1
|
Zander R, Kasmani MY, Chen Y, Topchyan P, Shen J, Zheng S, Burns R, Ingram J, Cui C, Joshi N, Craft J, Zajac A, Cui W. Tfh-cell-derived interleukin 21 sustains effector CD8 + T cell responses during chronic viral infection. Immunity 2022; 55:475-493.e5. [PMID: 35216666 PMCID: PMC8916994 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
CD4+ T cell-derived interleukin 21 (IL-21) sustains CD8+ T cell responses during chronic viral infection, but the helper subset that confers this protection remains unclear. Here, we applied scRNA and ATAC-seq approaches to determine the heterogeneity of IL-21+CD4+ T cells during LCMV clone 13 infection. CD4+ T cells were comprised of three transcriptionally and epigenetically distinct populations: Cxcr6+ Th1 cells, Cxcr5+ Tfh cells, and a previously unrecognized Slamf6+ memory-like (Tml) subset. T cell differentiation was specifically redirected toward the Tml subset during chronic, but not acute, LCMV infection. Although this subset displayed an enhanced capacity to accumulate and some developmental plasticity, it remained largely quiescent, which may hinder its helper potential. Conversely, mixed bone marrow chimera experiments revealed that Tfh cell-derived IL-21 was critical to sustain CD8+ T cell responses and viral control. Thus, strategies that bolster IL-21+Tfh cell responses may prove effective in enhancing CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Zander
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Moujtaba Y Kasmani
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Yao Chen
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Paytsar Topchyan
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Jian Shen
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Shikan Zheng
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Robert Burns
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Jennifer Ingram
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Can Cui
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Nikhil Joshi
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Joseph Craft
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Allan Zajac
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Weiguo Cui
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cheng ZY, He TT, Gao XM, Zhao Y, Wang J. ZBTB Transcription Factors: Key Regulators of the Development, Differentiation and Effector Function of T Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:713294. [PMID: 34349770 PMCID: PMC8326903 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.713294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The development and differentiation of T cells represents a long and highly coordinated, yet flexible at some points, pathway, along which the sequential and dynamic expressions of different transcriptional factors play prominent roles at multiple steps. The large ZBTB family comprises a diverse group of transcriptional factors, and many of them have emerged as critical factors that regulate the lineage commitment, differentiation and effector function of hematopoietic-derived cells as well as a variety of other developmental events. Within the T-cell lineage, several ZBTB proteins, including ZBTB1, ZBTB17, ZBTB7B (THPOK) and BCL6 (ZBTB27), mainly regulate the development and/or differentiation of conventional CD4/CD8 αβ+ T cells, whereas ZBTB16 (PLZF) is essential for the development and function of innate-like unconventional γδ+ T & invariant NKT cells. Given the critical role of T cells in host defenses against infections/tumors and in the pathogenesis of many inflammatory disorders, we herein summarize the roles of fourteen ZBTB family members in the development, differentiation and effector function of both conventional and unconventional T cells as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Yan Cheng
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ting-Ting He
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Gao
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jash A, Zhou YW, Gerardo DK, Ripperger TJ, Parikh BA, Piersma S, Jamwal DR, Kiela PR, Boon ACM, Yokoyama WM, Hsieh CS, Bhattacharya D. ZBTB32 restrains antibody responses to murine cytomegalovirus infections, but not other repetitive challenges. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15257. [PMID: 31649328 PMCID: PMC6813321 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51860-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
ZBTB32 is a transcription factor that is highly expressed by a subset of memory B cells and restrains the magnitude and duration of recall responses against hapten-protein conjugates. To define physiological contexts in which ZBTB32 acts, we assessed responses by Zbtb32-/- mice or bone marrow chimeras against a panel of chronic and acute challenges. Mixed bone marrow chimeras were established in which all B cells were derived from either Zbtb32-/- mice or control littermates. Chronic infection of Zbtb32-/- chimeras with murine cytomegalovirus led to nearly 20-fold higher antigen-specific IgG2b levels relative to controls by week 9 post-infection, despite similar viral loads. In contrast, IgA responses and specificities in the intestine, where memory B cells are repeatedly stimulated by commensal bacteria, were similar between Zbtb32-/- mice and control littermates. Finally, an infection and heterologous booster vaccination model revealed no role for ZBTB32 in restraining primary or recall antibody responses against influenza viruses. Thus, ZBTB32 does not limit recall responses to a number of physiological acute challenges, but does restrict antibody levels during chronic viral infections that periodically engage memory B cells. This restriction might selectively prevent recall responses against chronic infections from progressively overwhelming other antibody specificities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arijita Jash
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, 63110, United States of America
| | - You W Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, 63110, United States of America.,Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, 63110, United States of America
| | - Diana K Gerardo
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
| | - Tyler J Ripperger
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
| | - Bijal A Parikh
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, 63110, United States of America
| | - Sytse Piersma
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, 63110, United States of America.,Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, 63110, United States of America
