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Gaultier GN, McMillan B, Poloni C, Lo M, Cai B, Zheng JJ, Baer HM, Shulha HP, Simmons K, Márquez AC, Bartlett SR, Cook L, Levings MK, Steiner T, Sekirov I, Zlosnik JEA, Morshed M, Skowronski DM, Krajden M, Jassem AN, Sadarangani M. Adaptive immune responses to two-dose COVID-19 vaccine series in healthy Canadian adults ≥ 50 years: a prospective, observational cohort study. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8926. [PMID: 38637558 PMCID: PMC11026432 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59535-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
To evaluate immune responses to COVID-19 vaccines in adults aged 50 years and older, spike protein (S)-specific antibody concentration, avidity, and function (via angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) inhibition surrogate neutralization and antibody dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP)), as well as S-specific T cells were quantified via activation induced marker (AIM) assay in response to two-dose series. Eighty-four adults were vaccinated with either: mRNA/mRNA (mRNA-1273 and/or BNT162b2); ChAdOx1-S/mRNA; or ChAdOx1-S/ChAdOx1-S. Anti-S IgG concentrations, ADCP scores and ACE2 inhibiting antibody concentrations were highest at one-month post-second dose and declined by four-months post-second dose for all groups. mRNA/mRNA and ChAdOx1-S/mRNA schedules had significantly higher antibody responses than ChAdOx1-S/ChAdOx1-S. CD8+ T-cell responses one-month post-second dose were associated with increased ACE2 surrogate neutralization. Antibody avidity (total relative avidity index) did not change between one-month and four-months post-second dose and did not significantly differ between groups by four-months post-second dose. In determining COVID-19 correlates of protection, a measure that considers both antibody concentration and avidity should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle N Gaultier
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, 950 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.
- Vaccine Evaluation Center, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Brynn McMillan
- Vaccine Evaluation Center, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Experimental Medicine Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Chad Poloni
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mandy Lo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, 950 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
- Vaccine Evaluation Center, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Bing Cai
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, 950 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
- Vaccine Evaluation Center, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jean J Zheng
- Vaccine Evaluation Center, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hannah M Baer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Institute of Infection, Inflammation & Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Hennady P Shulha
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, 950 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
- Vaccine Evaluation Center, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Karen Simmons
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, 950 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
- Vaccine Evaluation Center, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Sofia R Bartlett
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Laura Cook
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Megan K Levings
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Theodore Steiner
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Inna Sekirov
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Muhammad Morshed
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Danuta M Skowronski
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mel Krajden
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Agatha N Jassem
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Manish Sadarangani
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, 950 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
- Vaccine Evaluation Center, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Muller MP, Navarro C, Wilson SE, Shulha HP, Naus M, Lim G, Padhi S, McGeer A, Finkelstein M, Liddy A, Bettinger JA. Prospective monitoring of adverse events following vaccination with Modified vaccinia Ankara - Bavarian Nordic (MVA-BN) administered to a Canadian population at risk of Mpox: A Canadian Immunization Research Network study. Vaccine 2024; 42:535-540. [PMID: 38199921 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.12.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
MVA-BN is an orthopoxvirus vaccine that provides protection against both smallpox and mpox. In June 2022, Canada launched a publicly-funded vaccination campaign to offer MVA-BN to at-risk populations including men who have sex with men (MSM) and sex workers. The safety of MVA-BN has not been assessed in this context. To address this, the Canadian National Vaccine Safety Network (CANVAS) conducted prospective safety surveillance during public health vaccination campaigns in Toronto, Ontario and in Vancouver, British Columbia. Vaccinated participants received a survey 7 and 30 days after each MVA-BN dose to elicit adverse health events. Unvaccinated individuals from a concurrent vaccine safety project evaluating COVID-19 vaccine safety were used as controls. Vaccinated and unvaccinated participants that reported a medically attended visit on their 7-day survey were interviewed. Vaccinated participants and unvaccinated controls were matched 1:1 based on age group, gender, sex and provincial study site. Overall, 1,173 vaccinated participants completed a 7-day survey, of whom 75 % (n = 878) also completed a 30-day survey. Mild to moderate injection site pain was reported by 60 % of vaccinated participants. Among vaccinated participants 8.4 % were HIV positive and when compared to HIV negative vaccinated individuals, local injection sites were less frequent in those with HIV (48 % vs 61 %, p = 0.021), but health events preventing work/school or requiring medical assessment were more frequent (7.1 % vs 3.1 %, p = 0.040). Health events interfering with work/school, or requiring medical assessment were less common in the vaccinated group than controls (3.3 % vs. 7.1 %, p < 0.010). No participants were hospitalized within 7 or 30 days of vaccination. No cases of severe neurological disease, skin disease, or myocarditis were identified. Our results demonstrate that the MVA-BN vaccine appears safe when used for mpox prevention, with a low frequency of severe adverse events and no hospitalizations observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Muller
- Canadian National Vaccine Safety Network (CANVAS); Department of Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada.
| | - C Navarro
- Public Health Ontario, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - H P Shulha
- Canadian National Vaccine Safety Network (CANVAS)
| | - M Naus
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, British Columbia, Canada
| | - G Lim
- Public Health Ontario, Ontario, Canada
| | - S Padhi
- Toronto Public Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - A McGeer
- Canadian National Vaccine Safety Network (CANVAS); Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sinai Health Systems, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - A Liddy
- Toronto Public Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - J A Bettinger
- Canadian National Vaccine Safety Network (CANVAS); Vaccine Evaluation Center, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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3
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Silverberg SL, Shulha HP, McMillan B, He G, Lee A, Márquez AC, Bartlett SR, Gill V, Abu-Raya B, Bettinger JA, Cabrera A, Coombs D, Gantt S, Goldfarb DM, Sauvé L, Krajden M, Morshed M, Sekirov I, Jassem AN, Sadarangani M. Factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection in unvaccinated children and young adults. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:91. [PMID: 38225625 PMCID: PMC10790408 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08950-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Pediatric COVID-19 cases are often mild or asymptomatic, which has complicated estimations of disease burden using existing testing practices. We aimed to determine the age-specific population seropositivity and risk factors of SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity among children and young adults during the pandemic in British Columbia (BC). METHODS We conducted two cross-sectional serosurveys: phase 1 enrolled children and adults < 25 years between November 2020-May 2021 and phase 2 enrolled children < 10 years between June 2021-May 2022 in BC. Participants completed electronic surveys and self-collected finger-prick dried blood spot (DBS) samples. Samples were tested for immunoglobulin G antibodies against ancestral spike protein (S). Descriptive statistics from survey data were reported and two multivariable analyses were conducted to evaluate factors associated with seropositivity. RESULTS A total of 2864 participants were enrolled, of which 95/2167 (4.4%) participants were S-seropositive in phase 1 across all ages, and 61/697 (8.8%) unvaccinated children aged under ten years were S-seropositive in phase 2. Overall, South Asian participants had a higher seropositivity than other ethnicities (13.5% vs. 5.2%). Of 156 seropositive participants in both phases, 120 had no prior positive SARS-CoV-2 test. Young infants and young adults had the highest reported seropositivity rates (7.0% and 7.2% respectively vs. 3.0-5.6% across other age groups). CONCLUSIONS SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity among unvaccinated children and young adults was low in May 2022, and South Asians were disproportionately infected. This work demonstrates the need for improved diagnostics and reporting strategies that account for age-specific differences in pandemic dynamics and acceptability of testing mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Silverberg
- Vaccine Evaluation Center, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, 950 West 28th Ave Vancouver, V5Z 4H4, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hennady P Shulha
- Vaccine Evaluation Center, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, 950 West 28th Ave Vancouver, V5Z 4H4, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Brynn McMillan
- Vaccine Evaluation Center, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, 950 West 28th Ave Vancouver, V5Z 4H4, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Experimental Medicine Program, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Guanyuhui He
- Vaccine Evaluation Center, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, 950 West 28th Ave Vancouver, V5Z 4H4, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Amy Lee
- Vaccine Evaluation Center, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, 950 West 28th Ave Vancouver, V5Z 4H4, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ana Citlali Márquez
- Public Health Laboratory, BC Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sofia R Bartlett
- Public Health Laboratory, BC Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Vivek Gill
- Vaccine Evaluation Center, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, 950 West 28th Ave Vancouver, V5Z 4H4, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Bahaa Abu-Raya
- Vaccine Evaluation Center, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, 950 West 28th Ave Vancouver, V5Z 4H4, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Julie A Bettinger
- Vaccine Evaluation Center, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, 950 West 28th Ave Vancouver, V5Z 4H4, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Adriana Cabrera
- Vaccine Evaluation Center, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, 950 West 28th Ave Vancouver, V5Z 4H4, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Daniel Coombs
- Department of Mathematics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Soren Gantt
- Vaccine Evaluation Center, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, 950 West 28th Ave Vancouver, V5Z 4H4, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - David M Goldfarb
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Laura Sauvé
- Vaccine Evaluation Center, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, 950 West 28th Ave Vancouver, V5Z 4H4, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mel Krajden
- Public Health Laboratory, BC Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Muhammad Morshed
- Public Health Laboratory, BC Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Inna Sekirov
- Public Health Laboratory, BC Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Agatha N Jassem
- Public Health Laboratory, BC Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Manish Sadarangani
- Vaccine Evaluation Center, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, 950 West 28th Ave Vancouver, V5Z 4H4, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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4
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Le Saux N, Bettinger J, Shulha HP, Sadarangani M, Coyle D, Booth TF, Jadavji T, Halperin SA. The success of publicly funded rotavirus vaccine programs for preventing community- and hospital-acquired rotavirus infections in Canadian pediatric hospitals: an observational study. CMAJ Open 2023; 11:E1156-E1163. [PMID: 38114258 PMCID: PMC10743644 DOI: 10.9778/cmajo.20220245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canadian immunization programs for rotavirus started in 2011. We sought to determine their effect on the burden of community-acquired admissions and hospital-acquired rotavirus at pediatric hospitals. METHODS The Canadian Immunization Monitoring Program Active (IMPACT) network conducted active surveillance for rotavirus-positive hospital admissions between 2005 and 2020 at 12 pediatric hospitals. We used yearly rates of community-acquired rotavirus per 10 000 admissions and hospital-acquired rotavirus infections per 1000 patient-days to determine changes in the pre- and post-vaccine program periods. RESULTS During the 15-year study period, 5691 rotavirus hospital admissions and hospital-acquired infections were detected, including 4323 (76%) community-acquired infections and 1368 (24%) hospital-acquired infections. The average community-acquired rate in the pre-vaccine period was 60.3 (95% confidence interval [CI] 53.7-68.3) per 10 000 admissions, with a decline to 11.0 (95% CI 7.5-15.1) per 10 000 admissions in the post-vaccine period, resulting in an average reduction of 81.7% (95% CI 74.4%-87.8%). The rate of hospital-acquired rotavirus declined from 0.35 (95% CI 0.29-0.41) per 1000 patient-days in the pre-vaccine period to 0.05 (95% CI 0.03-0.07) per 1000 patient-days in the post-vaccine period, resulting in an 85.3% (95% CI 77.7%-91.9%) average decline. Herd protection was present among children aged 2-16 years. INTERPRETATION Although start dates of rotavirus vaccine programs across provinces varied, there was around an 80% average decrease in both community-acquired and hospital-acquired rotavirus infections at pediatric hospitals in Canada in the 1- to 9-year interval after implementation of rotavirus vaccine programs. Herd protection is an important aspect of rotavirus vaccines for other children who are not vaccine eligible, and rotavirus vaccines continue to provide important benefits both for children and health care systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Le Saux
