1
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Ishihara D, Hasegawa A, Hirano I, Engel JD, Yamamoto M, Shimizu R. The abundance of the short GATA1 isoform affects megakaryocyte differentiation and leukemic predisposition in mice. Exp Hematol Oncol 2024; 13:24. [PMID: 38409186 PMCID: PMC10895780 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-024-00492-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Transcription factor GATA1 controls the delicate balance between proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis in both the erythroid and megakaryocytic lineages. In addition to full-length GATA1, there is an GATA1 isoform, GATA1s, that lacks the amino-terminal transactivation domain. Somatic GATA1 mutations that lead to the exclusive production of GATA1s appear to be necessary and sufficient for the development of a preleukemic condition called transient myeloproliferative disorder (TMD) in Down syndrome newborns. Subsequent clonal evolution among latent TMD blasts leads to the development of acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (AMKL). We originally established transgenic mice that express only GATA1s, which exhibit hyperproliferation of immature megakaryocytes, thus mimicking human TMD; however, these mice never developed AMKL. Here, we report that transgenic mice expressing moderate levels of GATA1s, i.e., roughly comparable levels to endogenous GATA1, were prone to develop AMKL in young adults. However, when GATA1s is expressed at levels significantly exceeding that of endogenous GATA1, the development of leukemia was restrained in a dose dependent manner. If the transgenic increase of GATA1s in progenitors remains small, GATA1s supports the terminal maturation of megakaryocyte progenitors insufficiently, and consequently the progenitors persisted, leading to an increased probability for acquisition of additional genetic modifications. In contrast, more abundant GATA1s expression compensates for this maturation block, enabling megakaryocytic progenitors to fully differentiate. This study provides evidence for the clinical observation that the abundance of GATA1s correlates well with the progression to AMKL in Down syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daishi Ishihara
- Department of Molecular Hematology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hasegawa
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Ikuo Hirano
- Department of Molecular Hematology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - James Douglas Engel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Ritsuko Shimizu
- Department of Molecular Hematology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan.
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan.
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2
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Hirano I, Abe K, Engel JD, Yamamoto M, Shimizu R. Strain-dependent modifiers exacerbate familial leukemia caused by GATA1-deficiency. Exp Hematol Oncol 2024; 13:23. [PMID: 38409047 PMCID: PMC10895851 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-024-00491-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
GATA1 plays a critical role in differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis during erythropoiesis. We developed a Gata1 knock-down allele (Gata1.05) that results in GATA1 expression at 5% of endogenous level. In female mice heterozygous for both the Gata1.05 and wild-type alleles, we observed a predisposition to erythroblastic leukemia three to six months after birth. Since no male Gata1.05 progeny survive gestation, we originally maintained heterozygous females in a mixed genetic background of C57BL/6J and DBA/2 strains. Around 30% of these mice reproducibly develop leukemia, but the other subset did not develop leukemia, even though they harbor a high number of preleukemic erythroblasts. These observations prompted us to hypothesize that there may be potential influence of genetic determinants on the progression of Gata1.05-driven hematopoietic precursors to full-blown leukemia. In an initial examination of Gata1.05/X mice backcrossed into C3H/He, BALB/c, DBA/2, C57BL/6J and 129X1/SvJ strains, we discerned that the backgrounds of C57BL/6J and 129X1/SvJ significantly expedited leukemia onset in Gata1.05/X mice. Conversely, backgrounds of C3H/He, BALB/c and DBA/2 did not substantially modify the effect of the Gata1 mutation. This indicates the existence of genetic modifiers that accentuate Gata1.05 leukemogenesis. Subsequent cohort studies evaluated Gata1.05/X mice within mix backgrounds of BALB/c:129X1/SvJ and BALB/c:C57BL/6J. In these settings, Gata1.05-driven leukemia manifested in autosomal dominant patterns within the 129X1/SvJ background and in autosomal recessive patterns within C57BL/6J background. To the best of our knowledge, this study provides the inaugural evidence of genetic modifiers that can reshape the outcome based on leukemia-associated gene signatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuo Hirano
- Department of Molecular Hematology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kanako Abe
- Ibaraki Prefectural Central Hospital, Ibaraki Cancer Center, Ibaraki, 309-1793, Japan
| | - James Douglas Engel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Ritsuko Shimizu
- Department of Molecular Hematology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan.
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan.
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3
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Myers G, Wang Y, Wang Q, Friedman A, Sanchez-Martinez A, Liu X, Sharon SA, Lim KC, Khoriaty R, Engel JD, Yu L. Murine erythroid differentiation kinetics in vivo under normal and anemic stress conditions. Blood Adv 2023; 7:5727-5732. [PMID: 37552129 PMCID: PMC10539864 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2023010088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Our current understanding of the kinetics and dynamics of erythroid differentiation is based almost entirely on the ex vivo expansion of cultured hematopoietic progenitor cells. In this study, we used an erythroid-specific, inducible transgenic mouse line to investigate for the first time, the in vivo erythroid differentiation kinetics under steady-state conditions. We demonstrated that bipotent premegakaroycyte/erythroid (PreMegE) progenitor cells differentiate into erythroid-committed proerythroblast/basophilic erythroblasts (ProBasoE) after 6.6 days under steady-state conditions. During this process, each differentiation phase (from PreMegE to precolony forming unit-erythroid [PreCFU-E], PreCFU-E to CFU-E, and CFU-E to ProBasoE) took ∼2 days in vivo. Upon challenge with 5-flurouracil (5-FU), which leads to the induction of stress erythropoiesis, erythroid maturation time was reduced from 6.6 to 4.7 days. Furthermore, anemia induced in 5-FU-treated mice was shown to be due not only to depleted bone marrow erythroid progenitor stores but also to a block in reticulocyte exit from the bone marrow into the circulation, which differed from the mechanism induced by acute blood loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greggory Myers
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Ann Friedman
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | - Xiaofang Liu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Singh A. Sharon
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Kim-Chew Lim
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Rami Khoriaty
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - James Douglas Engel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Lei Yu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
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4
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Wang B, Wang C, Wan Y, Gao J, Ma Y, Zhang Y, Tong J, Zhang Y, Liu J, Chang L, Xu C, Shen B, Chen Y, Jiang E, Kurita R, Nakamura Y, Lim KC, Engel JD, Zhou J, Cheng T, Zhu X, Zhu P, Shi L. Decoding the pathogenesis of Diamond-Blackfan anemia using single-cell RNA-seq. Cell Discov 2022; 8:41. [PMID: 35534476 PMCID: PMC9085895 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-022-00389-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribosomal protein dysfunction causes diverse human diseases, including Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA). Despite the universal need for ribosomes in all cell types, the mechanisms underlying ribosomopathies, which are characterized by tissue-specific defects, are still poorly understood. In the present study, we analyzed the transcriptomes of single purified erythroid progenitors isolated from the bone marrow of DBA patients. These patients were categorized into untreated, glucocorticoid (GC)-responsive and GC-non-responsive groups. We found that erythroid progenitors from untreated DBA patients entered S-phase of the cell cycle under considerable duress, resulting in replication stress and the activation of P53 signaling. In contrast, cell cycle progression was inhibited through induction of the type 1 interferon pathway in treated, GC-responsive patients, but not in GC-non-responsive patients. Notably, a low dose of interferon alpha treatment stimulated the production of erythrocytes derived from DBA patients. By linking the innately shorter cell cycle of erythroid progenitors to DBA pathogenesis, we demonstrated that interferon-mediated cell cycle control underlies the clinical efficacy of glucocorticoids. Our study suggests that interferon administration may constitute a new alternative therapeutic strategy for the treatment of DBA. The trial was registered at www.chictr.org.cn as ChiCTR2000038510.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingrui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Chenchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China.,Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China.,Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Yang Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China.,Division of Pediatric Blood Diseases Center, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Jie Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Yige Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Yingnan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingyuan Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Yingchi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China.,Division of Pediatric Blood Diseases Center, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinhua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Lixian Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China.,Division of Pediatric Blood Diseases Center, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Changlu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Biao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China.,Division of Transplantation Center, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Yumei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China.,Division of Pediatric Blood Diseases Center, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Erlie Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China.,Division of Transplantation Center, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Ryo Kurita
- Department of Research and Development, Central Blood Institute, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukio Nakamura
- Cell Engineering Division, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kim-Chew Lim
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - James Douglas Engel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jiaxi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China.,Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China.,Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Tao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China. .,Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China. .,Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China.
| | - Xiaofan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China. .,Division of Pediatric Blood Diseases Center, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China.
| | - Ping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China. .,Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China. .,Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China.
| | - Lihong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China. .,Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China.
