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White TA, Miller SL, Sutherland AE, Allison BJ, Camm EJ. Perinatal compromise affects development, form, and function of the hippocampus part one; clinical studies. Pediatr Res 2024:10.1038/s41390-024-03105-7. [PMID: 38519794 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-024-03105-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
The hippocampus is a neuron-rich specialised brain structure that plays a central role in the regulation of emotions, learning and memory, cognition, spatial navigation, and motivational processes. In human fetal development, hippocampal neurogenesis is principally complete by mid-gestation, with subsequent maturation comprising dendritogenesis and synaptogenesis in the third trimester of pregnancy and infancy. Dendritogenesis and synaptogenesis underpin connectivity. Hippocampal development is exquisitely sensitive to perturbations during pregnancy and at birth. Clinical investigations demonstrate that preterm birth, fetal growth restriction (FGR), and acute hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) are common perinatal complications that alter hippocampal development. In turn, deficits in hippocampal development and structure mediate a range of neurodevelopmental disorders, including cognitive and learning problems, autism, and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). In this review, we summarise the developmental profile of the hippocampus during fetal and neonatal life and examine the hippocampal deficits observed following common human pregnancy complications. IMPACT: The review provides a comprehensive summary of the developmental profile of the hippocampus in normal fetal and neonatal life. We address a significant knowledge gap in paediatric research by providing a comprehensive summary of the relationship between pregnancy complications and subsequent hippocampal damage, shedding new light on this critical aspect of early neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tegan A White
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
| | - Suzanne L Miller
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Amy E Sutherland
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Beth J Allison
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Emily J Camm
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
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2
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McCall DM, Homayouni R, Yu Q, Raz S, Ofen N. Meta-Analysis of Hippocampal Volume and Episodic Memory in Preterm and Term Born Individuals. Neuropsychol Rev 2023:10.1007/s11065-023-09583-6. [PMID: 37060422 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-023-09583-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Preterm birth (< 37 weeks gestation) has been associated with memory deficits, which has prompted investigation of possible alterations in hippocampal volume in this population. However, existing literature reports varying effects of premature birth on hippocampal volume. Specifically, it is unclear whether smaller hippocampal volume in preterm-born individuals is merely reflective of smaller total brain volume. Further, it is not clear if hippocampal volume is associated with episodic memory functioning in preterm-born individuals. Meta-analysis was used to investigate the effects of premature birth on hippocampal volume and episodic memory from early development to young adulthood (birth to 26). PubMed, PsychINFO, and Web of Science were searched for English peer-reviewed articles that included hippocampal volume of preterm and term-born individuals. Thirty articles met the inclusion criteria. Separate meta-analyses were used to evaluate standardized mean differences between preterm and term-born individuals in uncorrected and corrected hippocampal volume, as well as verbal and visual episodic memory. Both uncorrected and corrected hippocampal volume were smaller in preterm-born compared to term-born individuals. Although preterm-born individuals had lower episodic memory performance than term-born individuals, the limited number of studies only permitted a qualitative review of the association between episodic memory performance and hippocampal volume. Tested moderators included mean age, pre/post-surfactant era, birth weight, gestational age, demarcation method, magnet strength, and slice thickness. With this meta-analysis, we provide novel evidence of the effects of premature birth on hippocampal volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana M McCall
- Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
- Department of Neuropsychology, Gundersen Health System, La Crosse, WI, USA.
| | - Roya Homayouni
- Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Qijing Yu
- Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Sarah Raz
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- Merrill Palmer Skillman Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Noa Ofen
- Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- Merrill Palmer Skillman Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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3
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Zhang S, Wang R, Wang J, He Z, Wu J, Kang Y, Zhang Y, Gao H, Hu X, Zhang T. Differentiate preterm and term infant brains and characterize the corresponding biomarkers via DICCCOL-based multi-modality graph neural networks. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:951508. [PMID: 36312010 PMCID: PMC9614033 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.951508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Preterm birth is a worldwide problem that affects infants throughout their lives significantly. Therefore, differentiating brain disorders, and further identifying and characterizing the corresponding biomarkers are key issues to investigate the effects of preterm birth, which facilitates the interventions for neuroprotection and improves outcomes of prematurity. Until now, many efforts have been made to study the effects of preterm birth; however, most of the studies merely focus on either functional or structural perspective. In addition, an effective framework not only jointly studies the brain function and structure at a group-level, but also retains the individual differences among the subjects. In this study, a novel dense individualized and common connectivity-based cortical landmarks (DICCCOL)-based multi-modality graph neural networks (DM-GNN) framework is proposed to differentiate preterm and term infant brains and characterize the corresponding biomarkers. This framework adopts the DICCCOL system as the initialized graph node of GNN for each subject, utilizing both functional and structural profiles and effectively retaining the individual differences. To be specific, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of the brain provides the features for the graph nodes, and brain fiber connectivity is utilized as the structural representation of the graph edges. Self-attention graph pooling (SAGPOOL)-based GNN is then applied to jointly study the function and structure of the brain and identify the biomarkers. Our results successfully demonstrate that the proposed framework can effectively differentiate the preterm and term infant brains. Furthermore, the self-attention-based mechanism can accurately calculate the attention score and recognize the most significant biomarkers. In this study, not only 87.6% classification accuracy is observed for the developing Human Connectome Project (dHCP) dataset, but also distinguishing features are explored and extracted. Our study provides a novel and uniform framework to differentiate brain disorders and characterize the corresponding biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Zhang
- Center for Brain and Brain-Inspired Computing Research, School of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
- *Correspondence: Shu Zhang
| | - Ruoyang Wang
- Center for Brain and Brain-Inspired Computing Research, School of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Junxin Wang
- School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhibin He
- School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jinru Wu
- Center for Brain and Brain-Inspired Computing Research, School of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yanqing Kang
- Center for Brain and Brain-Inspired Computing Research, School of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yin Zhang
- School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Huan Gao
- School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xintao Hu
- School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tuo Zhang
- School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
- Tuo Zhang
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4
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Cozzani M, Aradhya S, Goisis A. The cognitive development from childhood to adolescence of low birthweight children born after medically assisted reproduction-a UK longitudinal cohort study. Int J Epidemiol 2021; 50:1514-1523. [PMID: 33693716 PMCID: PMC8580276 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyab009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous research has documented that children conceived through medically assisted reproduction (MAR) are at increased risk of poor birth outcomes, such as low birthweight (LBW), which are risk factors for stunted longer-term cognitive development. However, parents who undergo MAR to conceive have, on average, advantaged socioeconomic backgrounds which could compensate for the negative effects of being born LBW. Previous studies have not analysed whether the negative effects of LBW are attenuated among MAR conceived children. Methods We draw on the UK Millennium Cohort Study (sweeps 1–6) which contains a sub-sample of (N = 396) MAR-conceived children. The dependent variable measures cognitive ability at around ages 3, 5, 7, 11 and 14. We examine the cognitive development of four groups of children: MAR-conceived low birthweight (MAR LBW); MAR-conceived non-low birthweight (MAR NLBW); naturally conceived low birthweight (NC LBW); naturally conceived non-low birthweight (NC NLBW). We estimate the two following linear regression models for each sweep: (i) a baseline model to examine the unadjusted association between cognitive development and low birthweight by mode of conception; and (ii) a model adjusted by socio-demographic family characteristics. Results In baseline models, MAR LBW children [age 3: β = 0.021, 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.198, 0.241; age 5: β = 0.21, 95% CI: 0.009, 0.418; age 7: β = 0.163, 95% CI: -0.148, 0.474; age 11: β = 0.003, 95% CI: -0.318, 0.325; age 14: β = 0.156, 95% CI: -0.205, 0.517], on average perform similarly in cognitive ability relative to NC NLBW at all ages, and display higher cognitive scores than NC LBW children until age 7. When we account for family characteristics, differences are largely attenuated and become close to zero at age 14. Conclusions Despite the higher incidence of LBW among MAR compared with NC children, they do not seem to experience any disadvantage in their cognitive development compared with naturally conceived children. This finding is likely explained by the fact that, on average, MAR children are born to socioeconomically advantaged parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Cozzani
- Department of Social and Political Science, European University Institute, San Domenico di Fiesole, Italy
| | - Siddartha Aradhya
- Stockholm University Demography Unit (SUDA), Department of Sociology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alice Goisis
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies, Social Research Institute, University College London, London, UK.,Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany
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5
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van Oostveen WM, de Lange ECM. Imaging Techniques in Alzheimer's Disease: A Review of Applications in Early Diagnosis and Longitudinal Monitoring. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042110. [PMID: 33672696 PMCID: PMC7924338 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting many individuals worldwide with no effective treatment to date. AD is characterized by the formation of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, followed by neurodegeneration, which leads to cognitive decline and eventually death. INTRODUCTION In AD, pathological changes occur many years before disease onset. Since disease-modifying therapies may be the most beneficial in the early stages of AD, biomarkers for the early diagnosis and longitudinal monitoring of disease progression are essential. Multiple imaging techniques with associated biomarkers are used to identify and monitor AD. AIM In this review, we discuss the contemporary early diagnosis and longitudinal monitoring of AD with imaging techniques regarding their diagnostic utility, benefits and limitations. Additionally, novel techniques, applications and biomarkers for AD research are assessed. FINDINGS Reduced hippocampal volume is a biomarker for neurodegeneration, but atrophy is not an AD-specific measure. Hypometabolism in temporoparietal regions is seen as a biomarker for AD. However, glucose uptake reflects astrocyte function rather than neuronal function. Amyloid-β (Aβ) is the earliest hallmark of AD and can be measured with positron emission tomography (PET), but Aβ accumulation stagnates as disease progresses. Therefore, Aβ may not be a suitable biomarker for monitoring disease progression. The measurement of tau accumulation with PET radiotracers exhibited promising results in both early diagnosis and longitudinal monitoring, but large-scale validation of these radiotracers is required. The implementation of new processing techniques, applications of other imaging techniques and novel biomarkers can contribute to understanding AD and finding a cure. CONCLUSIONS Several biomarkers are proposed for the early diagnosis and longitudinal monitoring of AD with imaging techniques, but all these biomarkers have their limitations regarding specificity, reliability and sensitivity. Future perspectives. Future research should focus on expanding the employment of imaging techniques and identifying novel biomarkers that reflect AD pathology in the earliest stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wieke M. van Oostveen
