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Almahasneh F, Abu-El-Rub E, Khasawneh RR, Almazari R. Effects of high glucose and severe hypoxia on the biological behavior of mesenchymal stem cells at various passages. World J Stem Cells 2024; 16:434-443. [PMID: 38690519 PMCID: PMC11056633 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v16.i4.434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been extensively studied for therapeutic potential, due to their regenerative and immunomodulatory properties. Serial passage and stress factors may affect the biological characteristics of MSCs, but the details of these effects have not been recognized yet. AIM To investigate the effects of stress factors (high glucose and severe hypoxia) on the biological characteristics of MSCs at different passages, in order to optimize the therapeutic applications of MSCs. METHODS In this study, we investigated the impact of two stress conditions; severe hypoxia and high glucose on human adipose-tissue derived MSCs (hAD-MSCs) at passages 6 (P6), P8, and P10. Proliferation, senescence and apoptosis were evaluated measuring WST-1, senescence-associated beta-galactosidase, and annexin V, respectively. RESULTS Cells at P6 showed decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis under conditions of high glucose and hypoxia compared to control, while the extent of senescence did not change significantly under stress conditions. At P8 hAD-MSCs cultured in stress conditions had a significant decrease in proliferation and apoptosis and a significant increase in senescence compared to counterpart cells at P6. Cells cultured in high glucose at P10 had lower proliferation and higher senescence than their counterparts in the previous passage, while no change in apoptosis was observed. On the other hand, MSCs cultured under hypoxia showed decreased senescence, increased apoptosis and no significant change in proliferation when compared to the same conditions at P8. CONCLUSION These results indicate that stress factors had distinct effects on the biological processes of MSCs at different passages, and suggest that senescence may be a protective mechanism for MSCs to survive under stress conditions at higher passage numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatimah Almahasneh
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan
| | - Ejlal Abu-El-Rub
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan.
| | - Ramada R Khasawneh
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan
| | - Rawan Almazari
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan
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2
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Oyama K, Iwagami Y, Kobayashi S, Sasaki K, Yamada D, Tomimaru Y, Noda T, Asaoka T, Takahashi H, Tanemura M, Doki Y, Eguchi H. Removal of gemcitabine-induced senescent cancer cells by targeting glutaminase1 improves the therapeutic effect in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Int J Cancer 2024; 154:912-925. [PMID: 37699232 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Insufficient cancer treatment can induce senescent cancer cell formation and treatment resistance. The characteristics of induced senescent cancer (iSnCa) cells remain unclear. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has a low and nondurable response rate to current treatments. Our study aimed to analyze the properties of iSnCa cells and the relationship between cellular senescence and prognosis in PDAC. We evaluated the characteristics of gemcitabine-induced senescent cancer cells and the effect of senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) factors released by iSnCa cells on surrounding PDAC cells. The relationship between cellular senescence and the prognosis was investigated in 50 patients with PDAC treated with gemcitabine-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Exposure to 5 ng/mL gemcitabine-induced senescence, decreased proliferation and increased senescence-associated β-galactosidase-cell staining without cell death in PDAC cells; the expression of glutaminase1 (GLS1) and SASP factors also increased and caused epithelial-mesenchymal transition in surrounding PDAC cells. iSnCa cells were selectively removed by the GLS1 inhibitor bis-2-(5-phenylacetamido-1,2,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)ethyl sulfide (BPTES) through apoptosis induction. Cellular senescence was induced in PDAC cells via insufficient gemcitabine in subcutaneous tumor model mice. GLS1 expression was an independent prognostic factor in patients with PDAC who received gemcitabine-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy. This is the first study to identify the relationship between senescence and GLS1 in PDAC. Low-dose gemcitabine-induced senescence and increased GLS1 expression were observed in PDAC cells. Cellular senescence may contribute to treatment resistance of PDAC, hence targeting GLS1 in iSnCa cells may improve the therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Oyama
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Iwagami
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shogo Kobayashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuki Sasaki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Daisaku Yamada
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshito Tomimaru
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takehiro Noda
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tadafumi Asaoka
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Surgery, Osaka Police Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hidenori Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tanemura
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Surgery, Rinku General Medical Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Doki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Eguchi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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Kita A, Yamamoto S, Saito Y, Chikenji TS. Cellular senescence and wound healing in aged and diabetic skin. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1344116. [PMID: 38440347 PMCID: PMC10909996 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1344116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a biological mechanism that prevents abnormal cell proliferation during tissue repair, and it is often accompanied by the secretion of various factors, such as cytokines and chemokines, known as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). SASP-mediated cell-to-cell communication promotes tissue repair, regeneration, and development. However, senescent cells can accumulate abnormally at injury sites, leading to excessive inflammation, tissue dysfunction, and intractable wounds. The effects of cellular senescence on skin wound healing can be both beneficial and detrimental, depending on the condition. Here, we reviewed the functional differences in cellular senescence that emerge during wound healing, chronic inflammation, and skin aging. We also review the latest mechanisms of wound healing in the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous fat, with a focus on cellular senescence, chronic inflammation, and tissue regeneration. Finally, we discuss the potential clinical applications of promoting and inhibiting cellular senescence to maximize benefits and minimize detrimental effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arisa Kita
- Department of Anatomy, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Sena Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuki Saito
- Department of Anatomy, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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Saleh T, Bloukh S, Hasan M, Al Shboul S. Therapy-induced senescence as a component of tumor biology: Evidence from clinical cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2023; 1878:188994. [PMID: 37806641 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.188994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Therapy-Induced Senescence (TIS) is an established response to anticancer therapy in a variety of cancer models. Ample evidence has characterized the triggers, hallmarks, and functional outcomes of TIS in preclinical studies; however, limited evidence delineates TIS in clinical cancer (human tumor samples). We examined the literature that investigated the induction of TIS in samples derived from human cancers and highlighted the major findings that suggested that TIS represents a main constituent of tumor biology. The most frequently utilized approach to identify TIS in human cancers was to investigate the protein expression of senescence-associated markers (such as cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, Ki67, DNA damage repair response markers, DEC1, and DcR1) via immunohistochemical techniques using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples and/or testing the upregulation of Senescence-Associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) in frozen sections of unfixed tumor samples. Collectively, and in studies where the extent of TIS was determined, TIS was detected in 31-66% of tumors exposed to various forms of chemotherapy. Moreover, TIS was not only limited to both malignant and non-malignant components of tumoral tissue but was also identified in samples of normal (non-transformed) tissue upon chemo- or radiotherapy exposure. Nevertheless, the available evidence continues to be limited and requires a more rigorous assessment of in vivo senescence based on novel approaches and more reliable molecular signatures. The accurate assessment of TIS will be beneficial for determining its relevant contribution to the overall outcome of cancer therapy and the potential translatability of senotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tareq Saleh
- Department of Pharmacology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13115, Jordan.
| | - Sarah Bloukh
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Mira Hasan
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, USA
| | - Sofian Al Shboul
- Department of Pharmacology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13115, Jordan
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5
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Roato I, Baima G, Orrico C, Mosca Balma A, Alotto D, Romano F, Ferracini R, Aimetti M, Mussano F. Senescent Markers Expressed by Periodontal Ligament-Derived Stem Cells (PDLSCs) Harvested from Patients with Periodontitis Can Be Rejuvenated by RG108. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2535. [PMID: 37760976 PMCID: PMC10526252 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontal ligament (PDL) has become an elective source of mesenchymal stem cells (PDLSCs) in dentistry. This research aimed to compare healthy PDLSCs (hPDLSCs) and periodontitis PDLSCs (pPDLSCs) to ascertain any possible functional differences owing to their milieux of origin. Cells were tested in terms of colony-forming unit efficiency; multi differentiating capacity; immunophenotype, stemness, and senescent state were studied by flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, and β-galactosidase staining; gene expression using RT-PCR. Both hPDLSCs and pPDLSCs were comparable in terms of their immunophenotype and multilineage differentiation capabilities, but pPDLSCs showed a senescent phenotype more frequently. Thus, a selective small molecule inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase (DNMT), RG108, known for its effect on senescence, was used to possibly reverse this phenotype. RG108 did not affect the proliferation and apoptosis of PDLSCs, and it showed little effect on hPDLSCs, while a significant reduction of both p16 and p21 was detected along with an increase of SOX2 and OCT4 in pPDLSCs after treatment at 100 μM RG108. Moreover, the subset of PDLSCs co-expressing OCT4 and p21 decreased, and adipogenic potential increased in pPDLSCs after treatment. pPDLSCs displayed a senescent phenotype that could be reversed, opening new perspectives for the treatment of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Roato
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (I.R.); (A.M.B.); (F.R.); (M.A.); (F.M.)
| | - Giacomo Baima
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (I.R.); (A.M.B.); (F.R.); (M.A.); (F.M.)
- Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Clarissa Orrico
- Fondazione Ricerca Molinette-Onlus, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza, 10129 Turin, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Mosca Balma
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (I.R.); (A.M.B.); (F.R.); (M.A.); (F.M.)
| | - Daniela Alotto
- Skin Bank, Department of General and Specialized Surgery, A.O.U. Città della Salute e Della Scienza, 10126 Turin, Italy;
| | - Federica Romano
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (I.R.); (A.M.B.); (F.R.); (M.A.); (F.M.)
| | - Riccardo Ferracini
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Mario Aimetti
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (I.R.); (A.M.B.); (F.R.); (M.A.); (F.M.)
| | - Federico Mussano
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (I.R.); (A.M.B.); (F.R.); (M.A.); (F.M.)
