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Waldherr SM, Han M, Saxton AD, Vadset TA, McMillan PJ, Wheeler JM, Liachko NF, Kraemer BC. Endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response transcriptional targets of XBP-1s mediate rescue from tauopathy. Commun Biol 2024; 7:903. [PMID: 39060347 PMCID: PMC11282107 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06570-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Pathological tau disrupts protein homeostasis (proteostasis) within neurons in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related disorders. We previously showed constitutive activation of the endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response (UPRER) transcription factor XBP-1s rescues tauopathy-related proteostatic disruption in a tau transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) model of human tauopathy. XBP-1s promotes clearance of pathological tau, and loss of function of the ATF-6 branch of the UPRER prevents XBP-1s rescue of tauopathy in C. elegans. We conducted transcriptomic analysis of tau transgenic and xbp-1s transgenic C. elegans and found 116 putative target genes significantly upregulated by constitutively active XBP-1s. Among these were five candidate XBP-1s target genes with human orthologs and a previously known association with ATF6 (csp-1, dnj-28, hsp-4, ckb-2, and lipl-3). We examined the functional involvement of these targets in XBP-1s-mediated tauopathy suppression and found loss of function in any one of these genes completely disrupts XBP-1s suppression of tauopathy. Further, we demonstrate upregulation of HSP-4, C. elegans BiP, partially rescues tauopathy independent of other changes in the transcriptional network. Understanding how the UPRER modulates pathological tau accumulation will inform neurodegenerative disease mechanisms and direct further study in mammalian systems with the long-term goal of identifying therapeutic targets in human tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Waldherr
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA
| | - Marina Han
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Aleen D Saxton
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA
| | - Taylor A Vadset
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Pamela J McMillan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Jeanna M Wheeler
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA
| | - Nicole F Liachko
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Brian C Kraemer
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA.
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA.
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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2
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Ko DK, Brandizzi F. Dynamics of ER stress-induced gene regulation in plants. Nat Rev Genet 2024; 25:513-525. [PMID: 38499769 PMCID: PMC11186725 DOI: 10.1038/s41576-024-00710-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a potentially lethal condition that is induced by the abnormal accumulation of unfolded or misfolded secretory proteins in the ER. In eukaryotes, ER stress is managed by the unfolded protein response (UPR) through a tightly regulated, yet highly dynamic, reprogramming of gene transcription. Although the core principles of the UPR are similar across eukaryotes, unique features of the plant UPR reflect the adaptability of plants to their ever-changing environments and the need to balance the demands of growth and development with the response to environmental stressors. The past decades have seen notable progress in understanding the mechanisms underlying ER stress sensing and signalling transduction pathways, implicating the UPR in the effects of physiological and induced ER stress on plant growth and crop yield. Facilitated by sequencing technologies and advances in genetic and genomic resources, recent efforts have driven the discovery of transcriptional regulators and elucidated the mechanisms that mediate the dynamic and precise gene regulation in response to ER stress at the systems level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Kwan Ko
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
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3
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Dabsan S, Twito G, Biadsy S, Igbaria A. Less is better: various means to reduce protein load in the endoplasmic reticulum. FEBS J 2024. [PMID: 38865586 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an important organelle that controls the intracellular and extracellular environments. The ER is responsible for folding almost one-third of the total protein population in the eukaryotic cell. Disruption of ER-protein folding is associated with numerous human diseases, including metabolic disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. During ER perturbations, the cells deploy various mechanisms to increase the ER-folding capacity and reduce ER-protein load by minimizing the number of substrates entering the ER to regain homeostasis. These mechanisms include signaling pathways, degradation mechanisms, and other processes that mediate the reflux of ER content to the cytosol. In this review, we will discuss the recent discoveries of five different ER quality control mechanisms, including the unfolded protein response (UPR), ER-associated-degradation (ERAD), pre-emptive quality control, ER-phagy and ER to cytosol signaling (ERCYS). We will discuss the roles of these processes in decreasing ER-protein load and inter-mechanism crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salam Dabsan
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Gal Twito
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Suma Biadsy
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Aeid Igbaria
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
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4
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Jing M, Xiong X, Mao X, Song Q, Zhang L, Ouyang Y, Pang Y, Fu Y, Yan W. HMGB1 promotes mitochondrial transfer between hepatocellular carcinoma cells through RHOT1 and RAC1 under hypoxia. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:155. [PMID: 38378644 PMCID: PMC10879213 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06536-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondrial transfer plays an important role in various diseases, and many mitochondrial biological functions can be regulated by HMGB1. To explore the role of mitochondrial transfer in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and its relationship with HMGB1, field emission scanning electron microscopy, immunofluorescence, and flow cytometry were used to detect the mitochondrial transfer between HCC cells. We found that mitochondrial transfer between HCC cells was confirmed using tunnel nanotubes (TNTs). The transfer of mitochondria from the highly invasive HCC cells to the less invasive HCC cells could enhance the migration and invasion ability of the latter. The hypoxic conditions increased the mitochondrial transfer between HCC cells. Then the mechanism was identified using co-immunoprecipitation, luciferase reporter assay, and chromatin immunoprecipitation. We found that RHOT1, a mitochondrial transport protein, promoted mitochondrial transfer and the migration and metastasis of HCC cells during this process. Under hypoxia, HMGB1 further regulated RHOT1 expression by increasing the expression of NFYA and NFYC subunits of the NF-Y complex. RAC1, a protein associated with TNTs formation, promoted mitochondrial transfer and HCC development. Besides, HMGB1 regulated RAC1 aggregation to the cell membrane under hypoxia. Finally, the changes and significance of related molecules in clinical samples of HCC were analyzed using bioinformatics and tissue microarray analyses. We found that HCC patients with high HMGB1, RHOT1, or RAC1 expression exhibited a relatively shorter overall survival period. In conclusion, under hypoxic conditions, HMGB1 promoted mitochondrial transfer and migration and invasion of HCC cells by increasing the expression of mitochondrial transport protein RHOT1 and TNTs formation-related protein RAC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjia Jing
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xiaofeng Xiong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xin Mao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Qianben Song
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Lumiao Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yiming Ouyang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yingzhi Pang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yu Fu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Wei Yan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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5
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Zhang SX, Wang JJ, Starr CR, Lee EJ, Park KS, Zhylkibayev A, Medina A, Lin JH, Gorbatyuk M. The endoplasmic reticulum: Homeostasis and crosstalk in retinal health and disease. Prog Retin Eye Res 2024; 98:101231. [PMID: 38092262 PMCID: PMC11056313 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2023.101231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the largest intracellular organelle carrying out a broad range of important cellular functions including protein biosynthesis, folding, and trafficking, lipid and sterol biosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, and calcium storage and gated release. In addition, the ER makes close contact with multiple intracellular organelles such as mitochondria and the plasma membrane to actively regulate the biogenesis, remodeling, and function of these organelles. Therefore, maintaining a homeostatic and functional ER is critical for the survival and function of cells. This vital process is implemented through well-orchestrated signaling pathways of the unfolded protein response (UPR). The UPR is activated when misfolded or unfolded proteins accumulate in the ER, a condition known as ER stress, and functions to restore ER homeostasis thus promoting cell survival. However, prolonged activation or dysregulation of the UPR can lead to cell death and other detrimental events such as inflammation and oxidative stress; these processes are implicated in the pathogenesis of many human diseases including retinal disorders. In this review manuscript, we discuss the unique features of the ER and ER stress signaling in the retina and retinal neurons and describe recent advances in the research to uncover the role of ER stress signaling in neurodegenerative retinal diseases including age-related macular degeneration, inherited retinal degeneration, achromatopsia and cone diseases, and diabetic retinopathy. In some chapters, we highlight the complex interactions between the ER and other intracellular organelles focusing on mitochondria and illustrate how ER stress signaling regulates common cellular stress pathways such as autophagy. We also touch upon the integrated stress response in retinal degeneration and diabetic retinopathy. Finally, we provide an update on the current development of pharmacological agents targeting the UPR response and discuss some unresolved questions and knowledge gaps to be addressed by future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah X Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ross Eye Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States; Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States.