| | - Deepa R Jamwal
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
| | - Pawel R Kiela
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
| | - Adrianus C M Boon
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, 63110, United States of America.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, 63110, United States of America.,Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, 63110, United States of America
| | - Wayne M Yokoyama
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, 63110, United States of America.,Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, 63110, United States of America
| | - Chyi S Hsieh
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, 63110, United States of America.,Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, 63110, United States of America
| | - Deepta Bhattacharya
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, 63110, United States of America. .,Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Coley WD, Zhao Y, Benck CJ, Liu Y, Hotta-Iwamura C, Rahman MJ, Tarbell KV. Loss of Zbtb32 in NOD mice does not significantly alter T cell responses. F1000Res 2018; 7:318. [PMID: 29707204 PMCID: PMC5909056 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.13864.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: We previously identified the transcriptional regulator Zbtb32 as a factor that can promote T cell tolerance in the Non-Obese Diabetic (NOD) mouse, a model of Type 1 diabetes. Antigen targeted to DCIR2
+ dendritic cells (DCs)
in vivo inhibited both diabetes and effector T cell expansion in NOD mice. Furthermore, Zbtb32 was preferentially induced in autoreactive CD4 T cells stimulated by these tolerogenic DCIR2
+ DCs, and overexpression of Zbtb32 in islet-specific T cells inhibited the diabetes development by limiting T cell proliferation and cytokine production. Methods: To further understand the role of Zbtb32 in T cell tolerance induction, we have now used CRISPR to target the Zbtb32 gene for deletion directly in NOD mice and characterized the mutant mice. We hypothesized that the systemic loss of Zbtb32 in NOD mice would lead to increased T cell activation and increased diabetes pathogenesis. Results: Although NOD.Zbtb32
-/- male NOD mice showed a trend towards increased diabetes incidence compared to littermate controls, the difference was not significant. Furthermore, no significant alteration in lymphocyte number or function was observed. Importantly,
in vitro stimulation of lymphocytes from NOD.Zbtb32
-/- mice did not produce the expected hypersensitive phenotype observed in other genetic strains, potentially due to compensation by homologous genes. Conclusions: The loss of Zbtb32 in the NOD background does not result in the expected T cell activation phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William D Coley
- Immune Tolerance Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda , MD, 20892, USA
| | - Yongge Zhao
- Immune Tolerance Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda , MD, 20892, USA
| | - Charles J Benck
- Immune Tolerance Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda , MD, 20892, USA
| | - Yi Liu
- Immune Tolerance Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda , MD, 20892, USA
| | - Chie Hotta-Iwamura
- Immune Tolerance Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda , MD, 20892, USA
| | - M Jubayer Rahman
- Immune Tolerance Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda , MD, 20892, USA
| | - Kristin V Tarbell
- Immune Tolerance Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda , MD, 20892, USA.,Department of Inflammation and Oncology, Amgen, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shin HM, Kapoor VN, Kim G, Li P, Kim HR, Suresh M, Kaech SM, Wherry EJ, Selin LK, Leonard WJ, Welsh RM, Berg LJ. Transient expression of ZBTB32 in anti-viral CD8+ T cells limits the magnitude of the effector response and the generation of memory. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006544. [PMID: 28827827 PMCID: PMC5578684 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus infections induce CD8+ T cell responses comprised of a large population of terminal effector cells and a smaller subset of long-lived memory cells. The transcription factors regulating the relative expansion versus the long-term survival potential of anti-viral CD8+ T cells are not completely understood. We identified ZBTB32 as a transcription factor that is transiently expressed in effector CD8+ T cells. After acute virus infection, CD8+ T cells deficient in ZBTB32 showed enhanced virus-specific CD8+ T cell responses, and generated increased numbers of virus-specific memory cells; in contrast, persistent expression of ZBTB32 suppressed memory cell formation. The dysregulation of CD8+ T cell responses in the absence of ZBTB32 was catastrophic, as Zbtb32-/- mice succumbed to a systemic viral infection and showed evidence of severe lung pathology. We found that ZBTB32 and Blimp-1 were co-expressed following CD8+ T cell activation, bound to each other, and cooperatively regulated Blimp-1 target genes Eomes and Cd27. These findings demonstrate that ZBTB32 is a key transcription factor in CD8+ effector T cells that is required for the balanced regulation of effector versus memory responses to infection. CD8+ T lymphocytes are essential for immune protection against viruses. In response to an infection, these cells are activated, proliferate, and generate antiviral effector cells that eradicate the infection. Following this, the majority of these effector cells die, leaving a small subset of long-lived virus-specific memory T cells. Our study identifies a transcription factor, ZBTB32, that is required for the regulation of CD8+ T cell responses. In its absence, antiviral CD8+ T cell numbers increase to abnormally high levels, and generate an overabundance of memory T cells. When this dysregulated response occurs following infection with a virus that cannot be rapidly eliminated by the immune system, the infected animals die from immune-mediated tissue damage, indicating the importance of this pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Mu Shin
- Dept of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, and BK21Plus Biomedical Science Project, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Varun N. Kapoor
- Dept of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gwanghun Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, and BK21Plus Biomedical Science Project, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Peng Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hang-Rae Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, and BK21Plus Biomedical Science Project, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - M. Suresh