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Reed R, Miwa S. Cellular Senescence and Ageing. Subcell Biochem 2023; 102:139-173. [PMID: 36600133 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-21410-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cellular senescence has become a subject of great interest within the ageing research field over the last 60 years, from the first observation in vitro by Leonard Hayflick and Paul Moorhead in 1961, to novel findings of phenotypic sub-types and senescence-like phenotype in post-mitotic cells. It has essential roles in wound healing, tumour suppression and the very first stages of human development, while causing widespread damage and dysfunction with age leading to a raft of age-related diseases. This chapter discusses these roles and their interlinking pathways, and how the observed accumulation of senescent cells with age has initiated a whole new field of ageing research, covering pathologies in the heart, liver, kidneys, muscles, brain and bone. This chapter will also examine how senescent cell accumulation presents in these different tissues, along with their roles in disease development. Finally, there is much focus on developing treatments for senescent cell accumulation in advanced age as a method of alleviating age-related disease. We will discuss here the various senolytic and senostatic treatment approaches and their successes and limitations, and the innovative new strategies being developed to address the differing effects of cellular senescence in ageing and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Reed
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Satomi Miwa
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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7
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Zamkova MA, Persiyantseva NA, Tatarskiy VV, Shtil AA. Therapy-Induced Tumor Cell Senescence: Mechanisms and Circumvention. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2023; 88:86-104. [PMID: 37068872 DOI: 10.1134/s000629792301008x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Plasticity of tumor cells (multitude of molecular regulation pathways) allows them to evade cytocidal effects of chemo- and/or radiation therapy. Metabolic adaptation of the surviving cells is based on transcriptional reprogramming. Similarly to the process of natural cell aging, specific features of the survived tumor cells comprise the therapy-induced senescence phenotype. Tumor cells with this phenotype differ from the parental cells since they become less responsive to drugs and form aggressive progeny. Importance of the problem is explained by the general biological significance of transcriptional reprogramming as a mechanism of adaptation to stress, and by the emerging potential of its pharmacological targeting. In this review we analyze the mechanisms of regulation of the therapy-induced tumor cell senescence, as well as new drug combinations aimed to prevent this clinically unfavorable phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Zamkova
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334, Russia.
- Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Moscow, 115478, Russia
| | - Nadezhda A Persiyantseva
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334, Russia
- Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Moscow, 115478, Russia
| | - Victor V Tatarskiy
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334, Russia
| | - Alexander A Shtil
- Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Moscow, 115478, Russia
- Institute of Cyber Intelligence Systems, National Research Nuclear University MEPHI, Moscow, 115409, Russia
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8
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Cobalamin Deficiency May Induce Astrosenescence—An In Vitro Study. Cells 2022; 11:cells11213408. [PMID: 36359805 PMCID: PMC9655094 DOI: 10.3390/cells11213408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cobalamin (vitamin B12) deficiency is one of the major factors causing degenerative changes in the nervous system and, thus, various neurological and psychiatric symptoms. The underlying cellular mechanism of this phenomenon is not yet fully understood. An accumulation of senescent astrocytes has been shown to contribute to a wide range of pathologies of the nervous system, including neurodegenerative disorders. This study aimed to investigate whether cobalamin deficiency triggers astrosenescence. After inducing cobalamin deficiency in normal human astrocytes in vitro, we examined biomarkers of cellular senescence: SA-β-gal, p16INK4A, and p21Waf1/Cip1 and performed cell nuclei measurements. The obtained results may contribute to an increase in the knowledge of the cellular effects of cobalamin deficiency in the context of astrocytes. In addition, the presented data suggest a potential causative agent of astrosenescence that has not been proven to date.
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Najdawi ZR, Abu-Asab MS. An Ultrastructural Perspective on Cell Death. JORDAN MEDICAL JOURNAL 2022; 56:10.35516/jmj.v56i1.232. [PMID: 36168597 PMCID: PMC9511926 DOI: 10.35516/jmj.v56i1.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In the field of cell death, there is still a wide gap between the molecular models and their ultrastructural phenotypes. Because only very few published works included electron microscopy (EM) images, many ultrastructural features have not yet been incorporated into the descriptions of death modes. Some of the EM features that appear in dying cells have not been incorporated in describing death modes. It includes the accumulation of lipid droplets and glycogen, the appearance of extranuclear chromatin in the cytoplasm, and the various ways mitochondria become damaged. We argue that electron microscopy should be routinely included in these studies because it exposes some new features that molecular studies do not. It has successfully recognized new modes of cell death, such as entosis, methuosis, and paraptosis. Elucidating the precise sequence of events in death modes could be the cornerstone for offering the proper therapy of many diseases by slowing down or stopping the progression of degeneration. This review presents our own experience applying ultrastructural interpretations to death modes and explaining their biochemical implications. We complement the molecular and biochemical data and point out missing features that should be considered and studied.
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Cellular Stress and Senescence Induction during Trypanosoma cruzi Infection. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:tropicalmed7070129. [PMID: 35878141 PMCID: PMC9323233 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7070129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease (CD) is a neglected tropical disease caused by Trypanosoma cruzi infection that, despite being discovered over a century ago, remains a public health problem, mainly in developing countries. Since T. cruzi can infect a wide range of mammalian host cells, parasite–host interactions may be critical to infection outcome. The intense immune stimulation that helps the control of the parasite’s replication and dissemination may also be linked with the pathogenesis and symptomatology worsening. Here, we discuss the findings that support the notion that excessive immune system stimulation driven by parasite persistence might elicit a progressive loss and collapse of immune functions. In this context, cellular stress and inflammatory responses elicited by T. cruzi induce fibroblast and other immune cell senescence phenotypes that may compromise the host’s capacity to control the magnitude of T. cruzi-induced inflammation, contributing to parasite persistence and CD progression. A better understanding of the steps involved in the induction of this chronic inflammatory status, which disables host defense capacity, providing an extra advantage to the parasite and predisposing infected hosts prematurely to immunosenescence, may provide insights to designing and developing novel therapeutic approaches to prevent and treat Chagas disease.
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Nuclear mRNA Export and Aging. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105451. [PMID: 35628261 PMCID: PMC9142925 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between transcription and aging is one that has been studied intensively and experimentally with diverse attempts. However, the impact of the nuclear mRNA export on the aging process following its transcription is still poorly understood, although the nuclear events after transcription are coupled closely with the transcription pathway because the essential factors required for mRNA transport, namely TREX, TREX-2, and nuclear pore complex (NPC), physically and functionally interact with various transcription factors, including the activator/repressor and pre-mRNA processing factors. Dysregulation of the mediating factors for mRNA export from the nucleus generally leads to the aberrant accumulation of nuclear mRNA and further impairment in the vegetative growth and normal lifespan and the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. The optimal stoichiometry and density of NPC are destroyed during the process of cellular aging, and their damage triggers a defect of function in the nuclear permeability barrier. This review describes recent findings regarding the role of the nuclear mRNA export in cellular aging and age-related neurodegenerative disorders.
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Hu L, Li H, Zi M, Li W, Liu J, Yang Y, Zhou D, Kong QP, Zhang Y, He Y. Why Senescent Cells Are Resistant to Apoptosis: An Insight for Senolytic Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:822816. [PMID: 35252191 PMCID: PMC8890612 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.822816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a process that leads to a state of irreversible cell growth arrest induced by a variety of intrinsic and extrinsic stresses. Senescent cells (SnCs) accumulate with age and have been implicated in various age-related diseases in part via expressing the senescence-associated secretory phenotype. Elimination of SnCs has the potential to delay aging, treat age-related diseases and extend healthspan. However, once cells becoming senescent, they are more resistant to apoptotic stimuli. Senolytics can selectively eliminate SnCs by targeting the SnC anti-apoptotic pathways (SCAPs). They have been developed as a novel pharmacological strategy to treat various age-related diseases. However, the heterogeneity of the SnCs indicates that SnCs depend on different proteins or pathways for their survival. Thus, a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms for apoptotic resistance of SnCs will provide new molecular targets for the development of cell-specific or broad-spectrum therapeutics to clear SnCs. In this review, we discussed the latest research progresses and challenge in senolytic development, described the significance of regulation of senescence and apoptosis in aging, and systematically summarized the SCAPs involved in the apoptotic resistance in SnCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Hu
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,College of Basic Medicine and Life Sciences, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Huiqin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Meiting Zi
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The Third People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Lab of Molecular Genetics of Aging and Tumor, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Daohong Zhou
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Qing-Peng Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Yunxia Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,College of Basic Medicine and Life Sciences, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Yonghan He
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
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Ahmadinejad F, Bos T, Hu B, Britt E, Koblinski J, Souers AJ, Leverson JD, Faber AC, Gewirtz DA, Harada H. Senolytic-Mediated Elimination of Head and Neck Tumor Cells Induced Into Senescence by Cisplatin. Mol Pharmacol 2022; 101:168-180. [PMID: 34907000 PMCID: PMC8969145 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.121.000354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic outcomes achieved in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients by concurrent cisplatin-based chemoradiotherapy initially reflect both tumor regression and tumor stasis. However, local and distant metastasis and disease relapse are common in HNSCC patients. In the current work, we demonstrate that cisplatin treatment induces senescence in both p53 wild-type HN30 and p53 mutant HN12 head and neck cancer models. We also show that tumor cells can escape from senescence both in vitro and in vivo. We further establish the effectiveness of the senolytic, ABT-263 (Navitoclax), in elimination of senescent tumor cells after cisplatin treatment. Navitoclax increased apoptosis by 3.3-fold (P ≤ 0.05) at day 7 compared with monotherapy by cisplatin. Additionally, we show that ABT-263 interferes with the interaction between B-cell lymphoma-x large (BCL-XL) and BAX, anti- and pro-apoptotic proteins, respectively, followed by BAX activation, suggesting that ABT-263-induced apoptotic cell death is mediated through BAX. Our in vivo studies also confirm senescence induction in tumor cells by cisplatin, and the promotion of apoptosis coupled with a significant delay of tumor growth after sequential treatment with ABT-263. Sequential treatment with cisplatin followed by ABT-263 extended the humane endpoint to ∼130 days compared with cisplatin alone, where mice survived ∼75 days. These results support the premise that senolytic agents could be used to eliminate residual senescent tumor cells after chemotherapy and thereby potentially delay disease recurrence in head and neck cancer patients. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Disease recurrence is the most common cause of death in head and neck cancer patients. B-cell lymphoma-x large inhibitors such as ABT-263 (Navitoclax) have the capacity to be used in combination with cisplatin in head and neck cancer patients to eliminate senescent cells and possibly prevent disease relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hisashi Harada
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine (F.A.), Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry (T.B., E.B., A.C.F., H.H.), Cancer Mouse Models Core (B.H., J.K.), and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine (D.A.G.), Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; and AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois (A.J.S., J.D.L.)
