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Machluf Y, Israeli A, Cohen E, Chaiter Y, Mezer E. Dissecting the complex sex-based associations of myopia with height and weight. Eye (Lond) 2024; 38:1485-1495. [PMID: 38242948 PMCID: PMC11126622 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-024-02931-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess height and weight as possible sex-specific risk factors for bilateral myopia among young adults. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study including 101,438 pre-enlisted young adult males and females, aged 17.4 ± 0.6 and 17.3 ± 0.5 years, respectively, and born during 1971-1994. Categories of BMI (body mass index) were defined according to sex-related percentiles for 17-year-olds following U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention growth charts, and subjects were divided into five height and weight categories according to sex-adjusted percentiles. Data included best-corrected visual acuity, diverse socio-demographic variables, anthropometric indices, and refractive errors, namely bilateral myopes and emmetropes. RESULTS The prevalence of bilateral myopia in males and females was 19.1% and 26.0%, respectively. Bilateral myopia displayed a J-shaped associated with BMI, achieving statistical significance only among males (p < 0.0001). Weight displayed a U-shaped association with bilateral myopia among both young males (p < 0.0001) and females (p < 0.005). A higher prevalence of bilateral myopia was observed only among males of the lower height category (p < 0.0001), even when controlling for BMI (from normal to obesity). In a multivariable regression model, obesity was associated with higher prevalence of bilateral myopia (OR: 1.21; 95% CI: 1.07-1.38, p = 0.002), only among males. There were no interactions of BMI with height or weight. Bilateral myopia was also associated with prehypertension among males (OR: 1.10, 95% CI: 1.04-1.15, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS A higher risk for bilateral myopia was associated with either BMI solely or height and weight, as well as pre-hypertension, in males. The possible association with low height requires further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yossy Machluf
- Israel Defense Forces, Medical Corps, Tel Hashomer, Israel.
- Unit of Agrigenomics, Shamir Research Institute, Haifa University, Kazerin, Israel.
| | - Asaf Israeli
- The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eduardo Cohen
- Israel Defense Forces, Medical Corps, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Yoram Chaiter
- Israel Defense Forces, Medical Corps, Tel Hashomer, Israel
- The Israeli Center for Emerging Technologies in Hospitals and Hospital-based Health Technology Assessment, Shamir (Assaf Harofeh) Medical Center, Be'er Ya'akov, Israel
| | - Eedy Mezer
- The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ruth Rappaport Children's Hospital, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
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2
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Eppenberger LS, Jaggi GP, Todorova MG, Messerli J, Sturm V. Following prevalence of myopia in a large Swiss military cohort over the last decade: where is the European "myopia boom"? Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2024:10.1007/s00417-024-06467-0. [PMID: 38578331 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-024-06467-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Myopia prevalence is increasing globally, with the highest rates found in Asia. Data from European countries is scarce. We aimed to investigate whether the prevalence of myopia is rising in our meridians. METHODS Data from male military conscripts for the recruitment period of 2008-2017 were retrospectively analyzed. Year of recruitment, conscripts' birth year, visual acuity, refractive status (spherical equivalent), and spectacle wear (yes/no) were available. RESULTS The dataset contained data of a total of 355,657 male conscripts, who had been recruited in the years 2008 to 2017. The mean number of conscripts per year was 35,566 (MD = 35,440, SD = 1249), reaching a minimum number of 33,998 conscripts in 2017 and a maximum of 37,594 in 2011. Mean age at recruitment was 19.7 years (MD = 19.0 years, SD = 1.1 years). Overall, the number of conscripts wearing spectacles remained stable over the observation time; on average 29.6% (n = 10,540; MD = 10,472; SD = 492) of conscripts wore glasses at recruitment. Of 21.8% (n = 77,698) of conscripts, data on the refractive status was available: The mean spherical equivalent for both right and left eyes was -2.3D (MD = -2 D, SD = 2.4 D). No decrease in mean spherical equivalent per recruitment year was noted over the observation period. Estimated myopia prevalence reached an average of 27.5% (SD = 0.8%) and did not increase during the observation period. CONCLUSION In summary, no change in spherical equivalent refractive errors of male Swiss army conscripts was found for the years 2008-2017. Equally, the percentage of spectacle wearers (MN = 29.6%) and estimated myopia prevalence (MN = 27.5%) did not significantly increase during the observation time. TRIAL REGISTRATION BASEC 2019-00060 (18/01/2019).
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Sara Eppenberger
- Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Raemistrasse 101, 8092, Zurich, ZH, Switzerland.