| | - Josh J Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ross Eye Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Christopher R Starr
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Eun-Jin Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology and Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, United States; Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Karen Sophia Park
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ross Eye Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Assylbek Zhylkibayev
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Andy Medina
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ross Eye Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Jonathan H Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, United States; Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Marina Gorbatyuk
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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Cui M, Bezprozvannaya S, Hao T, Elnwasany A, Szweda LI, Liu N, Bassel-Duby R, Olson EN. Transcription factor NFYa controls cardiomyocyte metabolism and proliferation during mouse fetal heart development. Dev Cell 2023; 58:2867-2880.e7. [PMID: 37972593 PMCID: PMC11000264 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Cardiomyocytes are highly metabolic cells responsible for generating the contractile force in the heart. During fetal development and regeneration, these cells actively divide but lose their proliferative activity in adulthood. The mechanisms that coordinate their metabolism and proliferation are not fully understood. Here, we study the role of the transcription factor NFYa in developing mouse hearts. Loss of NFYa alters cardiomyocyte composition, causing a decrease in immature regenerative cells and an increase in trabecular and mature cardiomyocytes, as identified by spatial and single-cell transcriptome analyses. NFYa-deleted cardiomyocytes exhibited reduced proliferation and impaired mitochondrial metabolism, leading to cardiac growth defects and embryonic death. NFYa, interacting with cofactor SP2, activates genes linking metabolism and proliferation at the transcription level. Our study identifies a nodal role of NFYa in regulating prenatal cardiac growth and a previously unrecognized transcriptional control mechanism of heart metabolism, highlighting the importance of mitochondrial metabolism during heart development and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Cui
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Svetlana Bezprozvannaya
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine and Sen. Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Specialized Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Tian Hao
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Abdallah Elnwasany
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Luke I Szweda
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine and Sen. Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Specialized Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Rhonda Bassel-Duby
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine and Sen. Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Specialized Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Eric N Olson
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine and Sen. Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Specialized Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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7
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Chen B, Tan L, Chen D, Wang X, Liu J, Huang X, Wang Y, Huang S, Mao F, Lian J. KCNH2A561V Heterozygous Mutation Inhibits KCNH2 Protein Expression via The Activation of UPR Mediated by ATF6. Physiol Res 2023; 72:621-631. [PMID: 38015761 PMCID: PMC10751050 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.935095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The potassium channel protein KCNH2 is encoded by KCNH2 gene, and there are more than 300 mutations of KCNH2. Unfolded protein response (UPR) is typically initiated in response to an accumulation of unfolded and/or misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The present study aimed to explore the UPR process and the role of activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) in the abnormal expression of potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2 (KCNH2)A561V. The wild-type (wt) KCNH2 and A561V mutant KCNH2 was constructed with his-tag. The 293 cells were used and divided into KCNH2wt+KCNH2A561V, KCNH2wt and KCNH2A561V groups. The expression levels of ATF6 and KCNH2 in different groups were detected by Western blotting, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR, immunofluorescence and immuno-coprecipitation assays. The protein types and abundance of immuno-coprecipitation samples were analyzed by mass spectrometry. The proteomic analysis of the mass spectrometry results was carried out by using the reactome database and GO (Gene Ontology) tool. The mRNA expression levels of KCNH2 and ATF6 in the KCNH2wt+KCNH2A561V group were higher compared with the KCNH2A561V group. However, the full-length protein expression of ATF6 was inhibited, indicating that ATF6 was highly activated and a substantial number of ATF6 was sheared in KCNH2wt+KCNH2A561V group compared with control group. Furthermore, A561V-KCNH2 mutation leading to the accumulation of the immature form of KCNH2 (135 kDa bands) in ER, resulting in the reduction of the ratio of 155 kDa/135 kDa. In addition, the abundance of UPR-related proteins in the KCNH2A561V group was higher compared with the KCNH2wt+KCNH2A561V group. The 'cysteine biosynthetic activity' of GO:0019344 process and the 'positive regulation of cytoplasmic translation activity' of GO:2000767 process in the KCNH2A561V group were higher compared with the KCNH2wt+KCNH2A561V group. Hence, co-expression of wild-type and A561V mutant KCNH2 in 293 cells activated the UPR process, which led to the inhibition of protein translation and synthesis, in turn inhibiting the expression of KCNH2. These results provided a theoretical basis for clinical treatment of Long QT syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Chen
- Emergency Medical Center, Ningbo Yinzhou No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China; Department of General Surgery, Ningbo No.2 Hospital, Ningbo, China. ; Department of Cardiology, Ningbo Medical Center LiHuiLi Hospital, Ningbo, China.
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Park JE, Lee J, Ok S, Byun S, Chang EJ, Yoon SE, Kim YJ, Kang MJ. Wg/Wnt1 and Erasp link ER stress to proapoptotic signaling in an autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa model. Exp Mol Med 2023:10.1038/s12276-023-01044-7. [PMID: 37464094 PMCID: PMC10394004 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01044-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a subcellular organelle essential for cellular homeostasis. Perturbation of ER functions due to various conditions can induce apoptosis. Chronic ER stress has been implicated in a wide range of diseases, including autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (ADRP), which is characterized by age-dependent retinal degeneration caused by mutant rhodopsin alleles. However, the signaling pathways that mediate apoptosis in response to ER stress remain poorly understood. In this study, we performed an unbiased in vivo RNAi screen with a Drosophila ADRP model and found that Wg/Wnt1 mediated apoptosis. Subsequent transcriptome analysis revealed that ER stress-associated serine protease (Erasp), which has been predicted to show serine-type endopeptidase activity, was a downstream target of Wg/Wnt1 during ER stress. Furthermore, knocking down Erasp via RNAi suppressed apoptosis induced by mutant rhodopsin-1 (Rh-1P37H) toxicity, alleviating retinal degeneration in the Drosophila ADRP model. In contrast, overexpression of Erasp resulted in enhanced caspase activity in Drosophila S2 cells treated with apoptotic inducers and the stabilization of the initiator caspase Dronc (Death regulator Nedd2-like caspase) by stimulating DIAP1 (Drosophila inhibitor of apoptosis protein 1) degradation. These findings helped identify a novel cell death signaling pathway involved in retinal degeneration in an autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Eun Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoun Lee
- School of Biopharmaceutical and Medical Sciences, Sungshin University, Seoul, 01133, Republic of Korea
| | - Soonhyuck Ok
- Department of Pharmacology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghee Byun
- Department of Pharmacology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ju Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Eun Yoon
- Korea Drosophila Resource Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Joon Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ji Kang
- Department of Pharmacology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea.
- Biomedical Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Jin S, Jin B, Ishikawa T, Ninagawa S, Okada T, Koyasu S, Harada H, Mori K. Loss of ATF6α in a human carcinoma cell line is compensated not by its paralogue ATF6β but by sustained activation of the IRE1 and PERK arms for tumor growth in nude mice. Mol Biol Cell 2023; 34:ar20. [PMID: 36696173 PMCID: PMC10011727 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e22-07-0292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
To survive poor nutritional conditions, tumor cells activate the unfolded protein response, which is composed of the IRE1, PERK, and ATF6 arms, to maintain the homeostasis of the endoplasmic reticulum, where secretory and transmembrane proteins destined for the secretory pathway gain their correct three-dimensional structure. The requirement of the IRE1 and PERK arms for tumor growth in nude mice is established. Here we investigated the requirement for the ATF6 arm, which consists of ubiquitously expressed ATF6α and ATF6β, by constructing ATF6α-knockout (KO), ATF6β-KO, and ATF6α/β-double KO (DKO) in HCT116 cells derived from human colorectal carcinoma. Results showed that these KO cells grew similarly to wild-type (WT) cells in nude mice, contrary to expectations from our analysis of ATF6α-KO, ATF6β-KO, and ATF6α/β-DKO mice. We then found that the loss of ATF6α in HCT116 cells resulted in sustained activation of the IRE1 and PERK arms in marked contrast to mouse embryonic fibroblasts, in which the loss of ATF6α is compensated for by ATF6β. Although IRE1-KO in HCT116 cells unexpectedly did not affect tumor growth in nude mice, IRE1-KO HCT116 cells with ATF6α knockdown grew significantly more slowly than WT or IRE1-KO HCT116 cells. These results have unraveled the situation-dependent differential compensation strategies of ATF6α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyu Jin
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Byungseok Jin
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Tokiro Ishikawa
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ninagawa
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Okada
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Sho Koyasu
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Harada
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Mori
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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10
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Shirotani K, Watanabe K, Hatta D, Kutoku Y, Ohsawa Y, Sunada Y, Kondo T, Inoue H, Iwata N. Alterations of ATG4A and LC3B in neurons derived from Alzheimer's disease patients. Genes Cells 2023; 28:319-325. [PMID: 36719634 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.13010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the alterations in autophagy-related molecules in neurons differentiated from induced pluripotent stem cells obtained from patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Consistent with our previous microarray data, ATG4A protein was upregulated in the neurons derived from a familial AD patient with an APP-E693Δ mutation who showed accumulation of intracellular amyloid β peptide (Aβ). This upregulation was reversed by inhibiting Aβ production, suggesting that the intracellular Aβ may be responsible for the upregulation of ATG4A. The LC3B-II/LC3B-I ratio, an index of autophagosome formation, was lower in the neurons derived from the AD patient with APP-E693Δ as well as the neurons derived from other familial and sporadic AD patients. These findings indicate that dysregulation of autophagy-related molecules may accelerate the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiro Shirotani
- Department of Genome-Based Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,Leading Medical Research Core Unit, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama, Japan
| | - Kaori Watanabe
- Department of Genome-Based Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hatta
- Department of Genome-Based Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yumiko Kutoku
- Department of Neurology, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yutaka Ohsawa
- Department of Neurology, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Sunada
- Department of Neurology, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kondo
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama, Japan.,Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Haruhisa Inoue
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama, Japan.,Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nobuhisa Iwata
- Department of Genome-Based Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,Leading Medical Research Core Unit, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama, Japan
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11
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Wang L, Liu Y, Zhang X, Ye Y, Xiong X, Zhang S, Gu L, Jian Z, Wang H. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and the Unfolded Protein Response in Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:864426. [PMID: 35602556 PMCID: PMC9114642 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.864426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is an acute cerebrovascular disease characterized by sudden interruption of blood flow in a certain part of the brain, leading to serious disability and death. At present, treatment methods for ischemic stroke are limited to thrombolysis or thrombus removal, but the treatment window is very narrow. However, recovery of cerebral blood circulation further causes cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (CIRI). The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays an important role in protein secretion, membrane protein folding, transportation, and maintenance of intracellular calcium homeostasis. Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) plays a crucial role in cerebral ischemia pathophysiology. Mild ERS helps improve cell tolerance and restore cell homeostasis; however, excessive or long-term ERS causes apoptotic pathway activation. Specifically, the protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), and inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) pathways are significantly activated following initiation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). CIRI-induced apoptosis leads to nerve cell death, which ultimately aggravates neurological deficits in patients. Therefore, it is necessary and important to comprehensively explore the mechanism of ERS in CIRI to identify methods for preserving brain cells and neuronal function after ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingze Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoxing Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shudi Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lijuan Gu