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14
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cellular senescence (i.e. permanent withdrawal from the cell cycle) is increasingly recognized as a pathologic feature in a variety of inflammatory liver diseases, including primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and additional cholangiopathies. Herein, we provide an update on the interplay between cholangiocytes, cellular senescence and the cholangiopathies. RECENT FINDINGS The themes covered by this review include novel models for studying the role of senescent cholangiocytes and the cholangiopathies, identification and modulation of key pathways or molecules regulating cholangiocyte senescence, and discovery of druggable targets to advance therapeutic options for the cholangiopathies. Most recent studies focused on PSC; however, the concepts and findings may be applied to additional cholangiopathies. SUMMARY Cholangiopathies present unique and divergent clinicopathological features, causes and genetic backgrounds, but share several common disease processes. Cholangiocyte senescence in the cholestatic cholangiopathies, primarily PSC and PBC, is regarded as a key pathogenetic process. Importantly, senescent cholangiocytes exhibit phenotypic features including the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) and resistance to apoptosis that provide new directions for basic research and new prognostic and therapeutic approaches for clinical practice.
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15
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Roger L, Tomas F, Gire V. Mechanisms and Regulation of Cellular Senescence. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222313173. [PMID: 34884978 PMCID: PMC8658264 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence entails a state of an essentially irreversible proliferative arrest in which cells remain metabolically active and secrete a range of pro-inflammatory and proteolytic factors as part of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype. There are different types of senescent cells, and senescence can be induced in response to many DNA damage signals. Senescent cells accumulate in different tissues and organs where they have distinct physiological and pathological functions. Despite this diversity, all senescent cells must be able to survive in a nondividing state while protecting themselves from positive feedback loops linked to the constant activation of the DNA damage response. This capacity requires changes in core cellular programs. Understanding how different cell types can undergo extensive changes in their transcriptional programs, metabolism, heterochromatin patterns, and cellular structures to induce a common cellular state is crucial to preventing cancer development/progression and to improving health during aging. In this review, we discuss how senescent cells continuously evolve after their initial proliferative arrest and highlight the unifying features that define the senescent state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauréline Roger
- Structure and Instability of Genomes Laboratory, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (MNHN), CNRS-UMR 7196/INSERM U1154, 43 Rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France;
| | - Fanny Tomas
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier (CRBM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS UMR 5237, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France;
| | - Véronique Gire
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier (CRBM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS UMR 5237, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(0)-434359513; Fax: +33-(0)-434359410
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16
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Csekes E, Račková L. Skin Aging, Cellular Senescence and Natural Polyphenols. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12641. [PMID: 34884444 PMCID: PMC8657738 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The skin, being the barrier organ of the body, is constitutively exposed to various stimuli impacting its morphology and function. Senescent cells have been found to accumulate with age and may contribute to age-related skin changes and pathologies. Natural polyphenols exert many health benefits, including ameliorative effects on skin aging. By affecting molecular pathways of senescence, polyphenols are able to prevent or delay the senescence formation and, consequently, avoid or ameliorate aging and age-associated pathologies of the skin. This review aims to provide an overview of the current state of knowledge in skin aging and cellular senescence, and to summarize the recent in vitro studies related to the anti-senescent mechanisms of natural polyphenols carried out on keratinocytes, melanocytes and fibroblasts. Aged skin in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic will be also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Csekes
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 9, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lucia Račková
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 9, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
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17
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Ghosh-Choudhary SK, Liu J, Finkel T. The role of mitochondria in cellular senescence. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21991. [PMID: 34758157 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101462r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are intimately connected to cell fate and function. Here, we review how these intracellular organelles participate in the induction and maintenance of the senescent state. In particular, we discuss how alterations in mitochondrial metabolism, quality control and dynamics are all involved in various aspects of cellular senescence. Together, these observations suggest that mitochondria are active participants and are mechanistically linked to the unique biology of senescence. We further describe how these insights can be potentially exploited for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jie Liu
- Aging Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine/UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Toren Finkel
- Aging Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine/UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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18
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Lagoumtzi SM, Chondrogianni N. Senolytics and senomorphics: Natural and synthetic therapeutics in the treatment of aging and chronic diseases. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 171:169-190. [PMID: 33989756 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a heterogeneous process guided by genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors, characterizing many types of somatic cells. It has been suggested as an aging hallmark that is believed to contribute to aging and chronic diseases. Senescent cells (SC) exhibit a specific senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), mainly characterized by the production of proinflammatory and matrix-degrading molecules. When SC accumulate, a chronic, systemic, low-grade inflammation, known as inflammaging, is induced. In turn, this chronic immune system activation results in reduced SC clearance thus establishing a vicious circle that fuels inflammaging. SC accumulation represents a causal factor for various age-related pathologies. Targeting of several aging hallmarks has been suggested as a strategy to ameliorate healthspan and possibly lifespan. Consequently, SC and SASP are viewed as potential therapeutic targets either through the selective killing of SC or the selective SASP blockage, through natural or synthetic compounds. These compounds are members of a family of agents called senotherapeutics divided into senolytics and senomorphics. Few of them are already in clinical trials, possibly representing a future treatment of age-related pathologies including diseases such as atherosclerosis, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, cancer, diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, cardiovascular diseases, hepatic steatosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and age-related macular degeneration. In this review, we present the already identified senolytics and senomorphics focusing on their redox-sensitive properties. We describe the studies that revealed their effects on cellular senescence and enabled their nomination as novel anti-aging agents. We refer to the senolytics that are already in clinical trials and we present various adverse effects exhibited by senotherapeutics so far. Finally, we discuss aspects of the senotherapeutics that need improvement and we suggest the design of future senotherapeutics to target specific redox-regulated signaling pathways implicated either in the regulation of SASP or in the elimination of SC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia M Lagoumtzi
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 116 35, Athens, Greece; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Attica, 28 Ag. Spyridonos Str., Egaleo, 12243, Athens, Greece.
| | - Niki Chondrogianni
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 116 35, Athens, Greece.