- Eye Clinic, Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Spitalstrasse, 6000, Lucerne, LU, Switzerland.
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Center, 20 College Rd, Singapore, 169856, Singapore.
| | - Gregor P Jaggi
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Pestalozzistrasse 3, 8032, Zurich, ZH, Switzerland
| | - Margarita G Todorova
- Eye Clinic, Cantonal Hospital of St. Gallen, Rorschacher Str. 95, 9007, St. Gallen, SG, Switzerland
- Eye Clinic, University Hospital of Basel, Mittlere Strasse 91, 4031, Basel, BS, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Messerli
- Eye Clinic, University Hospital of Basel, Mittlere Strasse 91, 4031, Basel, BS, Switzerland
- Health Department, Swiss Armed Forces, Ittigen, Switzerland
| | - Veit Sturm
- Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Raemistrasse 101, 8092, Zurich, ZH, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Pestalozzistrasse 3, 8032, Zurich, ZH, Switzerland
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Kirchengast S, Waldhör T, Juan A, Yang L. Secular trends and regional pattern in body height of Austrian conscripts born between 1961 and 2002. ECONOMICS AND HUMAN BIOLOGY 2024; 53:101371. [PMID: 38428380 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2024.101371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
The human growth process is influenced not only by genetic factors but also by environmental factors. Therefore, regional differences in mean body heights may exist within a population or a state. In the present study, we described and evaluated the regional trends in mean body heights in the nine Austrian provinces over a period spanning more than four decades. Body height data of 1734569 male conscripts born in Austria with Austrian citizenship between 1961 and 2002 were anonymized and analyzed. From 1961 to 2002 birth cohorts, an overall increase in the mean body height of Austrian recruits was observed, although regional differences were evident. Regions with shorter body heights in the 1961-1963 birth cohorts showed a particularly pronounced increase in mean body heights. Meanwhile, the course of body height growth in the capital city, Vienna, was striking, where the highest body heights were documented for the 1961-1963 birth cohorts. In Vienna, mean body heights continued to decline until the 1984 birth cohort and increased again from the 1988 birth cohorts. In addition to economic factors, increased stress factors in an urban environment and a form of urban penalty are discussed as causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Kirchengast
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Waldhör
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | | | - Lin Yang
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Alberta Health Services, Holy Cross Centre, 2210-2nd Street SW. Box ACB, Calgary, AB T2S 3C3, Canada; Departments of Oncology & Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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4
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Machluf Y, Mezer E, Chaiter Y. Comment on: Association Between Physical Indicators and Myopia in American Adolescents: NHANES 1999-2008. Am J Ophthalmol 2024:S0002-9394(24)00106-5. [PMID: 38494100 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2024.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Yossy Machluf
- Unit of Agrigenomics, Shamir Research Institute, Haifa University, Kazerin, Israel
| | - Eedy Mezer
- The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel; Department of Ophthalmology, Ruth Rappaport Children's Hospital, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yoram Chaiter
- The Israeli Center for Emerging Technologies in Hospitals and Hospital-based Health Technology Assessment, Shamir (Assaf Harofeh) Medical Center, Be'er Ya'akov, Israel.
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Chen N, Sheng Y, Wang G, Liu J. Reply to Comment on "Association Between Physical Indicators and Myopia in American Adolescents: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2008". Am J Ophthalmol 2024:S0002-9394(24)00107-7. [PMID: 38484866 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2024.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Ninghong Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ophthalmic Hospital of Wuhu, Wuhu, China.
