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Myers G, Sun Y, Wang Y, Benmhammed H, Cui S. Roles of Nuclear Orphan Receptors TR2 and TR4 during Hematopoiesis. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:563. [PMID: 38790192 PMCID: PMC11121135 DOI: 10.3390/genes15050563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
TR2 and TR4 (NR2C1 and NR2C2, respectively) are evolutionarily conserved nuclear orphan receptors capable of binding direct repeat sequences in a stage-specific manner. Like other nuclear receptors, TR2 and TR4 possess important roles in transcriptional activation or repression with developmental stage and tissue specificity. TR2 and TR4 bind DNA and possess the ability to complex with available cofactors mediating developmental stage-specific actions in primitive and definitive erythrocytes. In erythropoiesis, TR2 and TR4 are required for erythroid development, maturation, and key erythroid transcription factor regulation. TR2 and TR4 recruit and interact with transcriptional corepressors or coactivators to elicit developmental stage-specific gene regulation during hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greggory Myers
- Departments of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA; (G.M.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yanan Sun
- Section of Hematology-Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (Y.S.); (H.B.)
| | - Yu Wang
- Departments of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA; (G.M.); (Y.W.)
| | - Hajar Benmhammed
- Section of Hematology-Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (Y.S.); (H.B.)
| | - Shuaiying Cui
- Section of Hematology-Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (Y.S.); (H.B.)
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2
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Yao L, Li J, Jiang B, Zhang Z, Li X, Ouyang X, Xiao Y, Liu G, Wang Z, Zhang G. RNF2 inhibits E-Cadherin transcription to promote hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis via inducing histone mono-ubiquitination. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:261. [PMID: 37037816 PMCID: PMC10085990 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05785-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
RNF2 is a RING domain-containing E3 ubiquitin ligase that mediate histone H2A mono-ubiquitination to repress gene transcription, but its expression patterns and molecular function in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain unclear. Herein, we extracted data from TGCA database and validated RNF2 expression in our own cohort, which revealed that RNF2 was highly expressed in HCC and was associated with malignant characteristics and poor prognosis of HCC. Moreover, RNF2 was demonstrated to promote HCC metastasis via enhancing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, RNF2 repressed E-Cadherin transcription by increasing the deposition of H2K119ub at the E-Cadherin promoter region. In addition, RNF2-regulated crosstalk between H2AK119ub, H3K27me3 and H3K4me3 synergistically reduced E-Cadherin transcription, which promoted EMT and HCC metastasis. These results indicate that RNF2 played an oncogenic role in HCC progression via inducing EMT, and RNF2 could be a potential therapeutic target for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yao
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 87, Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 87, Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- Department of thyroid surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1, East Construction Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Zeyu Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 87, Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Xinying Li
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 87, Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, No. 87, Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Xiwu Ouyang
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 87, Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, No. 87, Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Yao Xiao
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 87, Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, No. 87, Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Guodong Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 87, Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, No. 87, Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Zhiming Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 87, Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, No. 87, Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, China.
| | - Gewen Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 87, Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, No. 87, Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, China.
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3
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Coupled protein synthesis and ribosome-guided piRNA processing on mRNAs. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5970. [PMID: 34645830 PMCID: PMC8514520 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26233-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PIWI-interacting small RNAs (piRNAs) protect the germline genome and are essential for fertility. piRNAs originate from transposable element (TE) RNAs, long non-coding RNAs, or 3´ untranslated regions (3´UTRs) of protein-coding messenger genes, with the last being the least characterized of the three piRNA classes. Here, we demonstrate that the precursors of 3´UTR piRNAs are full-length mRNAs and that post-termination 80S ribosomes guide piRNA production on 3´UTRs in mice and chickens. At the pachytene stage, when other co-translational RNA surveillance pathways are sequestered, piRNA biogenesis degrades mRNAs right after pioneer rounds of translation and fine-tunes protein production from mRNAs. Although 3´UTR piRNA precursor mRNAs code for distinct proteins in mice and chickens, they all harbor embedded TEs and produce piRNAs that cleave TEs. Altogether, we discover a function of the piRNA pathway in fine-tuning protein production and reveal a conserved piRNA biogenesis mechanism that recognizes translating RNAs in amniotes.
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4
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Morgan K, Harr B, White MA, Payseur BA, Turner LM. Disrupted Gene Networks in Subfertile Hybrid House Mice. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 37:1547-1562. [PMID: 32076722 PMCID: PMC7253214 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msaa002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Dobzhansky–Muller (DM) model provides a widely accepted mechanism for the evolution of reproductive isolation: incompatible substitutions disrupt interactions between genes. To date, few candidate incompatibility genes have been identified, leaving the genes driving speciation mostly uncharacterized. The importance of interactions in the DM model suggests that gene coexpression networks provide a powerful framework to understand disrupted pathways associated with postzygotic isolation. Here, we perform weighted gene coexpression network analysis to infer gene interactions in hybrids of two recently diverged European house mouse subspecies, Mus mus domesticus and M. m. musculus, which commonly show hybrid male sterility or subfertility. We use genome-wide testis expression data from 467 hybrid mice from two mapping populations: F2s from a laboratory cross between wild-derived pure subspecies strains and offspring of natural hybrids captured in the Central Europe hybrid zone. This large data set enabled us to build a robust consensus network using hybrid males with fertile phenotypes. We identify several expression modules, or groups of coexpressed genes, that are disrupted in subfertile hybrids, including modules functionally enriched for spermatogenesis, cilium and sperm flagellum organization, chromosome organization, and DNA repair, and including genes expressed in spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and spermatids. Our network-based approach enabled us to hone in on specific hub genes likely to be influencing module-wide gene expression and hence potentially driving large-effect DM incompatibilities. A disproportionate number of hub genes lie within sterility loci identified previously in the hybrid zone mapping population and represent promising candidate barrier genes and targets for future functional analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katy Morgan
- Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Bettina Harr
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany
| | | | - Bret A Payseur
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Leslie M Turner
- Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
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5
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Lei T, Blois SM, Freitag N, Bergmann M, Bhushan S, Wahle E, Huang ACC, Chen HL, Hartmann MF, Wudy SA, Liu FT, Meinhardt A, Fijak M. Targeted disruption of galectin 3 in mice delays the first wave of spermatogenesis and increases germ cell apoptosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:3621-3635. [PMID: 33507326 PMCID: PMC11072302 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03757-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Galectin 3 is a multifunctional lectin implicated in cellular proliferation, differentiation, adhesion, and apoptosis. This lectin is broadly expressed in testicular somatic cells and germ cells, and is upregulated during testicular development. Since the role of galectin 3 in testicular function remains elusive, we aimed to characterize the role of galectin 3 in testicular physiology. We found that galectin 3 transgenic mice (Lgals3-/-) exhibited significantly decreased testicular weight in adulthood compared to controls. The transgenic mice also exhibited a delay to the first wave of spermatogenesis, a decrease in the number of germ cells at postnatal day 5 (P5) and P15, and defective Sertoli cell maturation. Mechanistically, we found that Insulin-like-3 (a Leydig cell marker) and enzymes involved in steroid biosynthesis were significantly upregulated in adult Lgals3-/- testes. These observations were accompanied by increased serum testosterone levels. To determine the underlying causes of the testicular atrophy, we monitored cellular apoptosis. Indeed, adult Lgals3-/- testicular cells exhibited an elevated apoptosis rate that is likely driven by downregulated Bcl-2 and upregulated Bax and Bak expression, molecules responsible for live/death cell balance. Moreover, the percentage of testicular macrophages within CD45+ cells was decreased in Lgals3-/- mice. These data suggest that galectin 3 regulates spermatogenesis initiation and Sertoli cell maturation in part, by preventing germ cells from undergoing apoptosis and regulating testosterone biosynthesis. Going forward, understanding the role of galectin 3 in testicular physiology will add important insights into the factors governing the development of germ cells and steroidogenesis and delineate novel biomarkers of testicular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Lei
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Aulweg 123, 35385, Giessen, Germany
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Sandra M Blois
- Department of Obstetrics and Fetal Medicine, AG Glycoimmunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, A Cooperation between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, The Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nancy Freitag
- Department of Obstetrics and Fetal Medicine, AG Glycoimmunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, A Cooperation between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, The Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Division of General Internal and Psychosomatic Medicine, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Bergmann
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sudhanshu Bhushan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Aulweg 123, 35385, Giessen, Germany
| | - Eva Wahle
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Aulweg 123, 35385, Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Hung-Lin Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Michaela F Hartmann
- Steroid Research and Mass Spectrometry Unit, Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Stefan A Wudy
- Steroid Research and Mass Spectrometry Unit, Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Fu-Tong Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Andreas Meinhardt
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Aulweg 123, 35385, Giessen, Germany
| | - Monika Fijak
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Aulweg 123, 35385, Giessen, Germany.
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Chen D, Chou FJ, Chen Y, Tian H, Wang Y, You B, Niu Y, Huang CP, Yeh S, Xing N, Chang C. Targeting the radiation-induced TR4 nuclear receptor-mediated QKI/circZEB1/miR-141-3p/ZEB1 signaling increases prostate cancer radiosensitivity. Cancer Lett 2020; 495:100-111. [PMID: 32768524 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Early studies indicated that the testicular nuclear receptor 4 (TR4) might play key roles in altering prostate cancer (PCa) progression; however, its ability to alter PCa radiosensitivity remains unclear. Here, we found that suppressing TR4 expression promoted radiosensitivity and better suppressed PCa by modulating the protein quaking (QKI)/circZEB1/miR-141-3p/ZEB1 signaling pathway. Mechanism dissection studies revealed that TR4 could transcriptionally increase the RNA-binding protein QKI to increase circZEB1 levels, which then sponges the miR-141-3p to increase the expression of its host gene ZEB1. Preclinical studies with an in vivo mouse model further proved that combining radiation therapy (RT) with metformin promoted radiosensitivity to suppress PCa progression. Together, these results suggest that TR4 may play key roles in altering PCa radiosensitivity and show that targeting this newly identified TR4-mediated QKI/circZEB1/miR-141-3p/ZEB1 signaling pathway may help in the development of a novel RT to better suppress the progression of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Chen
- Department of Urology, National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100021, Beijing, China; George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology and The Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, 14642, NY, USA
| | - Fu-Ju Chou
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology and The Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, 14642, NY, USA
| | - Yuhchyau Chen
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology and The Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, 14642, NY, USA
| | - Hao Tian
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology and The Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, 14642, NY, USA; Sex Hormone Research Center, Tianjin Institute of Urology, Tianjin Medical University, 300211, Tianjin, China
| | - Yaqin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Department of Epidemiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100037, Beijing, China
| | - Bosen You
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology and The Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, 14642, NY, USA
| | - Yuanjie Niu
- Sex Hormone Research Center, Tianjin Institute of Urology, Tianjin Medical University, 300211, Tianjin, China
| | - Chi-Ping Huang
- Sex Hormone Research Center, China Medical University, 404, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shuyuan Yeh
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology and The Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, 14642, NY, USA
| | - Nianzeng Xing
- Department of Urology, National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100021, Beijing, China.
| | - Chawnshang Chang
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology and The Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, 14642, NY, USA; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Department of Epidemiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100037, Beijing, China.