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19
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Chen MS, Lee RT, Garbern JC. Senescence mechanisms and targets in the heart. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 118:1173-1187. [PMID: 33963378 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a state of irreversible cell cycle arrest associated with ageing. Senescence of different cardiac cell types can direct the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and cardiac fibrosis. While age-related telomere shortening represents a major cause of replicative senescence, the senescent state can also be induced by oxidative stress, metabolic dysfunction, and epigenetic regulation, among other stressors. It is critical that we understand the molecular pathways that lead to cellular senescence and the consequences of cellular senescence in order to develop new therapeutic approaches to treat cardiovascular disease. In this review, we discuss molecular mechanisms of cellular senescence, explore how cellular senescence of different cardiac cell types (including cardiomyocytes, cardiac endothelial cells, cardiac fibroblasts, vascular smooth muscle cells, valve interstitial cells) can lead to cardiovascular disease, and highlight potential therapeutic approaches that target molecular mechanisms of cellular senescence to prevent or treat cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie S Chen
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Ave, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Richard T Lee
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Ave, Cambridge, MA 02138.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Jessica C Garbern
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Ave, Cambridge, MA 02138.,Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115
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20
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Chen B, Chai Q, Xu S, Li Q, Wu T, Chen S, Wu L. Silver nanoparticle-activated COX2/PGE2 axis involves alteration of lung cellular senescence in vitro and in vivo. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 204:111070. [PMID: 32763567 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely used as antimicrobial agents and resulted in their accumulation in environment. The purpose of this study was to investigate the detailed molecular mechanisms underlying AgNP-induced lung cellular senescence which has been proposed as a pathogenic driver of chronic lung disease. Herein, we demonstrate that exposure to AgNPs elevates multiple senescence biomarkers in lung cells, with cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase, and potently activates genes of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) in human fetal lung fibroblast cell line MRC5. Fluorescence-based assay also reveals that apoptosis induced by AgNPs is associated with senescence. Furthermore, we show that AgNPs cause premature senescence through an increase in transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) expression and over-production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in lung cells. Inhibition of COX2 reduces AgNPs-induced senescence to a normal level. Moreover, AgNPs also induce upregulation of COX2 and accelerate lung cellular senescence in vivo and cause mild fibrosis in the lung tissue of mice. Taken together, our studies support a critical role of AgNPs in the induction of lung cellular senescence via the upregulation of the COX2/PGE2 intracrine pathway, and suggest the adverse effects to the human respiratory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China; Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China
| | - Qing Chai
- Clinical Laboratory of Microorganism and Parasite, Qingdao Municipal Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Qingdao, 266033, PR China
| | - Shengmin Xu
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, PR China.
| | - Qian Li
- School of Environmental Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China; Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China
| | - Tao Wu
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China
| | - Shaopeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China
| | - Lijun Wu
- School of Environmental Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China; Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, PR China; Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China.
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21
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Lieschke E, Wang Z, Kelly GL, Strasser A. Discussion of some 'knowns' and some 'unknowns' about the tumour suppressor p53. J Mol Cell Biol 2020; 11:212-223. [PMID: 30496435 PMCID: PMC6478126 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjy077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the tumour suppressor p53 upon cellular stress can induce a number of different cellular processes. The diverse actions of these processes are critical for the protective function of p53 in preventing the development of cancer. However, it is still not fully understood which process(es) activated by p53 is/are critical for tumour suppression and how this might differ depending on the type of cells undergoing neoplastic transformation and the nature of the drivers of oncogenesis. Moreover, it is not clear why upon activation of p53 some cells undergo cell cycle arrest and senescence whereas others die by apoptosis. Here we discuss some of the cellular processes that are crucial for p53-mediated tumour suppression and the factors that could impact cell fate upon p53 activation. Finally, we describe therapies aimed either at activating wild-type p53 or at changing the behaviour of mutant p53 to unleash tumour growth suppressive processes for therapeutic benefit in malignant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Lieschke
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Zilu Wang
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gemma L Kelly
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andreas Strasser
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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22
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Therapeutic Reversal of Radiotherapy Injury to Pro-fibrotic Dysfunctional Fibroblasts In Vitro Using Adipose-derived Stem Cells. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2020; 8:e2706. [PMID: 32537359 PMCID: PMC7253248 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000002706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cancer patients often require radiotherapy (RTx) to enhance their survival. Unfortunately, RTx also damages nearby healthy non-cancer tissues, leading to progressive fibrotic soft-tissue injury, consisting of pain, contracture, tissue-breakdown, infection, and lymphoedema. Mechanisms underlying the clinically observed ability of fat grafting to ameliorate some of these effects, however, are poorly understood. It was hypothesized that RTx significantly alters fibroblast cell function and the paracrine secretome of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSC) may mitigate these changes. Methods To investigate cellular changes resulting in the fibrotic side-effects of RTx, cultured normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF) were irradiated (10Gy), then studied using functional assays that reflect key fibroblast functions, and compared with unirradiated controls. RNA-Seq and targeted microarrays (with specific examination of TGFβ) were performed to elucidate altered gene pathways. Finally, conditioned-media from ADSC was used to treat irradiated fibroblasts and model fat graft surgery. Results RTx altered NHDF morphology, with cellular functional changes reflecting transition into a more invasive phenotype: increased migration, adhesion, contractility, and disordered invasion. Changes in genes regulating collagen and MMP homeostasis and cell-cycle progression were also detected. However, TGFβ was not identified as a key intracellular regulator of the fibroblast response. Finally, treatment with ADSC-conditioned media reversed the RTx-induced hypermigratory state of NHDF. Conclusions Our findings regarding cellular and molecular changes in irradiated fibroblasts help explain clinical manifestations of debilitating RTx-induced fibrosis. ADSC-secretome-mediated reversal indicated that these constituents may be used to combat the devastating side-effects of excessive unwanted fibrosis in RTx and other human fibrotic diseases.
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23
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Lubberts S, Meijer C, Demaria M, Gietema JA. Early ageing after cytotoxic treatment for testicular cancer and cellular senescence: Time to act. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2020; 151:102963. [PMID: 32446180 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2020.102963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of testicular cancer (TC) has an exceptionally high success rate compared to other cancer types; even in case of metastasized disease, 80-90 % of TC patients can be cured. Consequently, attention has been drawn to a potential downside of this treatment success: late adverse treatment effects such as the accelerated development of otherwise age-associated features like cardiovascular disease and second malignancies. Underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Emerging data suggest that cytotoxic treatment induces cellular senescence, resulting in secretion of inflammatory factors contributing to this early ageing phenotype. Molecular and cellular characterization of this early ageing will enhance understanding the pathogenesis of TC treatment-induced morbidity and contribute to better recognition and prevention of late effects. In this review, we describe clinical manifestations of the early ageing phenotype among TC survivors, and subsequently focus on potential underlying mechanisms. We discuss the clinical implications and describe perspectives for future research and intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjoukje Lubberts
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Coby Meijer
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Demaria
- European Institute for the Biology of Ageing (ERIBA), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jourik A Gietema
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
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24
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Bian Y, Wei J, Zhao C, Li G. Natural Polyphenols Targeting Senescence: A Novel Prevention and Therapy Strategy for Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020684. [PMID: 31968672 PMCID: PMC7013714 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most serious diseases endangering human health. In view of the side effects caused by chemotherapy and radiotherapy, it is necessary to develop low-toxic anti-cancer compounds. Polyphenols are natural compounds with anti-cancer properties and their application is a considerable choice. Pro-senescence therapy is a recently proposed anti-cancer strategy and has been shown to effectively inhibit cancer. It is of great significance to clarify the mechanisms of polyphenols on tumor suppression by inducing senescence. In this review, we delineated the characteristics of senescent cells, and summarized the mechanisms of polyphenols targeting tumor microenvironment and inducing cancer cell senescence for cancer prevention and therapy. Although many studies have shown that polyphenols effectively inhibit cancer by targeting senescence, it warrants further investigation in preclinical and clinical studies.
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25
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Identification and characterization of Cardiac Glycosides as senolytic compounds. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4731. [PMID: 31636264 PMCID: PMC6803708 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12888-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Compounds with specific cytotoxic activity in senescent cells, or senolytics, support the causal involvement of senescence in aging and offer therapeutic interventions. Here we report the identification of Cardiac Glycosides (CGs) as a family of compounds with senolytic activity. CGs, by targeting the Na+/K+ATPase pump, cause a disbalanced electrochemical gradient within the cell causing depolarization and acidification. Senescent cells present a slightly depolarized plasma membrane and higher concentrations of H+, making them more susceptible to the action of CGs. These vulnerabilities can be exploited for therapeutic purposes as evidenced by the in vivo eradication of tumors xenografted in mice after treatment with the combination of a senogenic and a senolytic drug. The senolytic effect of CGs is also effective in the elimination of senescence-induced lung fibrosis. This experimental approach allows the identification of compounds with senolytic activity that could potentially be used to develop effective treatments against age-related diseases. Senolytic compounds have the ability to eliminate senescent cells from tissues and have been shown to be beneficial in various animal models of age-related diseases. Here the authors show that cardiac glycosides commonly used for heart diseases have senolytic properties in humanized mouse models of tumorigenesis and lung fibrosis.
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26
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Soto-Gamez A, Quax WJ, Demaria M. Regulation of Survival Networks in Senescent Cells: From Mechanisms to Interventions. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:2629-2643. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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27
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Mitochondria as playmakers of apoptosis, autophagy and senescence. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 98:139-153. [PMID: 31154010 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are the key energy-producing organelles and cellular source of reactive species. They are responsible for managing cell life and death by a balanced homeostasis passing through a network of structures, regulated principally via fission and fusion. Herein we discuss about the most advanced findings considering mitochondria as dynamic biophysical systems playing compelling roles in the regulation of energy metabolism in both physiologic and pathologic processes controlling cell death and survival. Precisely, we focus on the mitochondrial commitment to the onset, maintenance and counteraction of apoptosis, autophagy and senescence in the bioenergetic reprogramming of cancer cells. In this context, looking for a pharmacological manipulation of cell death processes as a successful route for future targeted therapies, there is major biotechnological challenge in underlining the location, function and molecular mechanism of mitochondrial proteins. Based on the critical role of mitochondrial functions for cellular health, a better knowledge of the main molecular players in mitochondria disfunction could be decisive for the therapeutical control of degenerative diseases, including cancer.