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhihong Jian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Zhihong Jian,
| | - Hongfa Wang
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Hongfa Wang,
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12
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Ko DK, Brandizzi F. Advanced genomics identifies growth effectors for proteotoxic ER stress recovery in Arabidopsis thaliana. Commun Biol 2022; 5:16. [PMID: 35017639 PMCID: PMC8752741 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02964-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adverse environmental and pathophysiological situations can overwhelm the biosynthetic capacity of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), igniting a potentially lethal condition known as ER stress. ER stress hampers growth and triggers a conserved cytoprotective signaling cascade, the unfolded protein response (UPR) for ER homeostasis. As ER stress subsides, growth is resumed. Despite the pivotal role of the UPR in growth restoration, the underlying mechanisms for growth resumption are yet unknown. To discover these, we undertook a genomics approach in the model plant species Arabidopsis thaliana and mined the gene reprogramming roles of the UPR modulators, basic leucine zipper28 (bZIP28) and bZIP60, in ER stress resolution. Through a network modeling and experimental validation, we identified key genes downstream of the UPR bZIP-transcription factors (bZIP-TFs), and demonstrated their functional roles. Our analyses have set up a critical pipeline for functional gene discovery in ER stress resolution with broad applicability across multicellular eukaryotes. Ko and Brandizzi use Arabidopsis thaliana to investigate the downstream regulators of two major endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related transcription factors, bZIP60 and bZIP28. Their results provide further insight on how two modulators of the unfolded protein response contribute to growth recovery from ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Kwan Ko
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.,Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA. .,Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA. .,Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
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13
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Sahin GS, Lee H, Engin F. An accomplice more than a mere victim: The impact of β-cell ER stress on type 1 diabetes pathogenesis. Mol Metab 2021; 54:101365. [PMID: 34728341 PMCID: PMC8606542 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic β-cells are the insulin factory of an organism with a mission to regulate glucose homeostasis in the body. Due to their high secretory activity, β-cells rely on a functional and intact endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Perturbations to ER homeostasis and unmitigated stress lead to β-cell dysfunction and death. Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by the autoimmune-mediated destruction of β-cells. Although autoimmunity is an essential component of T1D pathogenesis, accumulating evidence suggests an important role of β-cell ER stress and aberrant unfolded protein response (UPR) in disease initiation and progression. SCOPE OF REVIEW In this article, we introduce ER stress and the UPR, review β-cell ER stress in various mouse models, evaluate its involvement in inflammation, and discuss the effects of ER stress on β-cell plasticity and demise, and islet autoimmunity in T1D. We also highlight the relationship of ER stress with other stress response pathways and provide insight into ongoing clinical studies targeting ER stress and the UPR for the prevention or treatment of T1D. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Evidence from ex vivo studies, in vivo mouse models, and tissue samples from patients suggest that β-cell ER stress and a defective UPR contribute to T1D pathogenesis. Thus, restoration of β-cell ER homeostasis at various stages of disease presents a plausible therapeutic strategy for T1D. Identifying the specific functions and regulation of each UPR sensor in β-cells and uncovering the crosstalk between stressed β-cells and immune cells during T1D progression would provide a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of disease process, and may reveal novel targets for development of effective therapies for T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulcan Semra Sahin
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Hugo Lee
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Feyza Engin
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53706, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53705, USA; Department of Cell & Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
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14
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Ibe NU, Subramanian A, Mukherjee S. Non-canonical activation of the ER stress sensor ATF6 by Legionella pneumophila effectors. Life Sci Alliance 2021; 4:4/12/e202101247. [PMID: 34635501 PMCID: PMC8507491 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202101247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila secretes toxins into the host cell that induce the non-canonical processing and activation of the ER stress sensor and transcription factor ATF6 via a mechanism that is distinct from the canonical pathway activated by unfolded protein buildup. The intracellular bacterial pathogen Legionella pneumophila (L.p.) secretes ∼330 effector proteins into the host cell to sculpt an ER-derived replicative niche. We previously reported five L.p. effectors that inhibit IRE1, a key sensor of the homeostatic unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway. In this study, we discovered a subset of L.p. toxins that selectively activate the UPR sensor ATF6, resulting in its cleavage, nuclear translocation, and target gene transcription. In a deviation from the conventional model, this L.p.–dependent activation of ATF6 does not require its transport to the Golgi or its cleavage by the S1P/S2P proteases. We believe that our findings highlight the unique regulatory control that L.p. exerts upon the three UPR sensors and expand the repertoire of bacterial proteins that selectively perturb host homeostatic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nnejiuwa U Ibe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,George Williams Hooper Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Advait Subramanian
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,George Williams Hooper Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Shaeri Mukherjee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA .,George Williams Hooper Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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15
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Elongin functions as a loading factor for Mediator at ATF6α-regulated ER stress response genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2108751118. [PMID: 34544872 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2108751118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The bZIP transcription factor ATF6α is a master regulator of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response genes. In this report, we identify the multifunctional RNA polymerase II transcription factor Elongin as a cofactor for ATF6α-dependent transcription activation. Biochemical studies reveal that Elongin functions at least in part by facilitating ATF6α-dependent loading of Mediator at the promoters and enhancers of ER stress response genes. Depletion of Elongin from cells leads to impaired transcription of ER stress response genes and to defects in the recruitment of Mediator and its CDK8 kinase subunit. Taken together, these findings bring to light a role for Elongin as a loading factor for Mediator during the ER stress response.
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16
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Enhanced GRP78 protein expression via the IRE1α/ASK1/p38 MAPK pathway during As 2O 3-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress in BEAS-2B cells. Toxicology 2021; 462:152962. [PMID: 34560123 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic arsenic is widely present in the environment. Exposure to moderate to high concentrations of arsenic from drinking water or air can cause various cancers and multisystem dysfunction. Glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress sensor of unfolded protein response (UPR) under stress conditions and it enhances cell survival. The aim of this study is to investigate molecular mechanisms of arsenic-induced GRP78 expression in BEAS-2B cells model. We found that GRP78 protein expression was enhanced, while the level of GRP78 mRNA expression did not change under arsenic trioxide (As2O3)-induced ER stress condition in BEAS-2B cells. Cycloheximide, a protein synthesis inhibitor, completely inhibited As2O3-induced GRP78 protein expression. GRP78 mRNA expression was inhibited by actinomycin-D (Act-D). However, GRP78 protein expression was upregulated in the presence of Act-D under As2O3-induced ER stress condition. These data indicated that the upregulation of GRP78 protein under As2O3-induced UPR condition was possibly due to the increased biosynthesis of GRP78 protein. Moreover, both inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α) RNase and kinase inhibitor KIRA6 and IRE1α kinase inhibitor APY29 completely inhibited As2O3-induced GRP78 protein expression and phosphorylation of JNK, ERK and p38 MAPK. Activation of apoptotic signaling kinase 1 (ASK1) is a downstream effector of IRE1α kinase. ASK1 inhibitor selonsertib and p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 partially inhibited As2O3-induced GRP78 protein expression, respectively. Our results suggested that As2O3 enhanced GRP78 protein expression in BEAS-2B cells via IRE1α kinase/ASK1/p38 MAPK signaling pathway. To our knowledge, this is the first report on illuminating the related mechanisms of increased GRP78 protein expression in As2O3-induced ER stress condition through a novel IRE1α pathway.
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17
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Unfolded protein response during cardiovascular disorders: a tilt towards pro-survival and cellular homeostasis. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:4061-4080. [PMID: 34259975 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04223-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an organelle that orchestrates the production and proper assembly of an extensive types of secretory and membrane proteins. Endoplasmic reticulum stress is conventionally related to prolonged disruption in the protein folding machinery resulting in the accumulation of unfolded proteins in the ER. This disruption is often manifested due to oxidative stress, Ca2+ leakage, iron imbalance, disease conditions which in turn hampers the cellular homeostasis and induces cellular apoptosis. A mild ER stress is often reverted back to normal. However, cells retaliate to acute ER stress by activating the unfolded protein response (UPR) which comprises three signaling pathways, Activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), inositol requiring enzyme 1 alpha (IRE1α), and protein kinase RNA-activated-like ER kinase (PERK). The UPR response participates in both protective and pro-apoptotic responses and not much is known about the mechanistic aspects of the switch from pro-survival to pro-apoptosis. When ER stress outpaces UPR response then cell apoptosis prevails which often leads to the development of various diseases including cardiomyopathies. Therefore, it is important to identify molecules that modulate the UPR that may serve as promising tools towards effective treatment of cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we elucidated the latest advances in construing the contribution imparted by the three arms of UPR to combat the adverse environment in the ER to restore cellular homeostasis during cardiomyopathies. We also summarized the various therapeutic agents that plays crucial role in tilting the UPR response towards pro-survival.
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18
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Park SM, Kang TI, So JS. Roles of XBP1s in Transcriptional Regulation of Target Genes. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9070791. [PMID: 34356855 PMCID: PMC8301375 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9070791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The spliced form of X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1s) is an active transcription factor that plays a vital role in the unfolded protein response (UPR). Under endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, unspliced Xbp1 mRNA is cleaved by the activated stress sensor IRE1α and converted to the mature form encoding spliced XBP1 (XBP1s). Translated XBP1s migrates to the nucleus and regulates the transcriptional programs of UPR target genes encoding ER molecular chaperones, folding enzymes, and ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD) components to decrease ER stress. Moreover, studies have shown that XBP1s regulates the transcription of diverse genes that are involved in lipid and glucose metabolism and immune responses. Therefore, XBP1s has been considered an important therapeutic target in studying various diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. XBP1s is involved in several unique mechanisms to regulate the transcription of different target genes by interacting with other proteins to modulate their activity. Although recent studies discovered numerous target genes of XBP1s via genome-wide analyses, how XBP1s regulates their transcription remains unclear. This review discusses the roles of XBP1s in target genes transcriptional regulation. More in-depth knowledge of XBP1s target genes and transcriptional regulatory mechanisms in the future will help develop new therapeutic targets for each disease.