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5
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King R, Lin Z, Balbin-Cuesta G, Myers G, Friedman A, Zhu G, McGee B, Saunders TL, Kurita R, Nakamura Y, Engel JD, Reddy P, Khoriaty R. SEC23A rescues SEC23B-deficient congenital dyserythropoietic anemia type II. Sci Adv 2021; 7:eabj5293. [PMID: 34818036 PMCID: PMC8612686 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj5293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia type II (CDAII) results from loss-of-function mutations in SEC23B. In contrast to humans, SEC23B-deficient mice deletion do not exhibit CDAII but die perinatally with pancreatic degeneration. Here, we demonstrate that expression of the full SEC23A protein (the SEC23B paralog) from the endogenous regulatory elements of Sec23b completely rescues the SEC23B-deficient mouse phenotype. Consistent with these data, while mice with erythroid-specific deletion of either Sec23a or Sec23b do not exhibit CDAII, we now show that mice with erythroid-specific deletion of all four Sec23 alleles die in mid-embryogenesis with features of CDAII and that mice with deletion of three Sec23 alleles exhibit a milder erythroid defect. To test whether the functional overlap between the SEC23 paralogs is conserved in human erythroid cells, we generated SEC23B-deficient HUDEP-2 cells. Upon differentiation, these cells exhibited features of CDAII, which were rescued by increased expression of SEC23A, suggesting a novel therapeutic strategy for CDAII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard King
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Zesen Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ginette Balbin-Cuesta
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Gregg Myers
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ann Friedman
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Guojing Zhu
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Beth McGee
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Thomas L. Saunders
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Transgenic Animal Model Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ryo Kurita
- Department of Research and Development, Central Blood Institute, Blood Service Headquarters, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukio Nakamura
- Cell Engineering Division, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - James Douglas Engel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Pavan Reddy
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rami Khoriaty
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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6
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Yu L, Myers G, Ku CJ, Schneider E, Wang Y, Singh SA, Jearawiriyapaisarn N, White A, Moriguchi T, Khoriaty R, Yamamoto M, Rosenfeld MG, Pedron J, Bushweller JH, Lim KC, Engel JD. An erythroid-to-myeloid cell fate conversion is elicited by LSD1 inactivation. Blood 2021; 138:1691-1704. [PMID: 34324630 PMCID: PMC8569417 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2021011682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone H3 lysine 4 methylation (H3K4Me) is most often associated with chromatin activation, and removing H3K4 methyl groups has been shown to be coincident with gene repression. H3K4Me demethylase KDM1a/LSD1 is a therapeutic target for multiple diseases, including for the potential treatment of β-globinopathies (sickle cell disease and β-thalassemia), because it is a component of γ-globin repressor complexes, and LSD1 inactivation leads to robust induction of the fetal globin genes. The effects of LSD1 inhibition in definitive erythropoiesis are not well characterized, so we examined the consequences of conditional inactivation of Lsd1 in adult red blood cells using a new Gata1creERT2 bacterial artificial chromosome transgene. Erythroid-specific loss of Lsd1 activity in mice led to a block in erythroid progenitor differentiation and to the expansion of granulocyte-monocyte progenitor-like cells, converting hematopoietic differentiation potential from an erythroid fate to a myeloid fate. The analogous phenotype was also observed in human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, coincident with the induction of myeloid transcription factors (eg, PU.1 and CEBPα). Finally, blocking the activity of the transcription factor PU.1 or RUNX1 at the same time as LSD1 inhibition rescued myeloid lineage conversion to an erythroid phenotype. These data show that LSD1 promotes erythropoiesis by repressing myeloid cell fate in adult erythroid progenitors and that inhibition of the myeloid-differentiation pathway reverses the lineage switch induced by LSD1 inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology
| | - Greggory Myers
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology
- Department of Internal Medicine, and
| | - Chia-Jui Ku
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology
| | | | - Yu Wang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology
| | - Sharon A Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Natee Jearawiriyapaisarn
- Thalassemia Research Center, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Andrew White
- Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Takashi Moriguchi
- Division of Medical Chemistry, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Rami Khoriaty
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology
- Department of Internal Medicine, and
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Michael G Rosenfeld
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA; and
| | - Julien Pedron
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville , VA
| | - John H Bushweller
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville , VA
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7
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Abe M, Cox TC, Firulli AB, Kanai SM, Dahlka J, Lim KC, Engel JD, Clouthier DE. GATA3 is essential for separating patterning domains during facial morphogenesis. Development 2021; 148:dev199534. [PMID: 34383890 PMCID: PMC8451945 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Neural crest cells (NCCs) within the mandibular and maxillary prominences of the first pharyngeal arch are initially competent to respond to signals from either region. However, mechanisms that are only partially understood establish developmental tissue boundaries to ensure spatially correct patterning. In the 'hinge and caps' model of facial development, signals from both ventral prominences (the caps) pattern the adjacent tissues whereas the intervening region, referred to as the maxillomandibular junction (the hinge), maintains separation of the mandibular and maxillary domains. One cap signal is GATA3, a member of the GATA family of zinc-finger transcription factors with a distinct expression pattern in the ventral-most part of the mandibular and maxillary portions of the first arch. Here, we show that disruption of Gata3 in mouse embryos leads to craniofacial microsomia and syngnathia (bony fusion of the upper and lower jaws) that results from changes in BMP4 and FGF8 gene regulatory networks within NCCs near the maxillomandibular junction. GATA3 is thus a crucial component in establishing the network of factors that functionally separate the upper and lower jaws during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Abe
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Timothy C. Cox
- Departments of Oral & Craniofacial Sciences and Pediatrics, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Anthony B. Firulli
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Departments of Pediatrics, Anatomy and Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Stanley M. Kanai
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jacob Dahlka
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kim-Chew Lim
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - James Douglas Engel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - David E. Clouthier
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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8
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Takai J, Shimada T, Nakamura T, Engel JD, Moriguchi T. Gata2 heterozygous mutant mice exhibit reduced inflammatory responses and impaired bacterial clearance. iScience 2021; 24:102836. [PMID: 34471858 PMCID: PMC8390858 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases continually pose global medical challenges. The transcription factor GATA2 establishes gene networks and defines cellular identity in hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells and in progeny committed to specific lineages. GATA2-haploinsufficient patients exhibit a spectrum of immunodeficiencies associated with bacterial, viral, and fungal infections. Despite accumulating clinical knowledge of the consequences of GATA2 haploinsufficiency in humans, it is unclear how GATA2 haploinsufficiency compromises host anti-infectious defenses. To address this issue, we examined Gata2-heterozygous mutant (G2 Het) mice as a model for human GATA2 haploinsufficiency. In vivo inflammation imaging and cytokine multiplex analysis demonstrated that G2 Het mice had attenuated inflammatory responses with reduced levels of inflammatory cytokines, particularly IFN-γ, IL-12p40, and IL-17A, during lipopolysaccharide-induced acute inflammation. Consequently, bacterial clearance was significantly impaired in G2 Het mice after cecal ligation and puncture-induced polymicrobial peritonitis. These results provide direct molecular insights into GATA2-directed host defenses and the pathogenic mechanisms underlying observed immunodeficiencies in GATA2-haploinsufficient patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Takai
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 1-15-1 Fukumuro, Miyagino-ku, Sendai 983-8536, Japan
| | - Takashi Shimada
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 1-15-1 Fukumuro, Miyagino-ku, Sendai 983-8536, Japan
| | - Tadaho Nakamura
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 1-15-1 Fukumuro, Miyagino-ku, Sendai 983-8536, Japan
| | - James Douglas Engel
- Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Takashi Moriguchi
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 1-15-1 Fukumuro, Miyagino-ku, Sendai 983-8536, Japan
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9
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Ma Y, Liu S, Gao J, Chen C, Zhang X, Yuan H, Chen Z, Yin X, Sun C, Mao Y, Zhou F, Shao Y, Liu Q, Xu J, Cheng L, Yu D, Li P, Yi P, He J, Geng G, Guo Q, Si Y, Zhao H, Li H, Banes GL, Liu H, Nakamura Y, Kurita R, Huang Y, Wang X, Wang F, Fang G, Engel JD, Shi L, Zhang YE, Yu J. Genome-wide analysis of pseudogenes reveals HBBP1's human-specific essentiality in erythropoiesis and implication in β-thalassemia. Dev Cell 2021; 56:478-493.e11. [PMID: 33476555 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The human genome harbors 14,000 duplicated or retroposed pseudogenes. Given their functionality as regulatory RNAs and low conservation, we hypothesized that pseudogenes could shape human-specific phenotypes. To test this, we performed co-expression analyses and found that pseudogene exhibited tissue-specific expression, especially in the bone marrow. By incorporating genetic data, we identified a bone-marrow-specific duplicated pseudogene, HBBP1 (η-globin), which has been implicated in β-thalassemia. Extensive functional assays demonstrated that HBBP1 is essential for erythropoiesis by binding the RNA-binding protein (RBP), HNRNPA1, to upregulate TAL1, a key regulator of erythropoiesis. The HBBP1/TAL1 interaction contributes to a milder symptom in β-thalassemia patients. Comparative studies further indicated that the HBBP1/TAL1 interaction is human-specific. Genome-wide analyses showed that duplicated pseudogenes are often bound by RBPs and less commonly bound by microRNAs compared with retropseudogenes. Taken together, we not only demonstrate that pseudogenes can drive human evolution but also provide insights on their functional landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanni Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing 100005, China; Key Laboratory of RNA and Hematopoietic Regulation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China.
| | - Siqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing 100005, China; Key Laboratory of RNA and Hematopoietic Regulation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Jie Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Chunyan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution & State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology & Medical Molecular Imaging, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Hao Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution & State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhongyang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing 100005, China; Key Laboratory of RNA and Hematopoietic Regulation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Xiaolin Yin
- 923rd Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Chenguang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing 100005, China; Key Laboratory of RNA and Hematopoietic Regulation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Yanan Mao
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution & State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fanqi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing 100005, China; Key Laboratory of RNA and Hematopoietic Regulation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Yi Shao
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution & State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Jiayue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing 100005, China; Key Laboratory of RNA and Hematopoietic Regulation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Li Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing 100005, China
| | - Daqi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution & State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pingping Li
- 923rd Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Ping Yi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (General Hospital), Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Jiahuan He
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing 100005, China; Key Laboratory of RNA and Hematopoietic Regulation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Guangfeng Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Qing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Yanmin Si
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing 100005, China; Key Laboratory of RNA and Hematopoietic Regulation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Hualu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing 100005, China; Key Laboratory of RNA and Hematopoietic Regulation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Haipeng Li
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Graham L Banes
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin Madison, 1220 Capitol Court, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - He Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Captive Wildlife Technology, Beijing Zoo, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Yukio Nakamura
- Cell Engineering Division, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
| | - Ryo Kurita
- Department of Research and Development, Central Blood Institute, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo 105-8521, Japan
| | - Yue Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing 100005, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing 100005, China; Key Laboratory of RNA and Hematopoietic Regulation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing 100005, China; Key Laboratory of RNA and Hematopoietic Regulation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Gang Fang
- NYU Shanghai, 1555 Century Avenue, Shanghai 20012, China; Department of Biology, 1009 Silver Center, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA; School of Computer Science and Software Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - James Douglas Engel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Lihong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China.
| | - Yong E Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution & State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Jia Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing 100005, China; Key Laboratory of RNA and Hematopoietic Regulation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China; State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China.
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10
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Zhang J, Wu Q, Johnson CB, Pham G, Kinder JM, Olsson A, Slaughter A, May M, Weinhaus B, D'Alessandro A, Engel JD, Jiang JX, Kofron JM, Huang LF, Prasath VBS, Way SS, Salomonis N, Grimes HL, Lucas D. In situ mapping identifies distinct vascular niches for myelopoiesis. Nature 2021; 590:457-462. [PMID: 33568812 PMCID: PMC8020897 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03201-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to nearly all other tissues, the anatomy of cell differentiation in the bone marrow remains unknown. This is owing to a lack of strategies for examining myelopoiesis-the differentiation of myeloid progenitors into a large variety of innate immune cells-in situ in the bone marrow. Such strategies are required to understand differentiation and lineage-commitment decisions, and to define how spatial organizing cues inform tissue function. Here we develop approaches for imaging myelopoiesis in mice, and generate atlases showing the differentiation of granulocytes, monocytes and dendritic cells. The generation of granulocytes and dendritic cells-monocytes localizes to different blood-vessel structures known as sinusoids, and displays lineage-specific spatial and clonal architectures. Acute systemic infection with Listeria monocytogenes induces lineage-specific progenitor clusters to undergo increased self-renewal of progenitors, but the different lineages remain spatially separated. Monocyte-dendritic cell progenitors (MDPs) map with nonclassical monocytes and conventional dendritic cells; these localize to a subset of blood vessels expressing a major regulator of myelopoiesis, colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF1, also known as M-CSF)1. Specific deletion of Csf1 in endothelium disrupts the architecture around MDPs and their localization to sinusoids. Subsequently, there are fewer MDPs and their ability to differentiate is reduced, leading to a loss of nonclassical monocytes and dendritic cells during both homeostasis and infection. These data indicate that local cues produced by distinct blood vessels are responsible for the spatial organization of definitive blood cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jizhou Zhang
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Qingqing Wu
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Courtney B Johnson
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Giang Pham
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jeremy M Kinder
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Andre Olsson
- Division of Immunobiology and Center for Systems Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Anastasiya Slaughter
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Margot May
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Benjamin Weinhaus
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Angelo D'Alessandro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - James Douglas Engel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jean X Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - J Matthew Kofron
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - L Frank Huang
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Brain Tumor Center, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - V B Surya Prasath
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Sing Sing Way
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Nathan Salomonis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - H Leighton Grimes
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Immunobiology and Center for Systems Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Daniel Lucas
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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11
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Abstract
Interest in the role of epigenetic mechanisms in human biology has exponentially increased over the past several decades. The multitude of opposing and context-dependent chromatin-modifying enzymes/coregulator complexes is just beginning to be understood at a molecular level. This science has benefitted tremendously from studies of erythropoiesis, in which a series of β-globin genes are in sequence turned "on" and "off," serving as a fascinating model of coordinated gene expression. We, therefore, describe here epigenetic complexes about which we know most, using erythropoiesis as the context. The biochemical insights lay the foundation for proposing and developing novel treatments for diseases of red cells and of erythropoiesis, identifying for example epigenetic enzymes that can be drugged to manipulate β-globin locus regulation, to favor activation of unmutated fetal hemoglobin over mutated adult β-globin genes to treat sickle cell disease and β-thalassemias. Other potential translational applications are in redirecting hematopoietic commitment decisions, as treatment for bone marrow failure syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Lei Yu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - James Douglas Engel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI.