- Faculty of Science, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands;
| | - Elizabeth C. M. de Lange
- Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre of Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-71-527-6330
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Katušić A, Raguž M, Žunić Išasegi I. Brain tissue volumes at term-equivalent age are associated with early motor behavior in very preterm infants. Int J Dev Neurosci 2020; 80:409-417. [PMID: 32433785 DOI: 10.1002/jdn.10039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Preterm birth is associated with a wide range of adverse developmental outcomes, including sensory, motor, cognitive and language impairments, and behavioral or attention problems. Subtle motor deficits that might emerge in premature infants with no evident or with mild brain injury encompass qualitative and quantitative aspects of motor behavior. This prospective cohort study provided an evaluation of the relationship between brain tissue volumes revealed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at term-equivalent age and motor behavior in infancy in very preterm infants (total number = 40; mean gestational age = 28 weeks + 4 days; mean birth weight = 1190 g) without evident or with mild brain injury. Infants were recruited at birth and assessed at 12 months corrected age using the tool for qualitative and quantitative assessment of motor behavior, infant motor profile. The brain tissue was segmented first using advanced segmentation techniques and the volumes were measured by summing the volumes of all voxels belonging to a particular tissue class. The associations between volumetric brain MRI measures with motor behavior were explored using linear regression analyses. Results showed that larger total brain volumes were associated with higher motor score. Similar relationships were documented for parietal lobe, deep gray matter, and cerebellum volumes. Volumetric quantitative data of brain structures may serve as biomarkers for subtle motor deficits described in very preterm born infants without or with mild brain lesions apparent on MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Katušić
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, Scientific Centre of Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marina Raguž
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University Hospital Dubrava, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Iris Žunić Išasegi
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, Scientific Centre of Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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7
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Ottolini KM, Andescavage N, Kapse K, Jacobs M, Limperopoulos C. Improved brain growth and microstructural development in breast milk-fed very low birth weight premature infants. Acta Paediatr 2020; 109:1580-1587. [PMID: 31922288 DOI: 10.1111/apa.15168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM Breast milk feeding is linked to improved neurodevelopmental outcomes in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants, though the mechanisms are not well understood. This study utilised quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (qMRI) techniques to compare brain growth and white matter development in preterm infants receiving primarily breast milk versus formula feeds. METHODS We prospectively enrolled infants born at very low birth weight (<1500 g) and <32 weeks gestational age and performed MRI at term-equivalent age. We utilised volumetric segmentation to calculate regional and total brain volumes and diffusion tensor imaging to evaluate white matter microstructural organisation. Daily nutritional data were extracted from the medical record. RESULTS Nutritional and MRI data were obtained for 68 infants admitted within the first week of life (44 breast milk and 24 formula). Breast milk-fed infants demonstrated significantly larger total brain volumes (P = .04) as well as volumes in the amygdala-hippocampus and cerebellum (P < .01) compared with formula-fed. Infants receiving breast milk also demonstrated greater white matter microstructural organisation in the corpus callosum, posterior limb of internal capsule and cerebellum (P < .01 to .03). CONCLUSION VLBW infants receiving primarily breast milk versus preterm formula in this small exploratory study demonstrated significantly greater regional brain volumes and white matter microstructural organisation by term-equivalent age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M. Ottolini
- Department of Neonatology 18th Medical Operations Squadron Kadena AB Okinawa Japan
- Department of Pediatrics Division of Neonatology Uniformed Services University Bethesda MD USA
| | - Nickie Andescavage
- Department of Neonatology Children's National Health Systems Washington DC USA
| | - Kushal Kapse
- Developing Brain Research Laboratory Children's National Health Systems Washington DC USA
| | - Marni Jacobs
- Division of Biostatistics & Study Methodology Children's National Health Systems Washington DC USA
| | - Catherine Limperopoulos
- Developing Brain Research Laboratory Children's National Health Systems Washington DC USA
- Department of Pediatrics Department of Radiology George Washington University School of Medicine Washington DC USA
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8
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Brilli Y, Restrepo BJ. Birth weight, neonatal care, and infant mortality: Evidence from macrosomic babies. ECONOMICS AND HUMAN BIOLOGY 2020; 37:100825. [PMID: 32028210 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2019.100825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrates that rule-of-thumb health treatment decision-making exists when assigning medical care to macrosomic newborns with an extremely high birth weight and estimates the short-run health return to neonatal care for infants at the high end of the birth weight distribution. Using a regression discontinuity design, we find that infants born with a birth weight above 5000 grams have a 2 percentage-point higher probability of admission to a neonatal intensive care unit and a 1 percentage-point higher probability of antibiotics receipt, compared to infants with a birth weight below 5000 grams. We also find that being born above the 5000-gram cutoff has a mortality-reducing effect: infants with a birth weight larger than 5000 grams face a 0.15 percentage-point lower risk of mortality in the first week and a 0.20 percentage-point lower risk of mortality in the first month, compared to their counterparts with a birth weight below 5000 grams. We do not find any evidence of changes in health treatments and mortality at macrosomic cutoffs lower than 5000 grams, which is consistent with the idea that such treatment decisions are guided by the higher expected morbidity and mortality risk associated with infants weighing more than 5000 grams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ylenia Brilli
- Department of Economics, University of Verona, Via Cantarane 24, 37129 Verona, Italy; Department of Economics, University of Gothenburg, Vasagatan 1, SE 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; CHEGU, Sweden; CHILD-Collegio Carlo Alberto, Italy.
| | - Brandon J Restrepo
- Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), 355 E Street SW, Washington DC 20024, USA.
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Caputo MP, Williams JN, Drnevich J, Radlowski EC, Larsen RJ, Sutton BP, Leyshon BJ, Hussain J, Nakamura MT, Kuchan MJ, Das T, Johnson RW. Hydrolyzed Fat Formula Increases Brain White Matter in Small for Gestational Age and Appropriate for Gestational Age Neonatal Piglets. Front Pediatr 2020; 8:32. [PMID: 32117837 PMCID: PMC7029735 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Intrauterine growth restriction is a common cause of small for gestational age (SGA) infants worldwide. SGA infants are deficient in digestive enzymes required for fat digestion and absorption compared to appropriate for gestational age (AGA) infants, putting them at risk for impaired neurocognitive development. Objective: The objective was to determine if a hydrolyzed fat (HF) infant formula containing soy free fatty acids, 2-monoacylglycerolpalmitate, cholesterol, and soy lecithin could increase brain tissue incorporation of essential fatty acids or white matter to enhance brain development in SGA and AGA neonatal piglet models. Methods: Sex-matched, littermate pairs of SGA (0.5-0.9 kg) and AGA (1.2-1.8 kg) 2 days old piglets (N = 60) were randomly assigned to control (CON) or HF formula diets in a 2 × 2 factorial design. On day 14, 24 piglets were used for hippocampal RNA-sequencing; the rest began a spatial learning task. On days 26-29, brain structure was assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Cerebellum and hippocampus were analyzed for fatty acid content. Results: SGA piglets grew more slowly than AGA piglets, with no effect of diet on daily weight gain or weight at MRI. HF diet did not affect brain weight. HF diet increased relative volumes of 7 brain regions and white matter (WM) volume in both SGA and AGA piglets. However, HF did not ameliorate SGA total WM integrity deficits. RNA sequencing revealed SGA piglets had increased gene expression of synapse and cell signaling pathways and decreased expression of ribosome pathways in the hippocampus compared to AGA. HF decreased expression of immune response related genes in the hippocampus of AGA and SGA piglets, but did not correct gene expression patterns in SGA piglets. Piglets learned the T-maze task at the same rate, but SGA HF, SGA CON, and AGA HF piglets had more accurate performance than AGA CON piglets on reversal day 2. HF increased arachidonic acid (ARA) percentage in the cerebellum and total ARA in the hippocampus. Conclusions: HF enhanced brain development in the neonatal piglet measured by brain volume and WM volume in specific brain regions; however, more studies are needed to assess long-term outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan P Caputo
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States.,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Jennifer N Williams
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States.,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Jenny Drnevich
- High Performance Biological Computing Group and the Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Emily C Radlowski
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States.,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Ryan J Larsen
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Bradley P Sutton
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Brian J Leyshon
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States.,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Jamal Hussain
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Manabu T Nakamura
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States.,Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Matthew J Kuchan
- Abbott Nutrition, Discovery Research, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Tapas Das
- Abbott Nutrition, Discovery Research, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Rodney W Johnson
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States.,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States.,Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
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10
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Pascoe MJ, Melzer TR, Horwood LJ, Woodward LJ, Darlow BA. Altered grey matter volume, perfusion and white matter integrity in very low birthweight adults. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2019; 22:101780. [PMID: 30925384 PMCID: PMC6438988 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the long-term effects of being born very-low-birth-weight (VLBW, <1500 g) on adult cerebral structural development using a multi-method neuroimaging approach. The New Zealand VLBW study cohort comprised 413 individuals born VLBW in 1986. Of the 338 who survived to discharge, 229 were assessed at age 27–29 years. Of these, 150 had a 3 T MRI scan alongside 50 healthy term-born controls. The VLBW group included 53/57 participants born <28 weeks gestation. MRI analyses included: a) structural MRI to assess grey matter (GM) volume and cortical thickness; b) arterial spin labelling (ASL) to quantify GM perfusion; and c) diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to measure white matter (WM) integrity. Compared to controls, VLBW adults had smaller GM volumes within frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital cortices, bilateral cingulate gyri and left caudate, as well as greater GM volumes in frontal, temporal and occipital areas. Thinner cortex was observed within frontal, temporal and parietal cortices. VLBW adults also had less GM perfusion within limited temporal areas, bilateral hippocampi and thalami. Finally, lower fractional anisotropy (FA) and axial diffusivity (AD) within principal WM tracts was observed in VLBW subjects. Within the VLBW group, birthweight was positively correlated with GM volume and perfusion in cortical and subcortical regions, as well as FA and AD across numerous principal WM tracts. Between group differences within temporal cortices were evident across all imaging modalities, suggesting that the temporal lobe may be particularly susceptible to disruption in development following preterm birth. Overall, findings reveal enduring and pervasive effects of preterm birth on brain structural development, with individuals born at lower birthweights having greater long-term neuropathology. Very-low-birth-weight adults had smaller GM volumes and thinner cortex than controls. VLBW adults also showed regions of larger grey matter volumes and thicker cortex. Several small regions showed lower cerebral perfusion in VLBW adults than in controls. Diffusion tensor MRI suggested poorer WM integrity in VLBW adults than in controls. Within VLBW adults, all MRI measures showed positive associations with birthweight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddie J Pascoe
- New Zealand Brain Research Institute, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand.