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7
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Expression profile of microRNAs in the testes of patients with Klinefelter syndrome. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11470. [PMID: 32651451 PMCID: PMC7351945 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68294-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is the most common sex chromosome aneuploidy. A distinctive characteristic of KS is oligozoospermia. Despite multiple studies that have described the natural history of the degenerative process of germ cells in patients with KS, the molecular mechanisms that initiate this process are not well characterized. MicroRNA (miRNA)-mediated post-transcriptional control mechanisms have been increasingly recognized as important regulators of spermatogenesis; however, only a few studies have evaluated the role of miRNAs in the gonadal failure of these patients. Here, we describe a differential expression profile for the miRNAs in testicular tissue samples taken from KS patients. We analysed testicular tissue samples from 4 KS patients and 5 control patients (obstructive azoospermia) through next-generation sequencing, which can provide information about the mechanisms involved in the degeneration of germ cells. A distinctive differential expression profile was identified for 166 miRNAs in the KS patients: 66 were upregulated, and 100 were downregulated. An interactome analysis was performed for 7 of the upregulated and the 20 downregulated miRNAs. The results showed that the target genes are involved in the development, proliferation, and differentiation processes of spermatogenesis, which may explain their role in the development of infertility. This is the first report of a miRNA expression profile generated from testicular tissue samples of KS patients.
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8
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Infertility Caused by Inefficient Apoptotic Germ Cell Clearance in Xkr8-Deficient Male Mice. Mol Cell Biol 2020; 40:MCB.00402-19. [PMID: 31712393 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00402-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
During spermatogenesis, up to 75% of germ cells in the testes undergo apoptosis and are cleared by Sertoli cells. X-linked XK blood group-related 8 (Xkr8) is a plasma membrane protein that scrambles phospholipids in response to apoptotic signals, exposing phosphatidylserine (PtdSer). Here, we found that Xkr8 -/- male mice were infertile due to reduced sperm counts in their epididymides. Apoptotic stimuli could not induce PtdSer exposure in Xkr8 -/- germ cells. Consistent with the hypothesis that PtdSer functions as an "eat-me" signal to phagocytes, cells expressing phosphatidylserine receptor TIM4 and MER tyrosine kinase receptor efficiently engulfed apoptotic wild-type male germ cells but not Xkr8 -/- germ cells. Fluorescence and electron microscopy revealed Sertoli cells carrying engulfed and degenerated dead cells. However, many unengulfed apoptotic cells and residual bodies and much cell debris were present in Xkr8 -/- testes and epididymides. These results indicate that Xkr8-mediated PtdSer exposure is essential for the clearance of apoptotic germ cells by Sertoli cells. There was no apparent inflammation in Xkr8 -/- testes, suggesting that the unengulfed apoptotic cells may have undergone secondary necrosis, releasing noxious materials that affected the germ cells. Alternatively, failure to engulf the apoptotic germ cells may have caused the Sertoli cells to starve and lose their ability to support spermatogenesis.
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9
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Shi YQ, Fu GQ, Zhao J, Cheng SZ, Li Y, Yi LN, Li Z, Zhang L, Zhang ZB, Dai J, Zhang DY. Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate induces reproductive toxicity via JAZF1/TR4 pathway and oxidative stress in pubertal male rats. Toxicol Ind Health 2019; 35:228-238. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233718824911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) is a typical endocrine-disrupting chemical and reproductive toxicant. Although previous studies have attempted to describe the mechanism by which DEHP exposure results in reproductive dysfunction, few studies focused on puberty, a critical period of reproductive development, and the increased susceptibility to injury in adolescents. To elucidate the mechanism underpinning the testicular effects of DEHP in puberty, we sought to investigate the JAZF1/TR4 pathway in the testes of pubertal rats. Specifically, we focused on the role of the JAZF1/TR4 pathway in male reproduction, including the genes JAZF1, TR4, Sperm 1, and Cyclin A1. In the present study, rats were exposed to increasing concentrations of DEHP (0, 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg/day) by oral gavages for 30 days. Then we assayed testicular zinc and oxidative stress levels. Our results indicated that DEHP exposure could lead to oxidative stress and decrease the contents of testicular zinc. Additionally, significant morphological changes and cell apoptosis were observed in testes exposed to DEHP, as identified by hematoxylin and eosin staining and the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick and labeling assay. By measuring the expression levels of the above relevant genes by qPCR, we found the DEHP-induced increased expression of JAZF1 and decreased expression of TR4, Sperm 1, and Cyclin A1. Therefore, we have demonstrated that in vivo exposure to DEHP might induce reproductive toxicity in pubertal male rats through the JAZF1/TR4 pathway and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qin Shi
- School of Public Health, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guo-Qing Fu
- School of Public Health, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhao
- School of Public Health, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shen-Zhou Cheng
- School of Public Health, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - You Li
- School of Public Health, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling-Na Yi
- School of Public Health, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhen Li
- School of Public Health, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling Zhang
- School of Public Health, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Bing Zhang
- School of Public Health, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Juan Dai
- Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention and Control, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Da-Yi Zhang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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10
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TR4 nuclear receptor promotes clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) vasculogenic mimicry (VM) formation and metastasis via altering the miR490-3p/vimentin signals. Oncogene 2018; 37:5901-5912. [DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0269-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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11
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Wang M, Sun Y, Xu J, Lu J, Wang K, Yang DR, Yang G, Li G, Chang C. Preclinical studies using miR-32-5p to suppress clear cell renal cell carcinoma metastasis via altering the miR-32-5p/TR4/HGF/Met signaling. Int J Cancer 2018; 143:100-112. [PMID: 29396852 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
While testicular nuclear receptor 4 (TR4) may promote prostate cancer (PCa) metastasis, its role in the clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) remains unclear. Here we found a higher expression of TR4 in ccRCC tumors from patients with distant metastases than those from metastasis-free patients, suggesting TR4 may play positive roles in the ccRCC metastasis. Results from multiple in vitro ccRCC cell lines also confirmed TR4's positive roles in promoting ccRCC cell invasion/migration via altering the microRNA (miR-32-5p)/TR4/HGF/Met/MMP2-MMP9 signaling. Mechanism dissection revealed that miR-32-5p could suppress TR4 protein expression levels via direct binding to the 3'UTR of TR4 mRNA, and TR4 might then alter the HGF/Met signaling at the transcriptional level via direct binding to the TR4-response-elements (TR4RE) on the HGF promoter. Then the in vitro data also demonstrated the efficacy of Sunitinib, a currently used drug to treat ccRCC, could be increased after targeting this newly identified miR-32-5p/TR4/HGF/Met signaling. The preclinical study using the in vivo mouse model with xenografted ccRCC cells confirmed the in vitro cell lines data. Together, these findings suggest that TR4 is a key player to promote ccRCC metastasis and targeting this miR-32-5p/TR4/HGF/Met signaling with small molecules including TR4-shRNA or miR-32-5p may help to develop a new therapy to better suppress the ccRCC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingchao Wang
- Department of Urology and Chawnshang Chang Liver Cancer Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China.,George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology and The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, 14642
| | - Yin Sun
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology and The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, 14642
| | - Junjie Xu
- Department of Urology and Chawnshang Chang Liver Cancer Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China.,George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology and The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, 14642
| | - Jieyang Lu
- Department of Urology and Chawnshang Chang Liver Cancer Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China.,George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology and The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, 14642
| | - Kefeng Wang
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology and The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, 14642
| | - Dong-Rong Yang
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology and The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, 14642
| | - Guosheng Yang
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology and The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, 14642
| | - Gonghui Li
- Department of Urology and Chawnshang Chang Liver Cancer Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Chawnshang Chang
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology and The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, 14642.,Sex Hormone Research Center, China Medical University/Hospital, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
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Jin R, Lin H, Li G, Xu J, Shi L, Chang C, Cai X. TR 4 nuclear receptor suppresses HCC cell invasion via downregulating the EphA2 expression. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:283. [PMID: 29449527 PMCID: PMC5833398 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0287-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Early studies indicated that testicular nuclear receptor 4 (TR4) could function as a suppressor in the transcriptional regulation of the HBV core gene expression, which might then influence the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The direct linkage between TR4 and HCC progression, however, remained unclear. Here, via a human clinical sample survey, we found that 13 of the 18 HCC patients studied had lower TR4 expression in metastatic lesions than in matched primary HCC lesions, suggesting that TR4 may play a negative role in HCC metastasis. Results from in vitro cell migration/invasion studied confirmed that TR4 could suppress HCC cell migration/invasion. Mechanism dissection revealed that TR4 might function through downregulating ephrin type-A receptor 2 (EphA2) expression at the transcriptional level via direct binding to the TR4REs located on the 5' promoter of EphA2 to suppress HCC cell migration/invasion. Targeting the EphA2 via EphA2-siRNA partially reversed the enhanced HCC cell migration/invasion with confirmed TR4 knockdown. Notably, results from preclinical studies using in vivo mouse model with orthotopic xenograft of HCC LM3 cells also confirmed the in vitro findings. Taking these findings together, preclinical studies using multiple in vitro HCC cell lines and an in vivo mouse model all led to the conclusion that TR4 may function as a suppressor of HCC metastasis and that targeting this newly identified TR4-EphA2 signaling may improve our ability to suppress HCC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren'an Jin
- Chawnshang Chang Liver Cancer Center, Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine and Innovation Center for Minimally Invasive Technique and Device, Zhejiang University, 310016, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui Lin
- Chawnshang Chang Liver Cancer Center, Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine and Innovation Center for Minimally Invasive Technique and Device, Zhejiang University, 310016, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gonghui Li
- Chawnshang Chang Liver Cancer Center, Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine and Innovation Center for Minimally Invasive Technique and Device, Zhejiang University, 310016, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junjie Xu
- Chawnshang Chang Liver Cancer Center, Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine and Innovation Center for Minimally Invasive Technique and Device, Zhejiang University, 310016, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liang Shi
- Chawnshang Chang Liver Cancer Center, Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine and Innovation Center for Minimally Invasive Technique and Device, Zhejiang University, 310016, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chawnshang Chang
- Departments of Pathology and Urology and The Wilmot Cancer Center, George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
| | - Xiujun Cai
- Chawnshang Chang Liver Cancer Center, Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine and Innovation Center for Minimally Invasive Technique and Device, Zhejiang University, 310016, Hangzhou, China.