| | - Sharon A Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
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12
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Wu Q, Zhang J, Johnson C, Kofron JM, Engel JD, Lucas D. 3043 – A PIPELINE TO IMAGE HEMATOPOIETIC DIFFERENTIATION REVEALS THE ARCHITECTURE OF ERYTHROPOIESIS IN THE BONE MARROW. Exp Hematol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2020.09.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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13
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Watanabe-Asaka T, Hayashi M, Engel JD, Kawai Y, Moriguchi T. GATA2 functions in adrenal chromaffin cells. Genes Cells 2020; 25:607-614. [PMID: 32562431 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Catecholamine synthesized in the sympathoadrenal system, including sympathetic neurons and adrenal chromaffin cells, is vital for cardiovascular homeostasis. It has been reported that GATA2, a zinc finger transcription factor, is expressed in murine sympathoadrenal progenitor cells. However, a physiological role for GATA2 in adrenal chromaffin cells has not been established. In this study, we demonstrate that GATA2 is specifically expressed in adrenal chromaffin cells. We examined the consequences of Gata2 loss-of-function mutations, exploiting a Gata2 conditional knockout allele crossed to neural crest-specific Wnt1-Cre transgenic mice (Gata2 NC-CKO). The vast majority of Gata2 NC-CKO embryos died by embryonic day 14.5 (e14.5) and exhibited a decrease in catecholamine-producing adrenal chromaffin cells, implying that a potential catecholamine defect might lead to the observed embryonic lethality. When intercrossed pregnant dams were fed with synthetic adrenaline analogs, the lethality of the Gata2 NC-CKO embryos was partially rescued, indicating that placental transfer of the adrenaline analogs complements the lethal catecholamine deficiency in the Gata2 NC-CKO embryos. These results demonstrate that GATA2 participates in the development of neuroendocrine adrenaline biosynthesis, which is essential for fetal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Moyuru Hayashi
- Division of Physiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | | | - Yoshiko Kawai
- Division of Physiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takashi Moriguchi
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
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14
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Welsh JD, Hoofnagle MH, Bamezai S, Oxendine M, Lim L, Hall JD, Yang J, Schultz S, Engel JD, Kume T, Oliver G, Jimenez JM, Kahn ML. Hemodynamic regulation of perivalvular endothelial gene expression prevents deep venous thrombosis. J Clin Invest 2020; 129:5489-5500. [PMID: 31710307 DOI: 10.1172/jci124791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and secondary pulmonary embolism cause approximately 100,000 deaths per year in the United States. Physical immobility is the most significant risk factor for DVT, but a molecular and cellular basis for this link has not been defined. We found that the endothelial cells surrounding the venous valve, where DVTs originate, express high levels of FOXC2 and PROX1, transcription factors known to be activated by oscillatory shear stress. The perivalvular venous endothelial cells exhibited a powerful antithrombotic phenotype characterized by low levels of the prothrombotic proteins vWF, P-selectin, and ICAM1 and high levels of the antithrombotic proteins thrombomodulin (THBD), endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR), and tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI). The perivalvular antithrombotic phenotype was lost following genetic deletion of FOXC2 or femoral artery ligation to reduce venous flow in mice, and at the site of origin of human DVT associated with fatal pulmonary embolism. Oscillatory blood flow was detected at perivalvular sites in human veins following muscular activity, but not in the immobile state or after activation of an intermittent compression device designed to prevent DVT. These findings support a mechanism of DVT pathogenesis in which loss of muscular activity results in loss of oscillatory shear-dependent transcriptional and antithrombotic phenotypes in perivalvular venous endothelial cells, and suggest that prevention of DVT and pulmonary embolism may be improved by mechanical devices specifically designed to restore perivalvular oscillatory flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Welsh
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mark H Hoofnagle
- Department of Surgery, Division of Traumatology, Surgical Critical Care, and Emergency Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sharika Bamezai
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael Oxendine
- Center for Vascular and Developmental Biology, Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lillian Lim
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joshua D Hall
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jisheng Yang
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Susan Schultz
- Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James Douglas Engel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Tsutomu Kume
- Center for Vascular and Developmental Biology, Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Guillermo Oliver
- Center for Vascular and Developmental Biology, Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Juan M Jimenez
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mark L Kahn
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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15
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The current review focuses on recent insights into the development of small molecule therapeutics to treat the β-globinopathies. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies of fetal γ-globin gene regulation reveal multiple insights into how γ-globin gene reactivation may lead to novel treatment for β-globinopathies. SUMMARY We summarize current information regarding the binding of transcription factors that appear to be impeded or augmented by different hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin (HPFH) mutations. As transcription factors have historically proven to be difficult to target for therapeutic purposes, we next address the contributions of protein complexes associated with these HPFH mutation-affected transcription factors with the aim of defining proteins that might provide additional targets for chemical molecules to inactivate the corepressors. Among the enzymes associated with the transcription factor complexes, a group of corepressors with currently available inhibitors were initially thought to be good candidates for potential therapeutic purposes. We discuss possibilities for pharmacological inhibition of these corepressor enzymes that might significantly reactivate fetal γ-globin gene expression. Finally, we summarize the current clinical trial data regarding the inhibition of select corepressor proteins for the treatment of sickle cell disease and β-thalassemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yu
- Departments of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Greggory Myers
- Departments of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - James Douglas Engel
- Departments of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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16
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Mahamud MR, Geng X, Ho YC, Cha B, Kim Y, Ma J, Chen L, Myers G, Camper S, Mustacich D, Witte M, Choi D, Hong YK, Chen H, Varshney G, Engel JD, Wang S, Kim TH, Lim KC, Srinivasan RS. GATA2 controls lymphatic endothelial cell junctional integrity and lymphovenous valve morphogenesis through miR-126. Development 2019; 146:dev184218. [PMID: 31582413 PMCID: PMC6857586 DOI: 10.1242/dev.184218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the transcription factor GATA2 cause lymphedema. GATA2 is necessary for the development of lymphatic valves and lymphovenous valves, and for the patterning of lymphatic vessels. Here, we report that GATA2 is not necessary for valvular endothelial cell (VEC) differentiation. Instead, GATA2 is required for VEC maintenance and morphogenesis. GATA2 is also necessary for the expression of the cell junction molecules VE-cadherin and claudin 5 in lymphatic vessels. We identified miR-126 as a target of GATA2, and miR-126-/- embryos recapitulate the phenotypes of mice lacking GATA2. Primary human lymphatic endothelial cells (HLECs) lacking GATA2 (HLECΔGATA2) have altered expression of claudin 5 and VE-cadherin, and blocking miR-126 activity in HLECs phenocopies these changes in expression. Importantly, overexpression of miR-126 in HLECΔGATA2 significantly rescues the cell junction defects. Thus, our work defines a new mechanism of GATA2 activity and uncovers miR-126 as a novel regulator of mammalian lymphatic vascular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Riaj Mahamud
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA
| | - Xin Geng
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Yen-Chun Ho
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Boksik Cha
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Yuenhee Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Systems Biology, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Lijuan Chen
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Greggory Myers
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sally Camper
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Debbie Mustacich
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona, Tuscon, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Marlys Witte
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona, Tuscon, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Dongwon Choi
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Young-Kwon Hong
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Hong Chen
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gaurav Varshney
- Genes & Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - James Douglas Engel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Shusheng Wang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Tae-Hoon Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Systems Biology, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Kim-Chew Lim
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - R Sathish Srinivasan
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA
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17
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Hoshino T, Terunuma T, Takai J, Uemura S, Nakamura Y, Hamada M, Takahashi S, Yamamoto M, Engel JD, Moriguchi T. Spiral ganglion cell degeneration-induced deafness as a consequence of reduced GATA factor activity. Genes Cells 2019; 24:534-545. [PMID: 31141264 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Zinc-finger transcription factors GATA2 and GATA3 are both expressed in the developing inner ear, although their overlapping versus distinct activities in adult definitive inner ear are not well understood. We show here that GATA2 and GATA3 are co-expressed in cochlear spiral ganglion cells and redundantly function in the maintenance of spiral ganglion cells and auditory neural circuitry. Notably, Gata2 and Gata3 compound heterozygous mutant mice had a diminished number of spiral ganglion cells due to enhanced apoptosis, which resulted in progressive hearing loss. The decrease in spiral ganglion cellularity was associated with lowered expression of neurotrophin receptor TrkC that is an essential factor for spiral ganglion cell survival. We further show that Gata2 null mutants that additionally bear a Gata2 YAC (yeast artificial chromosome) that counteracts the lethal hematopoietic deficiency due to complete Gata2 loss nonetheless failed to complement the deficiency in neonatal spiral ganglion neurons. Furthermore, cochlea-specific Gata2 deletion mice also had fewer spiral ganglion cells and resultant hearing impairment. These results show that GATA2 and GATA3 redundantly function to maintain spiral ganglion cells and hearing. We propose possible mechanisms underlying hearing loss in human GATA2- or GATA3-related genetic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomofumi Hoshino
- Department of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tsumoru Terunuma
- Department of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Jun Takai
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku Medical Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Satoshi Uemura
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku Medical Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Nakamura
- Division of Pathology, Tohoku Medical Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Michito Hamada
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | | | - Takashi Moriguchi
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku Medical Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
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18