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Susan M. Kaech
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - E. John Wherry
- Department of Microbiology and Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Liisa K. Selin
- Dept of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Warren J. Leonard
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Raymond M. Welsh
- Dept of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Leslie J. Berg
- Dept of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sun B, Dwivedi N, Bechtel TJ, Paulsen JL, Muth A, Bawadekar M, Li G, Thompson PR, Shelef MA, Schiffer CA, Weerapana E, Ho IC. Citrullination of NF-κB p65 promotes its nuclear localization and TLR-induced expression of IL-1β and TNFα. Sci Immunol 2017; 2:2/12/eaal3062. [PMID: 28783661 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aal3062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Many citrullinated proteins are known autoantigens in rheumatoid arthritis, a disease mediated by inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα). Citrullinated proteins are generated by converting peptidylarginine to peptidylcitrulline, a process catalyzed by the peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs), including PAD1 to PAD4 and PAD6. Several major risk factors for rheumatoid arthritis are associated with heightened citrullination. However, the physiological role of citrullination in immune cells is poorly understood. We report that suppression of PAD activity attenuates Toll-like receptor-induced expression of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and TNFα by neutrophils in vivo and in vitro but not their global transcription activity. Mechanistically, PAD4 directly citrullinates nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) p65 and enhances the interaction of p65 with importin α3, which brings p65 into the nucleus. The citrullination-enhanced interaction of p65 with importin α3 and its nuclear translocation and transcriptional activity can be attributed to citrullination of four arginine residues located in the Rel homology domain of p65. Furthermore, a rheumatoid arthritis-prone variant of PAD4, carrying three missense mutations, is more efficient in interacting with p65 and enhancing NF-κB activity. Together, these data not only demonstrate a critical role of citrullination in an NF-κB-dependent expression of IL-1β and TNFα but also provide a molecular mechanism by which heightened citrullination propagates inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis. Accordingly, attenuating p65-mediated production of IL-1β and TNFα by blocking the citrullination of p65 has great therapeutic potential in rheumatoid arthritis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Sun
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nishant Dwivedi
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tyler J Bechtel
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
| | - Janet L Paulsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Aaron Muth
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Mandar Bawadekar
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Gang Li
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Paul R Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Miriam A Shelef
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison and William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Celia A Schiffer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | | | - I-Cheng Ho
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA. .,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jash A, Wang Y, Weisel FJ, Scharer CD, Boss JM, Shlomchik MJ, Bhattacharya D. ZBTB32 Restricts the Duration of Memory B Cell Recall Responses. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2016; 197:1159-68. [PMID: 27357154 PMCID: PMC4975986 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Memory B cell responses are more rapid and of greater magnitude than are primary Ab responses. The mechanisms by which these secondary responses are eventually attenuated remain unknown. We demonstrate that the transcription factor ZBTB32 limits the rapidity and duration of Ab recall responses. ZBTB32 is highly expressed by mouse and human memory B cells but not by their naive counterparts. Zbtb32(-/-) mice mount normal primary Ab responses to T-dependent Ags. However, Zbtb32(-/-) memory B cell-mediated recall responses occur more rapidly and persist longer than do control responses. Microarray analyses demonstrate that Zbtb32(-/-) secondary bone marrow plasma cells display elevated expression of genes that promote cell cycle progression and mitochondrial function relative to wild-type controls. BrdU labeling and adoptive transfer experiments confirm more rapid production and a cell-intrinsic survival advantage of Zbtb32(-/-) secondary plasma cells relative to wild-type counterparts. ZBTB32 is therefore a novel negative regulator of Ab recall responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arijita Jash
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Yinan Wang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Florian J Weisel
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Christopher D Scharer
- Department of Microbiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322; and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Jeremy M Boss
- Department of Microbiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322; and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Mark J Shlomchik
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Deepta Bhattacharya
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110;