| | - Tracy R Melzer
- New Zealand Brain Research Institute, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand; Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand.
| | - L John Horwood
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand.
| | - Lianne J Woodward
- School of Health Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand.
| | - Brian A Darlow
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Otago, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand.
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Loh WY, Anderson PJ, Cheong JLY, Spittle AJ, Chen J, Lee KJ, Molesworth C, Inder TE, Connelly A, Doyle LW, Thompson DK. Longitudinal growth of the basal ganglia and thalamus in very preterm children. Brain Imaging Behav 2019; 14:998-1011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11682-019-00057-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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12
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Barnes-Davis ME, Merhar SL, Holland SK, Kadis DS. Extremely preterm children exhibit increased interhemispheric connectivity for language: findings from fMRI-constrained MEG analysis. Dev Sci 2018; 21:e12669. [PMID: 29659125 PMCID: PMC6193851 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Children born extremely preterm are at significant risk for cognitive impairment, including language deficits. The relationship between preterm birth and neurological changes that underlie cognitive deficits is poorly understood. We use a stories-listening task in fMRI and MEG to characterize language network representation and connectivity in children born extremely preterm (n = 15, <28 weeks gestation, ages 4-6 years), and in a group of typically developing control participants (n = 15, term birth, 4-6 years). Participants completed a brief neuropsychological assessment. Conventional fMRI analyses revealed no significant differences in language network representation across groups (p > .05, corrected). The whole-group fMRI activation map was parcellated to define the language network as a set of discrete nodes, and the timecourse of neuronal activity at each position was estimated using linearly constrained minimum variance beamformer in MEG. Virtual timecourses were subjected to connectivity and network-based analyses. We observed significantly increased beta-band functional connectivity in extremely preterm compared to controls (p < .05). Specifically, we observed an increase in connectivity between left and right perisylvian cortex. Subsequent effective connectivity analyses revealed that hyperconnectivity in preterms was due to significantly increased information flux originating from the right hemisphere (p < 0.05). The total strength and density of the language network were not related to language or nonverbal performance, suggesting that the observed hyperconnectivity is a "pure" effect of prematurity. Although our extremely preterm children exhibited typical language network architecture, we observed significantly altered network dynamics, indicating reliance on an alternative neural strategy for the language task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Barnes-Davis
- Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Stephanie L Merhar
- Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Scott K Holland
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Pediatric Neuroimaging Research Consortium, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Darren S Kadis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Pediatric Neuroimaging Research Consortium, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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13
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Hinojosa-Rodríguez M, Harmony T, Carrillo-Prado C, Van Horn JD, Irimia A, Torgerson C, Jacokes Z. Clinical neuroimaging in the preterm infant: Diagnosis and prognosis. Neuroimage Clin 2017; 16:355-368. [PMID: 28861337 PMCID: PMC5568883 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2017.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Perinatal care advances emerging over the past twenty years have helped to diminish the mortality and severe neurological morbidity of extremely and very preterm neonates (e.g., cystic Periventricular Leukomalacia [c-PVL] and Germinal Matrix Hemorrhage - Intraventricular Hemorrhage [GMH-IVH grade 3-4/4]; 22 to < 32 weeks of gestational age, GA). However, motor and/or cognitive disabilities associated with mild-to-moderate white and gray matter injury are frequently present in this population (e.g., non-cystic Periventricular Leukomalacia [non-cystic PVL], neuronal-axonal injury and GMH-IVH grade 1-2/4). Brain research studies using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) report that 50% to 80% of extremely and very preterm neonates have diffuse white matter abnormalities (WMA) which correspond to only the minimum grade of severity. Nevertheless, mild-to-moderate diffuse WMA has also been associated with significant affectations of motor and cognitive activities. Due to increased neonatal survival and the intrinsic characteristics of diffuse WMA, there is a growing need to study the brain of the premature infant using non-invasive neuroimaging techniques sensitive to microscopic and/or diffuse lesions. This emerging need has led the scientific community to try to bridge the gap between concepts or ideas from different methodologies and approaches; for instance, neuropathology, neuroimaging and clinical findings. This is evident from the combination of intense pre-clinical and clinicopathologic research along with neonatal neurology and quantitative neuroimaging research. In the following review, we explore literature relating the most frequently observed neuropathological patterns with the recent neuroimaging findings in preterm newborns and infants with perinatal brain injury. Specifically, we focus our discussions on the use of neuroimaging to aid diagnosis, measure morphometric brain damage, and track long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Hinojosa-Rodríguez
- Unidad de Investigación en Neurodesarrollo, Departamento de Neurobiología Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus Juriquilla, Mexico
| | - Thalía Harmony
- Unidad de Investigación en Neurodesarrollo, Departamento de Neurobiología Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus Juriquilla, Mexico
| | - Cristina Carrillo-Prado
- Unidad de Investigación en Neurodesarrollo, Departamento de Neurobiología Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus Juriquilla, Mexico
| | - John Darrell Van Horn
- USC Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, 2025 Zonal Avenue, SHN, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | - Andrei Irimia
- USC Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, 2025 Zonal Avenue, SHN, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | - Carinna Torgerson
- USC Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, 2025 Zonal Avenue, SHN, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | - Zachary Jacokes
- USC Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, 2025 Zonal Avenue, SHN, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
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Farajdokht F, Sadigh-Eteghad S, Dehghani R, Mohaddes G, Abedi L, Bughchechi R, Majdi A, Mahmoudi J. Very low birth weight is associated with brain structure abnormalities and cognitive function impairments: A systematic review. Brain Cogn 2017; 118:80-89. [PMID: 28802183 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Very low birth weight (VLBW) children are at risk of structural brain abnormalities and neurocognitive deficits. Since survival rate of the very low birth weight infants has increased over the past decade, a better understanding of the long-term neurocognitive outcomes is needed. The present systematic review investigated the association between VLBW and cognitive function as well as brain structure. PubMed/Medline, Google Scholar, Scopus and Web of Science databases were searched up from January 2000 to January 2015. The study was restricted to the articles that were about VLBW and its association with cognitive function and brain structure. The initial search yielded 721 articles. There were 44 studies eligible for inclusion after applying the exclusion criteria: 24 follow-up, 14 cohort, and 6 longitudinal studies. Based on this systematic review, we suggest that VLBW is positively related to several cognitive problems and brain structure abnormalities. These findings provide evidence about the importance of early assessment of cognitive development and brain structure to identify at-risk children and provide their specific requirements as early as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Farajdokht
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saeed Sadigh-Eteghad
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Dehghani
- Department of Pharmacology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Gisou Mohaddes
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Leili Abedi
- Department of Statistic and Epidemiology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ramin Bughchechi
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Majdi
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Javad Mahmoudi
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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15
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Casey KF, Levesque ML, Szyf M, Ismaylova E, Verner M, Suderman M, Vitaro F, Brendgen M, Dionne G, Boivin M, Tremblay RE, Booij L. Birth weight discordance, DNA methylation, and cortical morphology of adolescent monozygotic twins. Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 38:2037-2050. [PMID: 28032437 PMCID: PMC6866862 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have shown that the in utero environment, which can be indexed by birth weight (BW), is associated with cortical morphology in adolescence and adulthood. Work in monozygotic (MZ) twins suggests that this association is driven by non-shared environmental factors. This correlation could be the result of in utero impacts on DNA methylation. The aim of the present study with MZ twins is to replicate the association between discordance in BW and brain morphology and test whether discordance in DNA methylation mediates this relationship. METHODS One hundred and four adolescent MZ twins (52 pairs, of which 42% were male pairs) who have been followed regularly since birth underwent T1 weighted structural MRI, and epigenome-wide assessment of DNA methylation from saliva at age 15. RESULTS Co-twins had very similar measures of DNA methylation and cortical morphology. Higher BW members of a twin pair had increased total cortical surface area, and decreased cortical thickness compared to their lower BW sibling. BW Discordance was positively associated with both cortical surface area and cortical volume discordance. Genes involved in neurodevelopment were tentatively identified as mediators of both the BW - cortical volume, and BW- cortical surface area relationships. CONCLUSIONS The association between BW and cortical morphology in adolescence appears to be attributable to in utero environmental effects, and DNA methylation may play a role in mediating this relationship. Hum Brain Mapp 38:2037-2050, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melissa L. Levesque