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Tanimoto K, Matsuzaki H, Okamura E, Ushiki A, Fukamizu A, Engel JD. Transvection-like interchromosomal interaction is not observed at the transcriptional level when tested in the Rosa26 locus in mouse. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0203099. [PMID: 30763343 PMCID: PMC6375575 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-range associations between enhancers and their target gene promoters have been shown to play critical roles in executing genome function. Recent variations of chromosome capture technology have revealed a comprehensive view of intra- and interchromosomal contacts between specific genomic sites. The locus control region of the β-globin genes (β-LCR) is a super-enhancer that is capable of activating all of the β-like globin genes within the locus in cis through physical interaction by forming DNA loops. CTCF helps to mediate loop formation between LCR-HS5 and 3’HS1 in the human β-globin locus, in this way thought to contribute to the formation of a “chromatin hub”. The β-globin locus is also in close physical proximity to other erythrocyte-specific genes located long distances away on the same chromosome. In this case, erythrocyte-specific genes gather together at a shared “transcription factory” for co-transcription. Theoretically, enhancers could also activate target gene promoters at the identical loci, yet on different chromosomes in trans, a phenomenon originally described as transvection in Drosophilla. Although close physical proximity has been reported for the β-LCR and the β-like globin genes when integrated at the mouse homologous loci in trans, their structural and functional interactions were found to be rare, possibly because of a lack of suitable regulatory elements that might facilitate such trans interactions. Therefore, we re-evaluated presumptive transvection-like enhancer-promoter communication by introducing CTCF binding sites and erythrocyte-specific transcription units into both LCR-enhancer and β-promoter alleles, each inserted into the mouse ROSA26 locus on separate chromosomes. Following cross-mating of mice to place the two mutant loci at the identical chromosomal position and into active chromation in trans, their transcriptional output was evaluated. The results demonstrate that there was no significant functional association between the LCR and the β-globin gene in trans even in this idealized experimental context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Tanimoto
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Hitomi Matsuzaki
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Eiichi Okamura
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Aki Ushiki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Fukamizu
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - James Douglas Engel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
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19
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Yu L, Jearawiriyapaisarn N, Lee MP, Hosoya T, Wu Q, Myers G, Lim KC, Kurita R, Nakamura Y, Vojtek AB, Rual JF, Engel JD. BAP1 regulation of the key adaptor protein NCoR1 is critical for γ-globin gene repression. Genes Dev 2018; 32:1537-1549. [PMID: 30463901 PMCID: PMC6295165 DOI: 10.1101/gad.318436.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Human globin gene production transcriptionally "switches" from fetal to adult synthesis shortly after birth and is controlled by macromolecular complexes that enhance or suppress transcription by cis elements scattered throughout the locus. The DRED (direct repeat erythroid-definitive) repressor is recruited to the ε-globin and γ-globin promoters by the orphan nuclear receptors TR2 (NR2C1) and TR4 (NR2C2) to engender their silencing in adult erythroid cells. Here we found that nuclear receptor corepressor-1 (NCoR1) is a critical component of DRED that acts as a scaffold to unite the DNA-binding and epigenetic enzyme components (e.g., DNA methyltransferase 1 [DNMT1] and lysine-specific demethylase 1 [LSD1]) that elicit DRED function. We also describe a potent new regulator of γ-globin repression: The deubiquitinase BRCA1-associated protein-1 (BAP1) is a component of the repressor complex whose activity maintains NCoR1 at sites in the β-globin locus, and BAP1 inhibition in erythroid cells massively induces γ-globin synthesis. These data provide new mechanistic insights through the discovery of novel epigenetic enzymes that mediate γ-globin gene repression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Natee Jearawiriyapaisarn
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- Thalassemia Research Center, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Mary P Lee
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Tomonori Hosoya
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Qingqing Wu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Greggory Myers
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Kim-Chew Lim
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Ryo Kurita
- Cell Engineering Division, RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
| | - Yukio Nakamura
- Cell Engineering Division, RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
| | - Anne B Vojtek
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Jean-François Rual
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - James Douglas Engel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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20
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Hosoya T, Li H, Ku CJ, Wu Q, Guan Y, Engel JD. High-Throughput Single-Cell Sequencing of both TCR-β Alleles. J I 2018; 201:3465-3470. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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21
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Liu J, Li Y, Tong J, Gao J, Guo Q, Zhang L, Wang B, Zhao H, Wang H, Jiang E, Kurita R, Nakamura Y, Tanabe O, Engel JD, Bresnick EH, Zhou J, Shi L. Long non-coding RNA-dependent mechanism to regulate heme biosynthesis and erythrocyte development. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4386. [PMID: 30349036 PMCID: PMC6197277 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06883-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to serving as a prosthetic group for enzymes and a hemoglobin structural component, heme is a crucial homeostatic regulator of erythroid cell development and function. While lncRNAs modulate diverse physiological and pathological cellular processes, their involvement in heme-dependent mechanisms is largely unexplored. In this study, we elucidated a lncRNA (UCA1)-mediated mechanism that regulates heme metabolism in human erythroid cells. We discovered that UCA1 expression is dynamically regulated during human erythroid maturation, with a maximal expression in proerythroblasts. UCA1 depletion predominantly impairs heme biosynthesis and arrests erythroid differentiation at the proerythroblast stage. Mechanistic analysis revealed that UCA1 physically interacts with the RNA-binding protein PTBP1, and UCA1 functions as an RNA scaffold to recruit PTBP1 to ALAS2 mRNA, which stabilizes ALAS2 mRNA. These results define a lncRNA-mediated posttranscriptional mechanism that provides a new dimension into how the fundamental heme biosynthetic process is regulated as a determinant of erythrocyte development. LncRNAs modulate diverse physiological cellular processes, however, their involvement in heme-dependent processes are not yet clear. Here the authors reveal the role of lncRNA UCA1 in erythroid cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020, China.,Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yapu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020, China.,Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Jingyuan Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020, China.,Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Jie Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020, China.,Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Qing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020, China.,Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin, 300134, China
| | - Bingrui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020, China.,Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin, 300134, China
| | - Hongtao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020, China.,Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Erlie Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020, China.,Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Ryo Kurita
- Japanese Red Cross Society, Department of Research and Development, Central Blood Institute, Tokyo, 105-8521, Japan
| | - Yukio Nakamura
- RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Cell Engineering Division, Ibaraki, 305-0074, Japan
| | - Osamu Tanabe
- Department of Integrative Genomics Tohoku Medical Megabank, Tohoku University, Sedai, 980-8573, Japan
| | - James Douglas Engel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Emery H Bresnick
- Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, Paul Carbone Cancer Center, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53562, USA
| | - Jiaxi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020, China. .,Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Lihong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020, China. .,Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China.
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22
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Rivers A, Vaitkus K, Jagadeeswaran R, Ruiz MA, Ibanez V, Ciceri F, Cavalcanti F, Molokie RE, Saunthararajah Y, Engel JD, DeSimone J, Lavelle D. Oral administration of the LSD1 inhibitor ORY-3001 increases fetal hemoglobin in sickle cell mice and baboons. Exp Hematol 2018; 67:60-64.e2. [PMID: 30125603 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Increased levels of fetal hemoglobin (HbF) lessen the severity of symptoms and increase the life span of patients with sickle cell disease (SCD). More effective strategies to increase HbF are needed because the current standard of care, hydroxyurea, is not effective in a significant proportion of patients. Treatment of the millions of patients projected worldwide would best be accomplished with an orally administered drug therapy that increased HbF. LSD1 is a component of corepressor complexes that repress γ-globin gene expression and are a therapeutic target for HbF reactivation. We have shown that subcutaneous administration of RN-1, a pharmacological LSD1 inhibitor, increased γ-globin expression in SCD mice and baboons, which are widely acknowledged as the best animal model in which to test the activity of HbF-inducing drugs. The objective of this investigation was to test the effect of oral administration of a new LSD1 inhibitor, ORY-3001. Oral administration of ORY-3001 to SCD mice (n = 3 groups) increased γ-globin expression, Fetal Hemoglobin (HbF)-containing (F) cells, and F reticulocytes (retics). In normal baboons (n = 7 experiments) treated with ORY-3001, increased F retics, γ-globin chain synthesis, and γ-globin mRNA were observed. Experiments in anemic baboons (n = 2) showed that ORY-3001 increased F retics (PA8695, predose = 24%, postdose = 66.8%; PA8698: predose = 13%, postdose = 93.6%), γ-globin chain synthesis (PA8695: predose = 0.07 γ/γ+β, postdose = 0.20 γ/γ+β; PA8698: predose = 0.02 γ/γ+β, postdose = 0.44 γ/γ+β), and γ-globin mRNA (PA8695: predose = 0.06 γ/γ+β, postdose = 0.18 γ/γ+β; PA8698: predose = 0.03 γ/γ+β, postdose = 0.33 γ/γ+β). We conclude that oral administration of ORY-3001 increases F retics, γ-globin chain synthesis, and γ-globin mRNA in baboons and SCD mice, supporting further efforts toward the development of this drug for SCD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Rivers
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kestis Vaitkus
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA; Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ramasamy Jagadeeswaran
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Maria Armila Ruiz
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA; Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Vinzon Ibanez
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA; Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | - Robert E Molokie
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA; Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yogen Saunthararajah
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Taussig Cancer Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - James Douglas Engel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Joseph DeSimone
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Donald Lavelle
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA; Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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23
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Abstract
Fetal hemoglobin (HbF) inhibits the root cause of sickle pathophysiology, sickle hemoglobin polymerization. Individuals who naturally express high levels of HbF beyond infancy thus receive some protection from sickle complications. To mimic this natural genetic experiment using drugs, one guiding observation was that HbF is increased during recovery of bone marrow from extreme stress. This led to evaluation and approval of the cytotoxic (cell killing) drug hydroxyurea to treat sickle cell disease. Cytotoxic approaches are limited in potency and sustainability, however, since they require hematopoietic reserves sufficient to repeatedly mount recoveries from stress that destroys their counterparts, and such reserves are finite. HbF induction even by stress ultimately involves chromatin remodeling of the gene for HbF (HBG), therefore, a logical alternative approach is to directly inhibit epigenetic enzymes that repress HBG-implicated enzymes include DNA methyltransferase 1, histone deacetylases, lysine demethylase 1, protein arginine methyltransferase 5, euchromatic histone lysine methyltransferase 2 and chromodomain helicase DNA-binding protein 4. Clinical proof-of-principle that this alternative, noncytotoxic approach can generate substantial HbF and total hemoglobin increases has already been generated. Thus, with continued careful attention to fundamental biological and pharmacologic considerations (reviewed herein), there is potential that rational, molecular-targeted, safe and highly potent disease-modifying therapy can be realized for patients with sickle cell disease, with the accessibility and cost-effective properties needed for world-wide effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald Lavelle
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences System, Chicago, IL; Department of Medicine, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | | | - Yogen Saunthararajah
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH.