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13
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Hernandez A. Thyroid Hormone Role and Economy in the Developing Testis. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2018; 106:473-500. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Marxreiter S, Thummel CS. Adult functions for the Drosophila DHR78 nuclear receptor. Dev Dyn 2017; 247:315-322. [PMID: 29171103 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Testicular Receptors 2 and 4 (TR2, TR4) comprise a small subfamily of orphan nuclear receptors. Genetic studies in mouse models have identified roles for TR4 in developmental progression, fertility, brain development, and metabolism, as well as genetic redundancy with TR2. Here we study the adult functions of the single Drosophila member of this subfamily, DHR78, with the goal of defining its ancestral functions in the absence of genetic redundancy. RESULTS We show that DHR78 mutants have a shortened lifespan, reduced motility, and mated DHR78 mutant females display a reduced feeding rate. Transcriptional profiling reveals a major role for DHR78 in promoting the expression of genes that are expressed in the midgut, suggesting that it contributes to nutrient uptake. We also identify roles for DHR78 in maintaining the expression of genes in the ecdysone and Notch signaling pathways. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a new context for linking the molecular activity of the TR orphan nuclear receptors with their complex roles in adult physiology and lifespan. Developmental Dynamics 247:315-322, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Marxreiter
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Carl S Thummel
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
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Abstract
Testicular nuclear receptors 2 and 4 (TR2, TR4), also known as NR2C1 and NR2C2, belong to the nuclear receptor superfamily and were first cloned in 1989 and 1994, respectively. Although classified as orphan receptors, several natural molecules, their metabolites, and synthetic compounds including polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), PUFA metabolites 13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, and the antidiabetic drug thiazolidinediones can transactivate TR4. Importantly, many of these ligands/activators can also transactivate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), also known as NR1C3 nuclear receptor. Both TR4 and PPARγ can bind to similar hormone response elements (HREs) located in the promoter of their common downstream target genes. However, these two nuclear receptors, even with shared ligands/activators and shared binding ability for similar HREs, have some distinct functions in many diseases they influence. In cancer, PPARγ inhibits thyroid, lung, colon, and prostate cancers but enhances bladder cancer. In contrast, TR4 inhibits liver and prostate cancer initiation but enhances pituitary corticotroph, liver, and prostate cancer progression. In type 2 diabetes, PPARγ increases insulin sensitivity but TR4 decreases insulin sensitivity. In cardiovascular disease, PPARγ inhibits atherosclerosis but TR4 enhances atherosclerosis through increasing foam cell formation. In bone physiology, PPARγ inhibits bone formation but TR4 increases bone formation. Together, the contrasting impact of TR4 and PPARγ on different diseases may raise a critical issue about drug used to target any one of these nuclear receptors.
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Kasimanickam V, Kastelic J. MicroRNA in sperm from Duroc, Landrace and Yorkshire boars. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32954. [PMID: 27597569 PMCID: PMC5011730 DOI: 10.1038/srep32954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sperm contain microRNAs (miRNAs), which may have roles in epigenetic control. Regarding phylogenetic relationships among various swine breeds, Yorkshire and Landrace, are considered phenotypically and genetically very similar, but distinctly different from Duroc. The objective of the present study was to compare abundance of boar sperm miRNAs in these three breeds. Overall, 252 prioritized miRNAs were investigated using real-time PCR; relative expression of miRNAs in sperm was similar in Yorkshire and Landrace boars, but significantly different compared to Duroc. Seventeen miRNAs (hsa-miR-196a-5p, hsa-miR-514a-3p, hsa-miR-938, hsa-miR-372-3p, hsa-miR-558, hsa-miR-579-3p, hsa-miR-595, hsa-miR-648, hsa-miR-524-3p, hsa-miR-512-3p, hsa-miR-429, hsa-miR-639, hsa-miR-551a, hsa-miR-624-5p, hsa-miR-585-3p, hsa-miR-508-3p and hsa-miR-626) were down-regulated (P < 0.05; fold regulation ≤-2) in Yorkshire and Landrace sperm, compared to Duroc sperm. Furthermore, three miRNAs (hsa-miR-9-5p, hsa-miR-150-5p, and hsa-miR-99a-5p) were significantly up-regulated in Yorkshire and Landrace sperm compared to Duroc sperm, However, 240 miRNAs were not significantly different (within + 2 fold) between Yorkshire and Landrace sperm. We concluded that miRNAs in sperm were not significantly different between Yorkshire and Landrace boars, but there were significant differences between those two breeds and Duroc boars. Furthermore, integrated target genes for selected down-regulated miRNAs (identified via an in-silico method) appeared to participate in spermatogenesis and sperm functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanmathy Kasimanickam
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department &Center for Reproductive Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - John Kastelic
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N2, Canada
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Peng XP, Huang L, Liu ZH. miRNA-133a attenuates lipid accumulation via TR4-CD36 pathway in macrophages. Biochimie 2016; 127:79-85. [PMID: 27109382 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
lipid metabolism is the major causes of atherosclerosis. There is increasing evidence that miR-133a plays an important role in atherosclerosis. However, the regulatory mechanism of miR-133a in macrophages is still unclear. Several lines of evidence indicate that loss of TR4 leads to reduce lipid accumulation in liver and adipose tissues, etc, and lesional macrophages-derived TR4 can greatly increase the foam cell formation through increasing the CD36-mediated the uptake of ox-LDL. Interestingly, computational analysis suggests that TR4 may be a target gene of miR-133a. Here, we examined whether miR-133a regulates TR4 expression in ox-LDL-induced mouse RAW 264.7 macrophages, thereby affecting lipid accumulation. Using ox-LDL-treatment RAW 264.7 macrophages transfected with miR-133a mimics or inhibitors, we have showed that miR-133a can directly regulate the expression of TR4 in RAW 264.7 cells, thereby attenuates CD36-medide lipid accumulation. Furthermore, our studies suggest an additional explanation for the regulatory mechanism of miR-133a regulation to its functional target, TR4 in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Thus, our findings suggest that miR-133a may regulate lipid accumulation in ox-LDL-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages via TR4-CD36 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ping Peng
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College, Zhuzhou, Hunan 412000, China
| | - Lei Huang
- Department of Geratology, First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College, Zhuzhou, Hunan 412000, China.
| | - Zhi-Hong Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College, Zhuzhou, Hunan 412000, China
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Kaur S, Jobling S, Jones CS, Noble LR, Routledge EJ, Lockyer AE. The nuclear receptors of Biomphalaria glabrata and Lottia gigantea: implications for developing new model organisms. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121259. [PMID: 25849443 PMCID: PMC4388693 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) are transcription regulators involved in an array of diverse physiological functions including key roles in endocrine and metabolic function. The aim of this study was to identify nuclear receptors in the fully sequenced genome of the gastropod snail, Biomphalaria glabrata, intermediate host for Schistosoma mansoni and compare these to known vertebrate NRs, with a view to assessing the snail's potential as a invertebrate model organism for endocrine function, both as a prospective new test organism and to elucidate the fundamental genetic and mechanistic causes of disease. For comparative purposes, the genome of a second gastropod, the owl limpet, Lottia gigantea was also investigated for nuclear receptors. Thirty-nine and thirty-three putative NRs were identified from the B. glabrata and L. gigantea genomes respectively, based on the presence of a conserved DNA-binding domain and/or ligand-binding domain. Nuclear receptor transcript expression was confirmed and sequences were subjected to a comparative phylogenetic analysis, which demonstrated that these molluscs have representatives of all the major NR subfamilies (1-6). Many of the identified NRs are conserved between vertebrates and invertebrates, however differences exist, most notably, the absence of receptors of Group 3C, which includes some of the vertebrate endocrine hormone targets. The mollusc genomes also contain NR homologues that are present in insects and nematodes but not in vertebrates, such as Group 1J (HR48/DAF12/HR96). The identification of many shared receptors between humans and molluscs indicates the potential for molluscs as model organisms; however the absence of several steroid hormone receptors indicates snail endocrine systems are fundamentally different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satwant Kaur
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Jobling
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine S. Jones
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Leslie R. Noble
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Edwin J. Routledge
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anne E. Lockyer
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Ding X, Yang DR, Xia L, Chen B, Yu S, Niu Y, Wang M, Li G, Chang C. Targeting TR4 nuclear receptor suppresses prostate cancer invasion via reduction of infiltrating macrophages with alteration of the TIMP-1/MMP2/MMP9 signals. Mol Cancer 2015; 14:16. [PMID: 25623427 PMCID: PMC4316804 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-014-0281-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background TR4 nuclear receptor 4 (TR4) plays an important role in macrophages-associated foam cell formation of cardiovascular diseases and infiltrating macrophages are critical for prostate cancer (PCa) progression. However, the linkage of macrophages and TR4 and their impacts on PCa metastasis remains unclear. Results Knocking-down TR4 in human PCa cells (C4-2, CWR22Rv1), but not in human macrophages cells (THP-1), led to suppress the macrophages infiltration to PCa cells. The consequences of such suppression of the recruitment of macrophages toward PCa then resulted in suppressing the PCa cell invasion. Mechanism dissection found that knocking-down TR4 in PCa cells suppressed metastasis-related genes including MMP2, with induction of TIMP-1. Interruption assays using TIMP-1 neutralizing antibody could then reverse TR4-macrophage-mediated PCa invasion. IHC staining showed higher TR4 level, more macrophage infiltration, lower TIMP-1 and stronger MMP2/MMP9 in tumor tissues of the Gleason score 5 + 4 patients compared with the Gleason score 3 + 3 patients. Conclusion Targeting TR4 in prostate tumor microenvironment might represent a potential new therapeutic approach to better battle PCa metastasis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12943-014-0281-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianfan Ding
- Department of Urology and Chawnshang Chang Liver Cancer Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China. .,George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology and Radiation Oncology, and The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14646, USA.
| | - Dong-Rong Yang
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology and Radiation Oncology, and The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14646, USA. .,Department of Urology, the 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, China.
| | - Liqun Xia
- Department of Urology and Chawnshang Chang Liver Cancer Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China.
| | - Bide Chen
- Department of Urology and Chawnshang Chang Liver Cancer Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China.
| | - Shicheng Yu
- Department of Urology and Chawnshang Chang Liver Cancer Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China.
| | - Yuanjie Niu
- Chawnshang Chang Sex Hormone Research Center, Tianjin Institute of Urology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, China.
| | - Mingchao Wang
- Department of Urology and Chawnshang Chang Liver Cancer Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China.
| | - Gonghui Li
- Department of Urology and Chawnshang Chang Liver Cancer Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China.
| | - Chawnshang Chang
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology and Radiation Oncology, and The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14646, USA. .,Sex Hormone Research Center, China Medical University/Hospital, Taichung, 404, Taiwan.