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hotta-Iwamura C, Tarbell KV. Type 1 diabetes genetic susceptibility and dendritic cell function: potential targets for treatment. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 100:65-80. [PMID: 26792821 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3mr1115-500r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease that results from the defective induction or maintenance of T cell tolerance against islet β cell self-antigens. Under steady-state conditions, dendritic cells with tolerogenic properties are critical for peripheral immune tolerance. Tolerogenic dendritic cells can induce T cell anergy and deletion and, in some contexts, induce or expand regulatory T cells. Dendritic cells contribute to both immunomodulatory effects and triggering of pathogenesis in type 1 diabetes. This immune equilibrium is affected by both genetic and environmental factors that contribute to the development of type 1 diabetes. Genome-wide association studies and disease association studies have identified >50 polymorphic loci that lend susceptibility or resistance to insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. In parallel, diabetes susceptibility regions known as insulin-dependent diabetes loci have been identified in the nonobese diabetic mouse, a model for human type 1 diabetes, providing a better understanding of potential immunomodulatory factors in type 1 diabetes risk. Most genetic candidates have annotated immune cell functions, but the focus has been on changes to T and B cells. However, it is likely that some of the genomic susceptibility in type 1 diabetes directly interrupts the tolerogenic potential of dendritic cells in the pathogenic context of ongoing autoimmunity. Here, we will review how gene polymorphisms associated with autoimmune diabetes may influence dendritic cell development and maturation processes that could lead to alterations in the tolerogenic function of dendritic cells. These insights into potential tolerogenic and pathogenic roles for dendritic cells have practical implications for the clinical manipulation of dendritic cells toward tolerance to prevent and treat type 1 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chie Hotta-Iwamura
- Immune Tolerance Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kristin V Tarbell
- Immune Tolerance Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chang HH, Tseng W, Cui J, Costenbader K, Ho IC. Altered expression of protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 22 isoforms in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Res Ther 2014; 16:R14. [PMID: 24433447 PMCID: PMC3979039 DOI: 10.1186/ar4440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction A C-to-T single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) located at position 1858 of human protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 22 (PTPN22) complementary DNA (cDNA) is associated with an increased risk of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). How the overall activity of PTPN22 is regulated and how the expression of PTPN22 differs between healthy individuals and patients with lupus are poorly understood. Our objectives were to identify novel alternatively spliced forms of PTPN22 and to examine the expression of PTPN22 isoforms in healthy donors and patients with lupus. Methods Various human PTPN22 isoforms were identified from the GenBank database or amplified directly from human T cells. The expression of these isoforms in primary T cells and macrophages was examined with real-time polymerase chain reaction. The function of the isoforms was determined with luciferase assays. Blood samples were collected from 49 subjects with SLE and 15 healthy controls. Correlation between the level of PTPN22 isoforms in peripheral blood and clinical features of SLE was examined with statistical analyses. Results Human PTPN22 was expressed in several isoforms, which differed in their level of expression and subcellular localization. All isoforms except one were functionally interchangeable in regulating NFAT activity. SLE patients expressed higher levels of PTPN22 than healthy individuals and the levels of PTPN22 were negatively correlated with the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology Damage Index (SLICC-DI). Conclusions The overall activity of PTPN22 is determined by the functional balance among all isoforms. The levels of PTPN22 isoforms in peripheral blood could represent a useful biomarker of SLE.
Collapse
|
10
|
The role of BTB-zinc finger transcription factors during T cell development and in the regulation of T cell-mediated immunity. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2014; 381:21-49. [PMID: 24850219 DOI: 10.1007/82_2014_374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The proper regulation of the development and function of peripheral helper and cytotoxic T cell lineages is essential for T cell-mediated adaptive immunity. Progress made during the last 10-15 years led to the identification of several transcription factors and transcription factor networks that control the development and function of T cell subsets. Among the transcription factors identified are also several members of the so-called BTB/POZ domain containing zinc finger (ZF) transcription factor family (BTB-ZF), and important roles of BTB-ZF factors have been described. In this review, we will provide an up-to-date overview about the role of BTB-ZF factors during T cell development and in peripheral T cells.
Collapse
|
11
|
Human multipotent adult progenitor cells transcriptionally regulate fucosyltransferase VII. Cytotherapy 2013; 16:566-75. [PMID: 24176542 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Targeted recruitment of leukocytes to sites of inflammation is a crucial event in normal host defense against pathogens, and attachment to and rolling on activated endothelial cells is a prerequisite first step for eventual leukocyte extravasation into sites of inflammation. These key events are mediated by interactions between glycosylated ligands expressed on leukocytes and selectins expressed on activated endothelium. Cell surface expression of selectin ligands on leukocytes is regulated by the rate-limiting enzyme fucosyltransferase VII (Fut7), and in its absence extravasation of leukocytes is severely inhibited. Multipotent adult progenitor cells (MAPCs) are an adherent cell population isolated from adult bone marrow. Intravenous administration of MAPCs provided functional improvement in multiple pre-clinical models of injury or disease, but the mechanisms by which these outcomes were achieved remain poorly understood. METHODS In vitro cell analysis studies including fluorescence-activated cell sorting, messenger RNA analysis, T-cell proliferation assays and endothelial cell binding assays were performed. RESULTS The in vitro cell analysis studies characterized the ability of MAPCs to secrete factors that transcriptionally attenuate expression of Fut7 in T cells, blocking the terminal fucosylation event in the biosynthesis of selectin ligands and reducing T-cell binding to endothelial cells. CONCLUSIONS This study presents the first example of a distinct regulatory mechanism involving transcriptional down-regulation of Fut7 by MAPCs that could modulate the trafficking behavior of T cells in vivo.