- CHU Sainte‐Justine Research CenterMontrealQuébecCanada
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of MontrealMontrealQuébecCanada
| | - Moshe Szyf
- Department of Pharmacology and TherapeuticsMcGill UniversityMontrealQuébecCanada
| | - Elmira Ismaylova
- CHU Sainte‐Justine Research CenterMontrealQuébecCanada
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of MontrealMontrealQuébecCanada
| | - Marie‐Pier Verner
- CHU Sainte‐Justine Research CenterMontrealQuébecCanada
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of MontrealMontrealQuébecCanada
| | - Matthew Suderman
- Department of Social and Community MedicineUniversity of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Frank Vitaro
- Psychoeducation, University of MontrealMontrealQuébecCanada
| | | | - Ginette Dionne
- School of PsychologyUniversity of LavalQuébec CityQuébecCanada
| | - Michel Boivin
- School of PsychologyUniversity of LavalQuébec CityQuébecCanada
- Institute of Genetic, Neurobiological, and Social Foundations of Child Development, Tomsk State University, TomskSiberiaRussian Federation
| | - Richard E. Tremblay
- CHU Sainte‐Justine Research CenterMontrealQuébecCanada
- Department of Psychology & PediatricsUniversity of MontrealMontrealQuébecCanada
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science, University College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Linda Booij
- CHU Sainte‐Justine Research CenterMontrealQuébecCanada
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of MontrealMontrealQuébecCanada
- Department of PsychologyConcordia UniversityMontrealQuébecCanada
- Department of PsychiatryMcGill UniversityMontrealQuébecCanada
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16
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Réveillon M, Hüppi PS, Barisnikov K. Inhibition difficulties in preterm children: Developmental delay or persistent deficit? Child Neuropsychol 2017; 24:734-762. [DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2017.1294665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Réveillon
- Child Clinical Neuropsychology Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Petra S. Hüppi
- Division of Development and Growth, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Koviljka Barisnikov
- Child Clinical Neuropsychology Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, Switzerland
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17
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Botellero VL, Skranes J, Bjuland KJ, Håberg AK, Lydersen S, Brubakk AM, Indredavik MS, Martinussen M. A longitudinal study of associations between psychiatric symptoms and disorders and cerebral gray matter volumes in adolescents born very preterm. BMC Pediatr 2017; 17:45. [PMID: 28143492 PMCID: PMC5286868 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-017-0793-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Being born preterm with very low birthweight (VLBW ≤ 1500 g) poses a risk for cortical and subcortical gray matter (GM) abnormalities, as well as for having more psychiatric problems during childhood and adolescence than term-born individuals. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between cortical and subcortical GM volumes and the course of psychiatric disorders during adolescence in VLBW individuals. Methods We followed VLBW individuals and term-born controls (birth weight ≥10th percentile) from 15 (VLBW;controls n = 40;56) to 19 (n = 44;60) years of age. Of these, 30;37 individuals were examined longitudinally. Cortical and subcortical GM volumes were extracted from MRPRAGE images obtained with the same 1.5 T MRI scanner at both time points and analyzed at each time point with the longitudinal stream of the FreeSurfer software package 5.3.0. All participants underwent clinical interviews and were assessed for psychiatric symptoms and diagnosis (Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-age Children, Children’s Global Assessment Scale, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale-IV). VLBW adolescents were divided into two groups according to diagnostic status from 15 to 19 years of age: persisting/developing psychiatric diagnosis or healthy/becoming healthy. Results Reduction in subcortical GM volume at 15 and 19 years, not including the thalamus, was limited to VLBW adolescents with persisting/developing diagnosis during adolescence, whereas VLBW adolescents in the healthy/becoming healthy group had similar subcortical GM volumes to controls. Moreover, across the entire VLBW group, poorer psychosocial functioning was predicted by smaller subcortical GM volumes at both time points and with reduced GM volume in the thalamus and the parietal and occipital cortex at 15 years. Inattention problems were predicted by smaller GM volumes in the parietal and occipital cortex. Conclusions GM volume reductions in the parietal and occipital cortex as well as smaller thalamic and subcortical GM volumes were associated with the higher rates of psychiatric symptoms found across the entire VLBW group. Significantly smaller subcortical GM volumes in VLBW individuals compared with term-born peers might pose a risk for developing and maintaining psychiatric diagnoses during adolescence. Future research should explore the possible role of reduced cortical and subcortical GM volumes in the pathogenesis of psychiatric illness in VLBW adolescents. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12887-017-0793-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta L Botellero
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Medical Technology Research Center, P.O. Box 8905, NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Jon Skranes
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Medical Technology Research Center, P.O. Box 8905, NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Pediatrics, Sørlandet Hospital, Arendal, Norway
| | - Knut Jørgen Bjuland
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Medical Technology Research Center, P.O. Box 8905, NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Asta Kristine Håberg
- Department of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Medical Imaging, St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Stian Lydersen
- Regional Center for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ann-Mari Brubakk
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Medical Technology Research Center, P.O. Box 8905, NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Pediatrics, St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Marit S Indredavik
- Regional Center for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Marit Martinussen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Medical Technology Research Center, P.O. Box 8905, NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
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18
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Nakagawa Y, Chiba K. Involvement of Neuroinflammation during Brain Development in Social Cognitive Deficits in Autism Spectrum Disorder and Schizophrenia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 358:504-15. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.234476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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19
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Levesque ML, Fahim C, Ismaylova E, Verner MP, Casey KF, Vitaro F, Brendgen M, Dionne G, Boivin M, Tremblay RE, Booij L. The Impact of the in utero and Early Postnatal Environments on Grey and White Matter Volume: A Study with Adolescent Monozygotic Twins. Dev Neurosci 2015; 37:489-96. [DOI: 10.1159/000430982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal and early postnatal adversities have been shown to be associated with brain development. However, we do not know how much of this association is confounded by genetics, nor whether the postnatal environment can moderate the impact of in utero adversity. This study used a monozygotic (MZ) twin design to assess (1) the association between birth weight (BW) and brain volume in adolescence, (2) the association between within-twin-pair BW discordance and brain volume discordance in adolescence, and (3) whether the association between BW and brain volume in adolescence is mediated or moderated by early negative maternal parenting behaviours. These associations were assessed in a sample of 108 MZ twins followed longitudinally since birth and scanned at age 15. The total grey matter (GM) and white matter (WM) volumes were obtained using the Diffeomorphic Anatomical Registration Through Exponentiated Lie Algebra (DARTEL) toolbox in the Statistical Parametric Mapping version 8 (SPM8). We found that the BW was significantly associated with the total GM and WM volumes, particularly in the superior frontal gyrus and thalamus. Within-twin-pair discordance in BW was also significantly associated with within-pair discordance in both the GM and the WM volumes, supporting the hypothesis that the specific in utero environment is associated with brain development independently of genetics. Early maternal hostile parenting behaviours and depressive symptoms were associated with total GM volume but not WM volume. Finally, greater early maternal hostility may moderate the association between the BW and GM volume in adolescence, since the positive association between the BW and total GM volume appeared stronger at higher levels of maternal hostility (trend). Together, these findings support the importance of the in utero and early environments for brain development.
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20
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Astroglial Plasticity Is Implicated in Hippocampal Remodelling in Adult Rats Exposed to Antenatal Dexamethasone. Neural Plast 2015; 2015:694347. [PMID: 26345609 PMCID: PMC4539493 DOI: 10.1155/2015/694347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The long-term effects of antenatal dexamethasone treatment on brain remodelling in 3-month-old male Sprague Dawley rats whose mothers had been treated with dexamethasone were investigated in the present study. Dorsal hippocampus, basolateral amygdala and nucleus accumbens volume, cell numbers, and GFAP-immunoreactive astroglial cell morphology were analysed using stereology. Total brain volume as assessed by micro-CT was not affected by the treatment. The relative volume of the dorsal hippocampus (% of total brain volume) showed a moderate, by 8%, but significant reduction in dexamethasone-treated versus control animals. Dexamethasone had no effect on the total and GFAP-positive cell numbers in the hippocampal subregions, basolateral amygdala, and nucleus accumbens. Morphological analysis indicated that numbers of astroglial primary processes were not affected in any of the hippocampal subregions analysed but significant reductions in the total primary process length were observed in CA1 by 32%, CA3 by 50%, and DG by 25%. Mean primary process length values were also significantly decreased in CA1 by 25%, CA3 by 45%, and DG by 25%. No significant astroglial morphological changes were found in basolateral amygdala and nucleus accumbens. We propose that the dexamethasone-dependent impoverishment of hippocampal astroglial morphology is the case of maladaptive glial plasticity induced prenatally.