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19
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Sannino S, Yates ME, Schurdak ME, Oesterreich S, Lee AV, Wipf P, Brodsky JL. Unique integrated stress response sensors regulate cancer cell susceptibility when Hsp70 activity is compromised. eLife 2021; 10:64977. [PMID: 34180400 PMCID: PMC8275131 DOI: 10.7554/elife.64977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular chaperones, such as Hsp70, prevent proteotoxicity and maintain homeostasis. This is perhaps most evident in cancer cells, which overexpress Hsp70 and thrive even when harboring high levels of misfolded proteins. To define the response to proteotoxic challenges, we examined adaptive responses in breast cancer cells in the presence of an Hsp70 inhibitor. We discovered that the cells bin into distinct classes based on inhibitor sensitivity. Strikingly, the most resistant cells have higher autophagy levels, and autophagy was maximally activated only in resistant cells upon Hsp70 inhibition. In turn, resistance to compromised Hsp70 function required the integrated stress response transducer, GCN2, which is commonly associated with amino acid starvation. In contrast, sensitive cells succumbed to Hsp70 inhibition by activating PERK. These data reveal an unexpected route through which breast cancer cells adapt to proteotoxic insults and position GCN2 and autophagy as complementary mechanisms to ensure survival when proteostasis is compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sannino
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Megan E Yates
- Women's Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Magee-Women Research Institute, Pittsburgh, United States.,Integrative Systems Biology Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Mark E Schurdak
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States.,University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Steffi Oesterreich
- Women's Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Magee-Women Research Institute, Pittsburgh, United States.,Integrative Systems Biology Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States.,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Adrian V Lee
- Women's Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Magee-Women Research Institute, Pittsburgh, United States.,Integrative Systems Biology Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States.,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Peter Wipf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Jeffrey L Brodsky
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States
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20
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Tokugawa M, Inoue Y, Ishiuchi K, Kujirai C, Matsuno M, Ri M, Itoh Y, Miyajima C, Morishita D, Ohoka N, Iida S, Mizukami H, Makino T, Hayashi H. Periplocin and cardiac glycosides suppress the unfolded protein response. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9528. [PMID: 33947921 PMCID: PMC8097017 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89074-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) controls protein homeostasis through transcriptional and translational regulation. However, dysregulated UPR signaling has been associated with the pathogenesis of many human diseases. Therefore, the compounds modulating UPR may provide molecular insights for these pathologies in the context of UPR. Here, we screened small-molecule compounds that suppress UPR, using a library of Myanmar wild plant extracts. The screening system to track X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) splicing activity revealed that the ethanol extract of the Periploca calophylla stem inhibited the inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1)-XBP1 pathway. We isolated and identified periplocin as a potent inhibitor of the IRE1-XBP1 axis. Periplocin also suppressed other UPR axes, protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6). Examining the structure–activity relationship of periplocin revealed that cardiac glycosides also inhibited UPR. Moreover, periplocin suppressed the constitutive activation of XBP1 and exerted cytotoxic effects in the human multiple myeloma cell lines, AMO1 and RPMI8226. These results reveal a novel suppressive effect of periplocin or the other cardiac glycosides on UPR regulation, suggesting that these compounds will contribute to our understanding of the pathological or physiological importance of UPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muneshige Tokugawa
- Department of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Yasumichi Inoue
- Department of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan. .,Department of Innovative Therapeutic Sciences, Cooperative Major in Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan.
| | - Kan'ichiro Ishiuchi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Chisane Kujirai
- Department of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Michiyo Matsuno
- The Kochi Prefectural Makino Botanical Garden, Kochi, 781-8125, Japan
| | - Masaki Ri
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Yuka Itoh
- Department of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Chiharu Miyajima
- Department of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan.,Department of Innovative Therapeutic Sciences, Cooperative Major in Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Daisuke Morishita
- Department of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan.,Chordia Therapeutics Inc., Kanagawa, 251-0012, Japan
| | - Nobumichi Ohoka
- Division of Molecular Target and Gene Therapy Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Iida
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Hajime Mizukami
- The Kochi Prefectural Makino Botanical Garden, Kochi, 781-8125, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Makino
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Hayashi
- Department of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan. .,Department of Innovative Therapeutic Sciences, Cooperative Major in Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan.
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21
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Oxidative Stress and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Rare Respiratory Diseases. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10061268. [PMID: 33803835 PMCID: PMC8003245 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10061268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have shown that some rare respiratory diseases, such as alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), cystic fibrosis (CF), and primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) present oxidative stress (OS) and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Their involvement in these pathologies and the use of antioxidants as therapeutic agents to minimize the effects of OS are discussed in this review.
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22
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Mincham KT, Jones AC, Bodinier M, Scott NM, Lauzon-Joset JF, Stumbles PA, Bosco A, Holt PG, Strickland DH. Transplacental Innate Immune Training via Maternal Microbial Exposure: Role of XBP1-ERN1 Axis in Dendritic Cell Precursor Programming. Front Immunol 2020; 11:601494. [PMID: 33424847 PMCID: PMC7793790 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.601494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that offspring of mice treated during pregnancy with the microbial-derived immunomodulator OM-85 manifest striking resistance to allergic airways inflammation, and localized the potential treatment target to fetal conventional dendritic cell (cDC) progenitors. Here, we profile maternal OM-85 treatment-associated transcriptomic signatures in fetal bone marrow, and identify a series of immunometabolic pathways which provide essential metabolites for accelerated myelopoiesis. Additionally, the cDC progenitor compartment displayed treatment-associated activation of the XBP1-ERN1 signalling axis which has been shown to be crucial for tissue survival of cDC, particularly within the lungs. Our forerunner studies indicate uniquely rapid turnover of airway mucosal cDCs at baseline, with further large-scale upregulation of population dynamics during aeroallergen and/or pathogen challenge. We suggest that enhanced capacity for XBP1-ERN1-dependent cDC survival within the airway mucosal tissue microenvironment may be a crucial element of OM-85-mediated transplacental innate immune training which results in postnatal resistance to airway inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle T. Mincham
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Anya C. Jones
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Marie Bodinier
- INRA Pays de la Loire, UR 1268 Biopolymers Interactions Assemblies (BIA) Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Naomi M. Scott
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Jean-Francois Lauzon-Joset
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Centre de recherche de I‘Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université, Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Philip A. Stumbles
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Anthony Bosco
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Patrick G. Holt
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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23
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Grandjean JMD, Wiseman RL. Small molecule strategies to harness the unfolded protein response: where do we go from here? J Biol Chem 2020; 295:15692-15711. [PMID: 32887796 PMCID: PMC7667976 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev120.010218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) plays a central role in regulating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and global cellular physiology in response to pathologic ER stress. The UPR is comprised of three signaling pathways activated downstream of the ER membrane proteins IRE1, ATF6, and PERK. Once activated, these proteins initiate transcriptional and translational signaling that functions to alleviate ER stress, adapt cellular physiology, and dictate cell fate. Imbalances in UPR signaling are implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous, etiologically-diverse diseases, including many neurodegenerative diseases, protein misfolding diseases, diabetes, ischemic disorders, and cancer. This has led to significant interest in establishing pharmacologic strategies to selectively modulate IRE1, ATF6, or PERK signaling to both ameliorate pathologic imbalances in UPR signaling implicated in these different diseases and define the importance of the UPR in diverse cellular and organismal contexts. Recently, there has been significant progress in the identification and characterization of UPR modulating compounds, providing new opportunities to probe the pathologic and potentially therapeutic implications of UPR signaling in human disease. Here, we describe currently available UPR modulating compounds, specifically highlighting the strategies used for their discovery and specific advantages and disadvantages in their application for probing UPR function. Furthermore, we discuss lessons learned from the application of these compounds in cellular and in vivo models to identify favorable compound properties that can help drive the further translational development of selective UPR modulators for human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M D Grandjean
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - R Luke Wiseman
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.