Collapse
|
12
|
Chang HH, Miaw SC, Tseng W, Sun YW, Liu CC, Tsao HW, Ho IC. PTPN22 modulates macrophage polarization and susceptibility to dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:2134-43. [PMID: 23913970 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PTPN22, a protein tyrosine phosphatase expressed mainly in hematopoietic cells, has been linked to many autoimmune diseases. A C-to-T single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at position 1858 of human PTPN22 cDNA decreases the risk of Crohn's disease. However, the function of PTPN22 and the mechanism by which this SNP reduces the risk of Crohn's disease are poorly understood. We find that PTPN22 is expressed in macrophages. It suppresses M1 macrophage polarization and reciprocally promotes the expression of M2-associated genes. PTPN22-deficient mice develop severe colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium, and their intestinal macrophages express higher levels of M1 genes but lower levels of M2-associated genes. Furthermore, the protective T allele of the C1858T SNP is associated with attenuated expression of inflammatory cytokines and a higher level of PTPN22 in human M1 macrophages. This T allele-associated aberrant expression of PTPN22 is partly attributed to an autoinhibition mechanism, in which PTPN22 suppresses its own expression in M1 but not M2 macrophages. Our data not only demonstrate a critical role of PTPN22 in regulating macrophage polarization but also provide a molecular explanation for the protective effect of the C1858T SNP in Crohn's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Hsin Chang
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Furu K, Klungland A. Tzfp represses the androgen receptor in mouse testis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62314. [PMID: 23634227 PMCID: PMC3636255 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The testis zinc finger protein (Tzfp), also known as Repressor of GATA, belongs to the BTB/POZ zinc finger family of transcription factors and is thought to play a role in spermatogenesis due to its remarkably high expression in testis. Despite many attempts to find the in vivo role of the protein, the molecular function is still largely unknown. Here, we address this issue using a novel mouse model with a disrupted Tzfp gene. Homozygous Tzfp null mice are born at reduced frequency but appear viable and fertile. Sertoli cells in testes lacking Tzfp display an increase in Androgen Receptor (AR) signaling, and several genes in the testis, including Gata1, Aie1 and Fanc, show increased expression. Our results indicate that Tzfp function as a transcriptional regulator and that loss of the protein leads to alterations in AR signaling and reduced number of apoptotic cells in the testicular tubules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kari Furu
- Centre for Molecular Biology and Neuroscience, Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Arne Klungland
- Centre for Molecular Biology and Neuroscience, Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
The BTB-ZF (broad-complex, tramtrack and bric-à-brac--zinc finger) proteins are encoded by at least 49 genes in mouse and man and commonly serve as sequence-specific silencers of gene expression. This review will focus on the known physiological functions of mammalian BTB-ZF proteins, which include essential roles in the development of the immune system. We discuss their function in terminally differentiated lymphocytes and the progenitors that give rise to them, their action in hematopoietic malignancy and roles beyond the immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Owen M Siggs
- Department of Genetics, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Yoon HS, Scharer CD, Majumder P, Davis CW, Butler R, Zinzow-Kramer W, Skountzou I, Koutsonanos DG, Ahmed R, Boss JM. ZBTB32 is an early repressor of the CIITA and MHC class II gene expression during B cell differentiation to plasma cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:2393-403. [PMID: 22851713 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
CIITA and MHC class II expression is silenced during the differentiation of B cells to plasma cells. When B cell differentiation is carried out ex vivo, CIITA silencing occurs rapidly, but the factors contributing to this event are not known. ZBTB32, also known as repressor of GATA3, was identified as an early repressor of CIITA in an ex vivo plasma cell differentiation model. ZBTB32 activity occurred at a time when B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein-1 (Blimp-1), the regulator of plasma cell fate and suppressor of CIITA, was minimally induced. Ectopic expression of ZBTB32 suppressed CIITA and I-A gene expression in B cells. Short hairpin RNA depletion of ZBTB32 in a plasma cell line resulted in re-expression of CIITA and I-A. Compared with conditional Blimp-1 knockout and wild-type B cells, B cells from ZBTB32/ROG-knockout mice displayed delayed kinetics in silencing CIITA during ex vivo plasma cell differentiation. ZBTB32 was found to bind to the CIITA gene, suggesting that ZBTB32 directly regulates CIITA. Lastly, ZBTB32 and Blimp-1 coimmunoprecipitated, suggesting that the two repressors may ultimately function together to silence CIITA expression. These results introduce ZBTB32 as a novel regulator of MHC-II gene expression and a potential regulatory partner of Blimp-1 in repressing gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hye Suk Yoon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Chang HH, Tai TS, Lu B, Iannaccone C, Cernadas M, Weinblatt M, Shadick N, Miaw SC, Ho IC. PTPN22.6, a dominant negative isoform of PTPN22 and potential biomarker of rheumatoid arthritis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33067. [PMID: 22427951 PMCID: PMC3299735 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PTPN22 is a tyrosine phosphatase and functions as a damper of TCR signals. A C-to-T single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) located at position 1858 of human PTPN22 cDNA and converting an arginine (R620) to tryptophan (W620) confers the highest risk of rheumatoid arthritis among non-HLA genetic variations that are known to be associated with this disease. The effect of the R-to-W conversion on the phosphatase activity of PTPN22 protein and the impact of the minor T allele of the C1858T SNP on the activation of T cells has remained controversial. In addition, how the overall activity of PTPN22 is regulated and how the R-to-W conversion contributes to rheumatoid arthritis is still poorly understood. Here we report the identification of an alternative splice form of human PTPN22, namely PTPN22.6. It lacks the nearly entire phosphatase domain and can function as a dominant negative isoform of the full length PTPN22. Although conversion of R620 to W620 in the context of PTPN22.1 attenuated T cell activation, expression of the tryptophan variant of PTPN22.6 reciprocally led to hyperactivation of human T cells. More importantly, the level of PTPN22.6 in peripheral blood correlates with disease activity of rheumatoid arthritis. Our data depict a model that can reconcile the conflicting observations on the functional impact of the C1858T SNP and also suggest that PTPN22.6 is a novel biomarker of rheumatoid arthritis.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Alternative Splicing/genetics