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Ding X, Yang DR, Lee SO, Chen YL, Xia L, Lin SJ, Yu S, Niu YJ, Li G, Chang C. TR4 nuclear receptor promotes prostate cancer metastasis via upregulation of CCL2/CCR2 signaling. Int J Cancer 2014; 136:955-64. [PMID: 24975468 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Testicular nuclear receptor 4 (TR4) plays protective roles against oxidative stress and DNA damage and might contribute to aging. Our recent clinical tumor tissue staining results showed higher expression of TR4 in prostate cancer (PCa) patients with high Gleason scores compared to the tissues with the low Gleason scores. In vitro migration/invasion assays after manipulation of the TR4 expression in PCa cells showed that TR4 promoted PCa cells migration/invasion. Mechanism dissection found that the CCL2/CCR2 signal plays the key role in the mediation of TR4-promoted PCa cells migration/invasion. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and Luciferase assays further confirmed TR4 modulation of CCL2 at the transcriptional level and addition of the CCR2 antagonist led to interruption of the TR4-enhanced PCa cells migration/invasion. Finally, the orthotopic xenografted mice studies using the luciferase expressing CWR22Rv1 cells found that TR4 enhanced PCa metastasis and this increased metastasis was reversed when the CCR2 antagonist was injected into the mice. Together, these in vitro and in vivo results revealed a positive role of TR4 in PCa metastasis and demonstrated CCL2/CCR2 signaling as an important mediator in exerting TR4 action. This finding suggests that TR4 may represent a biomarker related to PCa metastasis and targeting the TR4-CCL2/CCR2 axis may become a new therapeutic approach to battle PCa metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianfan Ding
- Chawnshang Chang Liver Cancer Center, Department of Urology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejang University, Hangzhou, China; George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, and Radiation Oncology, and The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
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Liu S, Lin SJ, Li G, Kim E, Chen YT, Yang DR, Tan MHE, Yong EL, Chang C. Differential roles of PPARγ vs TR4 in prostate cancer and metabolic diseases. Endocr Relat Cancer 2014; 21:R279-300. [PMID: 24623743 DOI: 10.1530/erc-13-0529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ, NR1C3) and testicular receptor 4 nuclear receptor (TR4, NR2C2) are two members of the nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily that can be activated by several similar ligands/activators including polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolites, such as 13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid and 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, as well as some anti-diabetic drugs such as thiazolidinediones (TZDs). However, the consequences of the transactivation of these ligands/activators via these two NRs are different, with at least three distinct phenotypes. First, activation of PPARγ increases insulin sensitivity yet activation of TR4 decreases insulin sensitivity. Second, PPARγ attenuates atherosclerosis but TR4 might increase the risk of atherosclerosis. Third, PPARγ suppresses prostate cancer (PCa) development and TR4 suppresses prostate carcinogenesis yet promotes PCa metastasis. Importantly, the deregulation of either PPARγ or TR4 in PCa alone might then alter the other receptor's influences on PCa progression. Knocking out PPARγ altered the ability of TR4 to promote prostate carcinogenesis and knocking down TR4 also resulted in TZD treatment promoting PCa development, indicating that both PPARγ and TR4 might coordinate with each other to regulate PCa initiation, and the loss of either one of them might switch the other one from a tumor suppressor to a tumor promoter. These results indicate that further and detailed studies of both receptors at the same time in the same cells/organs may help us to better dissect their distinct physiological roles and develop better drug(s) with fewer side effects to battle PPARγ- and TR4-related diseases including tumor and cardiovascular diseases as well as metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Liu
- George Whipple Laboratory for Cancer ResearchDepartments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology, and The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USADepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyNational University of Singapore, Singapore, SingaporeChawnshang Chang Liver Cancer Center and Department of UrologySir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, ChinaDepartment of Biological SciencesChonnam National University, Youngbong, Buk-Gu, Gwangju 500-757 KoreaCardiovascular Research InstituteNational University Health System and The Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, SingaporeSex Hormone Research CenterChina Medical University/Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Jen Lin
- George Whipple Laboratory for Cancer ResearchDepartments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology, and The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USADepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyNational University of Singapore, Singapore, SingaporeChawnshang Chang Liver Cancer Center and Department of UrologySir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, ChinaDepartment of Biological SciencesChonnam National University, Youngbong, Buk-Gu, Gwangju 500-757 KoreaCardiovascular Research InstituteNational University Health System and The Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, SingaporeSex Hormone Research CenterChina Medical University/Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Gonghui Li
- George Whipple Laboratory for Cancer ResearchDepartments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology, and The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USADepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyNational University of Singapore, Singapore, SingaporeChawnshang Chang Liver Cancer Center and Department of UrologySir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, ChinaDepartment of Biological SciencesChonnam National University, Youngbong, Buk-Gu, Gwangju 500-757 KoreaCardiovascular Research InstituteNational University Health System and The Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, SingaporeSex Hormone Research CenterChina Medical University/Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Eungseok Kim
- George Whipple Laboratory for Cancer ResearchDepartments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology, and The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USADepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyNational University of Singapore, Singapore, SingaporeChawnshang Chang Liver Cancer Center and Department of UrologySir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, ChinaDepartment of Biological SciencesChonnam National University, Youngbong, Buk-Gu, Gwangju 500-757 KoreaCardiovascular Research InstituteNational University Health System and The Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, SingaporeSex Hormone Research CenterChina Medical University/Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Yei-Tsung Chen
- George Whipple Laboratory for Cancer ResearchDepartments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology, and The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USADepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyNational University of Singapore, Singapore, SingaporeChawnshang Chang Liver Cancer Center and Department of UrologySir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, ChinaDepartment of Biological SciencesChonnam National University, Youngbong, Buk-Gu, Gwangju 500-757 KoreaCardiovascular Research InstituteNational University Health System and The Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, SingaporeSex Hormone Research CenterChina Medical University/Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Dong-Rong Yang
- George Whipple Laboratory for Cancer ResearchDepartments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology, and The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USADepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyNational University of Singapore, Singapore, SingaporeChawnshang Chang Liver Cancer Center and Department of UrologySir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, ChinaDepartment of Biological SciencesChonnam National University, Youngbong, Buk-Gu, Gwangju 500-757 KoreaCardiovascular Research InstituteNational University Health System and The Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, SingaporeSex Hormone Research CenterChina Medical University/Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - M H Eileen Tan
- George Whipple Laboratory for Cancer ResearchDepartments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology, and The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USADepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyNational University of Singapore, Singapore, SingaporeChawnshang Chang Liver Cancer Center and Department of UrologySir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, ChinaDepartment of Biological SciencesChonnam National University, Youngbong, Buk-Gu, Gwangju 500-757 KoreaCardiovascular Research InstituteNational University Health System and The Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, SingaporeSex Hormone Research CenterChina Medical University/Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Eu Leong Yong
- George Whipple Laboratory for Cancer ResearchDepartments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology, and The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USADepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyNational University of Singapore, Singapore, SingaporeChawnshang Chang Liver Cancer Center and Department of UrologySir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, ChinaDepartment of Biological SciencesChonnam National University, Youngbong, Buk-Gu, Gwangju 500-757 KoreaCardiovascular Research InstituteNational University Health System and The Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, SingaporeSex Hormone Research CenterChina Medical University/Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Chawnshang Chang
- George Whipple Laboratory for Cancer ResearchDepartments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology, and The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USADepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyNational University of Singapore, Singapore, SingaporeChawnshang Chang Liver Cancer Center and Department of UrologySir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, ChinaDepartment of Biological SciencesChonnam National University, Youngbong, Buk-Gu, Gwangju 500-757 KoreaCardiovascular Research InstituteNational University Health System and The Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, SingaporeSex Hormone Research CenterChina Medical University/Hospital, Taichung 404, TaiwanGeorge Whipple Laboratory for Cancer ResearchDepartments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology, and The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USADepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyNational University of Singapore, Singapore, SingaporeChawnshang Chang Liver Cancer Center and Department of UrologySir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, ChinaDepartment of Biological SciencesChonnam National University, Youngbong, Buk-Gu, Gwangju 500-757 KoreaCardiovascular Research InstituteNational University Health System and The Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, SingaporeSex Hormone Research CenterChina Medical University/Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
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Biased, non-equivalent gene-proximal and -distal binding motifs of orphan nuclear receptor TR4 in primary human erythroid cells. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004339. [PMID: 24811540 PMCID: PMC4014424 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that TR2 and TR4 orphan nuclear receptors bind to direct repeat (DR) elements in the ε- and γ-globin promoters, and act as molecular anchors for the recruitment of epigenetic corepressors of the multifaceted DRED complex, thereby leading to ε- and γ-globin transcriptional repression during definitive erythropoiesis. Other than the ε- and γ-globin and the GATA1 genes, TR4-regulated target genes in human erythroid cells remain unknown. Here, we identified TR4 binding sites genome-wide using chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by massively parallel sequencing (ChIP-seq) as human primary CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors differentiated progressively to late erythroid precursors. We also performed whole transcriptome analyses by RNA-seq to identify TR4 downstream targets after lentiviral-mediated TR4 shRNA knockdown in erythroid cells. Analyses from combined ChIP-seq and RNA-seq datasets indicate that DR1 motifs are more prevalent in the proximal promoters of TR4 direct target genes, which are involved in basic biological functions (e.g., mRNA processing, ribosomal assembly, RNA splicing and primary metabolic processes). In contrast, other non-DR1 repeat motifs (DR4, ER6 and IR1) are more prevalent at gene-distal TR4 binding sites. Of these, approximately 50% are also marked with epigenetic chromatin signatures (such as P300, H3K27ac, H3K4me1 and H3K27me3) associated with enhancer function. Thus, we hypothesize that TR4 regulates gene transcription via gene-proximal DR1 sites as TR4/TR2 heterodimers, while it can associate with novel nuclear receptor partners (such as RXR) to bind to distant non-DR1 consensus sites. In summary, this study reveals that the TR4 regulatory network is far more complex than previously appreciated and that TR4 regulates basic, essential biological processes during the terminal differentiation of human erythroid cells. Sequential genome-wide binding studies investigated by deep sequencing (ChIP-seq) represent a powerful tool for investigating the temporal sequence of gene activation and repression events that take place as cells differentiate. Here, we report the binding of an “orphan” nuclear receptor (one for which no ligand has been identified) to its cognate genomic regulatory sites and perform the functional analysis to validate its downstream targets as precursor cells differentiate from very early human hematopoietic progenitors into red blood cells. We discovered that when this receptor is bound at gene proximal promoters, it recognizes a different DNA sequence than when it binds to more distant regulatory sites (enhancers and silencers). Since this receptor can either activate or repress specific target genes, the data suggest the intriguing possibility that the two different modes of DNA recognition may reflect association of the receptor with different partner molecules when regulating gene expression from proximal or distal sequences.