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24
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Hosoya T, D'Oliveira Albanus R, Hensley J, Myers G, Kyono Y, Kitzman J, Parker SCJ, Engel JD. Global dynamics of stage-specific transcription factor binding during thymocyte development. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5605. [PMID: 29618724 PMCID: PMC5884796 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23774-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In vertebrates, multiple transcription factors (TFs) bind to gene regulatory elements (promoters, enhancers, and silencers) to execute developmental expression changes. ChIP experiments are often used to identify where TFs bind to regulatory elements in the genome, but the requirement of TF-specific antibodies hampers analyses of tens of TFs at multiple loci. Here we tested whether TF binding predictions using ATAC-seq can be used to infer the identity of TFs that bind to functionally validated enhancers of the Cd4, Cd8, and Gata3 genes in thymocytes. We performed ATAC-seq at four distinct stages of development in mouse thymus, probing the chromatin accessibility landscape in double negative (DN), double positive (DP), CD4 single positive (SP4) and CD8 SP (SP8) thymocytes. Integration of chromatin accessibility with TF motifs genome-wide allowed us to infer stage-specific occupied TF binding sites within known and potentially novel regulatory elements. Our results provide genome-wide stage-specific T cell open chromatin profiles, and allow the identification of candidate TFs that drive thymocyte differentiation at each developmental stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Hosoya
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Ann Arbor, USA
| | | | - John Hensley
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Greggory Myers
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Yasuhiro Kyono
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, Ann Arbor, USA.,Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, 3035 BSRB, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Jacob Kitzman
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, Ann Arbor, USA.,Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, 3035 BSRB, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Stephen C J Parker
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, Ann Arbor, USA.,Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, 3035 BSRB, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-2200, USA
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25
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Molokie R, Lavelle D, Gowhari M, Pacini M, Krauz L, Hassan J, Ibanez V, Ruiz MA, Ng KP, Woost P, Radivoyevitch T, Pacelli D, Fada S, Rump M, Hsieh M, Tisdale JF, Jacobberger J, Phelps M, Engel JD, Saraf S, Hsu LL, Gordeuk V, DeSimone J, Saunthararajah Y. Oral tetrahydrouridine and decitabine for non-cytotoxic epigenetic gene regulation in sickle cell disease: A randomized phase 1 study. PLoS Med 2017; 14:e1002382. [PMID: 28880867 PMCID: PMC5589090 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sickle cell disease (SCD), a congenital hemolytic anemia that exacts terrible global morbidity and mortality, is driven by polymerization of mutated sickle hemoglobin (HbS) in red blood cells (RBCs). Fetal hemoglobin (HbF) interferes with this polymerization, but HbF is epigenetically silenced from infancy onward by DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1). METHODS AND FINDINGS To pharmacologically re-induce HbF by DNMT1 inhibition, this first-in-human clinical trial (NCT01685515) combined 2 small molecules-decitabine to deplete DNMT1 and tetrahydrouridine (THU) to inhibit cytidine deaminase (CDA), the enzyme that otherwise rapidly deaminates/inactivates decitabine, severely limiting its half-life, tissue distribution, and oral bioavailability. Oral decitabine doses, administered after oral THU 10 mg/kg, were escalated from a very low starting level (0.01, 0.02, 0.04, 0.08, or 0.16 mg/kg) to identify minimal doses active in depleting DNMT1 without cytotoxicity. Patients were SCD adults at risk of early death despite standard-of-care, randomized 3:2 to THU-decitabine versus placebo in 5 cohorts of 5 patients treated 2X/week for 8 weeks, with 4 weeks of follow-up. The primary endpoint was ≥ grade 3 non-hematologic toxicity. This endpoint was not triggered, and adverse events (AEs) were not significantly different in THU-decitabine-versus placebo-treated patients. At the decitabine 0.16 mg/kg dose, plasma concentrations peaked at approximately 50 nM (Cmax) and remained elevated for several hours. This dose decreased DNMT1 protein in peripheral blood mononuclear cells by >75% and repetitive element CpG methylation by approximately 10%, and increased HbF by 4%-9% (P < 0.001), doubling fetal hemoglobin-enriched red blood cells (F-cells) up to approximately 80% of total RBCs. Total hemoglobin increased by 1.2-1.9 g/dL (P = 0.01) as reticulocytes simultaneously decreased; that is, better quality and efficiency of HbF-enriched erythropoiesis elevated hemoglobin using fewer reticulocytes. Also indicating better RBC quality, biomarkers of hemolysis, thrombophilia, and inflammation (LDH, bilirubin, D-dimer, C-reactive protein [CRP]) improved. As expected with non-cytotoxic DNMT1-depletion, platelets increased and neutrophils concurrently decreased, but not to an extent requiring treatment holds. As an early phase study, limitations include small patient numbers at each dose level and narrow capacity to evaluate clinical benefits. CONCLUSION Administration of oral THU-decitabine to patients with SCD was safe in this study and, by targeting DNMT1, upregulated HbF in RBCs. Further studies should investigate clinical benefits and potential harms not identified to date. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01685515.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Molokie
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences System, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Donald Lavelle
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences System, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Michel Gowhari
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences System, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Michael Pacini
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences System, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Lani Krauz
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences System, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Johara Hassan
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences System, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Vinzon Ibanez
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Maria A. Ruiz
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Kwok Peng Ng
- Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Philip Woost
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Tomas Radivoyevitch
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Daisy Pacelli
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences System, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Sherry Fada
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Matthew Rump
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Matthew Hsieh
- Molecular and Clinical Hematology Section, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John F. Tisdale
- Molecular and Clinical Hematology Section, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - James Jacobberger
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mitch Phelps
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - James Douglas Engel
- Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Santhosh Saraf
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences System, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Lewis L. Hsu
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences System, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Victor Gordeuk
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences System, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Joseph DeSimone
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences System, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Yogen Saunthararajah
- Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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26
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Abstract
Reactivation of fetal hemoglobin (HbF) in adult hematopoietic cells has the potential for great clinical benefit in patients bearing deleterious mutations in the β-globin gene, such as β-thalassemia and sickle cell disease (SCD), since increasing the production of HbF can compensate for underproduction of β-globin chains (in β-thalassemia) and it can also disrupt sickle hemoglobin polymerization (in SCD). Thus for the past few decades, concerted efforts have been made to identify an effective way to induce the synthesis of HbF in adult erythroid cells for potential therapeutic relief from the effects of these β-globinopathies. Chemical inducers of HbF as well as a number of transcription factors that are able to reactivate HbF synthesis in vitro and in vivo in adult erythroid cells have been identified. However, there has been only limited success in attempts to manipulate either the drugs or regulatory proteins, and in only a fraction of patients, and there is wide variation in individual response to these drugs or transcription factors. These studies highlight the importance for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying hemoglobin switching so that future studies can be designed to treat these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaiying Cui
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, 3608 BSRB, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - James Douglas Engel
- G Carl Huber Professor and Chair Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, 3035 BSRB, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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27
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Zhang Y, Zhang J, An W, Wan Y, Ma S, Yin J, Li X, Gao J, Yuan W, Guo Y, Engel JD, Shi L, Cheng T, Zhu X. Intron 1 GATA site enhances ALAS2 expression indispensably during erythroid differentiation. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 45:657-671. [PMID: 28123038 PMCID: PMC5314798 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The first intronic mutations in the intron 1 GATA site (int-1-GATA) of 5-aminolevulinate synthase 2 (ALAS2) have been identified in X-linked sideroblastic anemia (XLSA) pedigrees, strongly suggesting it could be causal mutations of XLSA. However, the function of this int-1-GATA site during in vivo development remains largely unknown. Here, we generated mice lacking a 13 bp fragment, including this int-1-GATA site (TAGATAAAGCCCC) and found that hemizygous deletion led to an embryonic lethal phenotype due to severe anemia resulting from a lack of ALAS2 expression, indicating that this non-coding sequence is indispensable for ALAS2 expression in vivo. Further analyses revealed that this int-1-GATA site anchored the GATA site in intron 8 (int-8-GATA) and the proximal promoter, forming a long-range loop to enhance ALAS2 expression by an enhancer complex including GATA1, TAL1, LMO2, LDB1 and Pol II at least, in erythroid cells. However, compared with the int-8-GATA site, the int-1-GATA site is more essential for regulating ALAS2 expression through CRISPR/Cas9-mediated site-specific deletion. Therefore, the int-1-GATA site could serve as a valuable site for diagnosing XLSA in cases with unknown mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China.,Division of Pediatric Blood Diseases Center, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China.,Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jingliao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China.,Division of Pediatric Blood Diseases Center, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China.,Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Wenbin An
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China.,Division of Pediatric Blood Diseases Center, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China.,Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yang Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China.,Division of Pediatric Blood Diseases Center, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China.,Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Shihui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China.,Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jie Yin
- Department of Cell Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Xichuan Li
- Department of Immunology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Jie Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China.,Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Weiping Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China.,Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Ye Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China.,Division of Pediatric Blood Diseases Center, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China.,Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - James Douglas Engel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Lihong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China .,Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Tao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China .,Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China.,Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Xiaofan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China .,Division of Pediatric Blood Diseases Center, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China.,Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
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28
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Ohmura S, Mizuno S, Oishi H, Ku CJ, Hermann M, Hosoya T, Takahashi S, Engel JD. Lineage-affiliated transcription factors bind the Gata3 Tce1 enhancer to mediate lineage-specific programs. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:865-78. [PMID: 26808502 DOI: 10.1172/jci83894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor GATA3 is essential for the genesis and maturation of the T cell lineage, and GATA3 dysregulation has pathological consequences. Previous studies have shown that GATA3 function in T cell development is regulated by multiple signaling pathways and that the Notch nuclear effector, RBP-J, binds specifically to the Gata3 promoter. We previously identified a T cell-specific Gata3 enhancer (Tce1) lying 280 kb downstream from the structural gene and demonstrated in transgenic mice that Tce1 promoted T lymphocyte-specific transcription of reporter genes throughout T cell development; however, it was not clear if Tce1 is required for Gata3 transcription in vivo. Here, we determined that the canonical Gata3 promoter is insufficient for Gata3 transcriptional activation in T cells in vivo, precluding the possibility that promoter binding by a host of previously implicated transcription factors alone is responsible for Gata3 expression in T cells. Instead, we demonstrated that multiple lineage-affiliated transcription factors bind to Tce1 and that this enhancer confers T lymphocyte-specific Gata3 activation in vivo, as targeted deletion of Tce1 in a mouse model abrogated critical functions of this T cell-regulatory element. Together, our data show that Tce1 is both necessary and sufficient for critical aspects of Gata3 T cell-specific transcriptional activity.