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21
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Development of the human fetal hippocampal formation during early second trimester. Neuroimage 2015; 119:33-43. [PMID: 26123377 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of the fetal hippocampal formation has been difficult to fully describe because of rapid changes in its shape during the fetal period. The aims of this study were to: (1) segment the fetal hippocampal formation using 7.0 T MR images from 41 specimens with gestational ages ranging from 14 to 22 weeks and (2) reveal the developmental course of the fetal hippocampal formation using volume and shape analyses. Differences in hemispheric volume were observed, with the right hippocampi being larger than the left. Absolute volume changes showed a linear increase, while relative volume changes demonstrated an inverted-U shape trend during this period. Together these exhibited a variable developmental rate among different regions of the fetal brain. Different sub-regional growth of the fetal hippocampal formation was specifically observed using shape analysis. The fetal hippocampal formation possessed a prominent medial-lateral bidirectional shape growth pattern during its rotation process. Our results provide additional insight into 3D hippocampal morphology in the assessment of fetal brain development and can be used as a reference for future hippocampal studies.
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22
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Cole JH, Filippetti ML, Allin MPG, Walshe M, Nam KW, Gutman BA, Murray RM, Rifkin L, Thompson PM, Nosarti C. Subregional Hippocampal Morphology and Psychiatric Outcome in Adolescents Who Were Born Very Preterm and at Term. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130094. [PMID: 26091104 PMCID: PMC4474892 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hippocampus has been reported to be structurally and functionally altered as a sequel of very preterm birth (<33 weeks gestation), possibly due its vulnerability to hypoxic-ischemic damage in the neonatal period. We examined hippocampal volumes and subregional morphology in very preterm born individuals in mid- and late adolescence and their association with psychiatric outcome. METHODS Structural brain magnetic resonance images were acquired at two time points (baseline and follow-up) from 65 ex-preterm adolescents (mean age = 15.5 and 19.6 years) and 36 term-born controls (mean age=15.0 and 19.0 years). Hippocampal volumes and subregional morphometric differences were measured from manual tracings and with three-dimensional shape analysis. Psychiatric outcome was assessed with the Rutter Parents' Scale at baseline, the General Health Questionnaire at follow-up and the Peters Delusional Inventory at both time points. RESULTS In contrast to previous studies we did not find significant difference in the cross-sectional or longitudinal hippocampal volumes between individuals born preterm and controls, despite preterm individual having significantly smaller whole brain volumes. Shape analysis at baseline revealed subregional deformations in 28% of total bilateral hippocampal surface, reflecting atrophy, in ex-preterm individuals compared to controls, and in 22% at follow-up. In ex-preterm individuals, longitudinal changes in hippocampal shape accounted for 11% of the total surface, while in controls they reached 20%. In the whole sample (both groups) larger right hippocampal volume and bilateral anterior surface deformations at baseline were associated with delusional ideation scores at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests a dynamic association between cross-sectional hippocampal volumes, longitudinal changes and surface deformations and psychosis proneness.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H. Cole
- The Computational, Cognitive & Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Burlington Danes Building, Du Cane Road, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Laura Filippetti
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s Health Partners, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew P. G. Allin
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s Health Partners, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, London, United Kingdom
| | - Muriel Walshe
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s Health Partners, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kie Woo Nam
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s Health Partners, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, London, United Kingdom
| | - Boris A. Gutman
- Imaging Genetics Center, University of Southern California, 4676 Admiralty Way, Marina del Rey, California, United States of America
| | - Robin M. Murray
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s Health Partners, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, London, United Kingdom
| | - Larry Rifkin
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s Health Partners, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul M. Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, University of Southern California, 4676 Admiralty Way, Marina del Rey, California, United States of America
| | - Chiara Nosarti
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s Health Partners, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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23
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Cimadevilla JM, Roldán L, París M, Arnedo M, Roldán S. Spatial learning in a virtual reality-based task is altered in very preterm children. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2014; 36:1002-8. [DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2014.963520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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24
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Nosarti C, Nam KW, Walshe M, Murray RM, Cuddy M, Rifkin L, Allin MPG. Preterm birth and structural brain alterations in early adulthood. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2014; 6:180-91. [PMID: 25379430 PMCID: PMC4215396 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in cortical development and impaired neurodevelopmental outcomes have been described following very preterm (VPT) birth in childhood and adolescence, but only a few studies to date have investigated grey matter (GM) and white matter (WM) maturation in VPT samples in early adult life. Using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) we studied regional GM and WM volumes in 68 VPT-born individuals (mean gestational age 30 weeks) and 43 term-born controls aged 19–20 years, and their association with cognitive outcomes (Hayling Sentence Completion Test, Controlled Oral Word Association Test, Visual Reproduction test of the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised) and gestational age. Structural MRI data were obtained with a 1.5 Tesla system and analysed using the VBM8 toolbox in SPM8 with a customized study-specific template. Similarly to results obtained at adolescent assessment, VPT young adults compared to controls demonstrated reduced GM volume in temporal, frontal, insular and occipital areas, thalamus, caudate nucleus and putamen. Increases in GM volume were noted in medial/anterior frontal gyrus. Smaller subcortical WM volume in the VPT group was observed in temporal, parietal and frontal regions, and in a cluster centred on posterior corpus callosum/thalamus/fornix. Larger subcortical WM volume was found predominantly in posterior brain regions, in areas beneath the parahippocampal and occipital gyri and in cerebellum. Gestational age was associated with GM and WM volumes in areas where VPT individuals demonstrated GM and WM volumetric alterations, especially in temporal, parietal and occipital regions. VPT participants scored lower than controls on measures of IQ, executive function and non-verbal memory. When investigating GM and WM alterations and cognitive outcome scores, subcortical WM volume in an area beneath the left inferior frontal gyrus accounted for 14% of the variance of full-scale IQ (F = 12.9, p < 0.0001). WM volume in posterior corpus callosum/thalamus/fornix and GM volume in temporal gyri bilaterally, accounted for 21% of the variance of executive function (F = 9.9, p < 0.0001) and WM in the posterior corpus callosum/thalamus/fornix alone accounted for 17% of the variance of total non-verbal memory scores (F = 9.9, p < 0.0001). These results reveal that VPT birth continues to be associated with altered structural brain anatomy in early adult life, although it remains to be ascertained whether these changes reflect neurodevelopmental delays or long lasting structural alterations due to prematurity. GM and WM alterations correlate with length of gestation and mediate cognitive outcome. Preterm birth is associated with brain alterations in early adulthood Preterm birth affects maturation of both white and grey matter Volume alterations are observed in temporal, frontal, parietal and occipital areas Regional alterations mediate the effects of preterm birth on cognitive functioning
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Nosarti
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's Health Partners, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, SE58AF London, UK
| | - Kie Woo Nam
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's Health Partners, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, SE58AF London, UK
| | - Muriel Walshe
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's Health Partners, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, SE58AF London, UK
| | - Robin M Murray
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's Health Partners, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, SE58AF London, UK
| | - Marion Cuddy
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's Health Partners, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, SE58AF London, UK
| | - Larry Rifkin
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's Health Partners, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, SE58AF London, UK
| | - Matthew P G Allin
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's Health Partners, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, SE58AF London, UK
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Bora S, Pritchard VE, Chen Z, Inder TE, Woodward LJ. Neonatal cerebral morphometry and later risk of persistent inattention/hyperactivity in children born very preterm. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2014; 55:828-38. [PMID: 24438003 PMCID: PMC4065623 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention problems are among the most prevalent neurobehavioral morbidities affecting very preterm (VPT) born children. The first study aim was to document rates of persistent attention/hyperactivity problems from ages 4 to 9 years in a regional cohort of VPT born children. The second aim was to examine the extent to which persistent problems were related to cerebral white matter abnormality and structural development on neonatal MRI. METHODS Data were drawn from a prospective longitudinal study of 110 VPT (≤32 weeks gestation) and 113 full-term (FT) children born from 1998 to 2000. At term equivalent, all VPT and 10 FT children underwent cerebral structural MRI, with scans analyzed qualitatively for white matter abnormalities and quantitatively for cortical and subcortical gray matter, myelinated and unmyelinated white matter, and cerebrospinal fluid volumes. At ages 4, 6, and 9 years, each child's parent and teacher completed the Inattention/Hyperactivity subscale of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. RESULTS VPT born children had a fivefold increased risk of persistent attention/hyperactivity problems compared with FT children (13.1% vs. 2.8%; p = .002). No association was found between neonatal white matter abnormalities and later persistent inattention/hyperactivity risk (p ≥ .24). In contrast, measures of cerebral structural development including volumetric estimates of total cerebral tissue and cerebrospinal fluid relative to intracranial volume were associated with an increased risk of persistent attention/hyperactivity problems in VPT born children (p = .001). The dorsal prefrontal region showed the largest volumetric reduction (↓3.2-8.2 mL). These brain-behavior associations persisted and in some cases, strengthened after covariate adjustment for postmenstrual age at MRI, gender, and family socioeconomic status. CONCLUSIONS Just over one in 10 VPT born children are subject to early onset and persistent attention/hyperactivity problems during childhood. These problems appear to reflect, at least in part, neonatal disturbances in cerebral growth and development rather than the effects of white matter injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samudragupta Bora
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Verena E. Pritchard
- Department of Psychology, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, Wales, UK
| | - Zhe Chen
- Department of Psychology, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Terrie E. Inder
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lianne J. Woodward