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Lin SJ, Zhang Y, Liu NC, Yang DR, Li G, Chang C. Minireview: Pathophysiological roles of the TR4 nuclear receptor: lessons learned from mice lacking TR4. Mol Endocrinol 2014; 28:805-21. [PMID: 24702179 DOI: 10.1210/me.2013-1422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Testicular nuclear receptor 4 (TR4), also known as NR2C2, belongs to the nuclear receptor superfamily and shares high homology with the testicular nuclear receptor 2. The natural ligands of TR4 remained unclear until the recent discoveries of several energy/lipid sensors including the polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolites, 13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid and 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, and their synthetic ligands, thiazolidinediones, used for treatment of diabetes. TR4 is widely expressed throughout the body and particularly concentrated in the testis, prostate, cerebellum, and hippocampus. It has been shown to play important roles in cerebellar development, forebrain myelination, folliculogenesis, gluconeogenesis, lipogenesis, muscle development, bone development, and prostate cancer progression. Here we provide a comprehensive summary of TR4 signaling including its upstream ligands/activators/suppressors, transcriptional coactivators/repressors, downstream targets, and their in vivo functions with potential impacts on TR4-related diseases. Importantly, TR4 shares similar ligands/activators with another key nuclear receptor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, which raised several interesting questions about how these 2 nuclear receptors may collaborate with or counteract each other's function in their related diseases. Clear dissection of such molecular mechanisms and their differential roles in various diseases may help researchers to design new potential drugs with better efficacy and fewer side effects to battle TR4 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ involved diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Jen Lin
- George Whipple Laboratory for Cancer Research (S.-J.L., Y.Z., N.-C.L., C.C.), Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology, and The Wilmot Cancer Center. University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14646; Department of Urology (D.-R.Y.), the Second Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University, Suzhou, 215004 China; Chawnshang Chang Liver Cancer Center and Department of Urology (G.L.), Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016 China; and Sex Hormone Research Center (C.C.), China Medical University/Hospital, Taichung, 404 Taiwan
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Ding XF, Yu SC, Chen BD, Lin SJ, Chang C, Li GH. Recent advances in the study of testicular nuclear receptor 4. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2013; 14:171-7. [PMID: 23463759 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1200357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Testicular nuclear receptor 4 (TR4), also known as NR2C2 (nuclear receptor subfamily 2, group C, member 2), is a transcriptional factor and a member of the nuclear receptor family. TR4 was initially cloned from human and rat hypothalamus, prostate, and testes libraries. For almost two decades, its specific tissue distribution, genomic organization, and chromosomal assignment have been well investigated in humans and animals. However, it has been very difficult to study TR4's physiological functions due to a lack of specific ligands. Gene knock-out animal techniques provide an alternative approach for defining the biological functions of TR4. In vivo studies of TR4 gene knockout mice (TR4(-/-)) found that they display severe spinal curvature, subfertility, premature aging, and prostate prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) development. Upstream modulators, downstream target gene regulation, feedback mechanisms, and differential modulation mediated by the recruitment of other nuclear receptors and coregulators have been identified in studies using the TR4(-/-) phenotype. With the establishment of a tissue-specific TR4(-/-) mouse model, research on TR4 will be more convenient in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-fan Ding
- Department of Urology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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25
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Chalmel F, Lardenois A, Evrard B, Mathieu R, Feig C, Demougin P, Gattiker A, Schulze W, Jégou B, Kirchhoff C, Primig M. Global human tissue profiling and protein network analysis reveals distinct levels of transcriptional germline-specificity and identifies target genes for male infertility. Hum Reprod 2012; 27:3233-48. [PMID: 22926843 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/des301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mammalian spermatogenesis is a process that involves a complex expression program in both somatic and germ cells present in the male gonad. A number of studies have attempted to define the transcriptome of male meiosis and gametogenesis in rodents and primates. Few human transcripts, however, have been associated with testicular somatic cells and germ cells at different post-natal developmental stages and little is known about their level of germline-specificity compared with non-testicular tissues. METHODS We quantified human transcripts using GeneChips and a total of 47 biopsies from prepubertal children diagnosed with undescended testis, infertile adult patients whose spermatogenesis is arrested at consecutive stages and fertile control individuals. These results were integrated with data from enriched normal germ cells, non-testicular expression data, phenotype information, predicted regulatory DNA-binding motifs and interactome data. RESULTS Among 3580 genes for which we found differential transcript concentrations in somatic and germ cells present in human testis, 933 were undetectable in 45 embryonic and adult non-testicular tissues, including many that were corroborated at protein level by published gene annotation data and histological high-throughput protein immunodetection assays. Using motif enrichment analyses, we identified regulatory promoter elements likely involved in germline development. Finally, we constructed a regulatory disease network for human fertility by integrating expression signals, interactome information, phenotypes and functional annotation data. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide broad insight into the post-natal human testicular transcriptome at the level of cell populations and in a global somatic tissular context. Furthermore, they yield clues for genetic causes of male infertility and will facilitate the identification of novel cancer/testis genes as targets for cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Chalmel
- Inserm Unit 1085-IRSET, Université de Rennes 1, EHESP School of Public Health, F-35042 Rennes, France
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26
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Lin SJ, Ho HC, Lee YF, Liu NC, Liu S, Li G, Shyr CR, Chang C. Reduced osteoblast activity in the mice lacking TR4 nuclear receptor leads to osteoporosis. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2012; 10:43. [PMID: 22676849 PMCID: PMC3447707 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-10-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early studies suggested that TR4 nuclear receptor might play important roles in the skeletal development, yet its detailed mechanism remains unclear. METHODS We generated TR4 knockout mice and compared skeletal development with their wild type littermates. Primary bone marrow cells were cultured and we assayed bone differentiation by alkaline phosphatase and alizarin red staining. Primary calvaria were cultured and osteoblastic marker genes were detected by quantitative PCR. Luciferase reporter assays, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays, and electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) were performed to demonstrate TR4 can directly regulate bone differentiation marker osteocalcin. RESULTS We first found mice lacking TR4 might develop osteoporosis. We then found that osteoblast progenitor cells isolated from bone marrow of TR4 knockout mice displayed reduced osteoblast differentiation capacity and calcification. Osteoblast primary cultures from TR4 knockout mice calvaria also showed higher proliferation rates indicating lower osteoblast differentiation ability in mice after loss of TR4. Mechanism dissection found the expression of osteoblast markers genes, such as ALP, type I collagen alpha 1, osteocalcin, PTH, and PTHR was dramatically reduced in osteoblasts from TR4 knockout mice as compared to those from TR4 wild type mice. In vitro cell line studies with luciferase reporter assay, ChIP assay, and EMSA further demonstrated TR4 could bind directly to the promoter region of osteocalcin gene and induce its gene expression at the transcriptional level in a dose dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS Together, these results demonstrate TR4 may function as a novel transcriptional factor to play pathophysiological roles in maintaining normal osteoblast activity during the bone development and remodeling, and disruption of TR4 function may result in multiple skeletal abnormalities.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Antigens, Differentiation/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation/metabolism
- Bone Marrow Cells/metabolism
- Bone Marrow Cells/pathology
- Bone Remodeling
- Bone and Bones/metabolism
- Bone and Bones/pathology
- Cell Differentiation
- Cells, Cultured
- Female
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Osteoblasts/metabolism
- Osteoblasts/pathology
- Osteocalcin/biosynthesis
- Osteocalcin/genetics
- Osteocalcin/metabolism
- Osteogenesis
- Osteoporosis/metabolism
- Osteoporosis/pathology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Steroid/genetics
- Receptors, Steroid/metabolism
- Receptors, Thyroid Hormone/genetics
- Receptors, Thyroid Hormone/metabolism
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Jen Lin
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology, and The Wilmot Cancer center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Hsin-Chiu Ho
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology, and The Wilmot Cancer center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Yi-Fen Lee
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology, and The Wilmot Cancer center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Ning-Chun Liu
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology, and The Wilmot Cancer center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Su Liu
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology, and The Wilmot Cancer center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Gonghui Li
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology, and The Wilmot Cancer center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Chih-Rong Shyr
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology, and The Wilmot Cancer center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
- Sex Hormone Research Center, China Medical University/Hospital, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Chawnshang Chang
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology, and The Wilmot Cancer center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
- Sex Hormone Research Center, China Medical University/Hospital, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
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27
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Deficiency in TR4 nuclear receptor abrogates Gadd45a expression and increases cytotoxicity induced by ionizing radiation. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2012; 17:309-22. [PMID: 22396141 PMCID: PMC3402907 DOI: 10.2478/s11658-012-0012-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The testicular receptor 4 (TR4) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily that controls various biological activities. A protective role of TR4 against oxidative stress has recently been discovered. We here examined the protective role of TR4 against ionizing radiation (IR) and found that small hairpin RNA mediated TR4 knockdown cells were highly sensitive to IR-induced cell death. IR exposure increased the expression of TR4 in scramble control small hairpin RNA expressing cells but not in TR4 knockdown cells. Examination of IR-responsive molecules found that the expression of Gadd45a, the growth arrest and DNA damage response gene, was dramatically decreased in Tr4 deficient (TR4KO) mice tissues and could not respond to IR stimulation in TR4KO mouse embryonic fibroblast cells. This TR4 regulation of GADD45A was at the transcriptional level. Promoter analysis identified four potential TR4 response elements located in intron 3 and exon 4 of the GADD45A gene. Reporter and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays provided evidence indicating that TR4 regulated the GADD45A expression through TR4 response elements located in intron 3 of the GADD45A gene. Together, we find that TR4 is essential in protecting cells from IR stress. Upon IR challenges, TR4 expression is increased, thereafter inducing GADD45A through transcriptional regulation. As GADD45A is directly involved in the DNA repair pathway, this suggests that TR4 senses genotoxic stress and up-regulates GADD45A expression to protect cells from IR-induced genotoxicity.
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[Regulation of gene expression during spermatogenesis at transcriptional level]. YI CHUAN = HEREDITAS 2012; 33:1300-7. [PMID: 22207375 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1005.2011.01300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian spermatogenesis is a highly complex cell division and differentiation process occurring in the seminiferous tubules of the testis. This processes are regulated at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels, any mistake in this process can lead to infertility. Unveiling the molecular mechanisms of spermatogenesis has important implications for exploring novel contraceptive approach and treatment of infertility. This review addresses recent progress towards understanding the regulation of androgen, estrogen and their receptors, transcription factors and chromatin-associated factors for spermatogenesis at transcriptional level.