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29
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Abstract
Ku et al. show that loss of one Gata3 allele leads to diminished expansion of immature T cells as well as aberrant induction of myeloid transcription factor PU.1. Gata3 is monoallelically expressed in hematopoietic stem cells and early T-cell progenitors. Half of the developing cells switch to biallelic Gata3 transcription abruptly at midthymopoiesis. Protein abundance must be precisely regulated throughout life, and nowhere is the stringency of this requirement more evident than during T-cell development: A twofold increase in the abundance of transcription factor GATA3 results in thymic lymphoma, while reduced GATA3 leads to diminished T-cell production. GATA3 haploinsufficiency also causes human HDR (hypoparathyroidism, deafness, and renal dysplasia) syndrome, often accompanied by immunodeficiency. Here we show that loss of one Gata3 allele leads to diminished expansion (and compromised development) of immature T cells as well as aberrant induction of myeloid transcription factor PU.1. This effect is at least in part mediated transcriptionally: We discovered that Gata3 is monoallelically expressed in a parent of origin-independent manner in hematopoietic stem cells and early T-cell progenitors. Curiously, half of the developing cells switch to biallelic Gata3 transcription abruptly at midthymopoiesis. We show that the monoallelic-to-biallelic transcriptional switch is stably maintained and therefore is not a stochastic phenomenon. This unique mechanism, if adopted by other regulatory genes, may provide new biological insights into the rather prevalent phenomenon of monoallelic expression of autosomal genes as well as into the variably penetrant pathophysiological spectrum of phenotypes observed in many human syndromes that are due to haploinsufficiency of the affected gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Jui Ku
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Kim-Chew Lim
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Sundeep Kalantry
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Ivan Maillard
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA; Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA; Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - James Douglas Engel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Tomonori Hosoya
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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30
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Geng X, Cha B, Mahamud MR, Lim KC, Silasi-Mansat R, Uddin MKM, Miura N, Xia L, Simon AM, Engel JD, Chen H, Lupu F, Srinivasan RS. Multiple mouse models of primary lymphedema exhibit distinct defects in lymphovenous valve development. Dev Biol 2015; 409:218-233. [PMID: 26542011 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lymph is returned to the blood circulation exclusively via four lymphovenous valves (LVVs). Despite their vital importance, the architecture and development of LVVs is poorly understood. We analyzed the formation of LVVs at the molecular and ultrastructural levels during mouse embryogenesis and identified three critical steps. First, LVV-forming endothelial cells (LVV-ECs) differentiate from PROX1(+) progenitors and delaminate from the luminal side of the veins. Second, LVV-ECs aggregate, align perpendicular to the direction of lymph flow and establish lympho-venous connections. Finally, LVVs mature with the recruitment of mural cells. LVV morphogenesis is disrupted in four different mouse models of primary lymphedema and the severity of LVV defects correlate with that of lymphedema. In summary, we have provided the first and the most comprehensive analysis of LVV development. Furthermore, our work suggests that aberrant LVVs contribute to lymphedema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Geng
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Boksik Cha
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Md Riaj Mahamud
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Kim-Chew Lim
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Robert Silasi-Mansat
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Mohammad K M Uddin
- Department of Biochemistry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Miura
- Department of Biochemistry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Lijun Xia
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | | | - James Douglas Engel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Hong Chen
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Florea Lupu
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - R Sathish Srinivasan
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
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31
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Nagasaki M, Yasuda J, Katsuoka F, Nariai N, Kojima K, Kawai Y, Yamaguchi-Kabata Y, Yokozawa J, Danjoh I, Saito S, Sato Y, Mimori T, Tsuda K, Saito R, Pan X, Nishikawa S, Ito S, Kuroki Y, Tanabe O, Fuse N, Kuriyama S, Kiyomoto H, Hozawa A, Minegishi N, Douglas Engel J, Kinoshita K, Kure S, Yaegashi N, Yamamoto M. Rare variant discovery by deep whole-genome sequencing of 1,070 Japanese individuals. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8018. [PMID: 26292667 PMCID: PMC4560751 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization reports the whole-genome sequences of 1,070 healthy Japanese individuals and construction of a Japanese population reference panel (1KJPN). Here we identify through this high-coverage sequencing (32.4 × on average), 21.2 million, including 12 million novel, single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) at an estimated false discovery rate of <1.0%. This detailed analysis detected signatures for purifying selection on regulatory elements as well as coding regions. We also catalogue structural variants, including 3.4 million insertions and deletions, and 25,923 genic copy-number variants. The 1KJPN was effective for imputing genotypes of the Japanese population genome wide. These data demonstrate the value of high-coverage sequencing for constructing population-specific variant panels, which covers 99.0% SNVs of minor allele frequency ≥0.1%, and its value for identifying causal rare variants of complex human disease phenotypes in genetic association studies. The Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization establishes a biobank with detailed patient health care and genome information. Here the authors analyse whole-genome sequences of 1,070 Japanese individuals, allowing them to catalogue 21 million single-nucleotide variants including 12 million novel ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Nagasaki
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8573, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.,Graduate School of Information Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3-09, Aramaki Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Jun Yasuda
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8573, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Fumiki Katsuoka
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8573, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Naoki Nariai
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8573, Japan
| | - Kaname Kojima
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8573, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yosuke Kawai
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8573, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yumi Yamaguchi-Kabata
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8573, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Junji Yokozawa
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8573, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Inaho Danjoh
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8573, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Sakae Saito
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8573, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yukuto Sato
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8573, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Takahiro Mimori
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8573, Japan
| | - Kaoru Tsuda
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8573, Japan
| | - Rumiko Saito
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8573, Japan
| | - Xiaoqing Pan
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8573, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nishikawa
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8573, Japan
| | - Shin Ito
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8573, Japan
| | - Yoko Kuroki
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8573, Japan
| | - Osamu Tanabe
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8573, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Nobuo Fuse
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8573, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Shinichi Kuriyama
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8573, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.,International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, 468-1, Aramaki Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-0845, Japan
| | - Hideyasu Kiyomoto
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8573, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hozawa
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8573, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Naoko Minegishi
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8573, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - James Douglas Engel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2200, USA
| | - Kengo Kinoshita
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8573, Japan.,Graduate School of Information Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3-09, Aramaki Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan.,Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Shigeo Kure
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8573, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Nobuo Yaegashi
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8573, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | | | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8573, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
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Blobel GA, Bodine D, Brand M, Crispino J, de Bruijn MFTR, Nathan D, Papayannopoulou T, Porcher C, Strouboulis J, Zon L, Higgs DR, Stamatoyannopoulos G, Engel JD. An international effort to cure a global health problem: A report on the 19th Hemoglobin Switching Conference. Exp Hematol 2015; 43:821-37. [PMID: 26143582 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Every 2 years since 1978, an international group of scientists, physicians, and other researchers meet to discuss the latest developments in the underlying etiology, mechanisms of action, and developmental acquisition of cellular and systemic defects exhibited and elicited by the most common inherited human disorders, the hemoglobinopathies. The 19th Hemoglobin Switching Conference, held in September 2014 at St. John's College in Oxford, once again exceeded all expectations by describing cutting edge research in cellular, molecular, developmental, and genomic advances focused on these diseases. The conference comprised about 60 short talks over 3 days by leading investigators in the field. This meeting report describes the highlights of the conference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerd A Blobel
- Division of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David Bodine
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marjorie Brand
- Sprott Center for Stem Cell Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - John Crispino
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Marella F T R de Bruijn
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; BRC Blood Theme, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Centre, Oxford University Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - David Nathan
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Catherine Porcher
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; BRC Blood Theme, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Centre, Oxford University Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - John Strouboulis
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Vari, Greece
| | - Len Zon
- Boston Children's Hospital/HHMI, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Douglas R Higgs
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; BRC Blood Theme, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Centre, Oxford University Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | | | - James Douglas Engel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Zhu F, Shi L, Engel JD, Guan Y. Regulatory network inferred using expression data of small sample size: application and validation in erythroid system. Bioinformatics 2015; 31:2537-44. [PMID: 25840044 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btv186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Modeling regulatory networks using expression data observed in a differentiation process may help identify context-specific interactions. The outcome of the current algorithms highly depends on the quality and quantity of a single time-course dataset, and the performance may be compromised for datasets with a limited number of samples. RESULTS In this work, we report a multi-layer graphical model that is capable of leveraging many publicly available time-course datasets, as well as a cell lineage-specific data with small sample size, to model regulatory networks specific to a differentiation process. First, a collection of network inference methods are used to predict the regulatory relationships in individual public datasets. Then, the inferred directional relationships are weighted and integrated together by evaluating against the cell lineage-specific dataset. To test the accuracy of this algorithm, we collected a time-course RNA-Seq dataset during human erythropoiesis to infer regulatory relationships specific to this differentiation process. The resulting erythroid-specific regulatory network reveals novel regulatory relationships activated in erythropoiesis, which were further validated by genome-wide TR4 binding studies using ChIP-seq. These erythropoiesis-specific regulatory relationships were not identifiable by single dataset-based methods or context-independent integrations. Analysis of the predicted targets reveals that they are all closely associated with hematopoietic lineage differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhu
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Lihong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
| | | | - Yuanfang Guan
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA, Department of Internal Medicine, and Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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34
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Zhu F, Shi L, Li H, Eksi R, Engel JD, Guan Y. Modeling dynamic functional relationship networks and application to ex vivo human erythroid differentiation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 30:3325-33. [PMID: 25115705 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btu542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
MOTIVATION Functional relationship networks, which summarize the probability of co-functionality between any two genes in the genome, could complement the reductionist focus of modern biology for understanding diverse biological processes in an organism. One major limitation of the current networks is that they are static, while one might expect functional relationships to consistently reprogram during the differentiation of a cell lineage. To address this potential limitation, we developed a novel algorithm that leverages both differentiation stage-specific expression data and large-scale heterogeneous functional genomic data to model such dynamic changes. We then applied this algorithm to the time-course RNA-Seq data we collected for ex vivo human erythroid cell differentiation. RESULTS Through computational cross-validation and literature validation, we show that the resulting networks correctly predict the (de)-activated functional connections between genes during erythropoiesis. We identified known critical genes, such as HBD and GATA1, and functional connections during erythropoiesis using these dynamic networks, while the traditional static network was not able to provide such information. Furthermore, by comparing the static and the dynamic networks, we identified novel genes (such as OSBP2 and PDZK1IP1) that are potential drivers of erythroid cell differentiation. This novel method of modeling dynamic networks is applicable to other differentiation processes where time-course genome-scale expression data are available, and should assist in generating greater understanding of the functional dynamics at play across the genome during development. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION The network described in this article is available at http://guanlab.ccmb.med.umich.edu/stageSpecificNetwork.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhu
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, MI48109, USA
| | - Lihong Shi
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, MI48109, USA
| | - Hongdong Li
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, MI48109, USA
| | - Ridvan Eksi
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, MI48109, USA
| | - James Douglas Engel
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, MI48109, USA
| | - Yuanfang Guan
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, MI48109, USA Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, MI48109, USA Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, MI48109, USA
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Shi L, Lin YH, Sierant MC, Zhu F, Cui S, Guan Y, Sartor MA, Tanabe O, Lim KC, Engel JD. Developmental transcriptome analysis of human erythropoiesis. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:4528-42. [PMID: 24781209 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To globally survey the changes in transcriptional landscape during terminal erythroid differentiation, we performed RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) on primary human CD34(+) cells after ex vivo differentiation from the earliest into the most mature erythroid cell stages. This analysis identified thousands of novel intergenic and intronic transcripts as well as novel alternative transcript isoforms. After rigorous data filtering, 51 (presumptive) novel protein-coding transcripts, 5326 long and 679 small non-coding RNA candidates remained. The analysis also revealed two clear transcriptional trends during terminal erythroid differentiation: first, the complexity of transcript diversity was predominantly achieved by alternative splicing, and second, splicing junctional diversity diminished during erythroid differentiation. Finally, 404 genes that were not known previously to be differentially expressed in erythroid cells were annotated. Analysis of the most extremely differentially expressed transcripts revealed that these gene products were all closely associated with hematopoietic lineage differentiation. Taken together, this study will serve as a comprehensive platform for future in-depth investigation of human erythroid development that, in turn, may reveal new insights into multiple layers of the transcriptional regulatory hierarchy that controls erythropoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Shi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and
| | - Yu-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - M C Sierant
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and
| | - Fan Zhu
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | - Yuanfang Guan
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Maureen A Sartor
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Osamu Tanabe
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku Medical Megabank, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Sendai 980-8573, Japan
| | - Kim-Chew Lim
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and
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Yamazaki H, Suzuki M, Otsuki A, Shimizu R, Bresnick EH, Engel JD, Yamamoto M. A remote GATA2 hematopoietic enhancer drives leukemogenesis in inv(3)(q21;q26) by activating EVI1 expression. Cancer Cell 2014; 25:415-27. [PMID: 24703906 PMCID: PMC4012341 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal inversion between 3q21 and 3q26 results in high-risk acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In this study, we identified a mechanism whereby a GATA2 distal hematopoietic enhancer (G2DHE or -77-kb enhancer) is brought into close proximity to the EVI1 gene in inv(3)(q21;q26) inversions, leading to leukemogenesis. We examined the contribution of G2DHE to leukemogenesis by creating a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) transgenic model that recapitulates the inv(3)(q21;q26) allele. Transgenic mice harboring a linked BAC developed leukemia accompanied by EVI1 overexpression-neoplasia that was not detected in mice bearing the same transgene but that was missing the GATA2 enhancer. These results establish the mechanistic basis underlying the pathogenesis of a severe form of leukemia through aberrant expression of the EVI1 proto-oncogene.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Chromosome Inversion
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3
- DNA-Binding Proteins/biosynthesis
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- GATA2 Transcription Factor/genetics
- GATA2 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Hematopoiesis/genetics
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- MDS1 and EVI1 Complex Locus Protein
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Proto-Oncogene Mas
- Proto-Oncogenes/genetics
- Transcription Factors/biosynthesis
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Transfection
- Transgenes
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Yamazaki
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Mikiko Suzuki
- Center for Radioisotope Sciences, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; Department of Molecular Hematology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Akihito Otsuki
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Ritsuko Shimizu
- Department of Molecular Hematology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Emery H Bresnick
- UW-Madison Blood Research Program, Carbone Cancer Center, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - James Douglas Engel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; Tohoku Medical Megabank, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8573, Japan.