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA,Department of Psychology, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Radlowski EC, Conrad MS, Lezmi S, Dilger RN, Sutton B, Larsen R, Johnson RW. A neonatal piglet model for investigating brain and cognitive development in small for gestational age human infants. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91951. [PMID: 24637829 PMCID: PMC3956804 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The piglet was investigated as a potential model for studying brain and cognitive deficits associated with being born small for gestational age (SGA). Naturally farrowed SGA (0.7-1.0 kg BW) and average for gestational age (AGA, 1.3-1.6 kg BW) piglets were obtained on postnatal day (PD) 2, placed in individual cages, and provided a nutritionally adequate milk replacer diet (285 ml/kg/d). Beginning at PD14, performance in a spatial T-maze task was assessed. At PD28, piglets were anesthetized for magnetic resonance (MR) imaging to assess brain structure (voxel-based morphometry), connectivity (diffusion-tensor imaging) and metabolites in the hippocampus and corpus callosum (proton MR spectroscopy). Piglets born SGA showed compensatory growth such that BW of SGA and AGA piglets was similar (P>0.05), by PD15. Birth weight affected maze performance, with SGA piglets taking longer to reach criterion than AGA piglets (p<0.01). Total brain volume of SGA and AGA piglets was similar (P<0.05), but overall, SGA piglets had less gray matter than AGA piglets (p<0.01) and tended to have a smaller internal capsule (p = 0.07). Group comparisons between SGA and AGA piglets defined 9 areas (≥ 20 clusters) where SGA piglets had less white matter (p<0.01); 2 areas where SGA piglets had more white matter (p<0.01); and 3 areas where SGA piglets had more gray matter (p<0.01). The impact of being born SGA on white matter was supported by a lower (p<0.04) fractional anisotropy value for SGA piglets, suggesting reduced white matter development and connectivity. None of the metabolites measured were different between groups. Collectively, the results show that SGA piglets have spatial learning deficits and abnormal development of white matter. As learning deficits and abnormalities in white matter are common in SGA human infants, the piglet is a tractable translational model that can be used to investigate SGA-associated cognitive deficits and potential interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C. Radlowski
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Matthew S. Conrad
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Stephane Lezmi
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ryan N. Dilger
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Brad Sutton
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ryan Larsen
- Biomedical Imaging Center, Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Rodney W. Johnson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
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Molnár K, Kéri S. Bigger is better and worse: on the intricate relationship between hippocampal size and memory. Neuropsychologia 2014; 56:73-8. [PMID: 24423661 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2013] [Revised: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The structure-function relationship between the hippocampal region and memory is a debated topic in the literature. It has been suggested that larger hippocampi are associated with less effective memory performance in healthy young adults because of a partial synaptic pruning. Here, we tested this hypothesis in individuals with Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) with known abnormal pruning and IQ- and age-matched individuals with hypoxic brain injury, preterm birth, and obstetric complications. Results revealed larger normalized hippocampal volume in FXS compared with neurotypical controls, whereas individuals with hypoxic injury had smaller hippocampi. In neurotypical controls and individuals with hypoxic injury, better general memory, as indexed by the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised, was associated with larger hippocampus. In contrast, in FXS we observed the opposite relationship: larger hippocampus was associated with worse general memory. Caudate volume did not correlate with memory in either group. These results suggest that incomplete pruning in young healthy adults may not contribute to less efficient memory capacity, and hippocampal size is positively associated with memory performance. However, abnormally large and poorly pruned hippocampus may indeed be less effective in FXS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Molnár
- Nyírő Gyula Hospital, National Institute of Psychiatry and Addictions, Budapest, Hungary; University of Szeged, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Szeged, Hungary; Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szabolcs Kéri
- Nyírő Gyula Hospital, National Institute of Psychiatry and Addictions, Budapest, Hungary; University of Szeged, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Szeged, Hungary; Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest, Hungary.
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Clark CAC, Fang H, Espy KA, Filipek PA, Juranek J, Bangert B, Hack M, Taylor HG. Relation of neural structure to persistently low academic achievement: a longitudinal study of children with differing birth weights. Neuropsychology 2013; 27:364-377. [PMID: 23688218 DOI: 10.1037/a0032273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined the relation of cerebral tissue reductions associated with VLBW to patterns of growth in core academic domains. METHOD Children born <750 g, 750 to 1,499 g, or >2,500 g completed measures of calculation, mathematical problem solving, and word decoding at time points spanning middle childhood and adolescence. K. A. Espy, H. Fang, D. Charak, N. M. Minich, and H. G. Taylor (2009, Growth mixture modeling of academic achievement in children of varying birth weight risk, Neuropsychology, Vol. 23, pp. 460-474) used growth mixture modeling to identify two growth trajectories (clusters) for each academic domain: an average achievement trajectory and a persistently low trajectory. In this study, 97 of the same participants underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in late adolescence, and cerebral tissue volumes were used to predict the probability of low growth cluster membership for each domain. RESULTS Adjusting for whole brain volume (wbv), each 1-cm(3) reduction in caudate volume was associated with a 1.7- to 2.1-fold increase in the odds of low cluster membership for each domain. Each 1-mm(2) decrease in corpus callosum surface area increased these odds approximately 1.02-fold. Reduced cerebellar white matter volume was associated specifically with low calculation and decoding growth, and reduced cerebral white matter volume was associated with low calculation growth. Findings were similar when analyses were confined to the VLBW groups. CONCLUSIONS Reduced volume of structures involved in connectivity, executive attention, and motor control may contribute to heterogeneous academic trajectories among children with VLBW.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hua Fang
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School
| | | | - Pauline A Filipek
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston
| | - Jenifer Juranek
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston
| | - Barbara Bangert
- Departments of Pediatrics and Radiology, Case Western Reserve University
| | - Maureen Hack
- Departments of Pediatrics and Radiology, Case Western Reserve University
| | - H Gerry Taylor
- Departments of Pediatrics and Radiology, Case Western Reserve University
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Molloy CS, Wilson-Ching M, Doyle LW, Anderson VA, Anderson PJ. Visual Memory and Learning in Extremely Low-Birth-Weight/Extremely Preterm Adolescents Compared With Controls: A Geographic Study. J Pediatr Psychol 2013; 39:316-31. [DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jst088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Peters LHJ, Maathuis CGB, Hadders-Algra M. Neural correlates of developmental coordination disorder. Dev Med Child Neurol 2013; 55 Suppl 4:59-64. [PMID: 24237282 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.12309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIM To review neuroimaging studies in children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) systematically. Because only a few studies addressed this, we broadened our search and included neuroimaging studies in children with perinatal adversities and motor impairment without cerebral palsy. METHOD Two searches were performed in PubMed, PsycINFO, and Web of Science addressing (1) neuroimaging in DCD and (2) neuroimaging in children with perinatal adversities and motor impairment. RESULTS Five studies in children with DCD were identified. Four functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies showed that children with DCD activate multiple brain areas differently than controls. One diffusion tensor imaging study indicated that the internal capsule in children with DCD showed differences. The second search identified seven studies: three showed that white matter abnormalities and severe abnormalities on MRI were related to motor impairment; four were unable to demonstrate similar relationships. INTERPRETATION Data on neuroimaging in DCD are scarce; data available suggest that multiple brain areas are involved in the neuropathophysiology of DCD. Motor impairment in children with perinatal adversities is related especially to white matter abnormalities and severe abnormalities on MRI. We hypothesize that in some children with DCD the neural substrate mimics that of cerebral palsy. More neuroimaging studies are needed to understand the neural correlates of DCD better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieke H J Peters
- Department of Paediatrics - Developmental Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Omizzolo C, Thompson DK, Scratch SE, Stargatt R, Lee KJ, Cheong J, Roberts G, Doyle LW, Anderson PJ. Hippocampal volume and memory and learning outcomes at 7 years in children born very preterm. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2013; 19:1065-75. [PMID: 23947431 PMCID: PMC3964592 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617713000891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Using magnetic resonance imaging, this study compared hippocampal volume between 145 very preterm children and 34 children born full-term at 7 years of age. The relationship between hippocampal volume and memory and learning impairments at 7 years was also investigated. Manual hippocampal segmentation and subsequent three-dimensional volumetric analysis revealed reduced hippocampal volumes in very preterm children compared with term peers. However, this relationship did not remain after correcting for whole brain volume and neonatal brain abnormality. Contrary to expectations, hippocampal volume in the very preterm cohort was not related to memory and learning outcomes. Further research investigating the effects of very preterm birth on more extensive networks in the brain that support memory and learning in middle childhood is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Omizzolo
- 1 Victorian Infant Brain Studies, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Contribution of brain size to IQ and educational underperformance in extremely preterm adolescents. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77475. [PMID: 24130887 PMCID: PMC3793949 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Extremely preterm (EP) survivors have smaller brains, lower IQ, and worse educational achievement than their term-born peers. The contribution of smaller brain size to the IQ and educational disadvantages of EP is unknown. This study aimed (i) to compare brain volumes from multiple brain tissues and structures between EP-born (<28weeks) and term-born (≥37weeks) control adolescents, (ii) to explore the relationships of brain tissue volumes with IQ and basic educational skills and whether this differed by group, and (iii) to explore how much total brain tissue volume explains the underperformance of EP adolescents compared with controls. Methods Longitudinal cohort study of 148 EP and 132 term controls born in Victoria, Australia in 1991-92. At age 18, magnetic resonance imaging-determined brain volumes of multiple tissues and structures were calculated. IQ and educational skills were measured using the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI) and the Wide Range Achievement Test(WRAT-4), respectively. Results Brain volumes were smaller in EP adolescents compared with controls (mean difference [95% confidence interval] of -5.9% [-8.0, -3.7%] for total brain tissue volume). The largest relative differences were noted in the thalamus and hippocampus. The EP group had lower IQs(-11.9 [-15.4, -8.5]), spelling(-8.0 [-11.5, -4.6]), math computation(-10.3 [-13.7, -6.9]) and word reading(-5.6 [-8.8, -2.4]) scores than controls; all p-values<0.001. Volumes of total brain tissue and other brain tissues and structures correlated positively with IQ and educational skills, a relationship that was similar for both the EP and controls. Total brain tissue volume explained between 20-40% of the IQ and educational outcome differences between EP and controls. Conclusions EP adolescents had smaller brain volumes, lower IQs and poorer educational performance than controls. Brain volumes of multiple tissues and structures are related to IQ and educational outcomes. Smaller total brain tissue volume is an important contributor to the cognitive and educational underperformance of adolescents born EP.