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L'Hôte D, Vatin M, Auer J, Castille J, Passet B, Montagutelli X, Serres C, Vaiman D. Fidgetin-like1 is a strong candidate for a dynamic impairment of male meiosis leading to reduced testis weight in mice. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27582. [PMID: 22110678 PMCID: PMC3217987 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In a previous work, using an interspecific recombinant congenic mouse model, we reported a genomic region of 23 Mb on mouse chromosome 11 implicated in testis weight decrease and moderate teratozoospermia (∼20–30%), a Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) called Ltw1. The objective of the present study is to identify the gene underlying this phenotype. Results In the present study, we refined the QTL position to a 5 Mb fragment encompassing only 11 genes. We showed that the low testis weight phenotype was due to kinetic alterations occurring during the first wave of the spermatogenesis where we could point out to an abnormal lengthening of spermatocyte prophase. We identify Fidgetin-like 1 (Fignl1) as the gene underlying the phenotype, since if fulfilled both the physiological and molecular characteristics required. Indeed, amongst the 11 positional candidates it is the only gene that is expressed during meiosis at the spermatocyte stage, and that presents with non-synonymous coding variations differentiating the two mouse strains at the origin of the cross. Conclusions This work prompted us to propose Fignl1 as a novel actor in mammal's male meiosis dynamics which has fundamental interest. Besides, this gene is a new potential candidate for human infertilities caused by teratozoospermia and blockades of spermatogenesis. In addition this study demonstrates that interspecific models may be useful for understanding complex quantitative traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L'Hôte
- CNRS UMR 7592, Institut Jacques Monod, Equipe Génétique et Génomique du Développement Gonadique, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot-Paris VII, Paris, France
| | - Magalie Vatin
- U1016 Département de Génétique et Développement, Institut Cochin, INSERM, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Jana Auer
- U1016 Département de Génétique et Développement, Institut Cochin, INSERM, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Johan Castille
- Département de Génétique des Animaux, INRA, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Bruno Passet
- Département de Génétique des Animaux, INRA, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Catherine Serres
- U1016 Département de Génétique et Développement, Institut Cochin, INSERM, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Daniel Vaiman
- U1016 Département de Génétique et Développement, Institut Cochin, INSERM, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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30
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Collins LL, Lee YF, Ting HJ, Lin WJ, Liu NC, Meshul CK, Uno H, Bao BY, Chen YT, Chang C. The roles of testicular nuclear receptor 4 (TR4) in male fertility-priapism and sexual behavior defects in TR4 knockout mice. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2011; 9:138. [PMID: 21995792 PMCID: PMC3212810 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-9-138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Successful reproductive efforts require the establishment of a situation favorable for reproduction that requires integration of both behavior and internal physiological events. TR4 nuclear receptor is known to be involved in male fertility via controlling spermatogenesis, yet its roles in regulating other biological events related to reproduction have not been completely revealed. METHODS Male TR4 knockout (TR4 -/-) and wild type mice were used for the sexual behavior and penile dysfunction studies. Mice were sacrificed for histological examination and corresponding genes profiles were analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR. Reporter gene assays were performed. RESULTS We describe an unexpected finding of priapism in TR4 -/- mice. As a transcriptional factor, we demonstrated that TR4 transcriptionally modulates a key enzyme regulating penis erection and neuronal nitric oxide synthese NOS (nNOS). Thereby, elimination of TR4 results in nNOS reduction in both mRNA and protein levels, consequently may lead to erectile dysfunction. In addition, male TR4 -/- mice display defects in sexual and social behavior, with increased fear or anxiety, as well as reduced mounting, intromission, and ejaculation. Reduction of ER alpha, ER beta, and oxytocin in the hypothalamus may contribute to defects in sexual behavior and stress response. CONCLUSIONS Together, these results provide in vivo evidence of important TR4 roles in penile physiology, as well as in male sexual behavior. In conjunction with previous finding, TR4 represents a key factor that controls male fertility via regulating behavior and internal physiological events.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/physiology
- Fertility
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Genes, Reporter
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle, Smooth/growth & development
- Muscle, Smooth/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth/pathology
- Muscle, Smooth/physiopathology
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I/genetics
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I/metabolism
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 2, Group C, Member 2/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 2, Group C, Member 2/physiology
- Penis/growth & development
- Penis/metabolism
- Penis/pathology
- Penis/physiopathology
- Priapism/metabolism
- Priapism/pathology
- Priapism/physiopathology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Response Elements
- Severity of Illness Index
- Sexual Behavior, Animal
- Transcriptional Activation
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Affiliation(s)
- Loretta L Collins
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology, and The Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Yi-Fen Lee
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology, and The Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Huei-Ju Ting
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology, and The Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Wen-Jye Lin
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology, and The Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Ning-Chun Liu
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology, and The Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Charles K Meshul
- Research Services, V.A. Medical Center and Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Hideo Uno
- Wisconsin Regional Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53708, USA
| | - Bo-Ying Bao
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology, and The Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Sex Hormone Research Center and School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ta Chen
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology, and The Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Department of Urology, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Chawnshang Chang
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology, and The Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Sex Hormone Research Center and School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Lee YF, Liu S, Liu NC, Wang RS, Chen LM, Lin WJ, Ting HJ, Ho HC, Li G, Puzas EJ, Wu Q, Chang C. Premature aging with impaired oxidative stress defense in mice lacking TR4. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2011; 301:E91-8. [PMID: 21521714 PMCID: PMC3129845 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00701.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Early studies suggest that TR4 nuclear receptor is a key transcriptional factor regulating various biological activities, including reproduction, cerebella development, and metabolism. Here we report that mice lacking TR4 (TR4(-/-)) exhibited increasing genome instability and defective oxidative stress defense, which are associated with premature aging phenotypes. At the cellular level, we observed rapid cellular growth arrest and less resistance to oxidative stress and DNA damage in TR4(-/-) mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) in vitro. Restoring TR4 or supplying the antioxidant N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) to TR4(-/-) MEFs reduced the DNA damage and slowed down cellular growth arrest. Focused qPCR array revealed alteration of gene profiles in the DNA damage response (DDR) and anti-reactive oxygen species (ROS) pathways in TR4(-/-) MEFs, which further supports the hypothesis that the premature aging in TR4(-/-) mice might stem from oxidative DNA damage caused by increased oxidative stress or compromised genome integrity. Together, our finding identifies a novel role of TR4 in mediating the interplay between oxidative stress defense and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fen Lee
- George Whipple Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, and Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14620, USA.
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Xie S, Ni J, Lee YF, Liu S, Li G, Shyr CR, Chang C. Increased acetylation in the DNA-binding domain of TR4 nuclear receptor by the coregulator ARA55 leads to suppression of TR4 transactivation. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:21129-36. [PMID: 21515881 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.208181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The nuclear receptor TR4 is a key regulator for many physiological processes, including growth, development, and metabolism. However, how the transcriptional activity of TR4 is regulated in the absence of ligand(s) remains largely unknown. Here we found that an androgen receptor (AR) coactivator, ARA55, might function as a corepressor to suppress TR4 transactivation. Molecular mechanistic dissection with mutation analysis found that ARA55 could enhance TR4 acetylation at the conserved acetylation sites of lysine 175 and lysine 176 in the DNA-binding domain via recruiting proteins with histone acetyl transferase activity, which might then reduce significantly the TR4 DNA binding activity that resulted in the suppression of TR4 transactivation. These results are in contrast to the classic ARA55 coactivator function to enhance AR transactivation partially via increased AR acetylation in the hinge/ligand-binding domain. Together, these results not only provide a novel functional mechanism showing that acetylation of different nuclear receptors at different domains by coregulator may lead to differential receptor transactivation activity but also provide a new way for small molecules to control TR4 transactivation via altering TR4 acetylation levels, and such small molecules may have potential therapeutic applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaozhen Xie
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Department of Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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Zhou XE, Suino-Powell KM, Xu Y, Chan CW, Tanabe O, Kruse SW, Reynolds R, Engel JD, Xu HE. The orphan nuclear receptor TR4 is a vitamin A-activated nuclear receptor. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:2877-85. [PMID: 21068381 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.168740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Testicular receptors 2 and 4 (TR2/4) constitute a subgroup of orphan nuclear receptors that play important roles in spermatogenesis, lipid and lipoprotein regulation, and the development of the central nervous system. Currently, little is known about the structural features and the ligand regulation of these receptors. Here we report the crystal structure of the ligand-free TR4 ligand binding domain, which reveals an autorepressed conformation. The ligand binding pocket of TR4 is filled by the C-terminal half of helix 10, and the cofactor binding site is occupied by the AF-2 helix, thus preventing ligand-independent activation of the receptor. However, TR4 exhibits constitutive transcriptional activity on multiple promoters, which can be further potentiated by nuclear receptor coactivators. Mutations designed to disrupt cofactor binding, dimerization, or ligand binding substantially reduce the transcriptional activity of this receptor. Importantly, both retinol and retinoic acid are able to promote TR4 to recruit coactivators and to activate a TR4-regulated reporter. These findings demonstrate that TR4 is a ligand-regulated nuclear receptor and suggest that retinoids might have a much wider regulatory role via activation of orphan receptors such as TR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Edward Zhou
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences and Drug Discovery, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, USA.
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Hermo L, Pelletier RM, Cyr DG, Smith CE. Surfing the wave, cycle, life history, and genes/proteins expressed by testicular germ cells. Part 5: intercellular junctions and contacts between germs cells and Sertoli cells and their regulatory interactions, testicular cholesterol, and genes/proteins associated with more than one germ cell generation. Microsc Res Tech 2010; 73:409-94. [PMID: 19941291 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In the testis, cell adhesion and junctional molecules permit specific interactions and intracellular communication between germ and Sertoli cells and apposed Sertoli cells. Among the many adhesion family of proteins, NCAM, nectin and nectin-like, catenins, and cadherens will be discussed, along with gap junctions between germ and Sertoli cells and the many members of the connexin family. The blood-testis barrier separates the haploid spermatids from blood borne elements. In the barrier, the intercellular junctions consist of many proteins such as occludin, tricellulin, and claudins. Changes in the expression of cell adhesion molecules are also an essential part of the mechanism that allows germ cells to move from the basal compartment of the seminiferous tubule to the adluminal compartment thus crossing the blood-testis barrier and well-defined proteins have been shown to assist in this process. Several structural components show interactions between germ cells to Sertoli cells such as the ectoplasmic specialization which are more closely related to Sertoli cells and tubulobulbar complexes that are processes of elongating spermatids embedded into Sertoli cells. Germ cells also modify several Sertoli functions and this also appears to be the case for residual bodies. Cholesterol plays a significant role during spermatogenesis and is essential for germ cell development. Lastly, we list genes/proteins that are expressed not only in any one specific generation of germ cells but across more than one generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Hermo
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2B2.