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/blood
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/genetics
- Biomarkers/blood
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Line, Tumor
- DNA Primers/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Humans
- Immunoprecipitation
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear
- Linear Models
- Luciferases
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Models, Biological
- Mutation, Missense/genetics
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics
- Protein Isoforms/blood
- Protein Isoforms/genetics
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 22/blood
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 22/genetics
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Hsin Chang
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tzong-Shyuan Tai
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bing Lu
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Christine Iannaccone
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Manuela Cernadas
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael Weinblatt
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nancy Shadick
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Shi-Chuen Miaw
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Cheng Ho
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bany BM, Scott CA, Eckstrum KS. Analysis of uterine gene expression in interleukin-15 knockout mice reveals uterine natural killer cells do not play a major role in decidualization and associated angiogenesis. Reproduction 2011; 143:359-75. [PMID: 22187674 DOI: 10.1530/rep-11-0325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
During decidualization, uterine natural killer (uNK) cells are the most abundant immune cell types found in the uterus. Although it is well known that they play key roles in spiral arteriole modification and the maintenance of decidual integrity seen after mid-pregnancy, their roles in the differentiation of decidual cells and accompanying angiogenesis during the process of decidualization is less well characterized. To address this, we used whole-genome Illumina BeadChip analysis to compare the gene expression profiles in implantation segments of the uterus during decidualization on day 7.5 of pregnancy between wild-type and uNK cell-deficient (interleukin-15-knockout) mice. We found almost 300 differentially expressed genes and verified the differential expression of ~60 using quantitative RT-PCR. Notably, there was a lack of differential expression of genes involved in decidualization and angiogenesis and this was also verified by quantitative RT-PCR. Similar endothelial cell densities and proliferation indices were also found in the endometrium between the implantation site tissues of wild-type and knockout mice undergoing decidualization. Overall, the results of this study reveal that uNK cells likely do not play a major role in decidualization and accompanying angiogenesis during implantation. In addition, the study identifies a large number of genes whose expression in implantation-site uterine tissue during decidualization depends on interleukin-15 expression in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brent M Bany
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Beaulieu AM, Sant'Angelo DB. The BTB-ZF family of transcription factors: key regulators of lineage commitment and effector function development in the immune system. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:2841-7. [PMID: 21900183 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1004006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Successful immunity depends upon the activity of multiple cell types. Commitment of pluripotent precursor cells to specific lineages, such as T or B cells, is obviously fundamental to this process. However, it is also becoming clear that continued differentiation and specialization of lymphoid cells is equally important for immune system integrity. Several members of the BTB-ZF family have emerged as critical factors that control development of specific lineages and also of specific effector subsets within these lineages. For example, BTB-ZF genes have been shown to control T cell versus B cell commitment and CD4 versus CD8 lineage commitment. Others, such as PLZF for NKT cells and Bcl-6 for T follicular helper cells, are necessary for the acquisition of effector functions. In this review, we summarize current findings concerning the BTB-ZF family members with a reported role in the immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aimee M Beaulieu
- Immunology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
de Greef J, Wang J, Balog J, den Dunnen J, Frants R, Straasheijm K, Aytekin C, van der Burg M, Duprez L, Ferster A, Gennery A, Gimelli G, Reisli I, Schuetz C, Schulz A, Smeets D, Sznajer Y, Wijmenga C, van Eggermond M, van Ostaijen-ten Dam M, Lankester A, van Tol M, van den Elsen P, Weemaes C, van der Maarel S. Mutations in ZBTB24 are associated with immunodeficiency, centromeric instability, and facial anomalies syndrome type 2. Am J Hum Genet 2011; 88:796-804. [PMID: 21596365 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2011] [Revised: 04/24/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Autosomal-recessive immunodeficiency, centromeric instability, and facial anomalies (ICF) syndrome is mainly characterized by recurrent, often fatal, respiratory and gastrointestinal infections. About 50% of patients carry mutations in the DNA methyltransferase 3B gene (DNMT3B) (ICF1). The remaining patients carry unknown genetic defects (ICF2) but share with ICF1 patients the same immunological and epigenetic features, including hypomethylation of juxtacentromeric repeat sequences. We performed homozygosity mapping in five unrelated ICF2 patients with consanguineous parents and then performed whole-exome sequencing in one of these patients and Sanger sequencing in all to identify mutations in the zinc-finger- and BTB (bric-a-bric, tramtrack, broad complex)-domain-containing 24 (ZBTB24) gene in four consanguineously descended ICF2 patients. Additionally, we found ZBTB24 mutations in an affected sibling pair and in one patient for whom it was not known whether his parents were consanguineous. ZBTB24 belongs to a large family of transcriptional repressors that include members, such as BCL6 and PATZ1, with prominent regulatory roles in hematopoietic development and malignancy. These data thus indicate that ZBTB24 is involved in DNA methylation of juxtacentromeric DNA and in B cell development and/or B and T cell interactions. Because ZBTB24 is a putative DNA-binding protein highly expressed in the lymphoid lineage, we predict that by studying the molecular function of ZBTB24, we will improve our understanding of the molecular pathophysiology of ICF syndrome and of lymphocyte biology in general.