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Nosarti C. Structural and functional brain correlates of behavioral outcomes during adolescence. Early Hum Dev 2013; 89:221-7. [PMID: 23477720 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have described an association between very preterm birth and behavioral and psychiatric outcomes in childhood and adolescence. The exact mechanisms underlying this association are unknown, but impaired neurodevelopment has been proposed as a possible etiological factor. Existing research suggests a selective vulnerability of brain regions associated with a variety of behavioral and psychiatric outcomes following very preterm birth. This article reviews studies that have directly explored the structural and functional brain correlates of behavioral outcomes in ex-preterm individuals, with an emphasis on attentional problems, overall mental health functioning including internalizing and externalizing scores, and psychosocial adjustment. The focus here is on neuroimaging research conducted during adolescence, a period of life associated with the emergence and early expression of several psychiatric disorders. The neurodevelopmental hypothesis is used as a theoretical framework, according to which early brain lesions interact with the developing brain to increase later vulnerability to psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Nosarti
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's Health Partners, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
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Gousias IS, Edwards AD, Rutherford MA, Counsell SJ, Hajnal JV, Rueckert D, Hammers A. Magnetic resonance imaging of the newborn brain: Manual segmentation of labelled atlases in term-born and preterm infants. Neuroimage 2012; 62:1499-509. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.05.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Thompson DK, Ahmadzai ZM, Wood SJ, Inder TE, Warfield SK, Doyle LW, Egan GF. Optimizing hippocampal segmentation in infants utilizing MRI post-acquisition processing. Neuroinformatics 2012; 10:173-80. [PMID: 22194186 DOI: 10.1007/s12021-011-9137-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to determine the most reliable method for infant hippocampal segmentation by comparing magnetic resonance (MR) imaging post-acquisition processing techniques: contrast to noise ratio (CNR) enhancement, or reformatting to standard orientation. MR scans were performed with a 1.5 T GE scanner to obtain dual echo T2 and proton density (PD) images at term equivalent (38-42 weeks' gestational age). 15 hippocampi were manually traced four times on ten infant images by 2 independent raters on the original T2 image, as well as images processed by: a) combining T2 and PD images (T2-PD) to enhance CNR; then b) reformatting T2-PD images perpendicular to the long axis of the left hippocampus. CNRs and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were calculated. T2-PD images had 17% higher CNR (15.2) than T2 images (12.6). Original T2 volumes' ICC was 0.87 for rater 1 and 0.84 for rater 2, whereas T2-PD images' ICC was 0.95 for rater 1 and 0.87 for rater 2. Reliability of hippocampal segmentation on T2-PD images was not improved by reformatting images (rater 1 ICC = 0.88, rater 2 ICC = 0.66). Post-acquisition processing can improve CNR and hence reliability of hippocampal segmentation in neonate MR scans when tissue contrast is poor. These findings may be applied to enhance boundary definition in infant segmentation for various brain structures or in any volumetric study where image contrast is sub-optimal, enabling hippocampal structure-function relationships to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanne K Thompson
- Critical Care and Neurosciences, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.
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de Kieviet JF, Zoetebier L, van Elburg RM, Vermeulen RJ, Oosterlaan J. Brain development of very preterm and very low-birthweight children in childhood and adolescence: a meta-analysis. Dev Med Child Neurol 2012; 54:313-23. [PMID: 22283622 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2011.04216.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this article was to clarify the impact and consequences of very preterm birth (born <32wks of gestation) and/or very low birthweight ([VLBW], weighing <1500g) on brain volume development throughout childhood and adolescence. METHOD The computerized databases PubMed, Web of Knowledge, and EMBASE were searched for studies that reported volumetric outcomes during childhood or adolescence using magnetic resonance imaging and included a term-born comparison group. Fifteen studies were identified, encompassing 818 very preterm/VLBW children and 450 term-born peers. Average reductions in the total brain volume, white matter volume, grey matter volume, and in the size of the cerebellum, hippocampus, and corpus callosum were investigated using meta-analytic methods. RESULTS Very preterm/VLBW children were found to have a significantly smaller total brain volume than the comparison group (d=-0.58; 95% confidence interval [CI] -0.43 to -0.73; p<0.001), smaller white matter volume (d=-0.53; CI -0.40 to -0.67; p<0.001), smaller grey matter volume (d=-0.62; CI -0.48 to -0.76; p<0.001), smaller cerebellum (d=-0.74; CI -0.56 to -0.92; p<0.001), smaller hippocampus (d=-0.47; CI -0.26 to -0.69; p<0.001), and smaller corpus callosum (d=-0.71; CI -0.34 to -1.07; p<0.001). Reductions have been associated with decreased general cognitive functioning, and no relations with age at assessment were found. INTERPRETATION Very preterm/VLBW birth is associated with an overall reduction in brain volume, which becomes evident in equally sized reductions in white and grey matter volumes, as well as in volumes of diverse brain structures throughout childhood and adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorrit F de Kieviet
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Rogers CE, Anderson PJ, Thompson DK, Kidokoro H, Wallendorf M, Treyvaud K, Roberts G, Doyle LW, Neil JJ, Inder TE. Regional cerebral development at term relates to school-age social-emotional development in very preterm children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2012; 51:181-91. [PMID: 22265364 PMCID: PMC3411187 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2011.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Preterm children are at risk for social-emotional difficulties, including autism and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. We assessed the relationship of regional brain development in preterm children, evaluated via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at term-equivalent postmenstrual age (TEA), to later social-emotional difficulties. METHOD MR images obtained at TEA from 184 very preterm infants (gestation <30 weeks or birth weight <1,250 g) were analyzed for white matter abnormalities, hippocampal volume, and brain metrics. A total of 111 infants underwent diffusion tensor imaging, which provided values for fractional anisotropy and apparent diffusion coefficient. Social-emotional development was assessed with the Infant Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (ITSEA) at age 2 and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) at age 5 years. RESULTS Higher apparent diffusion coefficient in the right orbitofrontal cortex was associated with social-emotional problems at age 5 years (peer problems, p < .01). In females, smaller hippocampal volume was associated with increased hyperactivity (p < .01), peer problems (p < .05), and SDQ total score (p < .01). In males, a smaller frontal region was associated with poorer prosocial (p < .05) scores. Many of the hippocampal findings remained significant after adjusting for birthweight z score, intelligence, social risk, immaturity at birth, and parental mental health. These associations were present in children who had social-emotional problems in similar domains at age 2 and those who did not. CONCLUSIONS Early alterations in regional cerebral development in very preterm infants relate to specific deficits in social-emotional performance by school-age. These results vary by gender. Our results provide further evidence for a neuroanatomical basis for behavioral challenges found in very preterm children.
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Sandman CA, Davis EP, Buss C, Glynn LM. Exposure to prenatal psychobiological stress exerts programming influences on the mother and her fetus. Neuroendocrinology 2012; 95:7-21. [PMID: 21494029 PMCID: PMC7068789 DOI: 10.1159/000327017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Accumulating evidence from a relatively small number of prospective studies indicates that exposure to prenatal stress profoundly influences the developing human fetus with consequences that persist into childhood and very likely forever. METHODS Maternal/fetal dyads are assessed at ∼20, ∼25, ∼31 and ∼36 weeks of gestation. Infant assessments begin 24 h after delivery with the collection of cortisol and behavioral responses to the painful stress of the heel-stick procedure and measures of neonatal neuromuscular maturity. Infant cognitive, neuromotor development, stress and emotional regulation are evaluated at 3, 6 12 and 24 months of age. Maternal psychosocial stress and demographic information is collected in parallel with infant assessments. Child neurodevelopment is assessed with cognitive tests, measures of adjustment and brain imaging between 5 and 8 years of age. RESULTS Psychobiological markers of stress during pregnancy, especially early in gestation, result in delayed fetal maturation, disrupted emotional regulation and impaired cognitive performance during infancy and decreased brain volume in areas associated with learning and memory in 6- to 8-year-old children. We review findings from our projects that maternal endocrine alterations that accompany pregnancy and influence fetal/infant/child development are associated with decreased affective responses to stress, altered memory function and increased risk for postpartum depression. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that the mother and her fetus both are influenced by exposure to psychosocial and biological stress. The findings that fetal and maternal programming occur in parallel may have important implications for long-term child development and mother/child interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curt A Sandman
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Women and Children's Health and Well-Being Project, Orange, CA 92868, USA.