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Abstract
Objective This review aimed to update the research and development of cellular senescence in the treatment of ovarian cancer. We discussed the current mechanisms of senescence and the major biomarkers of senescence, especially the methods of cellular senescence in the treatment of ovarian cancer. Materials and Methods We collected all relevant studies in PubMed from 1995 to 2017. The search terms included senescence and cancer, senescence and ovarian cancer, senescence-associated secretory phenotype, ovarian cancer and chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or biotherapy. PubMed search with the key words senescence and ovarian cancer lists approximately 85 publications. After excluding the duplicated articles, we selected 68 articles most relevant to senescence and ovarian cancer in this review. Results Cellular senescence plays a key role in various biological processes of ovarian cancer, which is closely related with the occurrence, development, and treatment of ovarian cancer. Cellular senescence on the one hand can reduce the dose of chemotherapy in ovarian cancer; on the other hand, it also can solve the problem of tumor resistance to apoptosis. Therefore, cellular senescence has been shown to be the third intracellular mechanism of ovarian cancer prevention followed by cellular DNA repair and apoptosis. Conclusions In the near future, cellular senescence therapy could be a powerful tool for ovarian cancer treatment.
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Misso G, Zarone MR, Lombardi A, Grimaldi A, Cossu AM, Ferri C, Russo M, Vuoso DC, Luce A, Kawasaki H, Di Martino MT, Virgilio A, Festa A, Galeone A, De Rosa G, Irace C, Donadelli M, Necas A, Amler E, Tagliaferri P, Tassone P, Caraglia M. miR-125b Upregulates miR-34a and Sequentially Activates Stress Adaption and Cell Death Mechanisms in Multiple Myeloma. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2019; 16:391-406. [PMID: 31009917 PMCID: PMC6479071 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2019.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
miR-125b, ubiquitously expressed and frequently dysregulated in several tumors, has gained special interest in the field of cancer research, displaying either oncogenic or oncosuppressor potential based on tumor type. We have previously demonstrated its tumor-suppressive role in multiple myeloma (MM), but the analysis of molecular mechanisms needs additional investigation. The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of miR-125b and its chemically modified analogs in modulating cell viability and cancer-associated molecular pathways, also focusing on the functional aspects of stress adaptation (autophagy and senescence), as well as programmed cell death (apoptosis). Based on the well-known low microRNA (miRNA) stability in therapeutic application, we designed chemically modified miR-125b mimics, laying the bases for their subsequent investigation in in vivo models. Our study clearly confirmed an oncosuppressive function depending on the repression of multiple targets, and it allowed the identification, for the first time, of miR-125b-dependent miR-34a stimulation as a possible consequence of the inhibitory role on the interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3)/miR-34a feedback loop. Moreover, we identified a pattern of miR-125b-co-regulated miRNAs, shedding light on possible new players of anti-MM activity. Finally, functional studies also revealed a sequential activation of senescence, autophagy, and apoptosis, thus indicating, for the first two processes, an early cytoprotective and inhibitory role from apoptosis activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Misso
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Mayra Rachele Zarone
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Lombardi
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Grimaldi
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Alessia Maria Cossu
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," 80138 Naples, Italy; IRGS, Biogem, Molecular and Precision Oncology Laboratory, Via Camporeale, 83031 Ariano Irpino, Italy
| | - Carmela Ferri
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Margherita Russo
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Cristina Vuoso
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Amalia Luce
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Hiromichi Kawasaki
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Maria Teresa Di Martino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, Salvatore Venuta University Campus, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Antonella Virgilio
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Agostino Festa
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Aldo Galeone
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe De Rosa
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Carlo Irace
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Massimo Donadelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Alois Necas
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Evzen Amler
- Second Medical Faculty, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pierosandro Tagliaferri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, Salvatore Venuta University Campus, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Pierfrancesco Tassone
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, Salvatore Venuta University Campus, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Michele Caraglia
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," 80138 Naples, Italy; IRGS, Biogem, Molecular and Precision Oncology Laboratory, Via Camporeale, 83031 Ariano Irpino, Italy.
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Relevance of Oxygen Concentration in Stem Cell Culture for Regenerative Medicine. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051195. [PMID: 30857245 PMCID: PMC6429522 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The key hallmark of stem cells is their ability to self-renew while keeping a differentiation potential. Intrinsic and extrinsic cell factors may contribute to a decline in these stem cell properties, and this is of the most importance when culturing them. One of these factors is oxygen concentration, which has been closely linked to the maintenance of stemness. The widely used environmental 21% O2 concentration represents a hyperoxic non-physiological condition, which can impair stem cell behaviour by many mechanisms. The goal of this review is to understand these mechanisms underlying the oxygen signalling pathways and their negatively-associated consequences. This may provide a rationale for culturing stem cells under physiological oxygen concentration for stem cell therapy success, in the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Xing Y, Zhang Y, Wu X, Zhao B, Ji Y, Xu X. A comprehensive study on donor-matched comparisons of three types of mesenchymal stem cells-containing cells from human dental tissue. J Periodontal Res 2018; 54:286-299. [PMID: 30474138 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been widely used in tissue engineering, such as for regenerating the supporting structures of teeth destroyed by periodontal diseases. In recent decades, dental tissue-derived MSCs have drawn much attention owing to their accessibility, plasticity and applicability. Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs), periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) and gingival MSCs (GMSCs) are the most readily available MSCs among all types of dental MSCs. The purpose of this study was to comprehensively compare the characteristics of MSCs from dental pulp (DP), periodontal ligament (PDL) and gingiva (G) in vitro and thus provide insight into optimizing the performance of cells and seed cell selection strategies for tissue regeneration. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, patient-matched (n = 5) cells derived from DP, PDL and G which, respectively, contained DPSCs, PDLSCs and GMSCs were evaluated using multiple methods in terms of their proliferation, senescence, apoptosis, multilineage differentiation and stemness maintenance after long-term passage. RESULTS Mesenchymal stem cells-containing cells from G (MSCs/GCs) showed superior proliferation capability, whereas patient-matched MSCs-containing cells from PDL (MSCs/PDLCs) exhibited excellent osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation ability; MSCs-containing cells from DP (MSCs/DPCs) achieved mediocre results in both aspects. In addition, MSCs/GCs were the least susceptible to senescence, while MSCs/PDLCs were the most prone to ageing. Furthermore, the biological properties of these three types of cells were all affected after long-term in vitro culture. CONCLUSION These three types of dental MSCs showed different biological characteristics. MSCs/PDLCs are the best candidate cells for bone regeneration, but the application of MSCs/PDLCs might be limited to certain number of passages. Improving the differentiation of MSCs/GCs remains the key issue regarding their application in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixiao Xing
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneraton, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yunpeng Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneraton, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xuan Wu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneraton, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneraton, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yawen Ji
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneraton, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneraton, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Nguyen HQ, To NH, Zadigue P, Kerbrat S, De La Taille A, Le Gouvello S, Belkacemi Y. Ionizing radiation-induced cellular senescence promotes tissue fibrosis after radiotherapy. A review. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2018; 129:13-26. [PMID: 30097231 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation-exposure induces a variety of cellular reactions, such as senescence and apoptosis. Senescence is a permanent arrest state of the cell division, which can be beneficial or detrimental for normal tissue via an inflammatory response and senescence-associated secretion phenotype. Damage to healthy cells and their microenvironment is considered as an important source of early and late complications with an increased risk of morbidity in patients after radiotherapy (RT). In addition, the benefit/risk ratio may depend on the radiation technique/dose used for cancer eradication and the irradiated volume of healthy tissues. For radiation-induced fibrosis risk, the knowledge of mechanisms and potential prevention has become a crucial point to determining radiation parameters and patients' intrinsic radiosensitivity. This review summarizes our understanding of ionizing radiation-induced senescent cell in fibrogenesis. This mechanism may provide new insights for therapeutic modalities for better risk/benefit ratios after RT in the new era of personalized treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang Quy Nguyen
- University of Paris Saclay, University of Paris Est Créteil (UPEC), France, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; INSERM U955 Team 07, Créteil, France
| | - Nhu Hanh To
- INSERM U955 Team 07, Créteil, France; APHP, Department of Radiation Oncology and Henri Mondor Breast Cancer and, Henri Mondor University Hospital, University of Paris Est Créteil (UPEC), France
| | | | - Stéphane Kerbrat
- INSERM U955 Team 04, University of Paris Est Créteil (UPEC), France
| | - Alexandre De La Taille
- INSERM U955 Team 07, Créteil, France; APHP, Department of Urology, Henri Mondor University Hospital, University of Paris Est Créteil (UPEC), Créteil, France
| | - Sabine Le Gouvello
- INSERM U955 Team 04, University of Paris Est Créteil (UPEC), France; APHP, Department of Biology & Pathology, Henri Mondor University Hospital, University of Paris Est Créteil (UPEC), Créteil, France
| | - Yazid Belkacemi
- INSERM U955 Team 07, Créteil, France; APHP, Department of Radiation Oncology and Henri Mondor Breast Cancer and, Henri Mondor University Hospital, University of Paris Est Créteil (UPEC), France.
