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Silverberg SL, Shulha HP, McMillan B, He G, Lee A, Márquez AC, Bartlett SR, Gill V, Abu-Raya B, Bettinger JA, Cabrera A, Coombs D, Gantt S, Goldfarb DM, Sauvé L, Krajden M, Morshed M, Sekirov I, Jassem AN, Sadarangani M. Factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection in unvaccinated children and young adults. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:91. [PMID: 38225625 PMCID: PMC10790408 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08950-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Pediatric COVID-19 cases are often mild or asymptomatic, which has complicated estimations of disease burden using existing testing practices. We aimed to determine the age-specific population seropositivity and risk factors of SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity among children and young adults during the pandemic in British Columbia (BC). METHODS We conducted two cross-sectional serosurveys: phase 1 enrolled children and adults < 25 years between November 2020-May 2021 and phase 2 enrolled children < 10 years between June 2021-May 2022 in BC. Participants completed electronic surveys and self-collected finger-prick dried blood spot (DBS) samples. Samples were tested for immunoglobulin G antibodies against ancestral spike protein (S). Descriptive statistics from survey data were reported and two multivariable analyses were conducted to evaluate factors associated with seropositivity. RESULTS A total of 2864 participants were enrolled, of which 95/2167 (4.4%) participants were S-seropositive in phase 1 across all ages, and 61/697 (8.8%) unvaccinated children aged under ten years were S-seropositive in phase 2. Overall, South Asian participants had a higher seropositivity than other ethnicities (13.5% vs. 5.2%). Of 156 seropositive participants in both phases, 120 had no prior positive SARS-CoV-2 test. Young infants and young adults had the highest reported seropositivity rates (7.0% and 7.2% respectively vs. 3.0-5.6% across other age groups). CONCLUSIONS SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity among unvaccinated children and young adults was low in May 2022, and South Asians were disproportionately infected. This work demonstrates the need for improved diagnostics and reporting strategies that account for age-specific differences in pandemic dynamics and acceptability of testing mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Silverberg
- Vaccine Evaluation Center, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, 950 West 28th Ave Vancouver, V5Z 4H4, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hennady P Shulha
- Vaccine Evaluation Center, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, 950 West 28th Ave Vancouver, V5Z 4H4, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Brynn McMillan
- Vaccine Evaluation Center, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, 950 West 28th Ave Vancouver, V5Z 4H4, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Experimental Medicine Program, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Guanyuhui He
- Vaccine Evaluation Center, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, 950 West 28th Ave Vancouver, V5Z 4H4, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Amy Lee
- Vaccine Evaluation Center, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, 950 West 28th Ave Vancouver, V5Z 4H4, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ana Citlali Márquez
- Public Health Laboratory, BC Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sofia R Bartlett
- Public Health Laboratory, BC Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Vivek Gill
- Vaccine Evaluation Center, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, 950 West 28th Ave Vancouver, V5Z 4H4, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Bahaa Abu-Raya
- Vaccine Evaluation Center, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, 950 West 28th Ave Vancouver, V5Z 4H4, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Julie A Bettinger
- Vaccine Evaluation Center, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, 950 West 28th Ave Vancouver, V5Z 4H4, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Adriana Cabrera
- Vaccine Evaluation Center, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, 950 West 28th Ave Vancouver, V5Z 4H4, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Daniel Coombs
- Department of Mathematics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Soren Gantt
- Vaccine Evaluation Center, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, 950 West 28th Ave Vancouver, V5Z 4H4, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - David M Goldfarb
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Laura Sauvé
- Vaccine Evaluation Center, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, 950 West 28th Ave Vancouver, V5Z 4H4, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mel Krajden
- Public Health Laboratory, BC Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Muhammad Morshed
- Public Health Laboratory, BC Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Inna Sekirov
- Public Health Laboratory, BC Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Agatha N Jassem
- Public Health Laboratory, BC Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Manish Sadarangani
- Vaccine Evaluation Center, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, 950 West 28th Ave Vancouver, V5Z 4H4, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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2