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Huang YH, Liao CH, Chen RN, Liao CJ, Lin KH. Human testicular orphan receptor 4 enhances thyroid hormone receptor signaling. J Cell Physiol 2009; 222:347-56. [PMID: 19859911 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The thyroid hormone receptor (TR) and human testicular orphan receptor 4 (TR4) belong to the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. They are ligand-dependent transcription factors. TR and TR4 bind to a similar thyroid response element (TRE), known as a direct repeat with four nucleotide spacing (DR4). This study examined the possible interaction or cross-talking between those two receptors. We hypothesized that protein-protein interaction between TR4 and TR may promote TR-mediated transcriptional activity. Glutathione S-transferase pull-down and immunoprecipitation assays showed direct interaction between TR and TR4. Electrophoretic mobility-shift assay demonstrated that TR and TR4 could co-occupy the same TRE. The interaction between TR4 and TR may enhance regulation of genes targeted by TR, such as furin, fibrinogen, cdk2 and p21 expression. We found that TR4 function is similar with TR as TR4 alone could regulate expression of some TR target genes, and could increase cell migration or inhibit cell proliferation. Importantly, the TR-dependent inhibition of cell proliferation and stimulation of cell migration are more enhanced in the HepG2-TR cells stably over-expressing TR4. Overall, TR4 not only has modulation abilities similar to TR but also can cross-talk with TR and promote the TR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Hui Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Tsai NP, Huq M, Gupta P, Yamamoto K, Kagechika H, Wei LN. Activation of testicular orphan receptor 4 by fatty acids. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2009; 1789:734-40. [PMID: 19800043 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2009.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Revised: 08/29/2009] [Accepted: 09/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors can be activated by chemicals, metabolites, hormones or environmental compounds to regulate gene expression. Bioassay-guided screening of mouse tissue extracts found that natural fatty acids of a certain carbon length and level of unsaturation could activate the mouse orphan nuclear receptor, testicular orphan receptor 4 (TR4). Subsequent experiments focused on gamma-linoleic acid, a compound identified during screening of mouse tissues that exerts regulatory activity in TR4 transactivation assays. gamma-linoleic acid positively modulates TR4 activity to promote the expression of downstream genes such as apolipoprotein E (ApoE) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, and to activate a reporter carrying direct repeat 1 from the ApoE promoter. It also induced the interaction of TR4 with transcription coregulators such as RIP140 and PCAF. Comparisons of transactivation by TR4 and the metabolism-related peroxisome proliferator-activated nuclear receptors indicate that gamma-linoleic acid regulation is specific to TR4. The data suggest that TR4 might exert its physiological function by sensing certain lipids. Identifying these compounds could be useful for examining the physiological pathways in which TR4 and its target genes are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nien-Pei Tsai
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, 6-120 Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455-0217, USA
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TR4 nuclear receptor functions as a fatty acid sensor to modulate CD36 expression and foam cell formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:13353-8. [PMID: 19666541 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0905724106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Testicular orphan nuclear receptor 4 (TR4) is an orphan member of the nuclear receptor superfamily with diverse physiological functions. Using TR4 knockout (TR4(-/-)) mice to study its function in cardiovascular diseases, we found reduced cluster of differentiation (CD)36 expression with reduced foam cell formation in TR4(-/-) mice. Mechanistic dissection suggests that TR4 induces CD36 protein and mRNA expression via a transcriptional regulation. Interestingly, we found this TR4-mediated CD36 transactivation can be further enhanced by polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), such as omega-3 and -6 fatty acids, and their metabolites such as 15-hydroxyeico-satetraonic acid (15-HETE) and 13-hydroxy octa-deca dieonic acid (13-HODE) and thiazolidinedione (TZD)-rosiglitazone. Both electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays demonstrate that TR4 binds to the TR4 response element located on the CD36 5'-promoter region for the induction of CD36 expression. Stably transfected TR4-siRNA or functional TR4 cDNA in the RAW264.7 macrophage cells resulted in either decreased or increased CD36 expression with decreased or increased foam cell formation. Restoring functional CD36 cDNA in the TR4 knockdown macrophage cells reversed the decreased foam cell formation. Together, these results reveal an important signaling pathway controlling CD36-mediated foam cell formation/cardiovascular diseases, and findings that TR4 transactivation can be activated via its ligands/activators, such as PUFA metabolites and TZD, may provide a platform to screen new drug(s) to battle the metabolism syndrome, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases.
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Shyr CR, Kang HY, Tsai MY, Liu NC, Ku PY, Huang KE, Chang C. Roles of testicular orphan nuclear receptors 2 and 4 in early embryonic development and embryonic stem cells. Endocrinology 2009; 150:2454-62. [PMID: 19131575 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-1165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The testicular orphan nuclear receptors (TRs) 2 and 4 act as either transcriptional activators or regulatory proteins of other nuclear receptor superfamily members. With no identified cognate ligands, their physiological roles remain unclear. Here we showed the phenotypes of TR2(-/-):TR4(-/-) mutant embryos, which reveal that the loss of TR2 and TR4 causes early embryonic lethality and increased cell death. We also found that TR2 and TR4 are expressed in blastocysts and embryonic stem (ES) cells, and can act as transcriptional activators in ES cells. The results on further investigating the roles of TR2 and TR4 in ES cells showed that TR2 and TR4 were differentially expressed when ES cells were induced into different specialized cell types, and their expression is regulated by retinoic acid. Knocking down TR2 and TR4 mRNAs decreased the expression of Oct-3/4 and Nanog genes. Mechanism dissection suggests that TR2 and TR4 may affect the Oct-3/4 gene by binding to a direct repeat-1 element located in its promoter region, which is influenced by retinoic acid. Together, our findings highlight possible roles for TR2 and TR4 in early embryonic development by regulating key genes involved in stem cell self-renewal, commitment, and differentiation.
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MESH Headings
- Adipogenesis/genetics
- Animals
- Blastocyst/metabolism
- Blastocyst/physiology
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cells, Cultured
- Crosses, Genetic
- Embryo, Mammalian
- Embryonic Development/genetics
- Embryonic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Embryonic Stem Cells/physiology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/drug effects
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Neurogenesis/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 2, Group C, Member 1
- Osteogenesis/genetics
- Pregnancy
- Receptors, Steroid/genetics
- Receptors, Steroid/metabolism
- Receptors, Steroid/physiology
- Receptors, Thyroid Hormone/genetics
- Receptors, Thyroid Hormone/metabolism
- Receptors, Thyroid Hormone/physiology
- Testis/metabolism
- Tretinoin/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Rong Shyr
- Department of Pathology, The Cancer Center, George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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Li G, Lee YF, Liu S, Cai Y, Xie S, Liu NC, Bao BY, Chen Z, Chang C. Oxidative stress stimulates testicular orphan receptor 4 through forkhead transcription factor forkhead box O3a. Endocrinology 2008; 149:3490-9. [PMID: 18388194 PMCID: PMC2453090 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Early studies reveal that testicular orphan nuclear receptor 4 (TR4) modulates signaling pathways that control various cell functions. However, how TR4 activity is regulated without the involvement of specific ligand(s) remains unclear. Here we identify a daf-16 family protein-binding element (DBE; 5'-TGTTTAC-3') in the TR4 promoter that can be recognized by the forkhead transcriptional factor FOXO3a, a key stress-responsive factor, through which TR4 gene expression is activated. The interaction between DBE and FOXO3a was confirmed using EMSA and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. Activation of FOXO3a by oxidative stress and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor induced TR4 expression; in contrast, suppression of FOXO3a by small interfering RNA can reduce oxidative stress-induced TR4 expression. The biological consequence of the FOXO3a-induced TR4 by oxidative stress is to protect against stress-induced cell death in which cells with reduced FOXO3a are less resistant to oxidative stress, and addition of functional TR4 can increase stress resistance. These results suggest that this new identified oxidative stress-FOXO3a-TR4 pathway is a fundamentally important mechanism regulating stress resistance and cell survival.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Line
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Chromones/pharmacology
- Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay
- Forkhead Box Protein O3
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/physiology
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Humans
- Hydrogen Peroxide/pharmacology
- Luciferases/genetics
- Luciferases/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Morpholines/pharmacology
- Oxidants/pharmacology
- Oxidative Stress
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Protein Binding
- RNA Interference
- Receptors, Steroid/genetics
- Receptors, Steroid/metabolism
- Receptors, Thyroid Hormone/genetics
- Receptors, Thyroid Hormone/metabolism
- Testis/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonghui Li
- George H. Whipple Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Tanabe O, Shen Y, Liu Q, Campbell AD, Kuroha T, Yamamoto M, Engel JD. The TR2 and TR4 orphan nuclear receptors repress Gata1 transcription. Genes Dev 2008; 21:2832-44. [PMID: 17974920 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1593307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
When the orphan nuclear receptors TR2 and TR4, the DNA-binding subunits of the DRED repressor complex, are forcibly expressed in erythroid cells of transgenic mice, embryos exhibit a transient mid-gestational anemia as a consequence of a reduction in the number of primitive erythroid cells. GATA-1 mRNA is specifically diminished in the erythroid cells of these TR2/TR4 transgenic embryos as it is in human CD34(+) progenitor cells transfected with forcibly expressed TR2/TR4. In contrast, in loss-of-function studies analyzing either Tr2- or Tr4-germline-null mutant mice or human CD34(+) progenitor cells transfected with force-expressed TR2 and TR4 short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs), GATA-1 mRNA is induced. An evolutionarily conserved direct repeat (DR) element, a canonical binding site for nuclear receptors, was identified in the GATA1 hematopoietic enhancer (G1HE), and TR2/TR4 binds to that site in vitro and in vivo. Mutation of that DR element led to elevated Gata1 promoter activity, and reduced promoter responsiveness to cotransfected TR2/TR4. Thus, TR2/TR4 directly represses Gata1/GATA1 transcription in murine and human erythroid progenitor cells through an evolutionarily conserved binding site within a well-characterized, tissue-specific Gata1 enhancer, thereby providing a mechanism by which Gata1 can be directly silenced during terminal erythroid maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Tanabe
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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Chen LM, Wang RS, Lee YF, Liu NC, Chang YJ, Wu CC, Xie S, Hung YC, Chang C. Subfertility with defective folliculogenesis in female mice lacking testicular orphan nuclear receptor 4. Mol Endocrinol 2008; 22:858-67. [PMID: 18174360 DOI: 10.1210/me.2007-0181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Testicular orphan nuclear receptor 4 (TR4) plays essential roles for normal spermatogenesis in male mice. However, its roles in female fertility and ovarian function remain largely unknown. Here we found female mice lacking TR4 (TR4-/-) displayed subfertility and irregular estrous cycles. TR4-/- female mice ovaries were smaller with fewer or no preovulatory follicles and corpora lutea. After superovulation, TR4-/- female mice produced fewer oocytes, preovulatory follicles, and corpora lutea. In addition, more intensive granulosa apoptosis was found in TR4-/- ovaries. Functional analyses suggest that subfertility in TR4-/- female mice can be due to an ovarian defect with impaired folliculogenesis rather than a deficiency in pituitary gonadotropins. Molecular mechanism dissection of defective folliculogenesis found TR4 might induce LH receptor (LHR) gene expression via direct binding to its 5' promoter. The consequence of reduced LHR expression in TR4-/- female mice might then result in reduced gonadal sex hormones via reduced expression of enzymes involved in steroidogenesis. Together, our results showed TR4 might play essential roles in normal folliculogenesis by influencing LHR signals. Modulation of TR4 expression and/or activation via its upstream signals or unidentified ligand(s) might allow us to develop small molecule(s) to control folliculogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Min Chen
- George Whipple Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14620, USA
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Liu NC, Lin WJ, Kim E, Collins LL, Lin HY, Yu IC, Sparks JD, Chen LM, Lee YF, Chang C. Loss of TR4 orphan nuclear receptor reduces phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase-mediated gluconeogenesis. Diabetes 2007; 56:2901-9. [PMID: 17827404 DOI: 10.2337/db07-0359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Regulation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), the key gene in gluconeogenesis, is critical for glucose homeostasis in response to quick nutritional depletion and/or hormonal alteration. RESEARCH DESIGN/METHODS AND RESULTS Here, we identified the testicular orphan nuclear receptor 4 (TR4) as a key PEPCK regulator modulating PEPCK gene via a transcriptional mechanism. TR4 transactivates the 490-bp PEPCK promoter-containing luciferase reporter gene activity by direct binding to the TR4 responsive element (TR4RE) located at -451 to -439 in the promoter region. Binding to TR4RE was confirmed by electrophoretic mobility shift and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. Eliminating TR4 via knockout and RNA interference (RNAi) in hepatocytes significantly reduced the PEPCK gene expression and glucose production in response to glucose depletion. In contrast, ectopic expression of TR4 increased PEPCK gene expression and hepatic glucose production in human and mouse hepatoma cells. Mice lacking TR4 also display reduction of PEPCK expression with impaired gluconeogenesis. CONCLUSIONS Together, both in vitro and in vivo data demonstrate the identification of a new pathway, TR4 --> PEPCK --> gluconeogenesis --> blood glucose, which may allow us to modulate metabolic programs via the control of a new key player, TR4, a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning-Chun Liu