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO) (Le Saux), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Vaccine Evaluation Center, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute (Bettinger, Shulha, Sadarangani), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Coyle), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Viral Diseases Division, National Microbiology Laboratory (Booth), Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Man.; Alberta Children's Hospital (Jadavji), University of Calgary, Alta.; Dalhousie University and Canadian Center for Vaccinology (Halperin), IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS
| | - Julie Bettinger
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO) (Le Saux), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Vaccine Evaluation Center, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute (Bettinger, Shulha, Sadarangani), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Coyle), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Viral Diseases Division, National Microbiology Laboratory (Booth), Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Man.; Alberta Children's Hospital (Jadavji), University of Calgary, Alta.; Dalhousie University and Canadian Center for Vaccinology (Halperin), IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS
| | - Hennady P Shulha
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO) (Le Saux), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Vaccine Evaluation Center, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute (Bettinger, Shulha, Sadarangani), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Coyle), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Viral Diseases Division, National Microbiology Laboratory (Booth), Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Man.; Alberta Children's Hospital (Jadavji), University of Calgary, Alta.; Dalhousie University and Canadian Center for Vaccinology (Halperin), IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS
| | - Manish Sadarangani
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO) (Le Saux), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Vaccine Evaluation Center, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute (Bettinger, Shulha, Sadarangani), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Coyle), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Viral Diseases Division, National Microbiology Laboratory (Booth), Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Man.; Alberta Children's Hospital (Jadavji), University of Calgary, Alta.; Dalhousie University and Canadian Center for Vaccinology (Halperin), IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS
| | - Doug Coyle
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO) (Le Saux), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Vaccine Evaluation Center, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute (Bettinger, Shulha, Sadarangani), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Coyle), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Viral Diseases Division, National Microbiology Laboratory (Booth), Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Man.; Alberta Children's Hospital (Jadavji), University of Calgary, Alta.; Dalhousie University and Canadian Center for Vaccinology (Halperin), IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS
| | - Timothy F Booth
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO) (Le Saux), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Vaccine Evaluation Center, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute (Bettinger, Shulha, Sadarangani), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Coyle), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Viral Diseases Division, National Microbiology Laboratory (Booth), Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Man.; Alberta Children's Hospital (Jadavji), University of Calgary, Alta.; Dalhousie University and Canadian Center for Vaccinology (Halperin), IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS
| | - Taj Jadavji
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO) (Le Saux), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Vaccine Evaluation Center, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute (Bettinger, Shulha, Sadarangani), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Coyle), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Viral Diseases Division, National Microbiology Laboratory (Booth), Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Man.; Alberta Children's Hospital (Jadavji), University of Calgary, Alta.; Dalhousie University and Canadian Center for Vaccinology (Halperin), IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS
| | - Scott A Halperin
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO) (Le Saux), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Vaccine Evaluation Center, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute (Bettinger, Shulha, Sadarangani), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Coyle), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Viral Diseases Division, National Microbiology Laboratory (Booth), Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Man.; Alberta Children's Hospital (Jadavji), University of Calgary, Alta.; Dalhousie University and Canadian Center for Vaccinology (Halperin), IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS
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5
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Bettinger JA, Irvine MA, Shulha HP, Valiquette L, Muller MP, Vanderkooi OG, Kellner JD, Top KA, Sadarangani M, McGeer A, Isenor JE, Marty K, Soe P, De Serres G. Adverse Events Following Immunization With mRNA and Viral Vector Vaccines in Individuals With Previous Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection From the Canadian National Vaccine Safety Network. Clin Infect Dis 2023; 76:1088-1102. [PMID: 36310514 PMCID: PMC9620384 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciac852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adults previously infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) develop short-term immunity and may have increased reactogenicity to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines. This prospective, multicenter, active-surveillance cohort study examined the short-term safety of COVID-19 vaccines in adults with a prior history of SARS-CoV-2. METHODS Canadian adults vaccinated between 22 December 2020 and 27 November 2021 were sent an electronic questionnaire 7 days post-dose 1, dose 2, and dose 3 vaccination. The main outcome was health events occurring in the first 7 days after each vaccination that prevented daily activities, resulted in work absenteeism, or required a medical consultation, including hospitalization. RESULTS Among 684 998 vaccinated individuals, 2.6% (18 127/684 998) reported a prior history of SARS-CoV-2 infection a median of 4 (interquartile range: 2-6) months previously. After dose 1, individuals with moderate (bedridden) to severe (hospitalized) COVID-19 who received BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, or ChAdox1-S vaccines had higher odds of a health event preventing daily activities, resulting in work absenteeism or requiring medical consultation (adjusted odds ratio [95% confidence interval]: 3.96 [3.67-4.28] for BNT162b2, 5.01 [4.57-5.50] for mRNA-1273, and 1.84 [1.54-2.20] for ChAdox1-S compared with no infection). Following dose 2 and 3, the greater risk associated with previous infection was also present but was attenuated compared with dose 1. For all doses, the association was lower or absent after mild or asymptomatic infection. CONCLUSIONS Adults with moderate or severe previous SARS-CoV-2 infection were more likely to have a health event sufficient to impact routine activities or require medical assessment in the week following each vaccine dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Bettinger
- Vaccine Evaluation Center, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Hennady P Shulha
- Vaccine Evaluation Center, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Louis Valiquette
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | | | - Otto G Vanderkooi
- Department of Pediatrics and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - James D Kellner
- Department of Pediatrics and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Karina A Top
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, IWK Health and Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Manish Sadarangani
- Vaccine Evaluation Center, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Allison McGeer
- Sinai Health System and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jennifer E Isenor
- College of Pharmacy and Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Kimberly Marty
- Vaccine Evaluation Center, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Phyumar Soe
- Vaccine Evaluation Center, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Gaston De Serres
- CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
- Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, Quebec City, Canada
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6
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Silverberg SL, Zhang BY, Li SNJ, Burgert C, Shulha HP, Kitchin V, Sauvé L, Sadarangani M. Child transmission of SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pediatr 2022; 22:172. [PMID: 35365104 PMCID: PMC8975734 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-022-03175-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding of the role of children in COVID-19 transmission has significant implications for school and childcare policies, as well as appropriate targeting of vaccine campaigns. The objective of this systematic review was to identify the role of children in SARS-CoV-2 transmission to other children and adults. Methods MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Web of Science were electronically searched for articles published before March 31, 2021. Studies of child-to-child and child-to-adult transmission and quantified the incidence of index and resulting secondary attack rates of children and adults in schools, households, and other congregate pediatric settings were identified. All articles describing confirmed transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from a child were included. PRISMA guidelines for data abstraction were followed, with each step conducted by two reviewers. Results 40 of 6110 articles identified met inclusion criteria. Overall, there were 0.8 secondary cases per primary index case, with a secondary attack rate of 8.4% among known contacts. The secondary attack rate was 26.4% among adult contacts versus 5.7% amongst child contacts. The pooled estimate of a contact of a pediatric index case being infected as secondary case was 0.10 (95% CI 0.03-0.25). Conclusions Children transmit COVID-19 at a lower rate to children than to adults. Household adults are at highest risk of transmission from an infected child, more so than adults or children in other settings. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12887-022-03175-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Silverberg
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, 4500 Oak Street, V6H 3N1, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Bei Yuan Zhang
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Conrad Burgert
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Hennady P Shulha
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, 4500 Oak Street, V6H 3N1, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Vaccine Evaluation Center, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada.,BC Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Laura Sauvé
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, 4500 Oak Street, V6H 3N1, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Vaccine Evaluation Center, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Manish Sadarangani
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, 4500 Oak Street, V6H 3N1, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Vaccine Evaluation Center, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
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7
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Puyat JH, Shulha HP, Balshaw R, Campbell JR, Law S, Menzies R, Johnston JC. How Well Does TSTin3D Predict Risk of Active Tuberculosis in the Canadian Immigrant Population? An External Validation Study. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 73:e3486-e3495. [PMID: 32556316 PMCID: PMC8631069 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The online Tuberculin Skin Test/Interferon Gamma Release Assay (TST/IGRA) Interpreter V3.0 (TSTin3D), a tool for estimating the risk of active tuberculosis (TB) in individuals with latent TB infection (LTBI), has been in use for more than a decade, but its predictive performance has never been evaluated. METHODS People with a positive TST or IGRA result from 1985 to 2015 were identified using a health data linkage that involved migrants to British Columbia, Canada. Comorbid conditions at the time of LTBI testing were identified from physician claims, hospitalizations, vital statistics, outpatient prescriptions, and kidney and HIV databases. The risk of developing active TB within 2 and 5 years was estimated using TSTin3D. The discrimination and calibration of these estimates were evaluated. RESULTS A total of 37 163 individuals met study inclusion criteria; 10.4% were tested by IGRA. Generally, the TSTin3D algorithm assigned higher risks to demographic and clinical groups known to have higher active TB risks. Concordance estimates ranged from 0.66 to 0.68 in 2- and 5-year time frames. Comparing predicted to observed counts suggests that TSTin3D overestimates active TB risks and that overestimation increases over time (with relative bias of 3% and 12% in 2- and 5-year periods, respectively). Calibration plots also suggest that overestimation increases toward the upper end of the risk spectrum. CONCLUSIONS TSTin3D can discriminate adequately between people who developed and did not develop active TB in this linked database of migrants with predominately positive skin tests. Further work is needed to improve TSTin3D's calibration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph H Puyat