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Ratcliffe H, Tiley KS, Longet S, Tonry C, Roarty C, Watson C, Amirthalingam G, Vichos I, Morey E, Douglas NL, Marinou S, Plested E, Aley PK, Galiza E, Faust SN, Hughes S, Murray C, Roderick MR, Shackley F, Oddie S, Lee TW, Turner DP, Raman M, Owens S, Turner PJ, Cockerill H, Lopez Bernal J, Ijaz S, Poh J, Shute J, Linley E, Borrow R, Hoschler K, Brown KE, Carroll MW, Klenerman P, Dunachie SJ, Ramsay M, Voysey M, Waterfield T, Snape MD. Serum HCoV-spike specific antibodies do not protect against subsequent SARS-CoV-2 infection in children and adolescents. iScience 2023; 26:108500. [PMID: 38089581 PMCID: PMC10711458 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infections in children are generally asymptomatic or mild and rarely progress to severe disease and hospitalization. Why this is so remains unclear. Here we explore the potential for protection due to pre-existing cross-reactive seasonal coronavirus antibodies and compare the rate of antibody decline for nucleocapsid and spike protein in serum and oral fluid against SARS-CoV-2 within the pediatric population. No differences in seasonal coronaviruses antibody concentrations were found at baseline between cases and controls, suggesting no protective effect from pre-existing immunity against seasonal coronaviruses. Antibodies against seasonal betacoronaviruses were boosted in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. In serum, anti-nucleocapsid antibodies fell below the threshold of positivity more quickly than anti-spike protein antibodies. These findings add to our understanding of protection against infection with SARS-CoV-2 within the pediatric population, which is important when considering pediatric SARS-CoV-2 immunization policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Ratcliffe
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Karen S. Tiley
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephanie Longet
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Claire Tonry
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University Belfast- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Belfast, UK
| | - Cathal Roarty
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University Belfast- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Belfast, UK
| | - Chris Watson
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University Belfast- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Belfast, UK
| | | | - Iason Vichos
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ella Morey
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Naomi L. Douglas
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Spyridoula Marinou
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Emma Plested
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Parvinder K. Aley
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Eva Galiza
- St Georges Hospital NHS Foundation Trust
| | - Saul N. Faust
- NIHR Southampton Clinical Research Facility, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and Faculty of Medicine and Institute of Life Sciences, University of Southampton
- National Immunisation Schedule Evaluation Consortium
| | - Stephen Hughes
- Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Clare Murray
- Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | | | - Sam Oddie
- Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
| | | | - David P.J. Turner
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham
- Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust
| | | | - Stephen Owens
- The Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
| | - Paul J. Turner
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Miles W. Carroll
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford BRC
| | - Susanna J. Dunachie
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford BRC
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Merryn Voysey
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Thomas Waterfield
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University Belfast- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Belfast, UK
| | - Matthew D. Snape
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- National Immunisation Schedule Evaluation Consortium
- West Suffolk NHS Foundation Trust
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3
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Messiah SE, Swartz MD, Abbas RA, Talebi Y, Kohl HW, Valerio-Shewmaker M, DeSantis SM, Yaseen A, Kelder SH, Ross JA, Padilla LN, Gonzalez MO, Wu L, Lakey D, Shuford JA, Pont SJ, Boerwinkle E. SARS-CoV-2 Serostatus and COVID-19 Illness Characteristics by Variant Time Period in Non-Hospitalized Children and Adolescents. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:children10050818. [PMID: 37238366 DOI: 10.3390/children10050818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe COVID-19 illness characteristics, risk factors, and SARS-CoV-2 serostatus by variant time period in a large community-based pediatric sample. DESIGN Data were collected prospectively over four timepoints between October 2020 and November 2022 from a population-based cohort ages 5 to 19 years old. SETTING State of Texas, USA. PARTICIPANTS Participants ages 5 to 19 years were recruited from large pediatric healthcare systems, Federally Qualified Healthcare Centers, urban and rural clinical practices, health insurance providers, and a social media campaign. EXPOSURE SARS-CoV-2 infection. MAIN OUTCOME(S) AND MEASURE(S) SARS-CoV-2 antibody status was assessed by the Roche Elecsys® Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Immunoassay for detection of antibodies to the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein (Roche N-test). Self-reported antigen or PCR COVID-19 test results and symptom status were also collected. RESULTS Over half (57.2%) of the sample (N = 3911) was antibody positive. Symptomatic infection increased over time from 47.09% during the pre-Delta variant time period, to 76.95% during Delta, to 84.73% during Omicron, and to 94.79% during the Omicron BA.2. Those who were not vaccinated were more likely (OR 1.71, 95% CI 1.47, 2.00) to be infected versus those fully vaccinated. CONCLUSIONS Results show an increase in symptomatic COVID-19 infection among non-hospitalized children with each progressive variant over the past two years. Findings here support the public health guidance that eligible children should remain up to date with COVID-19 vaccinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Messiah
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health in Dallas, The University of Texas (UT) Health Science Center at Houston, Dallas, TX 77030, USA
- Center for Pediatric Population Health, UTHealth School of Public Health, Dallas, TX 75207, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michael D Swartz
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Sciences, School of Public Health in Houston, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Rhiana A Abbas