| | - Yonghong Sheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ophthalmic Hospital of Wuhu, Wuhu, China
| | - Guoping Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ophthalmic Hospital of Wuhu, Wuhu, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ophthalmic Hospital of Wuhu, Wuhu, China
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Zhang XB, Jiang HH, Zhang LL, Li CJ, Chen C, Xing MZ, Ma YN, Ma YX. Potential causal associations between leisure sedentary behaviors, physical activity, sleep traits, and myopia: a Mendelian randomization study. BMC Ophthalmol 2024; 24:104. [PMID: 38443833 PMCID: PMC10913247 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-024-03367-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myopia is the most prevalent refractive error and a growing global health concern that significantly affects visual function. Researchers have recently emphasized considerably on the influence of lifestyle on myopia incidence and development. This study investigates the relationship between leisure sedentary behaviors (LSB)/physical activity (PA)/sleep traits and myopia. METHODS LSB, PA, and sleep trait-associated genetic variants were used as instrument variables in a Mendelian randomization (MR) study to examine their causal effects on myopia. Summary genome-wide association studies (GWASs) statistical data for LSB and PA were obtained from UK Biobank, and the data of sleep traits was obtained from UK Biobank, UK Biobank and 23andMe, and FinnGen. We used summary statistics data for myopia from MRC IEU. The MR analyses was performed using the inverse variance-weighted (IVW), MR-Egger, weighted median, and MR Pleiotropy RESidual Sum and Outlier methods. RESULTS Computer use was genetically predicted to increase the myopia risk [IVW odds ratio (OR) = 1.057; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.038-1.078; P = 7.04 × 10- 9]. The self-reported moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) (IVW OR = 0.962; 95% CI, 0.932-0.993; P = 1.57 × 10- 2) and television watching (IVW OR = 0.973; 95% CI, 0.961-0.985, P = 1.93 × 10- 5) were significantly associated with a lower myopia risk. However, genetically predicted sleep traits or accelerometer-measured physical activity had no significant associations with myopia. CONCLUSION Our results indicated that computer use is a risk factor for myopia, whereas television watching and MVPA may protect against myopia. These findings shed new light on possible strategies for reducing the prevalence of myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Bin Zhang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - He-He Jiang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Lin-Lin Zhang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Chun-Jing Li
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Meng-Zhen Xing
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yu-Ning Ma
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Yu-Xia Ma
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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Moore M, Lingham G, Flitcroft DI, Loughman J. Myopia progression patterns among paediatric patients in a clinical setting. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2024; 44:258-269. [PMID: 38062894 DOI: 10.1111/opo.13259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This retrospective analysis of electronic medical record (EMR) data investigated the natural history of myopic progression in children from optometric practices in Ireland. METHODS The analysis was of myopic patients aged 7-17 with multiple visits and not prescribed myopia control treatment. Sex- and age-specific population centiles for annual myopic progression were derived by fitting a weighted cubic spline to empirical quantiles. These were compared to progression rates derived from control group data obtained from 17 randomised clinical trials (RCTs) for myopia. Linear mixed models (LMMs) were used to allow comparison of myopia progression rates against outputs from a predictive online calculator. Survival analysis was performed to determine the intervals at which a significant level of myopic progression was predicted to occur. RESULTS Myopia progression was highest in children aged 7 years (median: -0.67 D/year) and progressively slowed with increasing age (median: -0.18 D/year at age 17). Female sex (p < 0.001), a more myopic SER at baseline (p < 0.001) and younger age (p < 0.001) were all found to be predictive of faster myopic progression. Every RCT exhibited a mean progression higher than the median centile observed in the EMR data, while clinic-based studies more closely matched the median progression rates. The LMM predicted faster myopia progression for patients with higher baseline myopia levels, in keeping with previous studies, which was in contrast to an online calculator that predicted slower myopia progression for patients with higher baseline myopia. Survival analysis indicated that at a recall period of 12 months, myopia will have progressed in between 10% and 70% of children, depending upon age. CONCLUSIONS This study produced progression centiles of untreated myopic children, helping to define the natural history of untreated myopia. This will enable clinicians to better predict both refractive outcomes without treatment and monitor treatment efficacy, particularly in the absence of axial length data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Moore
- Centre for Eye Research Ireland, School of Physics, Clinical and Optometric Sciences, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gareth Lingham
- Centre for Eye Research Ireland, School of Physics, Clinical and Optometric Sciences, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Daniel I Flitcroft
- Centre for Eye Research Ireland, School of Physics, Clinical and Optometric Sciences, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Children's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - James Loughman