- School of Population and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University
of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hennady P Shulha
- BC Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British
Columbia, Canada
| | - Robert Balshaw
- George & Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation,
Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Jonathon R Campbell
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health,
Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stephanie Law
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical
School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Richard Menzies
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill
University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - James C Johnston
- School of Population and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University
of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- BC Centre for Disease Control and Division of Respiratory Medicine,
Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver,
British Columbia, Canada
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8
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Yan M, Puyat JH, Shulha HP, Clark EG, Levin A, Johnston JC. Risk of tuberculosis associated with chronic kidney disease: a population-based analysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2021; 37:197-198. [PMID: 34260735 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfab222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Yan
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Joseph H Puyat
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Edward G Clark
- Division of Nephrology, The Ottawa Hospital and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Adeera Levin
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Division of Nephrology, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
| | - James C Johnston
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, Canada.,Division of Respiratory Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
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9
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Kumar DS, Ronald LA, Romanowski K, Rose C, Shulha HP, Cook VJ, Johnston JC. Risk of active tuberculosis in migrants diagnosed with cancer: a retrospective cohort study in British Columbia, Canada. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e037827. [PMID: 33653739 PMCID: PMC7929860 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-037827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the association between types of cancer and active tuberculosis (TB) risk in migrants. Additionally, in order to better inform latent TB infection (LTBI) screening protocols, we assessed proportion of active TB cases potentially preventable through LTBI screening and treatment in migrants with cancer. DESIGN Population-based, retrospective cohort study. SETTING British Columbia (BC), Canada. PARTICIPANTS 1 000 764 individuals who immigrated to Canada from 1985 to 2012 and established residency in BC at any point up to 2015. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES Using linked health administrative databases and disease registries, data on demographics, comorbidities, cancer type, TB exposure and active TB diagnosis were extracted. Primary outcomes included: time to first active TB diagnoses, and risks of active TB following cancer diagnoses which were estimated using Cox extended hazard regression models. Potentially preventable TB was defined as active TB diagnosed >6 months postcancer diagnoses. RESULTS Active TB risk was increased in migrants with cancer ((HR (95% CI)) 2.5 (2.0 to 3.1)), after adjustment for age, sex, TB incidence in country of origin, immigration classification, contact status and comorbidities. Highest risk was observed with lung cancer (HR 11.2 (7.4 to 16.9)) and sarcoma (HR 8.1 (3.3 to 19.5)), followed by leukaemia (HR 5.6 (3.1 to 10.2)), lymphoma (HR 4.9 (2.7 to 8.7)) and gastrointestinal cancers (HR 2.7 (1.7 to 4.4)). The majority (65.9%) of active TB cases were diagnosed >6 months postcancer diagnosis. CONCLUSION Specific cancers increase active TB risk to varying degrees in the migrant population of BC, with approximately two-thirds of active TB cases identified as potentially preventable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divjot S Kumar
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lisa A Ronald
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kamila Romanowski
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Caren Rose
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hennady P Shulha
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Victoria J Cook
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - James C Johnston
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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10
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Parmar GS, Hayashi K, Nolan S, Milloy MJ, DeBeck K, Shulha HP, Kerr T, Ti L. Non-medical prescription opioid use and in-hospital illicit drug use among people who use drugs. Drug Alcohol Rev 2021; 40:959-963. [PMID: 33543535 DOI: 10.1111/dar.13246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Illicit drug use while admitted to hospital is common amongst people who use drugs. Furthermore, non-medical prescription opioid use (NMPOU) is increasingly being used by this population. This study was undertaken to investigate the relationship between NMPOU and having ever reported using illicit drugs in the hospital. METHODS This study was a cross-sectional study design based on data derived from participants enrolled in three Canadian prospective cohort studies between December 2011 and November 2016. Using bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses, we examined the relationship between NMPOU and having ever reported illicit drug use in the hospital. RESULTS Among the 1865 participants (951 male, 471 female) enrolled in the studies, 1422 (76.25%) met the inclusion criteria of having ever been hospitalised. Of these, 436 (30.7%) had used illicit drugs while in the hospital. In multivariable analyses, after adjusting for various confounders, we found a positive relationship between the percentage of reporting at least daily NMPOU in the past 6 months during the cohort study period and illicit drug use in the hospital (adjusted odds ratio 3.42; 95% confidence interval 1.46-8.02). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Among our sample, more persistent NMPOU was positively associated with having reported in-hospital illicit drug use. Our findings point to the need for better identification and management of opioid use disorder in acute care settings to reduce in-hospital illicit drug use, and to offer evidence-based medical treatments to achieve the most optimal outcomes for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kanna Hayashi
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, Canada.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
| | - Seonaid Nolan
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
| | - M-J Milloy
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Kora DeBeck
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, Canada.,School of Public Policy, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Thomas Kerr
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Lianping Ti
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
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11
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Ng M, Hayashi K, Voon P, Shulha HP, DeBeck K, Milloy MJ, Ti L. Characterising the association between positive hepatitis C virus antibody and pain among people who inject drugs. Drug Alcohol Rev 2019; 38:639-643. [PMID: 31418953 DOI: 10.1111/dar.12969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND AIMS People who inject drugs (PWID) are a key group within the hepatitis C virus (HCV) pandemic. Chronic pain is a common condition among PWID as these individuals are often exposed to soft tissue infections due to injections and violence. This study aims to characterise the relationship between HCV exposure and pain among PWID. DESIGN AND METHODS Data were derived from three prospective cohorts of PWID in Vancouver, Canada, between December 2011 and November 2016. The primary outcome was pain severity, which was defined based on the Euroqol EQ-5D-3L pain subscale. A bivariable and multivariable ordinal generalised estimating equations model was used to quantify the association between HCV exposure and pain among participants. RESULTS One thousand and twelve of 2038 participants (50%) reported moderate/extreme pain at baseline. In total, 1473 (72%) participants were HCV-antibody positive. In unadjusted analyses, HCV exposure was positively associated with increased pain [odds ratio (OR) = 1.47; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.20-1.81]. However, once adjusted for known confounders in multivariable analyses, HCV exposure did not remain significantly associated with increased pain (adjusted OR = 1.00; 95%CI: 0.78-1.28). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS In this sample of PWID, HCV exposure was not significantly associated with pain once other factors were considered. These various factors may explain the elevated risk of pain among PWID and should be addressed in future initiatives when managing pain among PWID with HCV exposure. Future studies should also examine whether pain changes with changes in HCV status (i.e. active vs. cleared infection).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Ng
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Kanna Hayashi
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
| | - Pauline Voon
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Hennady P Shulha
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Kora DeBeck
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada.,School of Public Policy, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, Canada
| | - M-J Milloy
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada.,British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Lianping Ti
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada.,British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
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12
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Healy S, Ennishi D, Bashashati A, Saberi S, Hother C, Mottok A, Chan FC, Chong L, Kridel R, Boyle M, Meissner B, Aoki T, Takata K, Woolcock BW, Vigano E, Abraham L, Gold M, Telenius A, Farinha P, Slack G, Ben-Neriah S, Lai D, Zhang AW, Salehi S, Shulha HP, Chiu DS, Mostafavi S, Gerrie AS, Villa D, Sehn LH, Savage KJJ, Mungall AJJ, Weng AP, Bally M, Morin RD, Freue GVC, Connors JM, Marra MA, Shah SP, Gascoyne1 RD, Scott DW, Steidl C, Steidl U. Abstract 3480: TMEM30A loss-of-function mutations drive lymphomagenesis and confer therapeutically exploitable vulnerability in B-cell lymphoma. Cancer Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2019-3480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common lymphoma subtype worldwide, accounting for 40% of all non-Hodgkin lymphomas. DLBCL presents as an aggressive disease requiring immediate treatment. Although significant improvement in outcome has been achieved, ~40% of patients still experience treatment failure. Here, we characterized the recurrent genetic alterations and transcriptomic signatures in diagnostic biopsies from a population registry-based cohort of 347 patients with de novo DLBCL uniformly treated with R-CHOP. This analysis revealed bi-allelic loss of function mutations of TMEM30A that were associated with favorable treatment outcome. TMEM30A is a chaperone protein, involved in maintaining the asymmetric distribution of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine, an integral component of the plasma membrane and “eat-me” signal recognized by macrophages. Using TMEM30A knockout systems by CRISPR genome editing techniques, we have functionally characterized this loss-of-function mutation in representative human and mouse DLBCL cell line models. We have discovered that TMEM30A loss is associated with increased B-cell signaling following antigen stimulation, including a two-fold increase in the diffusion rate of B-cell receptor (BCR) clustering, using high resolution Single Particle Tracking (SPT) technology. In addition, we have measured three-fold increase in chemotherapeutic drug accumulation in both knockout cell lines and randomly selected patient biopsies with TMEM30A biallelic loss. This observation was validated in a xenograft mouse model, which presented improved survival and limited tumor growth following vincristine treatment in mice injected with TMEM30A null DLBCL cell lines compared with native cell lines. This phenotype explains the improved prognosis observed in DLBCL patients following R-CHOP treatment. Furthermore, we have observed over two fold higher numbers of tumor-associated macrophages in B-cell lymphoma syngeneic mouse models with Tmem30a loss-of-function, prior to any form of treatment, suggesting the existence of “hot” and primed tumors. Our data highlight a multi-faceted role for TMEM30A and plasma membrane physiology in B-cell lymphomagenesis, and characterize intrinsic and extrinsic vulnerabilities of cancer cells that can be therapeutically exploited. Characterization of these mechanisms will address a missing link in the cancer field as related insights in lymphoma will outline therapeutic approaches that can be extended to cancer therapy in general.