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Hu Q, Xie Y, Ge Y, Nie X, Tao J, Zhao Y. Resting T cells are hypersensitive to DNA damage due to defective DNA repair pathway. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:662. [PMID: 29855463 PMCID: PMC5981309 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0649-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Blood cells are challenged by intrinsic and exogenous stress that may result in many types of damage to DNA. As a major participant in cell-mediated immunity in blood, T lymphocytes are maintained in their quiescent (resting) state for most of their lives and switch to the proliferating state once stimulated. How resting and stimulated T cells address DNA damage remains largely unknown. Here, we report that while different types of DNA damage are efficiently repaired in stimulated T cells, they result in massive apoptosis of resting T cells. Mechanistically, DNA damage in resting T cells activates the ATM/ATR/DNA-PKcs signaling pathway but fails to induce the formation of γH2AX and 53BP1 foci, leading to unrepaired DNA damage that activates apoptosis in a p53-independent but JNK/p73-dependent manner. Mice challenged with high DNA damage stress display far fewer T cells in peripheral blood, lymph nodes, and spleens. Collectively, these results reveal that resting T cells are hypersensitive to DNA damage due to defects in DNA damage repair mechanisms. These findings provide new insight into T-cell function and maintenance of immunity under highly stressed conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Hu
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510006 Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yujie Xie
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510006 Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanlong Ge
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510006 Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Nie
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510006 Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Tao
- Key Laboratory on Assisted Circulation, Ministry of Health, Department of Hypertension and Vascular Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 410080 Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510006 Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Senescence and cell death in chronic liver injury: roles and mechanisms underlying hepatocarcinogenesis. Oncotarget 2017; 9:8772-8784. [PMID: 29492237 PMCID: PMC5823588 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic liver injury (CLI) is a complex pathological process typically characterized by progressive destruction and regeneration of liver parenchymal cells due to diverse risk factors such as alcohol abuse, drug toxicity, viral infection, and genetic metabolic disorders. When the damage to hepatocytes is mild, the liver can regenerate itself and restore to the normal state; when the damage is irreparable, hepatocytes would undergo senescence or various forms of death including apoptosis, necrosis and necroptosis. These pathological changes not only promote the progression of the existing hepatopathies via various underlying mechanisms but are closely associated with hepatocarcinogenesis. In this review, we discuss the pathological changes that hepatocytes undergo during CLI, and their roles and mechanisms in the progression of hepatopathies and hepatocarcinogenesis. We also give a brief introduction about some animal models currently used for the research of CLI and progress in the research of CLI.
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Yosef R, Pilpel N, Papismadov N, Gal H, Ovadya Y, Vadai E, Miller S, Porat Z, Ben-Dor S, Krizhanovsky V. p21 maintains senescent cell viability under persistent DNA damage response by restraining JNK and caspase signaling. EMBO J 2017; 36:2280-2295. [PMID: 28607003 PMCID: PMC5538795 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201695553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a permanent state of cell cycle arrest that protects the organism from tumorigenesis and regulates tissue integrity upon damage and during tissue remodeling. However, accumulation of senescent cells in tissues during aging contributes to age‐related pathologies. A deeper understanding of the mechanisms regulating the viability of senescent cells is therefore required. Here, we show that the CDK inhibitor p21 (CDKN1A) maintains the viability of DNA damage‐induced senescent cells. Upon p21 knockdown, senescent cells acquired multiple DNA lesions that activated ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and nuclear factor (NF)‐κB kinase, leading to decreased cell survival. NF‐κB activation induced TNF‐α secretion and JNK activation to mediate death of senescent cells in a caspase‐ and JNK‐dependent manner. Notably, p21 knockout in mice eliminated liver senescent stellate cells and alleviated liver fibrosis and collagen production. These findings define a novel pathway that regulates senescent cell viability and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reut Yosef
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Noam Pilpel
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Nurit Papismadov
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Hilah Gal
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yossi Ovadya
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ezra Vadai
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Stav Miller
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ziv Porat
- Life Sciences Core Facilities, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shifra Ben-Dor
- Life Sciences Core Facilities, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Valery Krizhanovsky
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Survive or thrive: tradeoff strategy for cellular senescence. Exp Mol Med 2017; 49:e342. [PMID: 28572574 PMCID: PMC5519021 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2017.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging-dependent cellular behaviors toward extrinsic stress are characterized by the confined localization of certain molecules to either nuclear or perinuclear regions. Although most growth factors can activate downstream signaling in aging cells, they do not in fact have any impact on the cells because the signals cannot reach their genetic targets in the nucleus. For the same reason, varying apoptotic stress factors cannot stimulate the apoptotic pathway in senescent cells. Thus, the operation of a functional nuclear barrier in an aging-dependent manner has been investigated. To elucidate the mechanism for this process, the housekeeping transcription factor Sp1 was identified as a general regulator of nucleocytoplasmic trafficking (NCT) genes, including various nucleoporins, importins, exportins and Ran GTPase cycle-related genes. Interestingly, the posttranslational modification of Sp1 is readily influenced by extrinsic stress, including oxidative and metabolic stress. The decrease in SP1 O-GlcNAcylation under oxidative stress or during replicative senescence makes it susceptible to proteosomal degradation, resulting in defective NCT functions and leading to nuclear barrier formation. The operation of the nuclear barrier in aging provides a fundamental mechanism for cellular protection against stress and promotes survival at the expense of growth via stress-sensitive transcriptional control.
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Fielder E, von Zglinicki T, Jurk D. The DNA Damage Response in Neurons: Die by Apoptosis or Survive in a Senescence-Like State? J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 60:S107-S131. [PMID: 28436392 DOI: 10.3233/jad-161221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neurons are exposed to high levels of DNA damage from both physiological and pathological sources. Neurons are post-mitotic and their loss cannot be easily recovered from; to cope with DNA damage a complex pathway called the DNA damage response (DDR) has evolved. This recognizes the damage, and through kinases such as ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) recruits and activates downstream factors that mediate either apoptosis or survival. This choice between these opposing outcomes integrates many inputs primarily through a number of key cross-road proteins, including ATM, p53, and p21. Evidence of re-entry into the cell-cycle by neurons can be seen in aging and diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. This aberrant cell-cycle re-entry is lethal and can lead to the apoptotic death of the neuron. Many downstream factors of the DDR promote cell-cycle arrest in response to damage and appear to protect neurons from apoptotic death. However, neurons surviving with a persistently activated DDR show all the features known from cell senescence; including metabolic dysregulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the hyper-production of pro-oxidant, pro-inflammatory and matrix-remodeling factors. These cells, termed senescence-like neurons, can negatively influence the extracellular environment and may promote induction of the same phenotype in surrounding cells, as well as driving aging and age-related diseases. Recently developed interventions targeting the DDR and/or the senescent phenotype in a range of non-neuronal tissues are being reviewed as they might become of therapeutic interest in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Fielder
- The Ageing Biology Centre and Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Thomas von Zglinicki
- The Ageing Biology Centre and Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Diana Jurk
- The Ageing Biology Centre and Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
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Yao GD, Yang J, Li Q, Zhang Y, Qi M, Fan SM, Hayashi T, Tashiro SI, Onodera S, Ikejima T. Activation of p53 contributes to pseudolaric acid B-induced senescence in human lung cancer cells in vitro. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2016; 37:919-29. [PMID: 27041461 PMCID: PMC4933766 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2016.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Pseudolaric acid B (PAB), a diterpene acid isolated from the root bark of Pseudolarix kaempferi Gordon, has shown to exert anti-tumor effects via inducing cell cycle arrest followed by apoptosis in several cancer cell lines. Here we reported that PAB induced a mitotic catastrophe in human lung cancer A549 cells, which resulted in senescence without apoptosis or necrosis. METHODS Three human lung cancer cell lines (A549, H460 and H1299 cells) were examined. Cell growth inhibition was assessed with MTT assay. Cell cycle distribution was determined using a flow cytometer. Cell nuclear morphology was observed under a fluorescence microscope. Senescent cells were detected using SA-β-Gal staining. Apoptotic and senescent protein expression was examined using Western blot analysis. The expression of p53 and p21 in the cells was downregulated by siRNAs. RESULTS Treatment with PAB (5-80 μmol/L) inhibited the growth of A549 cells in dose- and time-dependent manners. Prolonged treatment with PAB (20 μmol/L) caused G2/M arrest at day 1 followed by mitotic catastrophe from day 2, which eventually resulted in cell senescence between days 3 and 4 without cell death (apoptosis or necrosis). Knockdown of p53 expression with siRNA significantly suppressed PAB-induced senescence in A549 cells (p53 wild). Furthermore, PAB-induced senescence was also observed in human lung cancer H460 cells (p53 wild), but not in human lung cancer H1299 cells (p53 null). CONCLUSION The anti-tumor action of PAB against human lung cancer A549 cells in vitro involves the induction of senescence through activation of the p53 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-dong Yao
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jing Yang
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Qiang Li
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Min Qi
- Tianjin Taiyang Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Si-miao Fan
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Toshihiko Hayashi
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Shin-ichi Tashiro
- Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, Kyoto 603-8072, Japan
| | - Satoshi Onodera
- Department of Clinical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo 194–8543, Japan
| | - Takashi Ikejima
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
- E-mail
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Bhattacharya S, Das A, Datta S, Ganguli A, Chakrabarti G. Colchicine induces autophagy and senescence in lung cancer cells at clinically admissible concentration: potential use of colchicine in combination with autophagy inhibitor in cancer therapy. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:10653-64. [PMID: 26867767 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-4972-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Colchicine is a well-known and potent microtubule targeting agent, but the therapeutic value of colchicine against cancer is limited by its toxicity against normal cells. But, there is no report of its cytotoxic potential against lung cancer cell, at clinically permissible or lower concentrations, minimally toxic to non-cancerous cells. Hence, in the present study, we investigated the possible mechanism by which the efficacy of colchicine against lung cancer cells at less toxic dose could be enhanced. Colchicine at clinically admissible concentration of 2.5 nM had no cytotoxic effect and caused no G2/M arrest in A549 cells. However, at this concentration, colchicine strongly hindered the reformation of cold depolymerised interphase and spindle microtubule. Colchicine induced senescence and reactive oxygen species mediated autophagy in A549 cells at this concentration. Autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) sensitised the cytotoxicity of colchicine in A549 cells by switching senescence to apoptotic death, and this combination had reduced cytotoxicity to normal lung fibroblast cells (WI38). Together, these findings indicated the possible use of colchicine at clinically relevant dose along with autophagy inhibitor in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surela Bhattacharya
- Department of Biotechnology and Dr. B.C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, WB, 700 019, India
| | - Amlan Das
- Department of Biotechnology and Dr. B.C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, WB, 700 019, India
| | - Satabdi Datta
- Department of Biotechnology and Dr. B.C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, WB, 700 019, India
| | - Arnab Ganguli
- Department of Biotechnology and Dr. B.C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, WB, 700 019, India
| | - Gopal Chakrabarti
- Department of Biotechnology and Dr. B.C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, WB, 700 019, India.