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Chen YT, Collins LL, Uno H, Chou SM, Meshul CK, Chang SS, Chang C. Abnormal cerebellar cytoarchitecture and impaired inhibitory signaling in adult mice lacking TR4 orphan nuclear receptor. Brain Res 2007; 1168:72-82. [PMID: 17706948 PMCID: PMC2084075 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.06.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2007] [Revised: 06/01/2007] [Accepted: 06/03/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Since testicular orphan nuclear receptor 4 (TR4) was cloned, its physiological functions remain largely unknown. In this study, the TR4 knockout (TR4(-/-)) mouse model was used to investigate the role of TR4 in the adult cerebellum. Behaviorally, these null mice exhibit unsteady gait, as well as involuntary postural and kinetic movements, indicating a disturbance of cerebellar function. In the TR4(-/-) brain, cerebellar restricted hypoplasia is severe and cerebellar vermal lobules VI and VII are underdeveloped, while no structural alterations in the cerebral cortex are observed. Histological analysis of the TR4(-/-) cerebellar cortex reveals reductions in granule cell density, as well as a decreased number of parallel fiber boutons that are enlarged in size. Further analyses reveal that the levels of GABA and GAD are decreased in both Purkinje cells and interneurons of the TR4(-/-) cerebellum, suggesting that the inhibitory circuits signaling within and from the cerebellum may be perturbed. In addition, in the TR4(-/-) cerebellum, immunoreactivity of GluR2/3 was reduced in Purkinje cells, but increased in the deep cerebellar nuclei. Together, these results suggest that the behavioral phenotype of TR4(-/-) mice may result from disrupted inhibitory pathways in the cerebellum. No progressive atrophy was observed at various adult stages in the TR4(-/-) brain, therefore the disturbances most likely originate from a failure to establish proper connections between principal neurons in the cerebellum during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yei-Tsung Chen
- Department of Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hosptial and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Loretta L. Collins
- Department of Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Hideo Uno
- Wisconsin Regional Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53708
| | - Samuel M. Chou
- Norris ALS Neuromuscular Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94115
| | - Charles K. Meshul
- Research Services, V.A. Medical Center and Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Shu-Shi Chang
- Department of Neuroscience, Chinese Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Chawnshang Chang
- Department of Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
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Tanabe O, McPhee D, Kobayashi S, Shen Y, Brandt W, Jiang X, Campbell AD, Chen YT, Chang CS, Yamamoto M, Tanimoto K, Engel JD. Embryonic and fetal beta-globin gene repression by the orphan nuclear receptors, TR2 and TR4. EMBO J 2007; 26:2295-306. [PMID: 17431400 PMCID: PMC1864974 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2006] [Accepted: 03/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The TR2 and TR4 orphan nuclear receptors comprise the DNA-binding core of direct repeat erythroid definitive, a protein complex that binds to direct repeat elements in the embryonic and fetal beta-type globin gene promoters. Silencing of both the embryonic and fetal beta-type globin genes is delayed in definitive erythroid cells of Tr2 and Tr4 null mutant mice, whereas in transgenic mice that express dominant-negative TR4 (dnTR4), human embryonic epsilon-globin is activated in primitive and definitive erythroid cells. In contrast, human fetal gamma-globin is activated by dnTR4 only in definitive, but not in primitive, erythroid cells, implicating TR2/TR4 as a stage-selective repressor. Forced expression of wild-type TR2 and TR4 leads to precocious repression of epsilon-globin, but in contrast to induction of gamma-globin in definitive erythroid cells. These temporally specific, gene-selective alterations in epsilon- and gamma-globin gene expression by gain and loss of TR2/TR4 function provide the first genetic evidence for a role for these nuclear receptors in sequential, gene-autonomous silencing of the epsilon- and gamma-globin genes during development, and suggest that their differential utilization controls stage-specific repression of the human epsilon- and gamma-globin genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Tanabe
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David McPhee
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Shoko Kobayashi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yannan Shen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - William Brandt
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Xia Jiang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Andrew D Campbell
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yei-Tsung Chen
- Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Chawn shang Chang
- Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | - Keiji Tanimoto
- Centre for TARA, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - James Douglas Engel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA. Tel.: +1 734 615 7509; Fax: +1 734 763 1166; E-mail:
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Benoit G, Cooney A, Giguere V, Ingraham H, Lazar M, Muscat G, Perlmann T, Renaud JP, Schwabe J, Sladek F, Tsai MJ, Laudet V. International Union of Pharmacology. LXVI. Orphan nuclear receptors. Pharmacol Rev 2007; 58:798-836. [PMID: 17132856 DOI: 10.1124/pr.58.4.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Half of the members of the nuclear receptors superfamily are so-called "orphan" receptors because the identity of their ligand, if any, is unknown. Because of their important biological roles, the study of orphan receptors has attracted much attention recently and has resulted in rapid advances that have helped in the discovery of novel signaling pathways. In this review we present the main features of orphan receptors, discuss the structure of their ligand-binding domains and their biological functions. The paradoxical existence of a pharmacology of orphan receptors, a rapidly growing and innovative field, is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérard Benoit
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 5161 du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique 1237, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 128 BioSciences Lyon-Gerland, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
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Wyder S, Kriventseva EV, Schröder R, Kadowaki T, Zdobnov EM. Quantification of ortholog losses in insects and vertebrates. Genome Biol 2007; 8:R242. [PMID: 18021399 PMCID: PMC2258195 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2007-8-11-r242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2007] [Revised: 10/04/2007] [Accepted: 11/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increasing number of sequenced insect and vertebrate genomes of variable divergence enables refined comparative analyses to quantify the major modes of animal genome evolution and allows tracing of gene genealogy (orthology) and pinpointing of gene extinctions (losses), which can reveal lineage-specific traits. RESULTS To consistently quantify losses of orthologous groups of genes, we compared the gene repertoires of five vertebrates and five insects, including honeybee and Tribolium beetle, that represent insect orders outside the previously sequenced Diptera. We found hundreds of lost Urbilateria genes in each of the lineages and assessed their phylogenetic origin. The rate of losses correlates well with the species' rates of molecular evolution and radiation times, without distinction between insects and vertebrates, indicating their stochastic nature. Remarkably, this extends to the universal single-copy orthologs, losses of dozens of which have been tolerated in each species. Nevertheless, the propensity for loss differs substantially among genes, where roughly 20% of the orthologs have an 8-fold higher chance of becoming extinct. Extrapolation of our data also suggests that the Urbilateria genome contained more than 7,000 genes. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that the seemingly higher number of observed gene losses in insects can be explained by their two- to three-fold higher evolutionary rate. Despite the profound effect of many losses on cellular machinery, overall, they seem to be guided by neutral evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Wyder
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, rue Michel-Servet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Evgenia V Kriventseva
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, rue Michel-Servet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Geneva Medical School, rue Michel-Servet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Reinhard Schröder
- Interf. Institut für Zellbiologie, Abt. Genetik der Tiere, Universität Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tatsuhiko Kadowaki
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Evgeny M Zdobnov
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, rue Michel-Servet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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Yuan W, Leisner TM, McFadden AW, Clark S, Hiller S, Maeda N, O'Brien DA, Parise LV. CIB1 is essential for mouse spermatogenesis. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 26:8507-14. [PMID: 16982698 PMCID: PMC1636792 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01488-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CIB1 is a 22-kDa calcium binding, regulatory protein with approximately 50% homology to calmodulin and calcineurin B. CIB1 is widely expressed and binds to a number of effectors, such as integrin alphaIIb, PAK1, and polo-like kinases, in different tissues. However, the in vivo functions of CIB1 are not well understood. To elucidate the function of CIB1 in whole animals, we used homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells to generate Cib1(-/-) mice. Although Cib1(-/-) mice grow normally, the males are sterile due to disruption of the haploid phase of spermatogenesis. This is associated with reduced testis size and numbers of germ cells in seminiferous tubules, increased germ cell apoptosis, and the loss of elongated spermatids and sperm. Cib1(-/-) testes also show increased mRNA and protein expression of the cell cycle regulator Cdc2/Cdk1. In addition, mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) derived from Cib1(-/-) mice exhibit a much slower growth rate compared to Cib1(+/+) MEFs, suggesting that CIB1 regulates the cell cycle, differentiation of spermatogenic germ cells, and/or differentiation of supporting Sertoli cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiping Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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van der Weyden L, Arends MJ, Chausiaux OE, Ellis PJ, Lange UC, Surani MA, Affara N, Murakami Y, Adams DJ, Bradley A. Loss of TSLC1 causes male infertility due to a defect at the spermatid stage of spermatogenesis. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 26:3595-609. [PMID: 16611999 PMCID: PMC1447413 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.26.9.3595-3609.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2005] [Revised: 10/01/2005] [Accepted: 01/30/2006] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor suppressor of lung cancer 1 (TSLC1), also known as SgIGSF, IGSF4, and SynCAM, is strongly expressed in spermatogenic cells undergoing the early and late phases of spermatogenesis (spermatogonia to zygotene spermatocytes and elongating spermatids to spermiation). Using embryonic stem cell technology to generate a null mutation of Tslc1 in mice, we found that Tslc1 null male mice were infertile. Tslc1 null adult testes showed that spermatogenesis had arrested at the spermatid stage, with degenerating and apoptotic spermatids sloughing off into the lumen. In adult mice, Tslc1 null round spermatids showed evidence of normal differentiation (an acrosomal cap and F-actin polarization indistinguishable from that of wild-type spermatids); however, the surviving spermatozoa were immature, malformed, found at very low levels in the epididymis, and rarely motile. Analysis of the first wave of spermatogenesis in Tslc1 null mice showed a delay in maturation by day 22 and degeneration of round spermatids by day 28. Expression profiling of the testes revealed that Tslc1 null mice showed increases in the expression levels of genes involved in apoptosis, adhesion, and the cytoskeleton. Taken together, these data show that Tslc1 is essential for normal spermatogenesis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise van der Weyden
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
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Mu X, Yang L, Chang C. Stage dependent and androgen inductive expression of orphan receptor TR4 in rat testis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 341:464-9. [PMID: 16414012 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.12.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2005] [Accepted: 12/29/2005] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the expression of TR4 in different stages of seminiferous tubules and the relationship between TR4 and androgen in rat testis. We found that TR4 was stage-dependently expressed in rat seminiferous tubules, T withdrawal induced by high doses of testosterone undecanoate and ethane dimethane sulfonate inhibit TR4 expression in rat testis, and testosterone induced TR4 expression in co-cultured primary germ/Sertoli cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that androgen receptor could enhance TR4-mediated transactivation activity in testis cells in the presence of testosterone. Together, these data indicate that the expression of TR4 in rat testis is stage dependent and androgen inductive, and suggest the important role of orphan receptor TR4 in spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Mu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk 23507, USA
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