an important cell type in HIV-1 pathogenesis. A human monocyte-derived macrophage (MDM) culture system was infected with macrophage-tropic HIV-1ADA, HIV-1JR-FL, or HIV-1BAL strains. TRAIL, predominantly the membrane-bound form, increased following HIV-1 infection. We found that HIV-1 infection also induced interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-1, IRF-7 gene expression and signal transducers and activators of transcription 1 (STAT1) activation. Small interfering RNA knockdown of IRF-1 or IRF-7, but not IRF-3, reduced STAT1 activation and TRAIL expression. Furthermore, the upregulation of IRF-1, IRF-7, TRAIL, and the activation of STAT1 by HIV-1 infection was reduced by the treatment of type I interferon (IFN)-neutralizing antibodies. In addition, inhibition of STAT1 by fludarabine abolished IRF-1, IRF-7, and TRAIL upregulation. We conclude that IRF-1, IRF-7, type I IFNs, and STAT1 form a signaling feedback loop that is critical in regulating TRAIL expression in HIV-1-infected macrophages.
Collapse
|
44
|
Ma J, Ye L, Da M, Wang X. Heavy ion irradiation increases apoptosis and STAT-3 expression, led to the cells arrested at G2/M phase in human hepatoma SMMC-7721 cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2009; 328:17-23. [PMID: 19283452 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-009-0069-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 02/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact of STAT-3 expression on the apoptosis of human hepatomas cell SMMC-7721 line induced by X-ray and carbon ion irradiations was investigated. METHODS Human hepatoma SMMC-7721 cells were irradiated with a carbon ion beam and X-ray. Cell survival was determined by a standard colony-forming assay. STAT-3 protein expression was analysed by Western Immunoblots. Cell cycle and apoptosis were performed by flow cytometry. RESULTS The viability of SMMC-7721 cells decreased with increasing dose of the carbon ion beam, and the high-LET carbon ion beam led to the cells getting arrested at G(2)/M phase. Western Blot analyses show that STAT-3 expression increased with increasing radiation dose. The carbon ion irradiation induced cell apoptosis and significantly promoted the expression of STAT-3 gene compared with the X-ray irradiation. The apoptosis rate is correlated with the expression of STAT-3 in human hepatoma SMMC-7721 cells after exposure to different doses of X-ray and heavy ion beam. CONCLUSIONS Heavy ion irradiation increases the expression of STAT-3 gene, makes SMMC-7721 cells arrested at G(2)/M phase and increases cell apoptosis in comparison with that induced by low-LET X-ray. The STAT-3 expression may be regarded as a protected reaction when the cancerous cells suffer a strong stimulus such as high-LET irradiation. The interaction of STAT-3 expression and other cytokines in human hepatoma and the relationship between STAT-3 and radiation-induced apoptosis remain to be clarified in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianxun Ma
- Department of General Surgery, The Peoples Hospital of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Honing H, van Rooijen N, van den Berg T. Manipulation of Macrophage Activities Using Liposomes. J Liposome Res 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/08982100009031105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
46
|
Abstract
Characterization of how interferons (IFNs) mediate their biological response led to identification of the JAK-STAT signaling cascade, where JAKs are receptor-associated kinases and STATs the transcription factors they activate. Today, 4 JAKs and 7 STATs are known to transduce pivotal signals for the over 50 members of the four-helix bundle family of cytokines. This review will provide an overview and historical perspective of the JAK-STAT paradigm.
Collapse
|
47
|
Tamura T, Yanai H, Savitsky D, Taniguchi T. The IRF family transcription factors in immunity and oncogenesis. Annu Rev Immunol 2008; 26:535-84. [PMID: 18303999 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.26.021607.090400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 953] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family, consisting of nine members in mammals, was identified in the late 1980s in the context of research into the type I interferon system. Subsequent studies over the past two decades have revealed the versatile and critical functions performed by this transcription factor family. Indeed, many IRF members play central roles in the cellular differentiation of hematopoietic cells and in the regulation of gene expression in response to pathogen-derived danger signals. In particular, the advances made in understanding the immunobiology of Toll-like and other pattern-recognition receptors have recently generated new momentum for the study of IRFs. Moreover, the role of several IRF family members in the regulation of the cell cycle and apoptosis has important implications for understanding susceptibility to and progression of several cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Tamura
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Fan Y, Zhang YL, Wu Y, Zhang W, Wang YH, Cheng ZM, Li H. Inhibition of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 expression by RNA interference suppresses invasion through inducing anoikis in human colon cancer cells. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14:428-34. [PMID: 18200666 PMCID: PMC2679132 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.14.428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the roles and mechanism of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in invasion of human colon cancer cells by RNA interference.