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24
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Brown M, Dainty S, Strudwick N, Mihai AD, Watson JN, Dendooven R, Paton AW, Paton JC, Schröder M. Endoplasmic reticulum stress causes insulin resistance by inhibiting delivery of newly synthesized insulin receptors to the cell surface. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:2597-2629. [PMID: 32877278 PMCID: PMC7851869 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-01-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) causes ER stress and activates a signaling network known as the unfolded protein response (UPR). Here we characterize how ER stress and the UPR inhibit insulin signaling. We find that ER stress inhibits insulin signaling by depleting the cell surface population of the insulin receptor. ER stress inhibits proteolytic maturation of insulin proreceptors by interfering with transport of newly synthesized insulin proreceptors from the ER to the plasma membrane. Activation of AKT, a major target of the insulin signaling pathway, by a cytosolic, membrane-bound chimera between the AP20187-inducible FV2E dimerization domain and the cytosolic protein tyrosine kinase domain of the insulin receptor was not affected by ER stress. Hence, signaling events in the UPR, such as activation of the JNK mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases or the pseudokinase TRB3 by the ER stress sensors IRE1α and PERK, do not contribute to inhibition of signal transduction in the insulin signaling pathway. Indeed, pharmacologic inhibition and genetic ablation of JNKs, as well as silencing of expression of TRB3, did not restore insulin sensitivity or rescue processing of newly synthesized insulin receptors in ER-stressed cells. [Media: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Brown
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
- Biophysical Sciences Institute, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
- North East England Stem Cell Institute (NESCI), Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 4EP, United Kingdom
| | - Samantha Dainty
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
- Biophysical Sciences Institute, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
- North East England Stem Cell Institute (NESCI), Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 4EP, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie Strudwick
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
- Biophysical Sciences Institute, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
- North East England Stem Cell Institute (NESCI), Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 4EP, United Kingdom
| | - Adina D. Mihai
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
- Biophysical Sciences Institute, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
- North East England Stem Cell Institute (NESCI), Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 4EP, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie N. Watson
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
- Biophysical Sciences Institute, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
- North East England Stem Cell Institute (NESCI), Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 4EP, United Kingdom
| | - Robina Dendooven
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
- Biophysical Sciences Institute, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
- North East England Stem Cell Institute (NESCI), Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 4EP, United Kingdom
| | - Adrienne W. Paton
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - James C. Paton
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Martin Schröder
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
- Biophysical Sciences Institute, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
- North East England Stem Cell Institute (NESCI), Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 4EP, United Kingdom
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25
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Abstract
Background A growing body of literature suggests the cell–intrinsic activity of Atf6α during ER stress responses has implications for tissue cell number during growth and development, as well as in adult biology and tumorigenesis [1]. This concept is important, linking the cellular processes of secretory protein synthesis and endoplasmic reticulum stress response with functional tissue capacity and organ size. However, the field contains conflicting observations, especially notable in secretory cell types like the pancreatic beta cell. Scope of review Here we summarize current knowledge of the basic biology of Atf6α, along with the pleiotropic roles Atf6α plays in cell life and death decisions and possible explanations for conflicting observations. We include studies investigating the roles of Atf6α in cell survival, death and proliferation using well-controlled methodology and specific validated outcome measures, with a focus on endocrine and metabolic tissues when information was available. Major conclusions The net outcome of Atf6α on cell survival and cell death depends on cell type and growth conditions, the presence and degree of ER stress, and the duration and intensity of Atf6α activation. It is unquestioned that Atf6α activity influences the cell fate decision between survival and death, although opposite directions of this outcome are reported in different contexts. Atf6α can also trigger cell cycle activity to expand tissue cell number through proliferation. Much work remains to be done to clarify the many gaps in understanding in this important emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit B Sharma
- Diabetes Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Jarin T Snyder
- Diabetes Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Laura C Alonso
- Diabetes Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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26
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Victor MP, Acharya D, Chakraborty S, Ghosh TC. Chaperone client proteins evolve slower than non-client proteins. Funct Integr Genomics 2020; 20:621-631. [PMID: 32377887 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-020-00740-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chaperones are important molecular machinery that assists proteins to attain their native three-dimensional structure crucial for function. Earlier studies using experimental evolution showed that chaperones impose a relaxation of sequence constraints on their "client" proteins, which may lead to the fixation of slightly deleterious mutations on the latter. However, we hypothesized that such a phenomenon might be harmful to the organism in a natural physiological condition. In this study, we investigated the evolutionary rates of chaperone client and non-client proteins in five model organisms from both prokaryotic and eukaryotic lineages. Our study reveals a slower evolutionary rate of chaperone client proteins in all five organisms. Additionally, the slower folding rate and lower aggregation propensity of chaperone client proteins reveal that the chaperone may play an essential role in rescuing the slightly disadvantageous effects due to random mutations and subsequent protein misfolding. However, the fixation of such mutations is less likely to be selected in the natural population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Debarun Acharya
- Department of Microbiology, Bose Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Sandip Chakraborty
- Division of Bioinformatics, Bose Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
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27
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Lee EJ, Chiang WCJ, Kroeger H, Bi CX, Chao DL, Skowronska-Krawczyk D, Mastey RR, Tsang SH, Chea L, Kim K, Lambert SR, Grandjean JM, Baumann B, Audo I, Kohl S, Moore AT, Wiseman RL, Carroll J, Lin JH. Multiexon deletion alleles of ATF6 linked to achromatopsia. JCI Insight 2020; 5:136041. [PMID: 32271167 PMCID: PMC7205249 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.136041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Achromatopsia (ACHM) is an autosomal recessive disease that results in severe visual loss. Symptoms of ACHM include impaired visual acuity, nystagmus, and photoaversion starting from infancy; furthermore, ACHM is associated with bilateral foveal hypoplasia and absent or severely reduced cone photoreceptor function on electroretinography. Here, we performed genetic sequencing in 3 patients from 2 families with ACHM, identifying and functionally characterizing 2 mutations in the activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) gene. We identified a homozygous deletion covering exons 8-14 of the ATF6 gene from 2 siblings from the same family. In another patient from a different family, we identified a heterozygous deletion covering exons 2 and 3 of the ATF6 gene found in trans with a previously identified ATF6 c.970C>T (p.Arg324Cys) ACHM disease allele. Recombinant ATF6 proteins bearing these exon deletions showed markedly impaired transcriptional activity by qPCR and RNA-Seq analysis compared with WT-ATF6. Finally, RNAscope revealed that ATF6 and the related ATF6B transcripts were expressed in cones as well as in all retinal layers in normal human retina. Overall, our data identify loss-of-function ATF6 disease alleles that cause human foveal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jin Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shiley Eye Institute, and
- Department of Pathology, UCSD, San Diego, California, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Wei-Chieh Jerry Chiang
- Department of Pathology, UCSD, San Diego, California, USA
- Developmental Neurobiology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Heike Kroeger
- Department of Pathology, UCSD, San Diego, California, USA
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | | | | | | | - Rebecca R. Mastey
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Stephen H. Tsang
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Leon Chea
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Kyle Kim
- Department of Pathology, UCSD, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Scott R. Lambert
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Julia M.D. Grandjean
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Britta Baumann
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Isabelle Audo
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
- CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, DHU Sight Restore, INSERM-DGOS CIC1423, Paris, France
| | - Susanne Kohl
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anthony T. Moore
- Department of Ophthalmology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - R. Luke Wiseman
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Joseph Carroll
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jonathan H. Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, California, USA
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28
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Abstract
Antibody-secreting plasma cells are the central pillars of humoral immunity. They are generated in a fundamental cellular restructuring process from naive B cells upon contact with antigen. This outstanding process is guided and controlled by a complex transcriptional network accompanied by a fascinating morphological metamorphosis, governed by the combined action of Blimp-1, Xbp-1 and IRF-4. The survival of plasma cells requires the intimate interaction with a specific microenvironment, consisting of stromal cells and cells of hematopoietic origin. Cell-cell contacts, cytokines and availability of metabolites such as glucose and amino acids modulate the survival abilities of plasma cells in their niches. Moreover, plasma cells have been shown to regulate immune responses by releasing cytokines. Furthermore, plasma cells are central players in autoimmune diseases and malignant transformation of plasma cells can result in the generation of multiple myeloma. Hence, the development of sophisticated strategies to deplete autoreactive plasma cells and myeloma cells represents a challenge for current and future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Schuh
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Dirk Mielenz
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans-Martin Jäck
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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29
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Koba H, Jin S, Imada N, Ishikawa T, Ninagawa S, Okada T, Sakuma T, Yamamoto T, Mori K. Reinvestigation of Disulfide-bonded Oligomeric Forms of the Unfolded Protein Response Transducer ATF6. Cell Struct Funct 2020; 45:9-21. [PMID: 31852864 PMCID: PMC10739154 DOI: 10.1247/csf.19030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
ATF6α is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-embedded transcription factor which is rapidly activated by ER stress, and a major regulator of ER chaperone levels in vertebrates. We previously suggested that ATF6α occurs as a monomer, dimer and oligomer in the unstressed ER of Chinese hamster ovary cells due to the presence of two evolutionarily conserved cysteine residues in its luminal region (C467 and C618), and showed that ATF6α is reduced upon ER stress, such that only reduced monomer ATF6α is translocated to the Golgi apparatus for activation by proteolysis. However, mutagenesis analysis (C467A and C618A) revealed that the C618A mutant behaves in an unexpected manner (monomer and oligomer) during non-reducing SDS-PAGE, for reasons which remained unclear. Here, we used human colorectal carcinoma-derived HCT116 cells deficient in ATF6α and its relevant ATF6β, and found that ATF6α dimer and oligomer are both dimers, which we designated C618-dimer and C467-dimer, respectively. We demonstrated that C467-dimer (previously considered an oligomer) behaved bigger than C618-dimer (previously considered a dimer) during non-reducing SDS-PAGE, based on their disulfide-bonded structures. Furthermore, ATF6α monomer physically associates with another ATF6α monomer in the absence of disulfide bonding, which renders two C467 residues in close proximity so that formation of C467-dimer is much easier than that of C618-dimer. In contrast, C618-dimer is more easily reduced upon ER stress. Thus, our analysis revealed that all forms of ATF6α, namely monomer, C618-dimer and C467-dimer, are activated by single reduction of a disulfide bond in response to ER stress, ensuring the rapidity of ATF6α activation.Key words: disulfide-bonded structure, endoplasmic reticulum, membrane-bound transcription factor, non-reducing SDS-PAGE, unfolded protein response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hibiki Koba
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shengyu Jin
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Nanami Imada
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Tokiro Ishikawa
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ninagawa
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Okada
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Sakuma
- Division of Integrated Sciences for Life, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamamoto
- Division of Integrated Sciences for Life, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Mori
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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30
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Johnston BP, McCormick C. Herpesviruses and the Unfolded Protein Response. Viruses 2019; 12:E17. [PMID: 31877732 PMCID: PMC7019427 DOI: 10.3390/v12010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses usurp cellular stress responses to promote viral replication and avoid immune surveillance. The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a conserved stress response that is activated when the protein load in the ER exceeds folding capacity and misfolded proteins accumulate. The UPR aims to restore protein homeostasis through translational and transcriptional reprogramming; if homeostasis cannot be restored, the UPR switches from "helper" to "executioner", triggering apoptosis. It is thought that the burst of herpesvirus glycoprotein synthesis during lytic replication causes ER stress, and that these viruses may have evolved mechanisms to manage UPR signaling to create an optimal niche for replication. The past decade has seen considerable progress in understanding how herpesviruses reprogram the UPR. Here we provide an overview of the molecular events of UPR activation, signaling and transcriptional outputs, and highlight key evidence that herpesviruses hijack the UPR to aid infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin P. Johnston
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada;
- Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Craig McCormick
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada;
- Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
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31
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Kim JI, Kaufman RJ, Back SH, Moon JY. Development of a Reporter System Monitoring Regulated Intramembrane Proteolysis of the Transmembrane bZIP Transcription Factor ATF6α. Mol Cells 2019; 42:783-793. [PMID: 31707777 PMCID: PMC6883980 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2019.0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