- Centre for Eye Research Ireland, School of Physics, Clinical and Optometric Sciences, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Leighton RE, Breslin KM, Richardson P, Doyle L, McCullough SJ, Saunders KJ. Relative peripheral hyperopia leads to greater short-term axial length growth in White children with myopia. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2023; 43:985-996. [PMID: 37340533 DOI: 10.1111/opo.13185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Controversy exists regarding the influence of peripheral visual experience on the onset and progression of childhood myopia. This longitudinal, observational study evaluated the relationship between relative peripheral refraction (RPR) and changes in refractive error and axial length (AL) over 12 months in White children aged 6-7 and 12-13 years with a range of baseline refractive errors. METHODS Cycloplegic baseline autorefraction at horizontal retinal eccentricities of 0° and ±30° were recorded with the Shin-Nippon NVision-K 5001 while AL was measured using the Zeiss IOLMaster 700. Measurements were repeated after 12 months on a subgroup. Refractive data were transposed into power vectors as mean spherical equivalent (M), J0 and J45 . RPR was calculated by subtracting central from peripheral measurements. Participants were defined as myopic (M ≤ -0.50 D), premyopic (-0.50 D < M ≤ +0.75 D), emmetropic (+0.75 D < M < +2.00 D) or hyperopic (M ≥ +2.00 D). RESULTS Data were collected from 222 and 245 participants aged 6-7 and 12-13 years, respectively. Myopic eyes demonstrated, on average, more hyperopic RPR. Emmetropes and premyopes displayed emmetropic RPR, and hyperopes showed a myopic RPR. Fifty-six 6- to 7-year-olds and seventy 12- to 13-year-olds contributed 12-month repeated measures. Longitudinal data demonstrated a significant relationship between a more hyperopic RPR in the nasal retina and greater short-term axial elongation in teens with myopia at baseline (β = 0.69; p = 0.04). Each dioptre of relative peripheral hyperopia in the nasal retina was associated with an additional 0.10 mm (95% CI: 0.02-0.18 mm) annual increase in AL. CONCLUSIONS Hyperopic RPR in the nasal retina of myopic children is indicative of increased risk for rapid axial elongation and may be a useful metric to support decision-making in myopia management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E Leighton
- Centre for Optometry and Vision Science Research, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
| | - Karen M Breslin
- Centre for Optometry and Vision Science Research, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
| | - Patrick Richardson
- Centre for Optometry and Vision Science Research, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
| | - Lesley Doyle
- Centre for Optometry and Vision Science Research, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
| | - Sara J McCullough
- Centre for Optometry and Vision Science Research, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
| | - Kathryn J Saunders
- Centre for Optometry and Vision Science Research, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
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Eppenberger LS, Sturm V. Myopia Management in Daily Routine - A Survey of European Pediatric Ophthalmologists. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd 2023; 240:581-586. [PMID: 37164443 PMCID: PMC10129410 DOI: 10.1055/a-2013-2713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Assessment of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies currently used in routine practice for myopia management in Europe. METHODS Online survey study including 11 main questions. The questionnaire was sent to members of the European Paediatric Ophthalmology Society (EPOS). The following items and questions were surveyed: I. Profession and workplace of the survey participants. II. Preventive measures and recommendations for myopia management, a) regarding reading distance and near work, b) optical tools, i.e., application of Defocus Incorporated Multiple Segments (DIMS) glasses, near additions, or contact lenses, and c) the application of atropine eye drops. III. Application of additional diagnostic tools. RESULTS Forty-eight individuals completed the survey. Of the respondents, 88% (n = 42) affirmed that they generally gave advice on strategies for myopia prevention and management strategies. Almost all study participants (n = 41; 85%) recommend outdoor time as a preventive measure. The recommendation on near distance is given less frequently, with 28 (58%) participants confirming that they do recommend a "safe" reading distance, and 15 (31%) negating this. Eight (17%) survey participants recommend using near addition glasses, while 36 (75%) do not. Similarly, 35 (73%) respondents do not apply DIMS glasses and 8 (17%) apply them. Fourteen (29%) participants recommend myopia-reducing contact lenses while 30 (63%) do not, and 29 (60%) confirmed that they applied atropine eye drops to slow myopia progression while 14 (29%) do not prescribe these eye drops. The majority of respondents (n = 25; 86%) who prescribe atropine eye drops use atropine 0.01% eye drops. CONCLUSIONS Prevention and therapeutic management of childhood myopia is an essential part in the daily routine of pediatric ophthalmologists. Substantial agreement was found for the protective role of outdoor time (85%). The only common therapeutic approach is the administration of atropine eye drops (60%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Sara Eppenberger
- Eye Clinic, Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne, Switzerland
- Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Veit Sturm
- Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Eye Clinic, Saint Gallen Cantonal Hospital, Saint Gallen, Switzerland