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Udager AM, Prakash A, Saenz DA, Schinke M, Moriguchi T, Jay PY, Lim KC, Engel JD, Gumucio DL. Proper development of the outer longitudinal smooth muscle of the mouse pylorus requires Nkx2-5 and Gata3. Gastroenterology 2014; 146:157-165.e10. [PMID: 24120474 PMCID: PMC3889663 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is a common birth anomaly characterized by obstruction of the pyloric lumen. A genome-wide association study implicated NKX2-5, which encodes a transcription factor that is expressed in embryonic heart and pylorus, in the pathogenesis of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. However, the function of the NKX2-5 in pyloric smooth muscle development has not been examined directly. We investigated the pattern of Nkx2-5 during the course of murine pyloric sphincter development and examined coexpression of Nkx2-5 with Gata3 and Sox9-other transcription factors with pyloric-specific mesenchymal expression. We also assessed pyloric sphincter development in mice with disruption of Nkx2-5 or Gata3. METHODS We used immunofluorescence analysis to compare levels of NKX2-5, GATA3, and SOX9 in different regions of smooth muscle cells. Pyloric development was assessed in mice with conditional or germline deletion of Nkx2-5 or Gata3, respectively. RESULTS Gata3, Nkx2-5, and Sox9 are coexpressed in differentiating smooth muscle cells of a distinct fascicle of the pyloric outer longitudinal muscle. Expansion of this fascicle coincides with development of the pyloric sphincter. Disruption of Nkx2-5 or Gata3 causes severe hypoplasia of this fascicle and alters pyloric muscle shape. Although expression of Sox9 requires Nkx2-5 and Gata3, there is no apparent hierarchical relationship between Nkx2-5 and Gata3 during pyloric outer longitudinal muscle development. CONCLUSIONS Nkx2-5 and Gata3 are independently required for the development of a pyloric outer longitudinal muscle fascicle, which is required for pyloric sphincter morphogenesis in mice. These data indicate that regulatory changes that alter Nkx2-5 or Gata3 expression could contribute to pathogenesis of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M. Udager
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Ajay Prakash
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - David A. Saenz
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Martina Schinke
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Takashi Moriguchi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2–1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Patrick Y. Jay
- Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Kim-Chew Lim
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - James Douglas Engel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Deborah L. Gumucio
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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Lim KC, Hosoya T, Brandt W, Ku CJ, Hosoya-Ohmura S, Camper SA, Yamamoto M, Engel JD. Conditional Gata2 inactivation results in HSC loss and lymphatic mispatterning. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:3705-17. [PMID: 22996665 DOI: 10.1172/jci61619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor GATA-2 plays vital roles in quite diverse developmental programs, including hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) survival and proliferation. We previously identified a vascular endothelial (VE) enhancer that regulates GATA-2 activity in pan-endothelial cells. To more thoroughly define the in vivo regulatory properties of this enhancer, we generated a tamoxifen-inducible Cre transgenic mouse line using the Gata2 VE enhancer (Gata2 VECre) and utilized it to temporally direct tissue-specific conditional loss of Gata2. Here, we report that Gata2 VECre-mediated loss of GATA-2 led to anemia, hemorrhage, and eventual death in edematous embryos. We further determined that the etiology of anemia in conditional Gata2 mutant embryos involved HSC loss in the fetal liver, as demonstrated by in vitro colony-forming and immunophenotypic as well as in vivo long-term competitive repopulation experiments. We further documented that the edema and hemorrhage in conditional Gata2 mutant embryos were due to defective lymphatic development. Thus, we unexpectedly discovered that in addition to its contribution to endothelial cell development, the VE enhancer also regulates GATA-2 expression in definitive fetal liver and adult BM HSCs, and that GATA-2 function is required for proper lymphatic vascular development during embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim-Chew Lim
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
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Hirotsu Y, Katsuoka F, Funayama R, Nagashima T, Nishida Y, Nakayama K, Douglas Engel J, Yamamoto M. Nrf2-MafG heterodimers contribute globally to antioxidant and metabolic networks. Nucleic Acids Res 2012; 40:10228-39. [PMID: 22965115 PMCID: PMC3488259 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a key transcription factor that is critical for cellular defense against oxidative and xenobiotic insults. Nrf2 heterodimerizes with small Maf (sMaf) proteins and binds to antioxidant response elements (AREs) to activate a battery of cytoprotective genes. However, it remains unclear to what extent the Nrf2–sMaf heterodimers contribute to ARE-dependent gene regulation on a genome-wide scale. We performed chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with high-throughput sequencing and identified the binding sites of Nrf2 and MafG throughout the genome. Compared to sites occupied by Nrf2 alone, many sites co-occupied by Nrf2 and MafG exhibit high enrichment and are located in species-conserved genomic regions. The ARE motifs were significantly enriched among the recovered Nrf2–MafG-binding sites but not among the Nrf2-binding sites that did not display MafG binding. The majority of the Nrf2-regulated cytoprotective genes were found in the vicinity of Nrf2–MafG-binding sites. Additionally, sequences that regulate glucose metabolism and several amino acid transporters were identified as Nrf2–MafG target genes, suggesting diverse roles for the Nrf2–MafG heterodimer in stress response. These data clearly support the notion that Nrf2–sMaf heterodimers are complexes that regulate batteries of genes involved in various aspects of cytoprotective and metabolic functions through associated AREs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Hirotsu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Division of Cell Proliferation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-220, USA
| | - Fumiki Katsuoka
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Division of Cell Proliferation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-220, USA
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +81 22 717 8084; Fax: +81 22 717 8090;
| | - Ryo Funayama
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Division of Cell Proliferation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-220, USA
| | - Takeshi Nagashima
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Division of Cell Proliferation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-220, USA
| | - Yuichiro Nishida
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Division of Cell Proliferation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-220, USA
| | - Keiko Nakayama
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Division of Cell Proliferation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-220, USA
| | - James Douglas Engel
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Division of Cell Proliferation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-220, USA
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Division of Cell Proliferation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-220, USA
- Correspondence may also be addressed to Fumiki Katsuoka. Tel: +81 22 717 8089; Fax: +81 22 717 8090;
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40
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Abstract
Thalassaemia is one of the most common genetic diseases worldwide, with at least 60,000 severely affected individuals born every year. Individuals originating from tropical and subtropical regions are most at risk. Disorders of haemoglobin synthesis (thalassaemia) and structure (eg, sickle-cell disease) were among the first molecular diseases to be identified, and have been investigated and characterised in detail over the past 40 years. Nevertheless, treatment of thalassaemia is still largely dependent on supportive care with blood transfusion and iron chelation. Since 1978, scientists and clinicians in this specialty have met regularly in an international effort to improve the management of thalassaemia, with the aim of increasing the expression of unaffected fetal genes to improve the deficiency in adult β-globin synthesis. In this Seminar we discuss important advances in the understanding of the molecular and cellular basis of normal and abnormal expression of globin genes. We will summarise new approaches to the development of tailored pharmacological agents to alter regulation of globin genes, the first trial of gene therapy for thalassaemia, and future prospects of cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas R Higgs
- Medical Research Council Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.
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Zhou XE, Suino-Powell KM, Xu Y, Chan CW, Tanabe O, Kruse SW, Reynolds R, Engel JD, Xu HE. The orphan nuclear receptor TR4 is a vitamin A-activated nuclear receptor. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:2877-85. [PMID: 21068381 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.168740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Testicular receptors 2 and 4 (TR2/4) constitute a subgroup of orphan nuclear receptors that play important roles in spermatogenesis, lipid and lipoprotein regulation, and the development of the central nervous system. Currently, little is known about the structural features and the ligand regulation of these receptors. Here we report the crystal structure of the ligand-free TR4 ligand binding domain, which reveals an autorepressed conformation. The ligand binding pocket of TR4 is filled by the C-terminal half of helix 10, and the cofactor binding site is occupied by the AF-2 helix, thus preventing ligand-independent activation of the receptor. However, TR4 exhibits constitutive transcriptional activity on multiple promoters, which can be further potentiated by nuclear receptor coactivators. Mutations designed to disrupt cofactor binding, dimerization, or ligand binding substantially reduce the transcriptional activity of this receptor. Importantly, both retinol and retinoic acid are able to promote TR4 to recruit coactivators and to activate a TR4-regulated reporter. These findings demonstrate that TR4 is a ligand-regulated nuclear receptor and suggest that retinoids might have a much wider regulatory role via activation of orphan receptors such as TR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Edward Zhou
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences and Drug Discovery, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, USA.