Citation Format: Shannon Healy, Daisuke Ennishi, Ali Bashashati, Saeed Saberi, Christoffer Hother, Anja Mottok, Fong Chun Chan, Lauren Chong, Robert Kridel, Merrill Boyle, Barbara Meissner, Tomohiro Aoki, Katsuyoshi Takata, Bruce W. Woolcock, Elena Vigano, Libin Abraham, Michael Gold, Adele Telenius, Pedro Farinha, Graham Slack, Susana Ben-Neriah, Daniel Lai, Allen W. Zhang, Sohrab Salehi, Hennady P. Shulha, Derek S. Chiu, Sara Mostafavi, Alina S. Gerrie, Diego Villa, Laurie H. Sehn, Kerry J. J. Savage, Andrew J. J. Mungall, Andrew P. Weng, Marcel Bally, Ryan D. Morin, Gabriela V. Cohen Freue, Joseph M. Connors, Marco A. Marra, Sohrab P. Shah, Randy D. Gascoyne1, David W. Scott, Christian Steidl, Ulrich Steidl. TMEM30A loss-of-function mutations drive lymphomagenesis and confer therapeutically exploitable vulnerability in B-cell lymphoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3480.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Healy
- 1BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | - Saeed Saberi
- 1BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Anja Mottok
- 1BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Fong Chun Chan
- 2University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lauren Chong
- 1BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Robert Kridel
- 3University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Merrill Boyle
- 1BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Tomohiro Aoki
- 1BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | - Elena Vigano
- 1BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Libin Abraham
- 2University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael Gold
- 2University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Pedro Farinha
- 1BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Graham Slack
- 1BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Daniel Lai
- 1BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Sohrab Salehi
- 1BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Derek S. Chiu
- 2University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sara Mostafavi
- 2University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Diego Villa
- 1BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Marcel Bally
- 1BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ryan D. Morin
- 4Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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13
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Socías ME, Wood E, Lake S, Nolan S, Fairbairn N, Hayashi K, Shulha HP, Liu S, Kerr T, Milloy MJ. High-intensity cannabis use is associated with retention in opioid agonist treatment: a longitudinal analysis. Addiction 2018; 113:2250-2258. [PMID: 30238568 PMCID: PMC6226334 DOI: 10.1111/add.14398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Cannabis use is common among people on opioid agonist treatment (OAT), causing concern for some care providers. However, there is limited and conflicting evidence on the impact of cannabis use on OAT outcomes. Given the critical role of retention in OAT in reducing opioid-related morbidity and mortality, we aimed to estimate the association of at least daily cannabis use on the likelihood of retention in treatment among people initiating OAT. As a secondary aim we tested the impacts of less frequent cannabis use. DESIGN Data were drawn from two community-recruited prospective cohorts of people who use illicit drugs (PWUD). Participants were followed for a median of 81 months (interquartile range = 37-130). SETTING Vancouver, Canada. PARTICIPANTS This study comprised a total of 820 PWUD (57.8% men, 59.4% of Caucasian ethnicity, 32.2% HIV-positive) initiating OAT between December 1996 and May 2016. The proportion of women was higher among HIV-negative participants, with no other significant differences. MEASUREMENTS The primary outcome was retention in OAT, defined as remaining in OAT (methadone or buprenorphine/naloxone-based) for two consecutive 6-month follow-up periods. The primary explanatory variable was cannabis use (at least daily versus less than daily) during the same 6-month period. Confounders assessed included: socio-demographic characteristics, substance use patterns and social-structural exposures. FINDINGS In adjusted analysis, at least daily cannabis use was positively associated with retention in OAT [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.21, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.04-1.41]. Our secondary analysis showed that compared with non-cannabis users, at least daily users had increased odds of retention in OAT (aOR = 1.20, 95% CI = 1.02-1.43), but not less than daily users (aOR = 1.00, 95% CI = 0.87-1.14). CONCLUSIONS Among people who use illicit drugs initiating opioid agonist treatment in Vancouver, at least daily cannabis use was associated with approximately 21% greater odds of retention in treatment compared with less than daily consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Eugenia Socías
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, 400-1045 Howe Street, Vancouver, BC, CANADA, V6Z 2A9
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 608-1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, CANADA, V6Z 1Y6
| | - Evan Wood
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, 400-1045 Howe Street, Vancouver, BC, CANADA, V6Z 2A9
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 608-1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, CANADA, V6Z 1Y6
| | - Stephanie Lake
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, 400-1045 Howe Street, Vancouver, BC, CANADA, V6Z 2A9
| | - Seonaid Nolan
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, 400-1045 Howe Street, Vancouver, BC, CANADA, V6Z 2A9
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 608-1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, CANADA, V6Z 1Y6
| | - Nadia Fairbairn
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, 400-1045 Howe Street, Vancouver, BC, CANADA, V6Z 2A9
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 608-1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, CANADA, V6Z 1Y6
| | - Kanna Hayashi
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, 400-1045 Howe Street, Vancouver, BC, CANADA, V6Z 2A9
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Blusson Hall, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, CANADA, V5A 1S6
| | - Hennady P Shulha
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, 400-1045 Howe Street, Vancouver, BC, CANADA, V6Z 2A9
| | - Seagle Liu
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, 400-1045 Howe Street, Vancouver, BC, CANADA, V6Z 2A9
| | - Thomas Kerr
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, 400-1045 Howe Street, Vancouver, BC, CANADA, V6Z 2A9
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 608-1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, CANADA, V6Z 1Y6
| | - M-J Milloy
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, 400-1045 Howe Street, Vancouver, BC, CANADA, V6Z 2A9
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 608-1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, CANADA, V6Z 1Y6
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14
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Chen W, Moore J, Ozadam H, Shulha HP, Rhind N, Weng Z, Moore MJ. Transcriptome-wide Interrogation of the Functional Intronome by Spliceosome Profiling. Cell 2018; 173:1031-1044.e13. [PMID: 29727662 PMCID: PMC6090549 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Full understanding of eukaryotic transcriptomes and how they respond to different conditions requires deep knowledge of all sites of intron excision. Although RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) provides much of this information, the low abundance of many spliced transcripts (often due to their rapid cytoplasmic decay) limits the ability of RNA-seq alone to reveal the full repertoire of spliced species. Here, we present "spliceosome profiling," a strategy based on deep sequencing of RNAs co-purifying with late-stage spliceosomes. Spliceosome profiling allows for unambiguous mapping of intron ends to single-nucleotide resolution and branchpoint identification at unprecedented depths. Our data reveal hundreds of new introns in S. pombe and numerous others that were previously misannotated. By providing a means to directly interrogate sites of spliceosome assembly and catalysis genome-wide, spliceosome profiling promises to transform our understanding of RNA processing in the nucleus, much as ribosome profiling has transformed our understanding mRNA translation in the cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Chen
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Jill Moore
- Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Hakan Ozadam
- Program in Systems Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Hennady P Shulha
- Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Nicholas Rhind
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Zhiping Weng
- Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Melissa J Moore
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
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15
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Hung SS, Meissner B, Chavez EA, Ben-Neriah S, Ennishi D, Jones MR, Shulha HP, Chan FC, Boyle M, Kridel R, Gascoyne RD, Mungall AJ, Marra MA, Scott DW, Connors JM, Steidl C. Assessment of Capture and Amplicon-Based Approaches for the Development of a Targeted Next-Generation Sequencing Pipeline to Personalize Lymphoma Management. J Mol Diagn 2018; 20:203-214. [PMID: 29429887 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeted next-generation sequencing panels are increasingly used to assess the value of gene mutations for clinical diagnostic purposes. For assay development, amplicon-based methods have been preferentially used on the basis of short preparation time and small DNA input amounts. However, capture sequencing has emerged as an alternative approach because of high testing accuracy. We compared capture hybridization and amplicon sequencing approaches using fresh-frozen and formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor samples from eight lymphoma patients. Next, we developed a targeted sequencing pipeline using a 32-gene panel for accurate detection of actionable mutations in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor samples of the most common lymphocytic malignancies: chronic lymphocytic leukemia, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and follicular lymphoma. We show that hybrid capture is superior to amplicon sequencing by providing deep more uniform coverage and yielding higher sensitivity for variant calling. Sanger sequencing of 588 variants identified specificity limits of thresholds for mutation calling, and orthogonal validation on 66 cases indicated 93% concordance with whole-genome sequencing. The developed pipeline and assay identified at least one actionable mutation in 91% of tumors from 219 lymphoma patients and revealed subtype-specific mutation patterns and frequencies consistent with the literature. This pipeline is an accurate and sensitive method for identifying actionable gene mutations in routinely acquired biopsy materials, suggesting further assessment of capture-based assays in the context of personalized lymphoma management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy S Hung
- Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Barbara Meissner
- Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Elizabeth A Chavez
- Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Susana Ben-Neriah
- Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Daisuke Ennishi
- Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Martin R Jones
- Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hennady P Shulha
- Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Fong Chun Chan
- Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Merrill Boyle
- Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Robert Kridel
- Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Randy D Gascoyne
- Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andrew J Mungall
- Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Marco A Marra
- Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - David W Scott
- Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Joseph M Connors
- Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christian Steidl
- Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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16
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Shea JM, Serra RW, Carone BR, Shulha HP, Kucukural A, Ziller MJ, Vallaster MP, Gu H, Tapper AR, Gardner PD, Meissner A, Garber M, Rando OJ. Genetic and Epigenetic Variation, but Not Diet, Shape the Sperm Methylome. Dev Cell 2015; 35:750-8. [PMID: 26702833 PMCID: PMC4691283 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Paternal diet can impact metabolic phenotypes in offspring, but mechanisms underlying such intergenerational information transfer remain obscure. Here, we interrogate cytosine methylation patterns in sperm obtained from mice consuming one of three diets, generating whole genome methylation maps for four pools of sperm samples and for 12 individual sperm samples, as well as 61 genome-scale methylation maps. We find that "epivariation," either stochastic or due to unknown demographic or environmental factors, was a far stronger contributor to the sperm methylome than was the diet consumed. Variation in cytosine methylation was particularly dramatic over tandem repeat families, including ribosomal DNA (rDNA) repeats, but rDNA methylation was strongly correlated with genetic variation in rDNA copy number and was not influenced by paternal diet. These results identify loci of genetic and epigenetic lability in the mammalian genome but argue against a direct role for sperm cytosine methylation in dietary reprogramming of offspring metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy M Shea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Ryan W Serra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Benjamin R Carone
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Hennady P Shulha
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Bioinformatics Core, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Alper Kucukural
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Bioinformatics Core, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Michael J Ziller
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Markus P Vallaster
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Hongcang Gu
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Andrew R Tapper
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01604, USA
| | - Paul D Gardner
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01604, USA
| | - Alexander Meissner
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Manuel Garber
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Bioinformatics Core, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Oliver J Rando
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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17
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Pastore A, Jurinovic V, Kridel R, Hoster E, Staiger AM, Szczepanowski M, Pott C, Kopp N, Murakami M, Horn H, Leich E, Moccia AA, Mottok A, Sunkavalli A, Van Hummelen P, Ducar M, Ennishi D, Shulha HP, Hother C, Connors JM, Sehn LH, Dreyling M, Neuberg D, Möller P, Feller AC, Hansmann ML, Stein H, Rosenwald A, Ott G, Klapper W, Unterhalt M, Hiddemann W, Gascoyne RD, Weinstock DM, Weigert O. Integration of gene mutations in risk prognostication for patients receiving first-line immunochemotherapy for follicular lymphoma: a retrospective analysis of a prospective clinical trial and validation in a population-based registry. Lancet Oncol 2015; 16:1111-1122. [PMID: 26256760 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(15)00169-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 413] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Follicular lymphoma is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous disease, but the prognostic value of somatic mutations has not been systematically assessed. We aimed to improve risk stratification of patients receiving first-line immunochemotherapy by integrating gene mutations into a prognostic model. METHODS We did DNA deep sequencing to retrospectively analyse the mutation status of 74 genes in 151 follicular lymphoma biopsy specimens that were obtained from patients within 1 year before beginning immunochemotherapy consisting of rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (R-CHOP). These patients were recruited between May 4, 2000, and Oct 20, 2010, as part of a phase 3 trial (GLSG2000). Eligible patients had symptomatic, advanced stage follicular lymphoma and were previously untreated. The primary endpoints were failure-free survival (defined as less than a partial remission at the end of induction, relapse, progression, or death) and overall survival calculated from date of treatment initiation. Median follow-up was 7·7 years (IQR 5·5-9·3). Mutations and clinical factors were incorporated into a risk model for failure-free survival using multivariable L1-penalised Cox regression. We validated the risk model in an independent population-based cohort of 107 patients with symptomatic follicular lymphoma considered ineligible for curative irradiation. Pretreatment biopsies were taken between Feb 24, 2004, and Nov 24, 2009, within 1 year before beginning first-line immunochemotherapy consisting of rituximab, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone (R-CVP). Median follow-up was 6·7 years (IQR 5·7-7·6). FINDINGS We established a clinicogenetic risk model (termed m7-FLIPI) that included the mutation status of seven genes (EZH2, ARID1A, MEF2B, EP300, FOXO1, CREBBP, and CARD11), the Follicular Lymphoma International Prognostic Index (FLIPI), and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status. In the training cohort, m7-FLIPI defined a high-risk group (28%, 43/151) with 5-year failure-free survival of 38·29% (95% CI 25·31-57·95) versus 77·21% (95% CI 69·21-86·14) for the low-risk group (hazard ratio [HR] 4·14, 95% CI 2·47-6·93; p<0·0001; bootstrap-corrected HR 2·02), and outperformed a prognostic model of only gene mutations (HR 3·76, 95% CI 2·10-6·74; p<0·0001; bootstrap-corrected HR 1·57). The positive predictive value and negative predictive value for 5-year failure-free survival were 64% and 78%, respectively, with a C-index of 0·80 (95% CI 0·71-0·89). In the validation cohort, m7-FLIPI again defined a high-risk group (22%, 24/107) with 5-year failure-free survival of 25·00% (95% CI 12·50-49·99) versus 68·24% (58·84-79·15) in the low-risk group (HR 3·58, 95% CI 2·00-6·42; p<0.0001). The positive predictive value for 5-year failure-free survival was 72% and 68% for negative predictive value, with a C-index of 0·79 (95% CI 0·69-0·89). In the validation cohort, risk stratification by m7-FLIPI outperformed FLIPI alone (HR 2·18, 95% CI 1·21-3·92), and FLIPI combined with ECOG performance status (HR 2·03, 95% CI 1·12-3·67). INTERPRETATION Integration of the mutational status of seven genes with clinical risk factors improves prognostication for patients with follicular lymphoma receiving first-line immunochemotherapy and is a promising approach to identify the subset at highest risk of treatment failure. FUNDING Deutsche Krebshilfe, Terry Fox Research Institute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Pastore
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Vindi Jurinovic
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Robert Kridel
- Department of Lymphoid Cancer Research and the Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Eva Hoster
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Annette M Staiger
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Robert-Bosch-Krankenhaus, Stuttgart, Germany; Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany; University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Monika Szczepanowski
- Haematopathology Section, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christiane Pott
- Second Medical Department, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Nadja Kopp
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Heike Horn
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Robert-Bosch-Krankenhaus, Stuttgart, Germany; Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany; University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ellen Leich
- Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg, and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alden A Moccia
- Department of Lymphoid Cancer Research and the Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Anja Mottok
- Department of Lymphoid Cancer Research and the Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ashwini Sunkavalli
- Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Boston, MA, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul Van Hummelen
- Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Boston, MA, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew Ducar
- Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Boston, MA, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daisuke Ennishi
- Department of Lymphoid Cancer Research and the Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hennady P Shulha
- Department of Lymphoid Cancer Research and the Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Christoffer Hother
- Department of Lymphoid Cancer Research and the Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Joseph M Connors
- Department of Lymphoid Cancer Research and the Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Laurie H Sehn
- Department of Lymphoid Cancer Research and the Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Martin Dreyling
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Peter Möller
- Institute of Pathology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Alfred C Feller
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Martin L Hansmann
- Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Harald Stein
- Berlin Reference Center for Lymphoma and Haematopathology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Rosenwald
- Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg, and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Würzburg, Germany
| | - German Ott
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Robert-Bosch-Krankenhaus, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Wolfram Klapper
- Haematopathology Section, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Michael Unterhalt
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hiddemann
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany; Clinical Cooperative Group Leukemia, Helmholtz-Center Munich, Munich, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Randy D Gascoyne
- Department of Lymphoid Cancer Research and the Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Oliver Weigert
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany; Clinical Cooperative Group Leukemia, Helmholtz-Center Munich, Munich, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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18