Collapse
|
20
|
|
21
|
Shapiro MJ, Shapiro VS. Transcriptional repressors, corepressors and chromatin modifying enzymes in T cell development. Cytokine 2010; 53:271-81. [PMID: 21163671 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2010.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2010] [Revised: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Gene expression is regulated by the combined action of transcriptional activators and transcriptional repressors. Transcriptional repressors function by recruiting corepressor complexes containing histone-modifying enzymes to specific sites within DNA. Chromatin modifying complexes are subsequently recruited, either directly by transcriptional repressors, or indirectly via corepressor complexes and/or histone modifications, to remodel chromatin into either a transcription-friendly 'open' form or an inhibitory 'closed' form. Transcriptional repressors, corepressors and chromatin modifying complexes play critical roles throughout T cell development. Here, we highlight those genes that function to repress transcription and that have been shown to be required for T cell development.
Collapse
|
22
|
Khanna KM, Blair DA, Vella AT, McSorley SJ, Datta SK, Lefrançois L. T cell and APC dynamics in situ control the outcome of vaccination. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:239-52. [PMID: 20530268 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The factors controlling the progression of an immune response to generation of protective memory are poorly understood. We compared the in situ and ex vivo characteristics of CD8 T cells responding to different forms of the same immunogen. Immunization with live Listeria monocytogenes, irradiated L. monocytogenes (IRL), or heat-killed L. monocytogenes (HKL) induced rapid activation of CD8 T cells. However, only IRL and live L. monocytogenes inoculation induced sustained proliferation and supported memory development. Gene and protein expression analysis revealed that the three forms of immunization led to three distinct transcriptional and translational programs. Prior to cell division, CD8 T cell-dendritic cell clusters formed in the spleen after live L. monocytogenes and IRL but not after HKL immunization. Furthermore, HKL immunization induced rapid remodeling of splenic architecture, including loss of marginal zone macrophages, which resulted in impaired bacterial clearance. These results identify initial characteristics of a protective T cell response that have implications for the development of more effective vaccination strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamal M Khanna
- Department of Immunology, Center for Integrated Immunology and Vaccine Research, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Repressor of GATA regulates TH2-driven allergic airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 122:512-20.e11. [PMID: 18620745 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2008.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2008] [Revised: 06/02/2008] [Accepted: 06/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies of human asthma and of animal models of allergic inflammation/asthma highlight a crucial role for T(H)2 cells in the pathogenesis of allergic asthma. Repressor of GATA (ROG) is a POZ (BTB) domain-containing Kruppel-type zinc finger family (or POK family) repressor. A repressive function to GATA3, a master transcription factor for T(H)2 cell differentiation, is indicated. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to clarify the regulatory roles of ROG in the pathogenesis of T(H)2-driven allergic diseases, such as allergic asthma. METHODS We examined allergic airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in 3 different mouse models, which use either ROG-deficient (ROG(-/-)) mice, ROG transgenic mice, or adoptive transfer of cells. RESULTS In ROG(-/-) mice T(H)2 cell differentiation, T(H)2 responses, eosinophilic airway inflammation, and AHR were enhanced. In ROG transgenic mice the levels of eosinophilic airway inflammation and AHR were dramatically reduced. Furthermore, adoptive transfer of T(H)2 cells with increased or decreased levels of ROG expression into the asthmatic mice resulted in reduced or enhanced airway inflammation, respectively. CONCLUSION These results indicate that ROG regulates allergic airway inflammation and AHR in a negative manner, and thus ROG might represent another potential therapeutic target for the treatment of asthmatic patients.
Collapse
|
24
|
Zhao X, Zheng B, Huang Y, Yang D, Katzman S, Chang C, Fowell D, Zeng WP. Interaction between GATA-3 and the transcriptional coregulator Pias1 is important for the regulation of Th2 immune responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 179:8297-304. [PMID: 18056374 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.12.8297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Th2 cytokine expression is dependent on the transcription factor GATA-3. However, the molecular interactions of GATA-3 leading to Th2 cytokine gene activation have not been well characterized. Here, we reported a number of GATA-3 associated proteins in Th2 cells, and one of such proteins Pias1 functioned as a positive transcriptional coregulator for GATA-3. When overexpressed in Th2 cells, Pias1 enhanced the expression of IL-13, and to lesser degrees, IL-4 and -5. Conversely, Pias1 siRNA down-regulated the Th2 cytokine expression. In Leishmania major infection, manipulating Pias1 expression in parasite-reactive CD4 T cells altered severity of disease caused by Th2 responses. Mechanistically, Pias1 markedly potentiated GATA-3-mediated activation of the IL-13 promoter by facilitating the recruitment of GATA-3 to the promoter. In contrast, IL-5 promoter was modestly enhanced by Pias1 and no effect was observed on IL-4 promoter. Thus, both promoter activation and additional mechanisms are responsible for regulation by Pias1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Zhao
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Aab Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, NY 14642, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Oberle N, Eberhardt N, Falk CS, Krammer PH, Suri-Payer E. Rapid suppression of cytokine transcription in human CD4+CD25 T cells by CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells: independence of IL-2 consumption, TGF-beta, and various inhibitors of TCR signaling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:3578-87. [PMID: 17785792 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.6.3578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