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42
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Rao A, States DJ, Hero AO, Engel JD. Understanding distal transcriptional regulation from sequence, expression and interactome perspectives. J Bioinform Comput Biol 2010; 8:219-46. [PMID: 20401945 DOI: 10.1142/s0219720010004756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Revised: 10/17/2009] [Accepted: 10/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Gene regulation in eukaryotes involves a complex interplay between the proximal promoter and distal genomic elements (such as enhancers) which work in concert to drive precise spatio-temporal gene expression. The experimental localization and characterization of gene regulatory elements is a very complex and resource-intensive process. The computational identification of regulatory regions that confer spatiotemporally specific tissue-restricted expression of a gene is thus an important challenge for computational biology. One of the most popular strategies for enhancer localization from DNA sequence is the use of conservation-based prefiltering and more recently, the use of canonical (transcription factor motifs) or de novo tissue-specific sequence motifs. However, there is an ongoing effort in the computational biology community to further improve the fidelity of enhancer predictions from sequence data by integrating other, complementary genomic modalities. In this work, we propose a framework that complements existing methodologies for prospective enhancer identification. The methods in this work are derived from two key insights: (i) that chromatin modification signatures can discriminate proximal and distally located regulatory regions and (ii) the notion of promoter-enhancer cross-talk (as assayed in 3C/5C experiments) might have implications in the search for regulatory sequences that co-operate with the promoter to yield tissue-restricted, gene-specific expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Rao
- Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Hosoya T, Kuroha T, Moriguchi T, Cummings D, Maillard I, Lim KC, Engel JD. GATA-3 is required for early T lineage progenitor development. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 2009. [DOI: 10.1083/jcb1875oia11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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44
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Abstract
Most T lymphocytes appear to arise from very rare early T lineage progenitors (ETPs) in the thymus, but the transcriptional programs that specify ETP generation are not completely known. The transcription factor GATA-3 is required for the development of T lymphocytes at multiple late differentiation steps as well as for the development of thymic natural killer cells. However, a role for GATA-3 before the double-negative (DN) 3 stage of T cell development has to date been obscured both by the developmental heterogeneity of DN1 thymocytes and the paucity of ETPs. We provide multiple lines of in vivo evidence through the analysis of T cell development in Gata3 hypomorphic mutant embryos, in irradiated mice reconstituted with Gata3 mutant hematopoietic cells, and in mice conditionally ablated for the Gata3 gene to show that GATA-3 is required for ETP generation. We further show that Gata3 loss does not affect hematopoietic stem cells or multipotent hematopoietic progenitors. Finally, we demonstrate that Gata3 mutant lymphoid progenitors exhibit neither increased apoptosis nor diminished cell-cycle progression. Thus, GATA-3 is required for the cell-autonomous development of the earliest characterized thymic T cell progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Hosoya
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Maeda A, Moriguchi T, Hamada M, Kusakabe M, Fujioka Y, Nakano T, Yoh K, Lim KC, Engel JD, Takahashi S. Transcription factor GATA-3 is essential for lens development. Dev Dyn 2009; 238:2280-91. [PMID: 19623612 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
During vertebrate lens development, the anterior, ectoderm-derived lens vesicle cells differentiate into a monolayer of epithelial cells that retain proliferative potential. Subsequently, they exit the cell cycle and give rise to posterior lens fiber cells that form the lens body. In the present study, we demonstrate that the transcription factor GATA-3 is expressed in the posterior lens fiber cells during embryogenesis, and that GATA-3 deficiency impairs lens development. Interestingly, expression of E-cadherin, a premature lens vesicle marker, is abnormally prolonged in the posterior region of Gata3 homozygous mutant lenses. Furthermore, expression of gamma-crystallin, a differentiation marker for fiber cells, is reduced. This suppressed differentiation is accompanied by an abnormal cellular proliferation, as well as with diminished levels of the cell-cycle inhibitors Cdkn1b/p27 and Cdkn1c/p57 and increased Ccnd2/cyclin D2 abundance. Thus, these observations suggest that GATA-3 is essential for lens cells differentiation and proper cell cycle control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Maeda
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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46
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Okamura E, Matsuzaki H, Campbell AD, Engel JD, Fukamizu A, Tanimoto K. All of the human beta-type globin genes compete for LCR enhancer activity in embryonic erythroid cells of yeast artificial chromosome transgenic mice. FASEB J 2009; 23:4335-43. [PMID: 19690216 DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-137778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In primitive erythroid cells of human beta-globin locus transgenic mice (TgM), the locus control region (LCR)-proximal epsilon- and gamma-globin genes are transcribed, whereas the distal delta- and beta-globin genes are silent. It is generally accepted that the beta-globin gene is competitively suppressed by gamma-globin gene expression at this developmental stage. Previously, however, we observed that epsilon-globin gene expression was severely attenuated when its distance from the LCR was extended, implying that beta-globin gene might also be silenced because of its great distance from the LCR. Here, to clarify the beta-globin gene silencing mechanism, we established TgM lines carrying either gamma- or epsilon- plus gamma-globin promoter deletions, without significantly altering the distance between the beta-globin gene and the LCR. Precocious expression of delta- and beta-globin genes was observed in primitive erythroid cells of mutant, but not wild-type TgM, which was most evident when both the epsilon and gamma promoters were deleted. Thus, we clearly demonstrated that the repression of the delta- and beta-globin genes in primitive erythroid cells is dominated by competitive silencing by the epsilon- and gamma-globin gene promoters, and that epsilon- and the other beta-like globin genes might be activated by two distinct mechanisms by the LCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiichi Okamura
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
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Abstract
Two GATA1-related leukemias have been described: one is an erythroleukemia that develops in mice as a consequence of diminished expression of wild-type GATA1, whereas the other is an acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (AMKL) that arises in Down syndrome children as a consequence of somatic N-terminal truncation (DeltaNT) of GATA1. We discovered that mice expressing the shortened GATA1 protein (DeltaNTR mice) phenocopies the human transient myeloproliferative disorder (TMD) that precedes AMKL in Down syndrome children. In perinatal livers of the DeltaNTR mutant mice, immature megakaryocytes accumulate massively, and this fraction contains cells that form hyperproliferative megakaryocytic colonies. Furthermore, showing good agreement with the clinical course of TMD in humans, DeltaNTR mutant mice undergo spontaneous resolution from the massive megakaryocyte accumulation concomitant with the switch of hematopoietic microenvironment from liver to bone marrow/spleen. These results thus demonstrate that expression of the GATA1/Gata1 N-terminal deletion mutant per se induces hyperproliferative fetal megakaryopoiesis. This mouse model serves as an important means to clarify how impaired GATA1 function contributes to the multi-step leukemogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritsuko Shimizu
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
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Takeuchi T, Kudo T, Ogata K, Hamada M, Nakamura M, Kito K, Abe Y, Ueda N, Yamamoto M, Engel JD, Takahashi S. Neither MafA/L-Maf nor MafB is essential for lens development in mice. Genes Cells 2009; 14:941-7. [PMID: 19624757 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2443.2009.01321.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The importance of the large Maf transcription factor family has been investigated in lens development in the chick, Xenopus and mammals. Previously we reported that c-maf-deficient mice exhibit severe defects in lens fibre cells. Here, we report the roles of other large Mafs, MafA/L-Maf and MafB, during mouse lens development. MafA/L-Maf and MafB were expressed in lens epithelial cells and fibre cells at E12.5 but had largely disappeared from the lens at E18.5. The lens of mafA-, mafB-deficient and mafA::mafB double-deficient mice developed normally. In c-maf-deficient mice, the pattern of expression of MafA and MafB differed from their expression in wild-type mice. Moreover, the expression of crystallin genes was unchanged in mafA-, mafB- and mafA::mafB double-deficient lens. These results indicate that c-Maf alone is essential for lens development, and that MafA/L-Maf and MafB are dispensable in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Takeuchi
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Doctoral Program in Life System Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
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Nozawa D, Suzuki N, Kobayashi-Osaki M, Pan X, Engel JD, Yamamoto M. GATA2-dependent and region-specific regulation of Gata2 transcription in the mouse midbrain. Genes Cells 2009; 14:569-82. [PMID: 19371385 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2443.2009.01289.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factor GATA2 is expressed in numerous mammalian tissues, including neural, hematopoietic, cardiovascular and urogenital systems, and yet it plays important roles in the regulation of tissue-restricted gene expression. The Gata2 gene itself is also under stringent tissue-specific control and multiple cis-regulatory domains have been identified in the Gata2 locus. In this study we sought out and then examined in detail the domains that regulate Gata2 in the midbrain. We identified two discrete domains in the Gata2 promoter that direct midbrain expression; these distal 5H and proximal 2H regulatory domains are located 3.0 and 1.9 kbp, respectively, upstream of the transcriptional initiation site. Importantly, both domains contain GATA factor binding sites. Our analyses further revealed that GATA2 is essential for Gata2 gene expression in the midbrain, whereas GATA3 is not. Both the 2H and 5H domains have the independent ability to activate Gata2 gene expression in the midbrain superior colliculus, whereas the distal-5H domain is additionally capable of activating Gata2 transcription in the inferior colliculus. These results demonstrate that two distinct regulatory domains contribute to the Gata2 gene expression in the mouse midbrain and that Gata2 midbrain transcription is under positive autoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Nozawa
- Center for Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
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50
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Rao A, Hero AO, States DJ, Engel JD. Using directed information to build biologically relevant influence networks. J Bioinform Comput Biol 2008; 6:493-519. [PMID: 18574860 DOI: 10.1142/s0219720008003515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2007] [Revised: 12/01/2007] [Accepted: 01/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The systematic inference of biologically relevant influence networks remains a challenging problem in computational biology. Even though the availability of high-throughput data has enabled the use of probabilistic models to infer the plausible structure of such networks, their true interpretation of the biology of the process is questionable. In this work, we propose a network inference methodology, based on the directed information (DTI) criterion, that incorporates the biology of transcription within the framework so as to enable experimentally verifiable inference. We use publicly available embryonic kidney and T-cell microarray datasets to demonstrate our results. We present two variants of network inference via DTI--supervised and unsupervised--and the inferred networks relevant to mammalian nephrogenesis and T-cell activation. Conformity of the obtained interactions with the literature as well as comparison with the coefficient of determination (CoD) method are demonstrated. Apart from network inference, the proposed framework enables the exploration of specific interactions, not just those revealed by data. To illustrate the latter point, a DTI-based framework to resolve interactions between transcription factor modules and target coregulated genes is proposed. Additionally, we show that DTI can be used in conjunction with mutual information to infer higher-order influence networks involving cooperative gene interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Rao
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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