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Bai G, Cheung I, Shulha HP, Coelho JE, Li P, Dong X, Jakovcevski M, Wang Y, Grigorenko A, Jiang Y, Hoss A, Patel K, Zheng M, Rogaev E, Myers RH, Weng Z, Akbarian S, Chen JF. Epigenetic dysregulation of hairy and enhancer of split 4 (HES4) is associated with striatal degeneration in postmortem Huntington brains. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 24:1441-56. [PMID: 25480889 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate epigenetic contributions to Huntington's disease (HD) pathogenesis, we carried out genome-wide mapping of the transcriptional mark, trimethyl-histone H3-lysine 4 (H3K4me3) in neuronal nuclei extracted from prefrontal cortex of HD cases and controls using chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by deep-sequencing. Neuron-specific mapping of the genome-wide distribution of H3K4me3 revealed 136 differentially enriched loci associated with genes implicated in neuronal development and neurodegeneration, including GPR3, TMEM106B, PDIA6 and the Notch signaling genes hairy and enhancer of split 4 (HES4) and JAGGED2, supporting the view that the neuronal epigenome is affected in HD. Importantly, loss of H3K4me3 at CpG-rich sequences on the HES4 promoter was associated with excessive DNA methylation, reduced binding of nuclear proteins to the methylated region and altered expression of HES4 and HES4 targeted genes MASH1 and P21 involved in striatal development. Moreover, hypermethylation of HES4 promoter sequences was strikingly correlated with measures of striatal degeneration and age-of-onset in a cohort of 25 HD brains (r = 0.56, P = 0.006). Lastly, shRNA knockdown of HES4 in human neuroblastoma cells altered MASH1 and P21 mRNA expression and markedly increased mutated HTT-induced aggregates and cell death. These findings, taken together, suggest that epigenetic dysregulation of HES4 could play a critical role in modifying HD disease pathogenesis and severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Bai
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Iris Cheung
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute
| | - Hennady P Shulha
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01604, USA
| | - Joana E Coelho
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Xianjun Dong
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01604, USA
| | | | - Yumei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | | | - Yan Jiang
- Friedman Brain Institute, Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Andrew Hoss
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Krupal Patel
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Ming Zheng
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | | | - Richard H Myers
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA, Genome Science Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Zhiping Weng
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01604, USA
| | - Schahram Akbarian
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Friedman Brain Institute, Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jiang-Fan Chen
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA,
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19
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Vernia S, Cavanagh-Kyros J, Garcia-Haro L, Sabio G, Barrett T, Jung DY, Kim JK, Xu J, Shulha HP, Garber M, Gao G, Davis RJ. The PPARα-FGF21 hormone axis contributes to metabolic regulation by the hepatic JNK signaling pathway. Cell Metab 2014; 20:512-25. [PMID: 25043817 PMCID: PMC4156535 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2014.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The cJun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) stress signaling pathway is implicated in the metabolic response to the consumption of a high-fat diet, including the development of obesity and insulin resistance. These metabolic adaptations involve altered liver function. Here, we demonstrate that hepatic JNK potently represses the nuclear hormone receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα). Therefore, JNK causes decreased expression of PPARα target genes that increase fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis and promote the development of insulin resistance. We show that the PPARα target gene fibroblast growth factor 21 (Fgf21) plays a key role in this response because disruption of the hepatic PPARα-FGF21 hormone axis suppresses the metabolic effects of JNK deficiency. This analysis identifies the hepatokine FGF21 as a critical mediator of JNK signaling in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Vernia
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Julie Cavanagh-Kyros
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Luisa Garcia-Haro
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Guadalupe Sabio
- Department of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Tamera Barrett
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Dae Young Jung
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Jason K Kim
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Jia Xu
- Bioinformatics Core, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Hennady P Shulha
- Bioinformatics Core, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Manuel Garber
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Program in Bioinformatics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Guangping Gao
- Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Roger J Davis
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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20
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Chen W, Shulha HP, Ashar-Patel A, Yan J, Green KM, Query CC, Rhind N, Weng Z, Moore MJ. Endogenous U2·U5·U6 snRNA complexes in S. pombe are intron lariat spliceosomes. RNA 2014; 20:308-20. [PMID: 24442611 PMCID: PMC3923126 DOI: 10.1261/rna.040980.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Excision of introns from pre-mRNAs is mediated by the spliceosome, a multi-megadalton complex consisting of U1, U2, U4/U6, and U5 snRNPs plus scores of associated proteins. Spliceosome assembly and disassembly are highly dynamic processes involving multiple stable intermediates. In this study, we utilized a split TAP-tag approach for large-scale purification of an abundant endogenous U2·U5·U6 complex from Schizosaccharomyces pombe. RNAseq revealed this complex to largely contain excised introns, indicating that it is primarily ILS (intron lariat spliceosome) complexes. These endogenous ILS complexes are remarkably resistant to both high-salt and nuclease digestion. Mass spectrometry analysis identified 68, 45, and 43 proteins in low-salt-, high-salt-, and micrococcal nuclease-treated preps, respectively. The protein content of a S. pombe ILS complex strongly resembles that previously reported for human spliced product (P) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae ILS complexes assembled on single pre-mRNAs in vitro. However, the ATP-dependent RNA helicase Brr2 was either substoichiometric in low-salt preps or completely absent from high-salt and MNase preps. Because Brr2 facilitates spliceosome disassembly, its relative absence may explain why the ILS complex accumulates logarithmically growing cultures and the inability of S. pombe extracts to support in vitro splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Chen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
| | - Hennady P. Shulha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
- Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
| | - Ami Ashar-Patel
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
| | - Jing Yan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
| | - Karin M. Green
- UMMS Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
| | | | - Nick Rhind
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
| | - Zhiping Weng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
- Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
| | - Melissa J. Moore
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
- Corresponding authorE-mail
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21
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Shulha HP, Cheung I, Guo Y, Akbarian S, Weng Z. Coordinated cell type-specific epigenetic remodeling in prefrontal cortex begins before birth and continues into early adulthood. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003433. [PMID: 23593028 PMCID: PMC3623761 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of prefrontal and other higher-order association cortices is associated with widespread changes in the cortical transcriptome, particularly during the transitions from prenatal to postnatal development, and from early infancy to later stages of childhood and early adulthood. However, the timing and longitudinal trajectories of neuronal gene expression programs during these periods remain unclear in part because of confounding effects of concomitantly occurring shifts in neuron-to-glia ratios. Here, we used cell type–specific chromatin sorting techniques for genome-wide profiling of a histone mark associated with transcriptional regulation—H3 with trimethylated lysine 4 (H3K4me3)—in neuronal chromatin from 31 subjects from the late gestational period to 80 years of age. H3K4me3 landscapes of prefrontal neurons were developmentally regulated at 1,157 loci, including 768 loci that were proximal to transcription start sites. Multiple algorithms consistently revealed that the overwhelming majority and perhaps all of developmentally regulated H3K4me3 peaks were on a unidirectional trajectory defined by either rapid gain or loss of histone methylation during the late prenatal period and the first year after birth, followed by similar changes but with progressively slower kinetics during early and later childhood and only minimal changes later in life. Developmentally downregulated H3K4me3 peaks in prefrontal neurons were enriched for Paired box (Pax) and multiple Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT) motifs, which are known to promote glial differentiation. In contrast, H3K4me3 peaks subject to a progressive increase in maturing prefrontal neurons were enriched for activating protein-1 (AP-1) recognition elements that are commonly associated with activity-dependent regulation of neuronal gene expression. We uncovered a developmental program governing the remodeling of neuronal histone methylation landscapes in the prefrontal cortex from the late prenatal period to early adolescence, which is linked to cis-regulatory sequences around transcription start sites. Prolonged maturation of the human cerebral cortex, which extends into the third decade of life, is critical for proper development of executive functions such as higher-order problem-solving and complex cognition. Little is known about changes of post-mitotic neurons during this prolonged maturation period, including changes in epigenetic regulation, and more broadly, in genome organization and function. Such knowledge is critical for a deeper understanding of human development, cognitive abilities, and psychiatric diseases. Here, we identify 1,157 genomic loci in neuronal cells from the prefrontal cortex that show developmental changes in a chromatin mark, histone H3 trimethylated at lysine 4 (H3K4me3), which has been associated with regulation of gene expression. Interestingly, the overwhelming majority of these developmentally regulated H3K4me3 peaks were defined by rapid gain or loss of histone methylation during the late prenatal period and the first year after birth, followed by slower changes during early and later childhood and minimal changes thereafter. The genomic sequences showing these dynamic changes in H3K4me3 were enriched with distinct transcription factor motifs. Our findings suggest that there is highly regulated, pre-programmed remodeling of neuronal histone methylation landscapes in the human brain that begins before birth and continues into adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hennady P. Shulha