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Sciences, School of Public Health in Houston, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yashar Talebi
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Sciences, School of Public Health in Houston, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Harold W Kohl
- School of Public Health in Austin, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Austin, TX 78701, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78705, USA
| | - Melissa Valerio-Shewmaker
- School of Public Health in Brownville, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Brownsville, TX 78520, USA
| | - Stacia M DeSantis
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Sciences, School of Public Health in Houston, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ashraf Yaseen
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Sciences, School of Public Health in Houston, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Steven H Kelder
- School of Public Health in Austin, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Austin, TX 78701, USA
| | - Jessica A Ross
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Sciences, School of Public Health in Houston, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lindsay N Padilla
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Sciences, School of Public Health in Houston, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michael O Gonzalez
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Sciences, School of Public Health in Houston, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Leqing Wu
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Sciences, School of Public Health in Houston, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - David Lakey
- Administration Division, University of Texas System, Austin, TX 78701, USA
- Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center Tyler, Tyler, TX 75708, USA
| | | | - Stephen J Pont
- Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin, TX 78711, USA
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Sciences, School of Public Health in Houston, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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4
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Santos CC, de M. Lima FW, Magno L, Soares F, Ferraz D, Grangeiro A, Zucchi EM, Préau M, Mabire X, Matos HRSS, Dourado I. Seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and factors associated with infection among adolescent men who have sex with men and transgender women in Salvador, Brazil. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:61. [PMID: 36624484 PMCID: PMC9829219 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14969-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brazil was strongly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the impact of the pandemic on sexual and gender minorities' youth remains unknown. This study aimed to estimate the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and associated factors among adolescent men who have sex with men (AMSM) and transgender women (ATGW) participants of a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pre-exposure prophylaxis cohort study (PrEP1519). METHODS This is a cross-sectional design conducted between June and October 2020 in Salvador, Brazil. Serum samples were collected from AMSM and ATGW aged 16-21 years between June-October 2020. IgG and IgM anti-SARS-CoV-2 were detected by chemiluminescence immunoassay, and data were collected through a socio-behavioral questionnaire. RESULTS Among the 137 participants, the seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgM was 20.4%; 16.8% of the participants were positive for IgG, and 11.7% for IgM. In the multivariable analysis, the seroprevalence was two times higher among those who never wore masks (OR= 2.22; 95% CI: 1.08-4.57) and among those who believed that they could be easily cured of the disease (OR= 2.05; 95% CI: 1.05-4.01). CONCLUSIONS The high seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among gender and sexual minority youth seems to be informed by behaviors and attitudes that contrast with public health measures and the potential severity of the disease when vaccination was still not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina C. Santos
- grid.8399.b0000 0004 0372 8259Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Fernanda W. de M. Lima
- grid.8399.b0000 0004 0372 8259Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Laio Magno
- grid.442053.40000 0001 0420 1676Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil ,grid.8399.b0000 0004 0372 8259Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Fabiane Soares
- grid.8399.b0000 0004 0372 8259Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Dulce Ferraz
- grid.418068.30000 0001 0723 0931Escola FIOCRUZ de Governo, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Brasília, Brazil ,Pole of Social Psychology, UMR 1296 Radiations: Défense, Santé, Environnement, Université Lyon 2, Lyon, France ,grid.9851.50000 0001 2165 4204PHASE (Psychology of Health, Aging and Sport Examination), Faculty of Social and Political Science, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Grangeiro
- grid.11899.380000 0004 1937 0722Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eliana Miura Zucchi
- grid.412267.40000 0000 9074 7896Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Católica de Santos, Santos, Brazil
| | - Marie Préau
- Pole of Social Psychology, UMR 1296 Radiations: Défense, Santé, Environnement, Université Lyon 2, Lyon, France ,grid.9851.50000 0001 2165 4204Institut de Psychologie, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Xavier Mabire
- Pole of Social Psychology, UMR 1296 Radiations: Défense, Santé, Environnement, Université Lyon 2, Lyon, France ,grid.9851.50000 0001 2165 4204PHASE (Psychology of Health, Aging and Sport Examination), Faculty of Social and Political Science, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Helen R. S. S. Matos
- grid.8399.b0000 0004 0372 8259Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Inês Dourado
- grid.8399.b0000 0004 0372 8259Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
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