METHODS: Small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) was transfected into HT29 colon cancer cells. STAT3 protein level and DNA-binding activity of STAT3 was evaluated by western blotting and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), respectively. We studied the anchorage-independent growth using colony formation in soft agar, and invasion using the boyden chamber model, anoikis using DNA fragmentation assay and terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL), respectively. Western blot assay was used to observe the protein expression of Bcl-xL and survivin in colon cancer HT29 cells.
RESULTS: RNA interference (RNAi) mediated by siRNA leads to suppression of STAT3 expression in colon cancer cell lines. Suppression of STAT3 expression by siRNA could inhibit anchorage-independent growth, and invasion ability, and induces anoikis in the colon cancer cell line HT29. It has been shown that knockdown of STAT3 expression by siRNA results in a reduction in expression of Bcl-xL and survivin in HT29 cells.
CONCLUSION: These results suggest that STAT3 siRNA can inhibit the invasion ability of colon cancer cells through inducing anoikis, which antiapoptotic genes survivin and Bcl-xL contribute to regulation of anoikis. These studies indicate STAT3 siRNA could be a useful therapeutic tool for the treatment of colon cancer.
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
The ability of transcription factors to gain entrance to the nucleus is critical to their role in gene expression. Signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) are latent DNA binding factors activated by specific tyrosine phosphorylation. There are seven mammalian STAT genes encoding proteins that display constitutive nuclear localization and/or conditional nuclear localization. This review will focus on STAT1 and STAT2 that are activated in response to interferon and exhibit conditional nuclear localization. The dynamic redistribution of STAT1 and STAT2 between the cytoplasm and the nucleus is coordinate with their gain of ability to bind DNA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy C Reich
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5222, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Uckun F, Ozer Z, Vassilev A. Bruton's tyrosine kinase prevents activation of the anti-apoptotic transcription factor STAT3 and promotes apoptosis in neoplastic B-cells and B-cell precursors exposed to oxidative stress. Br J Haematol 2007; 136:574-89. [PMID: 17367410 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2006.06468.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) was previously demonstrated to be a mediator of oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in irradiated neoplastic B-cells and B-cell precursors. Defective BTK expression in leukaemic B-cell precursors from infants with t(4;11) acute lymphoblastic leukaemia has been associated with radiation resistance. The present study examined whether BTK mediates apoptosis during oxidative stress by interfering with the anti-apoptotic function of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). BTK physically associated with and tyrosine phosphorylated STAT3; this association was promoted by pervanadate (PV)-induced oxidative stress. The BTK/STAT3 interaction appeared to prevent STAT3 response to oxidative stress, because PV-induced STAT3 activation was markedly enhanced in DT40 chicken lymphoma B-cells that were rendered BTK-deficient by targeted disruption of the btk gene as well as in BTK-deficient RAMOS-1 human lymphoma B-cells. These BTK-deficient cells were highly resistant to oxidative stress-induced apoptosis triggered by PV treatment. Reconstitution of BTK-deficient DT40 cells with wild-type human BTK gene eliminated the amplification of the STAT3 response and restored the PV-induced apoptotic signal. Similarly, while the BTK-positive NALM-6 human leukaemic B-cell precursor cell line showed no STAT3 activation after PV treatment and was exquisitely sensitive to PV-induced apoptosis, PV failed to induce apoptosis in BTK-deficient RAMOS-1 human lymphoma B-cells that showed a robust STAT3 response. These results provide unprecedented biochemical and genetic evidence for a unique mode of cross-talk that occurs between BTK and STAT3 pathways during oxidative stress, whereby BTK may trigger apoptosis via negative regulation of the anti-apoptotic STAT3 activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Uckun
- Parker Hughes Cancer Center, Roseville, MN 55113, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|