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Burton DGA, Faragher RGA. Cellular senescence: from growth arrest to immunogenic conversion. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 37:27. [PMID: 25787341 PMCID: PMC4365077 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-015-9764-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Cellular senescence was first reported in human fibroblasts as a state of stable in vitro growth arrest following extended culture. Since that initial observation, a variety of other phenotypic characteristics have been shown to co-associate with irreversible cell cycle exit in senescent fibroblasts. These include (1) a pro-inflammatory secretory response, (2) the up-regulation of immune ligands, (3) altered responses to apoptotic stimuli and (4) promiscuous gene expression (stochastic activation of genes possibly as a result of chromatin remodeling). Many features associated with senescent fibroblasts appear to promote conversion to an immunogenic phenotype that facilitates self-elimination by the immune system. Pro-inflammatory cytokines can attract and activate immune cells, the presentation of membrane bound immune ligands allows for specific recognition and promiscuous gene expression may function to generate an array of tissue restricted proteins that could subsequently be processed into peptides for presentation via MHC molecules. However, the phenotypes of senescent cells from different tissues and species are often assumed to be broadly similar to those seen in senescent human fibroblasts, but the data show a more complex picture in which the growth arrest mechanism, tissue of origin and species can all radically modulate this basic pattern. Furthermore, well-established triggers of cell senescence are often associated with a DNA damage response (DDR), but this may not be a universal feature of senescent cells. As such, we discuss the role of DNA damage in regulating an immunogenic response in senescent cells, in addition to discussing less established "atypical" senescent states that may occur independent of DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. G. A. Burton
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - R. G. A. Faragher
- School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Science, University of Brighton, Huxley Building, Brighton, UK
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Piano A, Titorenko VI. The Intricate Interplay between Mechanisms Underlying Aging and Cancer. Aging Dis 2015; 6:56-75. [PMID: 25657853 PMCID: PMC4306474 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2014.0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Age is the major risk factor in the incidence of cancer, a hyperplastic disease associated with aging. Here, we discuss the complex interplay between mechanisms underlying aging and cancer as a reciprocal relationship. This relationship progresses with organismal age, follows the history of cell proliferation and senescence, is driven by common or antagonistic causes underlying aging and cancer in an age-dependent fashion, and is maintained via age-related convergent and divergent mechanisms. We summarize our knowledge of these mechanisms, outline the most important unanswered questions and suggest directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Piano
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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42
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Marthandan S, Priebe S, Hemmerich P, Klement K, Diekmann S. Long-term quiescent fibroblast cells transit into senescence. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115597. [PMID: 25531649 PMCID: PMC4274099 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence is described to be a consequence of telomere erosion during the replicative life span of primary human cells. Quiescence should therefore not contribute to cellular aging but rather extend lifespan. Here we tested this hypothesis and demonstrate that cultured long-term quiescent human fibroblasts transit into senescence due to similar cellular mechanisms with similar dynamics and with a similar maximum life span as proliferating controls, even under physiological oxygen conditions. Both, long-term quiescent and senescent fibroblasts almost completely fail to undergo apoptosis. The transition of long-term quiescent fibroblasts into senescence is also independent of HES1 which protects short-term quiescent cells from becoming senescent. Most significantly, DNA damage accumulates during senescence as well as during long-term quiescence at physiological oxygen levels. We suggest that telomere-independent, potentially maintenance driven gradual induction of cellular senescence during quiescence is a counterbalance to tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Marthandan
- Leibniz-Institute for Age Research- Fritz Lipmann Institute, JenAge (Jena Centre for Systems Biology of Aging), Beutenbergstrasse 11, Jena, Germany
| | - Steffen Priebe
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans-Knöll-Institute e.V. (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Peter Hemmerich
- Leibniz-Institute for Age Research- Fritz Lipmann Institute, JenAge (Jena Centre for Systems Biology of Aging), Beutenbergstrasse 11, Jena, Germany
| | - Karolin Klement
- Leibniz-Institute for Age Research- Fritz Lipmann Institute, JenAge (Jena Centre for Systems Biology of Aging), Beutenbergstrasse 11, Jena, Germany
| | - Stephan Diekmann
- Leibniz-Institute for Age Research- Fritz Lipmann Institute, JenAge (Jena Centre for Systems Biology of Aging), Beutenbergstrasse 11, Jena, Germany
- * E-mail:
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43
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Vilgelm AE, Pawlikowski JS, Liu Y, Hawkins OE, Davis TA, Smith J, Weller KP, Horton LW, McClain CM, Ayers GD, Turner DC, Essaka DC, Stewart CF, Sosman JA, Kelley MC, Ecsedy JA, Johnston JN, Richmond A. Mdm2 and aurora kinase a inhibitors synergize to block melanoma growth by driving apoptosis and immune clearance of tumor cells. Cancer Res 2014; 75:181-93. [PMID: 25398437 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-2405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutics that induce cancer cell senescence can block cell proliferation and promote immune rejection. However, the risk of tumor relapse due to senescence escape may remain high due to the long lifespan of senescent cells that are not cleared. Here, we show how combining a senescence-inducing inhibitor of the mitotic kinase Aurora A (AURKA) with an MDM2 antagonist activates p53 in senescent tumors harboring wild-type 53. In the model studied, this effect is accompanied by proliferation arrest, mitochondrial depolarization, apoptosis, and immune clearance of cancer cells by antitumor leukocytes in a manner reliant upon Ccl5, Ccl1, and Cxcl9. The AURKA/MDM2 combination therapy shows adequate bioavailability and low toxicity to the host. Moreover, the prominent response of patient-derived melanoma tumors to coadministered MDM2 and AURKA inhibitors offers a sound rationale for clinical evaluation. Taken together, our work provides a preclinical proof of concept for a combination treatment that leverages both senescence and immune surveillance to therapeutic ends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Vilgelm
- Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee. Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jeff S Pawlikowski
- Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee. Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Yan Liu
- Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee. Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Oriana E Hawkins
- Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee. Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Tyler A Davis
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | - Kevin P Weller
- Flow Cytometry Shared Resource, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Linda W Horton
- Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee. Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Colt M McClain
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Gregory D Ayers
- Division of Cancer Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - David C Turner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - David C Essaka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Clinton F Stewart
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Jeffrey A Sosman
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Mark C Kelley
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jeffrey A Ecsedy
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jeffrey N Johnston
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Ann Richmond
- Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee. Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.
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44
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Childs BG, Baker DJ, Kirkland JL, Campisi J, van Deursen JM. Senescence and apoptosis: dueling or complementary cell fates? EMBO Rep 2014; 15:1139-53. [PMID: 25312810 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201439245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 551] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In response to a variety of stresses, mammalian cells undergo a persistent proliferative arrest known as cellular senescence. Many senescence-inducing stressors are potentially oncogenic, strengthening the notion that senescence evolved alongside apoptosis to suppress tumorigenesis. In contrast to apoptosis, senescent cells are stably viable and have the potential to influence neighboring cells through secreted soluble factors, which are collectively known as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). However, the SASP has been associated with structural and functional tissue and organ deterioration and may even have tumor-promoting effects, raising the interesting evolutionary question of why apoptosis failed to outcompete senescence as a superior cell fate option. Here, we discuss the advantages that the senescence program may have over apoptosis as a tumor protective mechanism, as well as non-neoplastic functions that may have contributed to its evolution. We also review emerging evidence for the idea that senescent cells are present transiently early in life and are largely beneficial for development, regeneration and homeostasis, and only in advanced age do senescent cells accumulate to an organism's detriment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bennett G Childs
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Darren J Baker
- Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - James L Kirkland
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Jan M van Deursen
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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45
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Physiological and pathological consequences of cellular senescence. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:4373-86. [PMID: 25080110 PMCID: PMC4207941 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1691-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cellular senescence, a permanent state of cell cycle arrest accompanied by a complex phenotype, is an essential mechanism that limits tumorigenesis and tissue damage. In physiological conditions, senescent cells can be removed by the immune system, facilitating tumor suppression and wound healing. However, as we age, senescent cells accumulate in tissues, either because an aging immune system fails to remove them, the rate of senescent cell formation is elevated, or both. If senescent cells persist in tissues, they have the potential to paradoxically promote pathological conditions. Cellular senescence is associated with an enhanced pro-survival phenotype, which most likely promotes persistence of senescent cells in vivo. This phenotype may have evolved to favor facilitation of a short-term wound healing, followed by the elimination of senescent cells by the immune system. In this review, we provide a perspective on the triggers, mechanisms and physiological as well as pathological consequences of senescent cells.