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Allen MC, Cristofalo E, Kim C. Preterm birth: Transition to adulthood. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 16:323-35. [DOI: 10.1002/ddrr.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Tzarouchi LC, Xydis V, Zikou AK, Drougia A, Astrakas LG, Papastefanaki M, Andronikou S, Argyropoulou MI. Diffuse periventricular leukomalacia in preterm children: assessment of grey matter changes by MRI. Pediatr Radiol 2011; 41:1545-51. [PMID: 21901522 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-011-2223-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Revised: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preterm children may have cognitive deficits and behavioural disorders suggestive of grey matter (GM) injury. The prevalence is higher in preterm children with diffuse periventricular leukomalacia (dPVL). OBJECTIVE Evaluate changes in the volume of 116 GM areas in preterm children with dPVL. METHODS AND MATERIALS Eleven preterm children with dPVL, gestational age 32.8 ± 2.6 weeks, examined at corrected age 22.0 ± 18.2 months and 33 matched preterm controls with normal brain MRI were studied. Volumes of 116 individual GM areas, and white matter/cerebrospinal fluid (WM/CSF) ratio were calculated on T1-weighted high-resolution images after segmentation. RESULTS Relative to controls, children with dPVL had decreased GM volume of the hippocampus, amygdala, and frontal lobes and temporal middle gyrus (P < 0.05); increased GM volume of the putamen, thalamus, globus pallidum, superior temporal gyrus and of the parietal and occipital lobes (P < 0.05) and lower WM volume/higher CSF volume (P < 0.05). WM/CSF ratios also differed (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Preterm children with dPVL have increased regional GM volume in some areas probably related with a process of brain plasticity-regeneration and reduced GM volume in areas associated with cognition and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Tzarouchi
- Department of Radiology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
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Qiu A, Rifkin-Graboi A, Zhong J, Phua DYL, Lai YK, Meaney MJ. Birth weight and gestation influence striatal morphology and motor response in normal six-year-old boys. Neuroimage 2011; 59:1065-70. [PMID: 21963914 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 08/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The relation between fetal growth and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) cuts across the normal range of birth weights suggesting that subtle variations in fetal development may influence brain and cognitive function. We investigated the relation of ADHD-related endophenotypes, such as the striatum morphology, motor response and inhibition, with birth weight and gestational age in healthy children. 157 Six-year-old boys born at term (37 to 41 weeks) within the normal range for birth weight (2500 to 4630 g) underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and performed the stop signal task. Linear regression was used to examine effects of birth weight, gestational age, and their interaction on striatal volumes and shapes as well as motor response and inhibition. Interactive effects of birth weight and gestational age, even within the normal range, predicted caudate volumes and shapes. Boys with relatively low birth weight and shorter gestation had smaller caudate volumes, reflected by shape contraction in the middle body, and in addition performed worst in motor response, reflected by mean reaction time and its variability. Our results supported the idea that prenatal influences on neurocognitive and brain development are not limited to the extreme range, but occur across the entire population. Variations in brain structure and cognitive endophenotypes associated with childhood ADHD psychopathology are sensitive to subtle prenatal influences, which provides guidance for intervention research to improve mental health of children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Qiu
- Division of Bioengineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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Ford RM, Neulinger K, O'Callaghan M, Mohay H, Gray P, Shum D. Executive Function in 7-9-Year-Old Children Born Extremely Preterm or with Extremely Low Birth Weight: Effects of Biomedical History, Age at Assessment, and Socioeconomic Status. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2011; 26:632-44. [PMID: 21816952 DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acr061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth M Ford
- School of Psychology and Behavioural Basis of Health Program, Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Very preterm adolescents show gender-dependent alteration of the structural brain correlates of spelling abilities. Neuropsychologia 2011; 49:2685-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2010] [Revised: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Zubiaurre-Elorza L, Soria-Pastor S, Junque C, Segarra D, Bargalló N, Mayolas N, Romano-Berindoague C, Macaya A. Gray matter volume decrements in preterm children with periventricular leukomalacia. Pediatr Res 2011; 69:554-60. [PMID: 21386751 DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e3182182366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) is the prototypic lesion in the encephalopathy of prematurity. Although PVL is identified by targeting cerebral white matter (WM), neuropathological and MRI studies document gray matter (GM) loss in cortical and subcortical structures. This study aimed to investigate the distribution of GM changes in children with a history of premature birth and PVL. Voxel-based morphometry was used to examine regional GM abnormalities in 22 children with a history of preterm birth and PVL. Preterms with PVL were compared with 22 terms and 14 preterms without PVL of similar GA and birth weight. GM and WM global volumetric volumes were found to decrease in comparison with both control groups. Regional GM volume abnormalities were also found: compared with their term peers, preterm children with PVL showed several regions of GM reduction. Moreover, PVL differed from preterms without PVL in the medial temporal lobe bilaterally, thalamus bilaterally, and caudate nuclei bilaterally. In addition, in our preterm sample with PVL, birth weight showed a statistical significant correlation with decreased GM regions. In conclusion, the voxel-based morphometry methodology revealed that PVL per se does involve GM reductions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leire Zubiaurre-Elorza
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08036, Spain
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Pastura G, Mattos P, Gasparetto EL, Araújo APDQC. Advanced techniques in magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in children with ADHD. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2011; 69:242-52. [PMID: 21537569 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-282x2011000200020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) affects about 5% of school-aged child. Previous published works using different techniques of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have demonstrated that there may be some differences between the brain of people with and without this condition. This review aims at providing neurologists, pediatricians and psychiatrists an update on the differences between the brain of children with and without ADHD using advanced techniques of magnetic resonance imaging such as diffusion tensor imaging, brain volumetry and cortical thickness, spectroscopy and functional MRI. Data was obtained by a comprehensive, non-systematic review of medical literature. The regions with a greater number of abnormalities are splenium of the corpus callosum, cingulate gyrus, caudate nucleus, cerebellum, striatum, frontal and temporal cortices. The brain regions where abnormalities are observed in studies of diffusion tensor, volumetry, spectroscopy and cortical thickness are the same involved in neurobiological theories of ADHD coming from studies with functional magnetic resonance imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Pastura
- Departamento de Pediatria, Instituto de Puericultura e Pediatria Martagão Gesteira, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Lodygensky GA, Vasung L, Sizonenko SV, Hüppi PS. Neuroimaging of cortical development and brain connectivity in human newborns and animal models. J Anat 2011; 217:418-28. [PMID: 20979587 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2010.01280.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant human brain growth occurs during the third trimester, with a doubling of whole brain volume and a fourfold increase of cortical gray matter volume. This is also the time period during which cortical folding and gyrification take place. Conditions such as intrauterine growth restriction, prematurity and cerebral white matter injury have been shown to affect brain growth including specific structures such as the hippocampus, with subsequent potentially permanent functional consequences. The use of 3D magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and dedicated postprocessing tools to measure brain tissue volumes (cerebral cortical gray matter, white matter), surface and sulcation index can elucidate phenotypes associated with early behavior development. The use of diffusion tensor imaging can further help in assessing microstructural changes within the cerebral white matter and the establishment of brain connectivity. Finally, the use of functional MRI and resting-state functional MRI connectivity allows exploration of the impact of adverse conditions on functional brain connectivity in vivo. Results from studies using these methods have for the first time illustrated the structural impact of antenatal conditions and neonatal intensive care on the functional brain deficits observed after premature birth. In order to study the pathophysiology of these adverse conditions, MRI has also been used in conjunction with histology in animal models of injury in the immature brain. Understanding the histological substrate of brain injury seen on MRI provides new insights into the immature brain, mechanisms of injury and their imaging phenotype.
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Taylor HG, Filipek PA, Juranek J, Bangert B, Minich N, Hack M. Brain Volumes in Adolescents With Very Low Birth Weight: Effects on Brain Structure and Associations With Neuropsychological Outcomes. Dev Neuropsychol 2011; 36:96-117. [PMID: 21253993 DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2011.540544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Cerebral MRI and cognition in nonhandicapped, low birth weight adults. Pediatr Neurol 2010; 43:258-62. [PMID: 20837304 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2010.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Revised: 02/16/2010] [Accepted: 05/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study sought to compare cognitive and cerebral findings of magnetic resonance imaging in young adults with low birth weights and in a control group. One hundred thirteen of 173 (65%) eligible adults with birth weights <2000 g, and 100 of 170 (59%) controls, all without major disabilities, were examined at age 19 years. Cerebral 3.0 T magnetic resonance imaging was performed according to standardized protocols. Prorated intelligence quotient was estimated from two subtests of the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Ability, a word comprehension test, and matrices. Prominent lateral ventricles and loss of white matter, and thinning of the corpus callosum, were more common in the low birth weight group than in the control group (40% vs. 15%, respectively; odds ratio, 3.8; P < 0.001; and 31% vs. 7%, respectively; odds ratio, 6.0; P < 0.001). Low birth weight adults exhibited lower mean intelligence quotients (95 vs. 101, respectively; P < 0.001). Low birth weight adults face an increased risk of prominent ventricles, global loss of white matter, and thinning of the corpus callosum. Similar magnetic resonance imaging findings are not uncommon among healthy adults.
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Abstract
The developmental origins of disease or fetal programming model predicts that early exposures to threat or adverse conditions have lifelong consequences that result in harmful outcomes for health. The vast majority of the studies in support of the programming model in human beings are retrospective and most rely on surrogate measures of early experience such as birth weight or preterm birth. Recently, a small number of prospective studies have been reported that have documented the developmental consequences of exposures to stressful intrauterine conditions. These studies of gestational stress have clearly shown that fetal exposures to psychosocial and/or biological markers of adversity have significant and largely negative consequences for fetal, infant and child neurological development. Fetal exposure to stress, especially early in gestation, results in delayed fetal maturation and impaired cognitive performance during infancy and results in decreased brain volume in areas associated with learning and memory in children. The accumulating evidence supports the conclusion that fetal exposure to stress profoundly influences the nervous system, with consequences that persist into childhood and perhaps beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elysia P Davis
- 333 City Drive West, Suite 1200, Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, CA, USA
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Psychiatric Disorders in Extremely Preterm Children: Longitudinal Finding at Age 11 Years in the EPICure Study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2010. [PMID: 20431465 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2010.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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