CD4+CD25(high) forkhead box P3+ regulatory T cells (Treg) are critical mediators of peripheral self-tolerance and immune homeostasis. Treg suppress proliferation and cytokine production of conventional T cells (Tcon). The exact mechanism of suppression, however, is still unknown. To gain a better understanding of Treg function, we investigated the kinetics of cytokine suppression in Tcon reisolated from cocultures with preactivated human Treg. Treg inhibited induction of Th1 cytokine mRNA as early as 1 h after stimulation, whereas induction/suppression of Th2 cytokines was delayed to 10-15 h. We show that immediate cytokine mRNA suppression in Tcon was neither dependent on TGF-beta/IL-10 or IL-2 consumption, nor on induction of the transcriptional-repressor forkhead box P3 or other anergy-related genes (e.g., gene related to anergy, transducer of ErbB-2, forkhead homolog-4, repressor of GATA, inducible cAMP early repressor). In contrast, lymphocyte activation gene 3, suppressor of cytokine signaling 1, and suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 mRNA were strongly up-regulated in Tcon in the presence of Treg. However, protein analysis did not confirm a role for these proteins in early suppression. Thus, the identification of a fast inhibitory mechanism in Tcon induced by Treg constitutes an important step for future efforts to unravel the entire elusive suppressive mechanism.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adult
- Cells, Cultured
- Clonal Anergy/genetics
- Clonal Anergy/immunology
- Coculture Techniques
- Cytokines/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Cytokines/genetics
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/biosynthesis
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Humans
- Immune Tolerance/genetics
- Immunophenotyping
- Interleukin-2/genetics
- Interleukin-2/metabolism
- Interleukin-2/physiology
- Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/antagonists & inhibitors
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/physiology
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/classification
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/physiology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Oberle
- Division of Immunogenetics, Tumorimmunology Program, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Bilic I, Ellmeier W. The role of BTB domain-containing zinc finger proteins in T cell development and function. Immunol Lett 2006; 108:1-9. [PMID: 17084908 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2006.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2006] [Revised: 09/26/2006] [Accepted: 09/28/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cell fate specifications during T lymphocyte differentiation result from the orchestrated expression of developmentally regulated genes. Furthermore, epigenetic processes that result in a heritable chromatin structure are required for the maintenance of gene expression programs within cells. More and more is known about the basic mechanisms of T cell development and their diversification into various peripheral T cell subsets. Recent research has begun to provide insight into the interactive network of transcription factors as critical regulators of T lymphocyte differentiation. In the past years several members of the BTB domain-containing family of zinc finger proteins (BTB-ZF) have been described to be important for the development and function of hematopoietic cells, and also to contribute to malignant hematopoiesis. This review will provide a brief overview about the role of BTB-ZF proteins during thymocyte development and T cell function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Bilic
- Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Lazarettgasse 19, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Cox AL, Thompson SAJ, Jones JL, Robertson VH, Hale G, Waldmann H, Compston DAS, Coles AJ. Lymphocyte homeostasis following therapeutic lymphocyte depletion in multiple sclerosis. Eur J Immunol 2005; 35:3332-42. [PMID: 16231285 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200535075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Following lymphocyte depletion, homeostatic mechanisms drive the reconstitution of lymphocytes. We prospectively studied this process in 16 patients for 1 year after a single pulse of treatment with Campath-1H, a humanised anti-CD52 monoclonal antibody. We observed two phases of lymphocyte reconstitution. In the first 6 months after treatment the precursor frequency and proliferation index of the patients' autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction increased; the depleted T cell pool was dominated by memory T cells, especially (CD4+)CD25high T cells, a putative regulatory phenotype; and there was a non-significant rise in peripheral mononuclear cell FoxP3 mRNA expression and fall in constitutive cytokine mRNA expression. In the later phase, from 6-to-12 months after Campath-1H, these changes reversed and there was a rise in ROG mRNA expression. However, total CD4+ numbers remained below 50% of pre-treatment levels at 12 months, perhaps reflecting a failure in homeostasis. This was not due to an impaired IL-7 response, as in rheumatoid arthritis, nor to a lack of IL-7 receptors, which are found on fewer human (CD4+)CD25high than naive cells. We speculate that CCL21 and IL-15 responses to lymphopaenia may be suboptimal in multiple sclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Cox
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Wein MN, Jones DC, Glimcher LH. Turning down the system: counter-regulatory mechanisms in bone and adaptive immunity. Immunol Rev 2005; 208:66-79. [PMID: 16313341 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2005.00322.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Major advances have been made in recent years toward the identification of transcription factors that control cell-type-specific gene expression in the skeletal and adaptive immune systems. However, the identification of factors necessary and sufficient to drive production of effector cell proteins such as matrix components and cytokines represents the first step toward understanding how cells in bone and the adaptive system achieve their highly specialized functions. Here, we provide selected examples of counter-regulatory mechanisms that serve to turn down cells involved in extracellular matrix biosynthesis and adaptive immunity at the level of the transcription factors Runx2 and nuclear factor for the activation of T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc N Wein
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|