When endoplasmic reticulum (ER) functions are perturbed, the ER induces several signaling pathways called unfolded protein response to reestablish ER homeostasis through three ER transmembrane proteins: inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1), PKR-like ER kinase (PERK), and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6). Although it is important to measure the activity of ATF6 that can indicate the status of the ER, no specific cell-based reporter assay is currently available. Here, we report a new cell-based method for monitoring ER stress based on the cleavage of ATF6α by sequential actions of proteases at the Golgi apparatus during ER stress. A new expressing vector was constructed by using fusion gene of GAL4 DNA binding domain (GAL4DBD) and activation domain derived from herpes simplex virus VP16 protein (VP16AD) followed by a human ATF6α N-terminal deletion variant. During ER stress, the GAL4DBD-VP16AD(GV)-hATF6α deletion variant was cleaved to liberate active transcription activator encompassing GV-hATF6α fragment which could translocate into the nucleus. The translocated GV-hATF6α fragment strongly induced the expression of firefly luciferase in HeLa Luciferase Reporter cell line containing a stably integrated 5X GAL4 site-luciferase gene. The established double stable reporter cell line HLR-GV-hATF6α(333) represents an innovative tool to investigate regulated intramembrane proteolysis of ATF6α. It can substitute active pATF6(N) binding motif-based reporter cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ik Kim
- Department of Biochemistry & Health Sciences, Changwon National University, Changwon 51140,
Korea
| | - Randal J. Kaufman
- Degenerative Diseases Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037,
USA
| | - Sung Hoon Back
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610,
Korea
| | - Ja-Young Moon
- Department of Biochemistry & Health Sciences, Changwon National University, Changwon 51140,
Korea
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32
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Dolfini D, Minuzzo M, Sertic S, Mantovani R. NF-YA overexpression protects from glutamine deprivation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1867:118571. [PMID: 31706909 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.118571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The heterotrimeric transcription factor NF-Y binds to CCAAT boxes of genes of glutamine metabolism. We set out to study the role of the regulatory NF-YA subunit in this pathway. We produced U2OS and A549 clones stably overexpressing -OE- the two splicing isoforms of NF-YA. NF-YA OE cells show normal growth and colony formation rates, but they become resistant to cell death upon glutamine deprivation. Increased mRNA and protein expression of the key biosynthetic enzyme GLUL in U2OS entails increased production of endogenous glutamine upon deprivation. The use of GLUL inhibitors dampens the NF-YA-mediated effect. NF-YA OE prevents activation of the pro-apoptotic transcription factor CHOP/DDIT3. Elevated basal levels of SERCA1/2, coding for the molecular target of Thapsigargin, correlate with resistance of NF-YA OE cells to the drug. The work represents a proof-of-principle that elevated levels of NF-YA, as found in some tumor types, helps altering cancer metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diletta Dolfini
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Mario Minuzzo
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Sarah Sertic
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Roberto Mantovani
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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33
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Karagöz GE, Aragón T, Acosta-Alvear D. Recent advances in signal integration mechanisms in the unfolded protein response. F1000Res 2019; 8. [PMID: 31723416 PMCID: PMC6833987 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.19848.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its discovery more than 25 years ago, great progress has been made in our understanding of the unfolded protein response (UPR), a homeostatic mechanism that adjusts endoplasmic reticulum (ER) function to satisfy the physiological demands of the cell. However, if ER homeostasis is unattainable, the UPR switches to drive cell death to remove defective cells in an effort to protect the health of the organism. This functional dichotomy places the UPR at the crossroads of the adaptation versus apoptosis decision. Here, we focus on new developments in UPR signaling mechanisms, in the interconnectivity among the signaling pathways that make up the UPR in higher eukaryotes, and in the coordination between the UPR and other fundamental cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Elif Karagöz
- Max Perutz Labs Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tomás Aragón
- Department of Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Diego Acosta-Alvear
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
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34
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Mohan S, R PRM, Brown L, Ayyappan P, G RK. Endoplasmic reticulum stress: A master regulator of metabolic syndrome. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 860:172553. [PMID: 31325433 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, a change in the ER homeostasis, leads to initiation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). The primary functions of the UPR are to restore the ER's physiological activity and coordinate the apoptotic and adaptive responses. Pathophysiological conditions that augment ER stress include hypoxia, misfolded and/or mutated protein accumulation, and high glucose. Prolonged ER stress is a critical factor in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome including type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, atherosclerosis, obesity, and fatty liver disease. UPR is a complex homeostatic pathway between newly synthesized proteins and their maturation, although the regulatory mechanisms contributing to the UPR and the possible therapeutic strategies are yet to be clarified. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms is necessary to develop therapeutic interventions targeting ER stress response. In this review, we discuss the role of ER stress and UPR signaling in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome, highlighting the main functions of UPR components. We have emphasized the use of novel small molecular chemical chaperones, considered as modulators of ER stress. The initial studies with these chemical chaperones are promising, but detailed studies are required to define their efficacy and adverse effects during therapeutic use in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreelekshmi Mohan
- Biochemistry and Molecular Mechanism Laboratory, Agroprocessing and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Industrial Estate, Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, Kerala, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
| | - Preetha Rani M R
- Biochemistry and Molecular Mechanism Laboratory, Agroprocessing and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Industrial Estate, Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, Kerala, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
| | - Lindsay Brown
- School of Health and Wellbeing/Functional Foods Research Group, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia
| | - Prathapan Ayyappan
- Department of Surgery-Transplant, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Raghu K G
- Biochemistry and Molecular Mechanism Laboratory, Agroprocessing and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Industrial Estate, Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, Kerala, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India.
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35
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Abstract
Human coronavirus (HCoV) infection causes respiratory diseases with mild to severe outcomes. In the last 15 years, we have witnessed the emergence of two zoonotic, highly pathogenic HCoVs: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Replication of HCoV is regulated by a diversity of host factors and induces drastic alterations in cellular structure and physiology. Activation of critical signaling pathways during HCoV infection modulates the induction of antiviral immune response and contributes to the pathogenesis of HCoV. Recent studies have begun to reveal some fundamental aspects of the intricate HCoV-host interaction in mechanistic detail. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of host factors co-opted and signaling pathways activated during HCoV infection, with an emphasis on HCoV-infection-induced stress response, autophagy, apoptosis, and innate immunity. The cross talk among these pathways, as well as the modulatory strategies utilized by HCoV, is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- To Sing Fung
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control and Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, People's Republic of China;
| | - Ding Xiang Liu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control and Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, People's Republic of China;
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Glembotski CC, Rosarda JD, Wiseman RL. Proteostasis and Beyond: ATF6 in Ischemic Disease. Trends Mol Med 2019; 25:538-550. [PMID: 31078432 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a pathological hallmark of numerous ischemic diseases, including stroke and myocardial infarction (MI). In these diseases, ER stress leads to activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) and subsequent adaptation of cellular physiology in ways that dictate cellular fate following ischemia. Recent evidence highlights a protective role for the activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) arm of the UPR in mitigating adverse outcomes associated with ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in multiple disease models. This suggests ATF6 as a potential therapeutic target for intervening in diverse ischemia-related disorders. Here, we discuss the evidence demonstrating the importance of ATF6 signaling in protecting different tissues against ischemic damage and discuss preclinical results focused on defining the potential for pharmacologically targeting ATF6 to intervene in such diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C Glembotski
- San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Jessica D Rosarda
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - R Luke Wiseman
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Shi KP, Dong SL, Zhou YG, Li Y, Gao QF, Sun DJ. RNA-seq reveals temporal differences in the transcriptome response to acute heat stress in the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2019; 30:169-178. [PMID: 30861459 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Acute heat stress is common in aquaculture and can affect diverse physiological processes in fish; however, different species of fish have various mechanisms for heat stress adaptation. In this study, we profiled the transcriptome responses of the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) to heat stress at 23 °C for 6 or 24 h, compared with that of fish at a normal temperature of 13 °C. The liver was selected as the target tissue for this analysis. A total of 243 and 88 genes were differentially expressed after 6 and 24 h of heat stress, respectively. Of these, only 22 were common to both time points, and most of these common genes were molecular chaperones such as heat shock cognate 71 kDa protein and heat shock protein 90-alpha. Genes such as activating transcription factor 6, calreticulin, protein disulfide isomerase A3, and protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase-eukaryotic initiation factor 2-alpha were only up-regulated after 6 h of heat stress; most of these genes are involved in the endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway. Indeed, endoplasmic reticulum stress was identified at 6 h but not at 24 h, suggesting that stress response plays an important role in the adaptation of Atlantic salmon to acute heat stress. Other up-regulated genes at 6 h were related to the insulin and nucleotide oligomerization domain-like receptor signaling pathways, which directly eliminate misfolded proteins and sustain sugar and lipid homeostasis. At 24 h, heat stress influenced the expression of steroid and terpenoid backbone biosynthesis, which may influence the sexual development and differentiation of Atlantic salmon. Overall, our results elucidate the transcriptome mechanisms that contribute to short-term heat tolerance in the liver of Atlantic salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Peng Shi
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Shuang-Lin Dong
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Yan-Gen Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yun Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Qin-Feng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Da-Jiang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
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Abstract
Eukaryotic cells respond to an overload of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by activating signaling pathways that are referred to as the unfolded protein response (UPR). Much UPR research has been conducted in cultured cells that exhibit no baseline UPR activity until they are challenged by ER stress initiated by chemicals or mutant proteins. At the same time, many genes that mediate UPR signaling are essential for the development of organisms ranging from Drosophila and fish to mice and humans, indicating that there is physiological ER stress that requires UPR in normally developing animal tissues. Recent studies have elucidated the tissue-specific roles of all three branches of UPR in distinct developing tissues of Drosophila, fish and mammals. As discussed in this Review, these studies not only reveal the physiological functions of the UPR pathways but also highlight a surprising degree of specificity associated with each UPR branch in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahana Mitra
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Hyung Don Ryoo
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Thomas R, Kermode AR. Enzyme enhancement therapeutics for lysosomal storage diseases: Current status and perspective. Mol Genet Metab 2019; 126:83-97. [PMID: 30528228 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Small-molecule- enzyme enhancement therapeutics (EETs) have emerged as attractive agents for the treatment of lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs), a broad group of genetic diseases caused by mutations in genes encoding lysosomal enzymes, or proteins required for lysosomal function. The underlying enzyme deficiencies characterizing LSDs cause a block in the stepwise degradation of complex macromolecules (e.g. glycosaminoglycans, glycolipids and others), such that undegraded or partially degraded substrates progressively accumulate in lysosomal and non-lysosomal compartments, a process leading to multisystem pathology via primary and secondary mechanisms. Missense mutations underlie many of the LSDs; the resultant mutant variant enzyme hydrolase is often impaired in its folding and maturation making it subject to rapid disposal by endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation (ERAD). Enzyme deficiency in the lysosome is the result, even though the mutant enzyme may retain significant catalytic functioning. Small molecule modulators - pharmacological chaperones (PCs), or proteostasis regulators (PRs) are being identified through library screens and computational tools, as they may offer a less costly approach than enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) for LSDs, and potentially treat neuronal forms of the diseases. PCs, capable of directly stabilizing the mutant protein, and PRs, which act on other cellular elements to enhance protein maturation, both allow a proportion of the synthesized variant protein to reach the lysosome and function. Proof-of-principle for PCs and PRs as therapeutic agents has been demonstrated for several LSDs, yet definitive data of their efficacy in disease models and/or in downstream clinical studies in many cases has yet to be achieved. Basic research to understand the cellular consequences of protein misfolding such as perturbed organellar crosstalk, redox status, and calcium balance is needed. Likewise, an elucidation of the early in cellulo pathogenic events underlying LSDs is vital and may lead to the discovery of new small molecule modulators and/or to other therapeutic approaches for driving proteostasis toward protein rescue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Thomas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Dr., Burnaby B.C. V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Allison R Kermode
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Dr., Burnaby B.C. V5A 1S6, Canada.