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46
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Zhang JW, Zhang SS, Song JR, Sun K, Zong C, Zhao QD, Liu WT, Li R, Wu MC, Wei LX. Autophagy inhibition switches low-dose camptothecin-induced premature senescence to apoptosis in human colorectal cancer cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 90:265-75. [PMID: 24858802 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Recently, several studies indicated that senescent tumor cells are resistant to apoptosis in chemotherapy. They may return to cell cycle, thus act as stumbling blocks in anticancer treatments. In the present study, we found that, in human colorectal cancer cells, low-dose camptothecin (CPT) simultaneously induced autophagy and premature senescence through AMPK-TSC2-mTOR pathway and ATM-Chk2-p53-p21 pathway respectively. What's important is the suppression of autophagy substantially increased apoptosis and greatly attenuated senescence possibly by blocking p53/p21 pathway, which suggests that autophagy plays an indispensable role in sustaining cell senescence caused by low-dose CPT. The combination of low-dose CPT and autophagy inhibitor, a way to lead senescent cells to die, would be potentially valuable in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-wei Zhang
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Shan-shan Zhang
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jian-rui Song
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China; Departments of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Kai Sun
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China; Medical Sciences Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Zong
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Qiu-dong Zhao
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Wen-ting Liu
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Rong Li
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Meng-chao Wu
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Li-xin Wei
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China.
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47
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Braig M, Pällmann N, Preukschas M, Steinemann D, Hofmann W, Gompf A, Streichert T, Braunschweig T, Copland M, Rudolph KL, Bokemeyer C, Koschmieder S, Schuppert A, Balabanov S, Brümmendorf TH. A 'telomere-associated secretory phenotype' cooperates with BCR-ABL to drive malignant proliferation of leukemic cells. Leukemia 2014; 28:2028-39. [PMID: 24603533 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2014.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Telomere biology is frequently associated with disease evolution in human cancer and dysfunctional telomeres have been demonstrated to contribute to genetic instability. In BCR-ABL(+) chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), accelerated telomere shortening has been shown to correlate with leukemia progression, risk score and response to treatment. Here, we demonstrate that proliferation of murine CML-like bone marrow cells strongly depends on telomere maintenance. CML-like cells of telomerase knockout mice with critically short telomeres (CML-iG4) are growth retarded and proliferation is terminally stalled by a robust senescent cell cycle arrest. In sharp contrast, CML-like cells with pre-shortened, but not critically short telomere lengths (CML-G2) grew most rapidly and were found to express a specific 'telomere-associated secretory phenotype', comprising secretion of chemokines, interleukins and other growth factors, thereby potentiating oncogene-driven growth. Moreover, conditioned supernatant of CML-G2 cells markedly enhanced proliferation of CML-WT and pre-senescent CML-iG4 cells. Strikingly, a similar inflammatory mRNA expression pattern was found with disease progression from chronic phase to accelerated phase in CML patients. These findings demonstrate that telomere-induced senescence needs to be bypassed by leukemic cells in order to progress to blast crisis and provide a novel mechanism by which telomere shortening may contribute to disease evolution in CML.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Braig
- 1] Department of Oncology/Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section of Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Tumor-Zentrum, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany [2] Division of Hematology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - N Pällmann
- Department of Oncology/Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section of Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Tumor-Zentrum, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - M Preukschas
- Department of Oncology/Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section of Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Tumor-Zentrum, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - D Steinemann
- Institute of Cell and Molecular Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - W Hofmann
- Institute of Cell and Molecular Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - A Gompf
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Max-Planck-Research Group on Stem Cell Aging, Ulm, Germany
| | - T Streichert
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - T Braunschweig
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of the RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - M Copland
- Paul O'Gorman Leukaemia Research Centre, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - K L Rudolph
- Leibniz Institute of Age Research - Fritz-Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - C Bokemeyer
- Department of Oncology/Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section of Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Tumor-Zentrum, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - S Koschmieder
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital of the RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - A Schuppert
- Aachen Institute for Advanced Study in Computational Engineering Science (AICES), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - S Balabanov
- 1] Department of Oncology/Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section of Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Tumor-Zentrum, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany [2] Division of Hematology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - T H Brümmendorf
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital of the RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the novel application of tissue microarray (TMA) technology to corneal disease and to report altered protein expression of senescence-associated cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21 and p16 in Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD). METHODS A TMA including 208 cores was generated from paraffin-embedded tissues, including corneal buttons of 50 FECD and 5 keratoconus patients retrieved after penetrating keratoplasty, 10 autopsy globes with nonpathologic corneas, and nonocular control specimens. TMA sections were immunolabeled for p21 and p16 and analyzed using a 9-grade scoring system (0-8). Result validation was performed by immunolabeling of individual whole tissue sections. Corneal endothelial p21 and p16 expression levels in FECD specimens compared with controls served as main outcome measures. RESULTS TMA immunohistochemical analysis disclosed increased endothelial expression levels of nuclear p21 in FECD specimens (P < 0.05) and an altered endothelial p16 expression pattern. Immunolabeling of whole tissue sections showed statistically significant endothelial overexpression of both proteins (p21 and p16, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The present study introduces TMA technology as a valuable tool for molecular high-throughput profiling of corneal tissues. It demonstrates p21 and p16 overexpression in the corneal endothelium of genetically undifferentiated FECD patients supporting a role of cellular senescence in the pathogenesis of FECD.
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Burova E, Borodkina A, Shatrova A, Nikolsky N. Sublethal oxidative stress induces the premature senescence of human mesenchymal stem cells derived from endometrium. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2013; 2013:474931. [PMID: 24062878 PMCID: PMC3767075 DOI: 10.1155/2013/474931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The specific responses of mesenchymal stem cells to oxidative stress may play a crucial role in regulation of tissue homeostasis as well as regeneration of organs after oxidative injury. The responses of human endometrium-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hMESCs) to oxidative stress remain still unknown. Herein, we examined the impact of H2O2 on cell viability, induction of premature senescence, and apoptosis. hMESCs were highly resistant to H2O2 compared with human diploid fibroblasts. To test a hypothesis whether hMESCs may undergo oxidative stress-induced premature senescence, cells were briefly exposed to the sublethal H2O2 doses. H2O2-treated cells were permanently arrested, lost Ki67 proliferation marker, and exhibited a senescent phenotype including cell hypertrophy and increased SA- β -Gal activity. Additionally, in stressed cells the expression levels of p21Cip1, SOD1, SOD2, and GPX1 were elevated. hMESCs survived under stress were not able to resume proliferation, indicating the irreversible loss of proliferative potential. While the low H2O2 doses promoted senescence in hMESCs, the higher H2O2 doses induced also apoptosis in a part of the cell population. Of note, senescent hMESCs exhibited high resistance to apoptosis. Thus, we have demonstrated for the first time that hMESCs may enter a state of premature senescence in response to sublethal oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Burova
- Department of Intracellular Signaling and Transport, Institute of Cytology of Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 194064, Russia.
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50
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Mo J, Sun B, Zhao X, Gu Q, Dong X, Liu Z, Ma Y, Zhao N, Tang R, Liu Y, Chi J, Sun R. Hypoxia-induced senescence contributes to the regulation of microenvironment in melanomas. Pathol Res Pract 2013; 209:640-7. [PMID: 23938031 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Senescence, an irreversible state of cell cycle arrest, maintains metabolic activity. Although being a barrier against tumor development, senescence could also promote tumor progression by influencing the microenvironment. Necrosis is a common feature of various malignant tumors, which also has two opposing effects: pro-tumor by chronic inflammation and anti-tumor by effective cell clearance. However, the role of senescence in melanoma and whether it is associated with necrosis remain unclear. By detecting senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity and pimonidazole (hypoxia probe), we found that senescent cells (SA-β-gal positive) are mainly located around the necrotic/hypoxic areas of melanoma from C57BL/6J mice. Moreover, treatment of hypoxia induced irreversibly cellular senescence in vitro. In addition, the senescent cells may facilitate microenvironment modulation and promote the invasion of melanoma cells by secreting matrix metalloproteinase-2(MMP-2). Moreover, Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that the presence of necrosis in melanomas had an inverse correlation with patient survival and may serve as an independent prognostic marker. Therefore, hypoxic stress imposed on melanomas may lead to cellular senescence surrounding necrotic areas, and the adverse effects of necrosis in tumor may be attributed to the adjacent senescent cells with senescence-associated secretion phenotype (SASP), including secretion of MMP-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Mo
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
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