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Iris Cheung
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yin Guo
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Schahram Akbarian
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SA); (ZW)
| | - Zhiping Weng
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SA); (ZW)
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Pierce BG, Eberwine R, Noble JA, Habib M, Shulha HP, Weng Z, Blankenhorn EP, Mordes JP. The Missing Heritability in T1D and Potential New Targets for Prevention. J Diabetes Res 2013; 2013:737485. [PMID: 23691517 PMCID: PMC3647582 DOI: 10.1155/2013/737485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a T cell-mediated disease. It is strongly associated with susceptibility haplotypes within the major histocompatibility complex, but this association accounts for an estimated 50% of susceptibility. Other studies have identified as many as 50 additional susceptibility loci, but the effect of most is very modest (odds ratio (OR) <1.5). What accounts for the "missing heritability" is unknown and is often attributed to environmental factors. Here we review new data on the cognate ligand of MHC molecules, the T cell receptor (TCR). In rats, we found that one allele of a TCR variable gene, V β 13A, is strongly associated with T1D (OR >5) and that deletion of V β 13+ T cells prevents diabetes. A role for the TCR is also suspected in NOD mice, but TCR regions have not been associated with human T1D. To investigate this disparity, we tested the hypothesis in silico that previous studies of human T1D genetics were underpowered to detect MHC-contingent TCR susceptibility. We show that stratifying by MHC markedly increases statistical power to detect potential TCR susceptibility alleles. We suggest that the TCR regions are viable candidates for T1D susceptibility genes, could account for "missing heritability," and could be targets for prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian G. Pierce
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Ryan Eberwine
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunogenetics and Inflammatory Diseases, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Janelle A. Noble
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA 94609, USA
| | - Michael Habib
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Hennady P. Shulha
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Zhiping Weng
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Elizabeth P. Blankenhorn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunogenetics and Inflammatory Diseases, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - John P. Mordes
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- *John P. Mordes:
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23
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Shulha HP, Crisci JL, Reshetov D, Tushir JS, Cheung I, Bharadwaj R, Chou HJ, Houston IB, Peter CJ, Mitchell AC, Yao WD, Myers RH, Chen JF, Preuss TM, Rogaev EI, Jensen JD, Weng Z, Akbarian S. Human-specific histone methylation signatures at transcription start sites in prefrontal neurons. PLoS Biol 2012; 10:e1001427. [PMID: 23185133 PMCID: PMC3502543 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive abilities and disorders unique to humans are thought to result from adaptively driven changes in brain transcriptomes, but little is known about the role of cis-regulatory changes affecting transcription start sites (TSS). Here, we mapped in human, chimpanzee, and macaque prefrontal cortex the genome-wide distribution of histone H3 trimethylated at lysine 4 (H3K4me3), an epigenetic mark sharply regulated at TSS, and identified 471 sequences with human-specific enrichment or depletion. Among these were 33 loci selectively methylated in neuronal but not non-neuronal chromatin from children and adults, including TSS at DPP10 (2q14.1), CNTN4 and CHL1 (3p26.3), and other neuropsychiatric susceptibility genes. Regulatory sequences at DPP10 and additional loci carried a strong footprint of hominid adaptation, including elevated nucleotide substitution rates and regulatory motifs absent in other primates (including archaic hominins), with evidence for selective pressures during more recent evolution and adaptive fixations in modern populations. Chromosome conformation capture at two neurodevelopmental disease loci, 2q14.1 and 16p11.2, revealed higher order chromatin structures resulting in physical contact of multiple human-specific H3K4me3 peaks spaced 0.5-1 Mb apart, in conjunction with a novel cis-bound antisense RNA linked to Polycomb repressor proteins and downregulated DPP10 expression. Therefore, coordinated epigenetic regulation via newly derived TSS chromatin could play an important role in the emergence of human-specific gene expression networks in brain that contribute to cognitive functions and neurological disease susceptibility in modern day humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hennady P. Shulha
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jessica L. Crisci
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Denis Reshetov
- Department of Human Genetics and Genomics, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Jogender S. Tushir
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Iris Cheung
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rahul Bharadwaj
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hsin-Jung Chou
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Isaac B. Houston
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Cyril J. Peter
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Amanda C. Mitchell
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Wei-Dong Yao
- New England Primate Center, Southboro, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Richard H. Myers
- Department of Neurology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jiang-fan Chen
- Department of Neurology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Todd M. Preuss
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center/Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Evgeny I. Rogaev
- Department of Human Genetics and Genomics, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Research Center of Mental Health, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russian Federation
| | - Jeffrey D. Jensen
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Zhiping Weng
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Schahram Akbarian
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
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24
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Shulha HP, Cheung I, Whittle C, Wang J, Virgil D, Lin CL, Guo Y, Lessard A, Akbarian S, Weng Z. Epigenetic signatures of autism: trimethylated H3K4 landscapes in prefrontal neurons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 69:314-24. [PMID: 22065254 DOI: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Neuronal dysfunction in cerebral cortex and other brain regions could contribute to the cognitive and behavioral defects in autism. OBJECTIVE To characterize epigenetic signatures of autism in prefrontal cortex neurons. DESIGN We performed fluorescence-activated sorting and separation of neuronal and nonneuronal nuclei from postmortem prefrontal cortex, digested the chromatin with micrococcal nuclease, and deeply sequenced the DNA from the mononucleosomes with trimethylated H3K4 (H3K4me3), a histone mark associated with transcriptional regulation. Approximately 15 billion base pairs of H3K4me3-enriched sequences were collected from 32 brains. SETTING Academic medical center. PARTICIPANTS A total of 16 subjects diagnosed as having autism and 16 control subjects ranging in age from 0.5 to 70 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Identification of genomic loci showing autism-associated H3K4me3 changes in prefrontal cortex neurons. RESULTS Subjects with autism showed no evidence for generalized disruption of the developmentally regulated remodeling of the H3K4me3 landscape that defines normal prefrontal cortex neurons in early infancy. However, excess spreading of H3K4me3 from the transcription start sites into downstream gene bodies and upstream promoters was observed specifically in neuronal chromatin from 4 of 16 autism cases but not in controls. Variable subsets of autism cases exhibit altered H3K4me3 peaks at numerous genes regulating neuronal connectivity, social behaviors, and cognition, often in conjunction with altered expression of the corresponding transcripts. Autism-associated H3K4me3 peaks were significantly enriched in genes and loci implicated in neurodevelopmental diseases. CONCLUSIONS Prefrontal cortex neurons from subjects with autism show changes in chromatin structures at hundreds of loci genome-wide, revealing considerable overlap between genetic and epigenetic risk maps of developmental brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hennady P Shulha
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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25
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Boyle AP, Davis S, Shulha HP, Meltzer P, Margulies EH, Weng Z, Furey TS, Crawford GE. High-resolution mapping and characterization of open chromatin across the genome. Cell 2008; 132:311-22. [PMID: 18243105 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2007.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1003] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2007] [Revised: 10/22/2007] [Accepted: 12/04/2007] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mapping DNase I hypersensitive (HS) sites is an accurate method of identifying the location of genetic regulatory elements, including promoters, enhancers, silencers, insulators, and locus control regions. We employed high-throughput sequencing and whole-genome tiled array strategies to identify DNase I HS sites within human primary CD4+ T cells. Combining these two technologies, we have created a comprehensive and accurate genome-wide open chromatin map. Surprisingly, only 16%-21% of the identified 94,925 DNase I HS sites are found in promoters or first exons of known genes, but nearly half of the most open sites are in these regions. In conjunction with expression, motif, and chromatin immunoprecipitation data, we find evidence of cell-type-specific characteristics, including the ability to identify transcription start sites and locations of different chromatin marks utilized in these cells. In addition, and unexpectedly, our analyses have uncovered detailed features of nucleosome structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan P Boyle
- Institute for Genome Sciences & Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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26