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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress and Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) in Mammalian Oocyte Maturation and Preimplantation Embryo Development. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20020409. [PMID: 30669355 PMCID: PMC6359168 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian oocytes and early embryos derived from in vitro production are highly susceptible to a variety of cellular stresses. During oocyte maturation and preimplantation embryo development, functional proteins must be folded properly in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to maintain oocyte and embryo development. However, some adverse factors negatively impact ER functions and protein synthesis, resulting in the activation of ER stress and unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling pathways. ER stress and UPR signaling have been identified in mammalian oocytes and embryos produced in vitro, suggesting that modulation of ER stress and UPR signaling play very important roles in oocyte maturation and the development of preimplantation embryos. In this review, we briefly describe the current state of knowledge regarding ER stress, UPR signaling pathways, and their roles and mechanisms in mammalian (excluding human) oocyte maturation and preimplantation embryo development.
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Sasaki K, Komori R, Taniguchi M, Shimaoka A, Midori S, Yamamoto M, Okuda C, Tanaka R, Sakamoto M, Wakabayashi S, Yoshida H. PGSE Is a Novel Enhancer Regulating the Proteoglycan Pathway of the Mammalian Golgi Stress Response. Cell Struct Funct 2018; 44:1-19. [PMID: 30487368 DOI: 10.1247/csf.18031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Golgi stress response is a homeostatic mechanism that augments the functional capacity of the Golgi apparatus when Golgi function becomes insufficient (Golgi stress). Three response pathways of the Golgi stress response have been identified in mammalian cells, the TFE3, HSP47 and CREB3 pathways, which augment the capacity of specific Golgi functions such as N-glycosylation, anti-apoptotic activity and pro-apoptotic activity, respectively. On the contrary, glycosylation of proteoglycans (PGs) is another important function of the Golgi, although the response pathway upregulating expression of glycosylation enzymes for PGs in response to Golgi stress remains unknown. Here, we found that expression of glycosylation enzymes for PGs was induced upon insufficiency of PG glycosylation capacity in the Golgi (PG-Golgi stress), and that transcriptional induction of genes encoding glycosylation enzymes for PGs was independent of the known Golgi stress response pathways and ER stress response. Promoter analyses of genes encoding these glycosylation enzymes revealed the novel enhancer elements PGSE-A and PGSE-B (the consensus sequences are CCGGGGCGGGGCG and TTTTACAATTGGTC, respectively), which regulate their transcriptional induction upon PG-Golgi stress. From these observations, the response pathway we discovered is a novel Golgi stress response pathway, which we have named the PG pathway.Key words: Golgi stress, proteoglycan, ER stress, organelle zone, organelle autoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanae Sasaki
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo
| | - Ryota Komori
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo
| | - Mai Taniguchi
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo
| | - Akie Shimaoka
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo
| | - Sachiko Midori
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo
| | - Mayu Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo
| | - Chiho Okuda
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo
| | - Ryuya Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo
| | - Miyu Sakamoto
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo
| | - Sadao Wakabayashi
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo
| | - Hiderou Yoshida
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo
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Lagos C, Carvajal P, Castro I, Jara D, González S, Aguilera S, Barrera MJ, Quest AFG, Bahamondes V, Molina C, Urzúa U, Hermoso MA, Leyton C, González MJ. Association of high 5-hydroxymethylcytosine levels with Ten Eleven Translocation 2 overexpression and inflammation in Sjögren's syndrome patients. Clin Immunol 2018; 196:85-96. [PMID: 29894742 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Here, we determined the 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), 5-methylcytosine (5mC), Ten Eleven Translocation (TETs), and DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) levels in epithelial and inflammatory cells of labial salivary glands (LSG) from Sjögren's syndrome (SS)-patients and the effect of cytokines on HSG cells. LSG from SS-patients, controls and HSG cells incubated with cytokines were analysed. Levels of 5mC, 5hmC, DNMTs, TET2 and MeCP2 were assessed by immunofluorescence. In epithelial cells from SS-patients, an increase in TET2, 5hmC and a decrease in 5mC and MeCP2 were observed, additionally, high levels of 5mC and DNMTs and low levels of 5hmC were detected in inflammatory cells. Cytokines increased TET2 and 5hmC and decreased 5mC levels. Considering that the TET2 gene.promoter contains response elements for transcription factors activated by cytokines, together to in vitro results suggest that changes in DNA hydroxymethylation, resulting from altered levels of TET2 are likely to be relevant in the Sjögren's syndrome etiopathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Lagos
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricia Carvajal
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Isabel Castro
- Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela Jara
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sergio González
- Escuela de Odontología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sergio Aguilera
- Departamento de Reumatología, Clínica INDISA, Santiago, Chile
| | - María-José Barrera
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrew F G Quest
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Verónica Bahamondes
- Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Molina
- Escuela de Postgrado, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ulises Urzúa
- Departamento de Oncología Básico-Clínico, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcela A Hermoso
- Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cecilia Leyton
- Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María-Julieta González
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Quan S, Niu J, Zhou L, Xu H, Ma L, Qin Y. Identification and characterization of NF-Y gene family in walnut (Juglans regia L.). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:255. [PMID: 30352551 PMCID: PMC6199752 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1459-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The eukaryotic transcription factor NF-Y (which consists of NF-YA, NF-YB and NF-YC subunits) is involved in many important plant development processes. There are many reports about the NF-Y family in Arabidopsis and other plant species. However, there are no reports about the NF-Y family in walnut (Juglans regia L.). RESULTS Thirty-three walnut NF-Y genes (JrNF-Ys) were identified and mapped on the walnut genome. The JrNF-Y gene family consisted of 17 NF-YA genes, 9 NF-YB genes, and 7 NF-YC genes. The structural features of the JrNF-Y genes were investigated by comparing their evolutionary relationship and motif distributions. The comparisons indicated the NF-Y gene structure was both conserved and altered during evolution. Functional prediction and protein interaction analysis were performed by comparing the JrNF-Y protein structure with that in Arabidopsis. Two differentially expressed JrNF-Y genes were identified. Their expression was compared with that of three JrCOs and two JrFTs using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). The results revealed that the expression of JrCO2 was positively correlated with the expression of JrNF-YA11 and JrNF-YA12. In contrast, JrNF-CO1 and JrNF-YA12 were negatively correlated. CONCLUSIONS Thirty-three JrNF-Ys were identified and their evolutionary, structure, biological function and expression pattern were analyzed. Two of the JrNF-Ys were screened out, their expression was differentially expressed in different development periods of female flower buds, and in different tissues (female flower buds and leaf buds). Based on prediction and experimental data, JrNF-Ys may be involved in flowering regulation by co-regulate the expression of flowering genes with other transcription factors (TFs). The results of this study may make contribution to the further investigation of JrNF-Y family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaowen Quan
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003 China
- Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003 China
| | - Jianxin Niu
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003 China
- Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003 China
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003 China
- Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003 China
| | - Hang Xu
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003 China
- Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003 China
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003 China
- Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003 China
| | - Yang Qin
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003 China
- Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003 China
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Sannino S, Guerriero CJ, Sabnis AJ, Stolz DB, Wallace CT, Wipf P, Watkins SC, Bivona TG, Brodsky JL. Compensatory increases of select proteostasis networks after Hsp70 inhibition in cancer cells. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.217760. [PMID: 30131440 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.217760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells thrive when challenged with proteotoxic stress by inducing components of the protein folding, proteasome, autophagy and unfolded protein response (UPR) pathways. Consequently, specific molecular chaperones have been validated as targets for anti-cancer therapies. For example, inhibition of Hsp70 family proteins (hereafter Hsp70) in rhabdomyosarcoma triggers UPR induction and apoptosis. To define how these cancer cells respond to compromised proteostasis, we compared rhabdomyosarcoma cells that were sensitive (RMS13) or resistant (RMS13-R) to the Hsp70 inhibitor MAL3-101. We discovered that endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) and autophagy were activated in RMS13-R cells, suggesting that resistant cells overcome Hsp70 ablation by increasing misfolded protein degradation. Indeed, RMS13-R cells degraded ERAD substrates more rapidly than RMS cells and induced the autophagy pathway. Surprisingly, inhibition of the proteasome or ERAD had no effect on RMS13-R cell survival, but silencing of select autophagy components or treatment with autophagy inhibitors restored MAL3-101 sensitivity and led to apoptosis. These data indicate a route through which cancer cells overcome a chaperone-based therapy, define how cells can adapt to Hsp70 inhibition, and demonstrate the value of combined chaperone and autophagy-based therapies.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sannino
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | | | - Amit J Sabnis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Donna Beer Stolz
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Callen T Wallace
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Peter Wipf
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Simon C Watkins
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Trever G Bivona
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Brodsky
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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Forouhan M, Mori K, Boot-Handford RP. Paradoxical roles of ATF6α and ATF6β in modulating disease severity caused by mutations in collagen X. Matrix Biol 2018; 70:50-71. [PMID: 29522813 PMCID: PMC6090092 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Whilst the role of ATF6α in modulating the unfolded protein response (UPR) has been well documented, the function of its paralogue ATF6β is less well understood. Using knockdown in cell culture and gene ablation in mice we have directly compared the roles of ATF6α & β in responding to the increased ER stress induced by mutant forms of type X collagen that cause the ER stress-associated metaphyseal chondrodysplasia type Schmid (MCDS). ATF6α more efficiently deals with the disease-associated ER stress in the absence of ATF6β and conversely, ATF6β is less effective in the absence of ATF6α. Furthermore, disease severity in vivo is increased by ATF6α ablation and decreased by ATF6β ablation. In addition, novel functions for each paralogue are described including an ATF6β-specific role in controlling growth plate chondrocyte proliferation. The clear demonstration of the intimate relationship of the two ATF6 isoforms and how ATF6β can moderate the activity of ATF6α and vice versa is of great significance for understanding the UPR mechanism. The activities of both ATF6 isoforms and their separate roles need consideration when deciding how to target increased ER stress as a means of treating MCDS and other ER stress-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Forouhan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - K Mori
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - R P Boot-Handford
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.
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Expressions of ATF6, XBP1, and GRP78 in normal tissue, atypical adenomatous hyperplasia, and adenocarcinoma of the lung. Hum Pathol 2018; 83:22-28. [PMID: 30121368 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the association between the atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH)-adenocarcinoma in situ sequence of the lung and endoplasmic reticulum-stress responders such as ATF6, XBP1, and GRP78. Using stored tissues, we examined (i) the percentage of a splicing form (active form) of XBP1 messenger RNA in normal lung tissue (NLT) and adenocarcinoma (ACA; using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction); (ii) ATF6 and GRP78 protein expressions in NLT and ACA (using Western blotting analysis); (iii) ATF6, XBP1, and GRP78 protein expressions in NLT, AAH, and ACA, including some adenocarcinoma in situ (using immunohistochemistry); and (iv) the incidence of nuclear translocation of the 3 proteins in these lesions. The percentage of the splicing form of XBP1 messenger RNA showed a borderline difference between NLT and ACA (P = .068). In the Western blotting analysis, the nuclear fractions of ATF6 (including the active form) and GRP78 proteins were higher in ACA than in NLT. In the immunohistochemistry, the values obtained for the incidence of the nuclear translocation of ATF6, XBP1, and GRP78 proteins were as follows, respectively: 13.3%, 2.2%, and 0.5% in low-grade AAH; 37.9%, 2.3%, and 2.2% in high-grade AAH; and 47.2%, 10.6%, and 4.4% in ACA. A significant difference was detected between low-grade AAH and ACA for ATF6. In terms of nuclear translocation, high-grade AAH seemed intermediate between low-grade AAH and ACA. These results support endoplasmic reticulum-stress responses, such as nuclear translocation of these 3 proteins (including their active forms), being in parallel with the progression of the adenoma-carcinoma sequence in the lung.
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47
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Kuboyama A, Sasaki T, Shimizu M, Inoue J, Sato R. The expression of Transmembrane Protein 100 is regulated by alterations in calcium signaling rather than endoplasmic reticulum stress. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2018; 82:1377-1383. [PMID: 29690857 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2018.1464899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Transmembrane protein 100 (TMEM100) comprises 134 amino acid residues and is highly conserved among vertebrates. Tmem100 has been recently reported as a key factor in angiogenesis, pain transmission, and tumor suppression. Although the importance of TMEM100 function is well supported, few studies have elucidated its expression mechanism. In the current study, we found that activating transcription factor 6α, a transcription factor activated by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, enhanced Tmem100 promoter activity. Two ER stress response element-like motifs were identified in the mouse Tmem100 promoter region. However, additional experiments using another type of ER stress inducer demonstrated that calcium signaling was more important than ER stress in the regulation of TMEM100 expression. Intracellular calcium signaling controls biological processes such as cell proliferation and embryonic development. This study suggested that TMEM100 performs various functions in response to alterations in calcium signaling in addition to those in response to ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayane Kuboyama
- a Food Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences , University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Takashi Sasaki
- a Food Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences , University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Makoto Shimizu
- a Food Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences , University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Jun Inoue
- a Food Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences , University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Ryuichiro Sato
- a Food Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences , University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan.,b Nutri-Life Science Laboratory, Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduated School of Agricultural and Lice Sciences , University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan.,c AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development , Tokyo , Japan
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48
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Wang S, Hu B, Ding Z, Dang Y, Wu J, Li D, Liu X, Xiao B, Zhang W, Ren R, Lei J, Hu H, Chen C, Chan P, Li D, Qu J, Tang F, Liu GH. ATF6 safeguards organelle homeostasis and cellular aging in human mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Discov 2018; 4:2. [PMID: 29423270 PMCID: PMC5798892 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-017-0003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of organelle homeostasis is a hallmark of aging. However, it remains elusive how this occurs at gene expression level. Here, we report that human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) aging is associated with dysfunction of double-membrane organelles and downregulation of transcription factor ATF6. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated inactivation of ATF6 in hMSCs, not in human embryonic stem cells and human adipocytes, results in premature cellular aging, characteristic of loss of endomembrane homeostasis. Transcriptomic analyses uncover cell type-specific constitutive and stress-induced ATF6-regulated genes implicated in various layers of organelles’ homeostasis regulation. FOS was characterized as a constitutive ATF6 responsive gene, downregulation of which contributes to hMSC aging. Our study unravels the first ATF6-regulated gene expression network related to homeostatic regulation of membrane organelles, and provides novel mechanistic insights into aging-associated attrition of human stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Wang
- 1National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China.,2State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China.,3University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China.,4National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, 100053 Beijing, China
| | - Boqiang Hu
- 5Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics (ICG), College of Life Sciences, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China.,6Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Zhichao Ding
- 1National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China.,3University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Yujiao Dang
- 5Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics (ICG), College of Life Sciences, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China.,6Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Jun Wu
- 7Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Di Li
- 1National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China.,3University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoling Liu
- 8School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Bailong Xiao
- 8School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Weiqi Zhang
- 1National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China.,4National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, 100053 Beijing, China
| | - Ruotong Ren
- 1National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China.,4National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, 100053 Beijing, China
| | - Jinghui Lei
- 4National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, 100053 Beijing, China
| | - Huifang Hu
- 2State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - Chang Chen
- 1National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China.,3University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Piu Chan
- 4National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, 100053 Beijing, China
| | - Dong Li
- 1National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China.,3University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Jing Qu
- 2State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China.,3University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China.,4National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, 100053 Beijing, China
| | - Fuchou Tang
- 5Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics (ICG), College of Life Sciences, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China.,6Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China.,9Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, 100871 Beijing, China.,10Biomedical Institute for Pioneering Investigation via Convergence, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Guang-Hui Liu
- 1National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China.,3University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China.,4National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, 100053 Beijing, China.,11Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Jinan University, 510632 Guangzhou, China
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49
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Fragoso-Medina J, Rodriguez G, Zarain-Herzberg A. The CCAAT box in the proximal SERCA2 gene promoter regulates basal and stress-induced transcription in cardiomyocytes. Mol Cell Biochem 2017; 442:19-28. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-017-3189-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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50
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Mügge FLB, Silva AM. Aspirin metabolite sodium salicylate selectively inhibits transcriptional activity of ATF6α and downstream target genes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9190. [PMID: 28835710 PMCID: PMC5569067 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09500-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to ER stress, activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) traffics from ER to Golgi apparatus where it is activated by cleavage before being translocated as transcription factor to the cell nucleus. In this work we describe ATF6α as a newly target of the aspirin metabolite sodium salicylate (NaSal). NaSal treatment of cells induces increases in ATF6α mRNA and protein levels, but these events are not accompanied by ATF6 activation. Conversely, NaSal inhibited ATF6 transactivating activity elicited by various ER stress-inducing stimuli in different cell types. This resulted in reduced expression of a subset of ATF6α target genes. Mechanistically, exposure of cells to NaSal results in ATF6α trapping at the Golgi apparatus, thus preventing nuclear translocation. This study provides evidence that NaSal compound restrains the activity of ATF6α, thereby preventing activation of a specific subset of ER-stress responsive genes implicated in different cellular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda L B Mügge
- Laboratory of Inflammatory Genes, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Aristóbolo M Silva
- Laboratory of Inflammatory Genes, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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