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Johnson DS, Li W, Gordon DB, Bhattacharjee A, Curry B, Ghosh J, Brizuela L, Carroll JS, Brown M, Flicek P, Koch CM, Dunham I, Bieda M, Xu X, Farnham PJ, Kapranov P, Nix DA, Gingeras TR, Zhang X, Holster H, Jiang N, Green RD, Song JS, McCuine SA, Anton E, Nguyen L, Trinklein ND, Ye Z, Ching K, Hawkins D, Ren B, Scacheri PC, Rozowsky J, Karpikov A, Euskirchen G, Weissman S, Gerstein M, Snyder M, Yang A, Moqtaderi Z, Hirsch H, Shulha HP, Fu Y, Weng Z, Struhl K, Myers RM, Lieb JD, Liu XS. Systematic evaluation of variability in ChIP-chip experiments using predefined DNA targets. Genome Res 2008; 18:393-403. [PMID: 18258921 DOI: 10.1101/gr.7080508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The most widely used method for detecting genome-wide protein-DNA interactions is chromatin immunoprecipitation on tiling microarrays, commonly known as ChIP-chip. Here, we conducted the first objective analysis of tiling array platforms, amplification procedures, and signal detection algorithms in a simulated ChIP-chip experiment. Mixtures of human genomic DNA and "spike-ins" comprised of nearly 100 human sequences at various concentrations were hybridized to four tiling array platforms by eight independent groups. Blind to the number of spike-ins, their locations, and the range of concentrations, each group made predictions of the spike-in locations. We found that microarray platform choice is not the primary determinant of overall performance. In fact, variation in performance between labs, protocols, and algorithms within the same array platform was greater than the variation in performance between array platforms. However, each array platform had unique performance characteristics that varied with tiling resolution and the number of replicates, which have implications for cost versus detection power. Long oligonucleotide arrays were slightly more sensitive at detecting very low enrichment. On all platforms, simple sequence repeats and genome redundancy tended to result in false positives. LM-PCR and WGA, the most popular sample amplification techniques, reproduced relative enrichment levels with high fidelity. Performance among signal detection algorithms was heavily dependent on array platform. The spike-in DNA samples and the data presented here provide a stable benchmark against which future ChIP platforms, protocol improvements, and analysis methods can be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Johnson
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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27
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Zhang X, Guo C, Chen Y, Shulha HP, Schnetz MP, LaFramboise T, Bartels CF, Markowitz S, Weng Z, Scacheri PC, Wang Z. Epitope tagging of endogenous proteins for genome-wide ChIP-chip studies. Nat Methods 2008; 5:163-5. [PMID: 18176569 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth1170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2007] [Accepted: 11/26/2007] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We developed a strategy to introduce epitope tag-encoding DNA into endogenous loci by homologous recombination-mediated 'knock-in'. The tagging method is straightforward, can be applied to many loci and several human somatic cell lines, and can facilitate many functional analyses including western blot, immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence and chromatin immunoprecipitation-microarray (ChIP-chip). The knock-in approach provides a general solution for the study of proteins to which antibodies are substandard or not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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28
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Xi H, Shulha HP, Lin JM, Vales TR, Fu Y, Bodine DM, McKay RDG, Chenoweth JG, Tesar PJ, Furey TS, Ren B, Weng Z, Crawford GE. Identification and characterization of cell type-specific and ubiquitous chromatin regulatory structures in the human genome. PLoS Genet 2007; 3:e136. [PMID: 17708682 PMCID: PMC1950163 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.0030136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2007] [Accepted: 06/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of regulatory elements from different cell types is necessary for understanding the mechanisms controlling cell type-specific and housekeeping gene expression. Mapping DNaseI hypersensitive (HS) sites is an accurate method for identifying the location of functional regulatory elements. We used a high throughput method called DNase-chip to identify 3,904 DNaseI HS sites from six cell types across 1% of the human genome. A significant number (22%) of DNaseI HS sites from each cell type are ubiquitously present among all cell types studied. Surprisingly, nearly all of these ubiquitous DNaseI HS sites correspond to either promoters or insulator elements: 86% of them are located near annotated transcription start sites and 10% are bound by CTCF, a protein with known enhancer-blocking insulator activity. We also identified a large number of DNaseI HS sites that are cell type specific (only present in one cell type); these regions are enriched for enhancer elements and correlate with cell type-specific gene expression as well as cell type-specific histone modifications. Finally, we found that approximately 8% of the genome overlaps a DNaseI HS site in at least one the six cell lines studied, indicating that a significant percentage of the genome is potentially functional.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hualin Xi
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hennady P Shulha
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jane M Lin
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Teresa R Vales
- Institute for Genome Sciences & Policy, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Yutao Fu
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David M Bodine
- Hematopoiesis Section, Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ronald D. G McKay
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Josh G Chenoweth
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Paul J Tesar
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Terrence S Furey
- Institute for Genome Sciences & Policy, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Bing Ren
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Zhiping Weng
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: (GEC); (ZW)
| | - Gregory E Crawford
- Institute for Genome Sciences & Policy, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: (GEC); (ZW)
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29
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Birney E, Stamatoyannopoulos JA, Dutta A, Guigó R, Gingeras TR, Margulies EH, Weng Z, Snyder M, Dermitzakis ET, Thurman RE, Kuehn MS, Taylor CM, Neph S, Koch CM, Asthana S, Malhotra A, Adzhubei I, Greenbaum JA, Andrews RM, Flicek P, Boyle PJ, Cao H, Carter NP, Clelland GK, Davis S, Day N, Dhami P, Dillon SC, Dorschner MO, Fiegler H, Giresi PG, Goldy J, Hawrylycz M, Haydock A, Humbert R, James KD, Johnson BE, Johnson EM, Frum TT, Rosenzweig ER, Karnani N, Lee K, Lefebvre GC, Navas PA, Neri F, Parker SCJ, Sabo PJ, Sandstrom R, Shafer A, Vetrie D, Weaver M, Wilcox S, Yu M, Collins FS, Dekker J, Lieb JD, Tullius TD, Crawford GE, Sunyaev S, Noble WS, Dunham I, Denoeud F, Reymond A, Kapranov P, Rozowsky J, Zheng D, Castelo R, Frankish A, Harrow J, Ghosh S, Sandelin A, Hofacker IL, Baertsch R, Keefe D, Dike S, Cheng J, Hirsch HA, Sekinger EA, Lagarde J, Abril JF, Shahab A, Flamm C, Fried C, Hackermüller J, Hertel J, Lindemeyer M, Missal K, Tanzer A, Washietl S, Korbel J, Emanuelsson O, Pedersen JS, Holroyd N, Taylor R, Swarbreck D, Matthews N, Dickson MC, Thomas DJ, Weirauch MT, Gilbert J, Drenkow J, Bell I, Zhao X, Srinivasan KG, Sung WK, Ooi HS, Chiu KP, Foissac S, Alioto T, Brent M, Pachter L, Tress ML, Valencia A, Choo SW, Choo CY, Ucla C, Manzano C, Wyss C, Cheung E, Clark TG, Brown JB, Ganesh M, Patel S, Tammana H, Chrast J, Henrichsen CN, Kai C, Kawai J, Nagalakshmi U, Wu J, Lian Z, Lian J, Newburger P, Zhang X, Bickel P, Mattick JS, Carninci P, Hayashizaki Y, Weissman S, Hubbard T, Myers RM, Rogers J, Stadler PF, Lowe TM, Wei CL, Ruan Y, Struhl K, Gerstein M, Antonarakis SE, Fu Y, Green ED, Karaöz U, Siepel A, Taylor J, Liefer LA, Wetterstrand KA, Good PJ, Feingold EA, Guyer MS, Cooper GM, Asimenos G, Dewey CN, Hou M, Nikolaev S, Montoya-Burgos JI, Löytynoja A, Whelan S, Pardi F, Massingham T, Huang H, Zhang NR, Holmes I, Mullikin JC, Ureta-Vidal A, Paten B, Seringhaus M, Church D, Rosenbloom K, Kent WJ, Stone EA, Batzoglou S, Goldman N, Hardison RC, Haussler D, Miller W, Sidow A, Trinklein ND, Zhang ZD, Barrera L, Stuart R, King DC, Ameur A, Enroth S, Bieda MC, Kim J, Bhinge AA, Jiang N, Liu J, Yao F, Vega VB, Lee CWH, Ng P, Shahab A, Yang A, Moqtaderi Z, Zhu Z, Xu X, Squazzo S, Oberley MJ, Inman D, Singer MA, Richmond TA, Munn KJ, Rada-Iglesias A, Wallerman O, Komorowski J, Fowler JC, Couttet P, Bruce AW, Dovey OM, Ellis PD, Langford CF, Nix DA, Euskirchen G, Hartman S, Urban AE, Kraus P, Van Calcar S, Heintzman N, Kim TH, Wang K, Qu C, Hon G, Luna R, Glass CK, Rosenfeld MG, Aldred SF, Cooper SJ, Halees A, Lin JM, Shulha HP, Zhang X, Xu M, Haidar JNS, Yu Y, Ruan Y, Iyer VR, Green RD, Wadelius C, Farnham PJ, Ren B, Harte RA, Hinrichs AS, Trumbower H, Clawson H, Hillman-Jackson J, Zweig AS, Smith K, Thakkapallayil A, Barber G, Kuhn RM, Karolchik D, Armengol L, Bird CP, de Bakker PIW, Kern AD, Lopez-Bigas N, Martin JD, Stranger BE, Woodroffe A, Davydov E, Dimas A, Eyras E, Hallgrímsdóttir IB, Huppert J, Zody MC, Abecasis GR, Estivill X, Bouffard GG, Guan X, Hansen NF, Idol JR, Maduro VVB, Maskeri B, McDowell JC, Park M, Thomas PJ, Young AC, Blakesley RW, Muzny DM, Sodergren E, Wheeler DA, Worley KC, Jiang H, Weinstock GM, Gibbs RA, Graves T, Fulton R, Mardis ER, Wilson RK, Clamp M, Cuff J, Gnerre S, Jaffe DB, Chang JL, Lindblad-Toh K, Lander ES, Koriabine M, Nefedov M, Osoegawa K, Yoshinaga Y, Zhu B, de Jong PJ. Identification and analysis of functional elements in 1% of the human genome by the ENCODE pilot project. Nature 2007; 447:799-816. [PMID: 17571346 PMCID: PMC2212820 DOI: 10.1038/nature05874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3782] [Impact Index Per Article: 222.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We report the generation and analysis of functional data from multiple, diverse experiments performed on a targeted 1% of the human genome as part of the pilot phase of the ENCODE Project. These data have been further integrated and augmented by a number of evolutionary and computational analyses. Together, our results advance the collective knowledge about human genome function in several major areas. First, our studies provide convincing evidence that the genome is pervasively transcribed, such that the majority of its bases can be found in primary transcripts, including non-protein-coding transcripts, and those that extensively overlap one another. Second, systematic examination of transcriptional regulation has yielded new understanding about transcription start sites, including their relationship to specific regulatory sequences and features of chromatin accessibility and histone modification. Third, a more sophisticated view of chromatin structure has emerged, including its inter-relationship with DNA replication and transcriptional regulation. Finally, integration of these new sources of information, in particular with respect to mammalian evolution based on inter- and intra-species sequence comparisons, has yielded new mechanistic and evolutionary insights concerning the functional landscape of the human genome. Together, these studies are defining a path for pursuit of a more comprehensive characterization of human genome function.
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