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Mu J, Zeng D, Fan J, Liu M, Jiang M, Shuai X, Wang J, Zhang S. Epidemiological Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Myopia Among Primary School Students in Southern China: A Longitudinal Study. Int J Public Health 2023; 68:1605424. [PMID: 36865998 PMCID: PMC9971006 DOI: 10.3389/ijph.2023.1605424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To study the epidemiological characteristics and influencing factors of myopia to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of myopia. Methods: 7,597 students studying in grades 1-3 were followed up. Eye examinations and questionnaire surveys were conducted annually from 2019 to 2021. The influencing factors of myopia were analyzed by logistic regression model. Results: The prevalence of myopia among students in grades 1-3 in 2019 was 23.4%, which increased to 41.9% and 51.9% after the 1-and 2-year follow-up, respectively. The incidence of myopia and change in the spherical equivalent refraction (SER) were higher in 2020 than in 2021. The 2-year cumulative incidences of myopia were 2.5%, 10.1%, 15.5%, 36.3%, and 54.1% in students with a baseline SER >+1.50D, +1.00D to +1.50D, +0.50D to +1.00D, 0.00D to +0.50D, and -0.50D to 0.00D, respectively. Outdoor activities, sex, age, baseline SER, parental myopia, sleep time, and digital device exposure were associated with myopia. Conclusion: The prevalence of myopia demonstrated a rapid increase; thus, healthy habits and outdoor activities should be promoted for the prevention and control of myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingfeng Mu
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dan Zeng
- Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jingjie Fan
- Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Meizhou Liu
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mingjie Jiang
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xinyi Shuai
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiantao Wang
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shaochong Zhang
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen, China,*Correspondence: Shaochong Zhang,
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Kirchengast S, Juan A, Waldhoer T, Yang L. An increase in the developmental tempo affects the secular trend in height in male Austrian conscripts birth cohorts 1951-2002. Am J Hum Biol 2022; 35:e23848. [PMID: 36510339 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Using population-based data on height in Austria from birth cohort 1951 to 2002, we aim to evaluate the secular trends in height and developmental tempo among Austrian young men. METHODS Data were obtained from the Austrian conscription medical examination. We included 1 205 112 conscripts (18-<20 years) who were born between 1951 and 2002 and 853 645 conscripts (17-<19 years) who were born between 1961 and 2002. Height was measured during the medical examination and was used to evaluate the secular trends of mean height over time. Furthermore, the mean difference in height between conscripts of 17- and 18 years old were compared across birth cohorts. RESULTS The mean height of conscripts aged 17 years increased by 2.2 cm (p < .0001) in between 1961 and 2002. The mean height of conscripts aged 18 years increased by 4.3 cm (p < .0001) between 1951 and 2002. However, the increase in mean height has slowed down since the 1970 s. The difference in mean height between 17 and 18 years old widened from about 0.1 cm in 1961 to 0.3 cm around 1970 and then steadily narrowed again to 0.1 cm at the end of the study period. CONCLUSIONS The increasing trend in height slows at the end of the 20th century, the developmental tempo at the population level, however, continued to increase. The difference in mean height between 17 and 18 years old narrowed, which may indicate that young men reached their final height earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Kirchengast
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences-HEAS, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alfred Juan
- Personnel Marketing Division, Ministry of Defence, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Waldhoer
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Alberta Health Services, Holy Cross Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Preventive Oncology & Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Yang L, Juan A, Waldhoer T. Prevalence and trends in obesity among Austrian conscripts from 1983 to 2017. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2021:10.1007/s00508-021-01941-9. [PMID: 34533634 DOI: 10.1007/s00508-021-01941-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This article describes the recent prevalence and trend in weight status in young men over three and half decades among Austrian conscripts overall and by subgroups defined by education and smoking behavior. We extracted medical record data from six medical examination stations across the country of all Austrian military conscripts (aged 17-19 years) recruited between 1983 and 2017 (n = 1.5 million). Weight and height were measured to calculate body mass index (BMI). Mean BMI increased from 22.7 to 24.3 kg/m2 between 1983 and 2017. Over time, the prevalence of obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) increased from 1.6% (95% CI 1.6-1.7%) to 8.2% (95% CI 8.1-8.3%). The prevalence of obesity among Austrian young men increased remarkably in the past 35 years. Higher levels of education appeared to be associated with lower prevalence of obesity, particularly among the non-smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yang
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Alberta Health Services, Holy Cross Centre, 2210-2nd Street SW, ACB, T2S 3C3, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Preventive Oncology & Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Epidemiology, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Thomas Waldhoer
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, Vienna, Austria.
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Schuster AK, Krause L, Kuchenbäcker C, Prütz F, Elflein HM, Pfeiffer N, Urschitz MS. Prevalence and Time Trends in Myopia Among Children and Adolescents. DEUTSCHES ARZTEBLATT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 117:855-860. [PMID: 33612155 DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2020.0855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myopia (near-sightedness) is increasing worldwide, especially in Asia. The aim of this study was to describe trends in the prevalence of myopia in Germany. METHODS We analyzed data from the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS; baseline survey 2003-2006, N = 17 640; wave 2, 2014-2017, N = 15 023). The presence of myopia was determined from a parent questionnaire and validated by the use of a visual aid. The population prevalence of myopia was calculated. Based on the KiGGS wave 2 data, potential risk factors for myopia were identified by means of logistic regression. RESULTS The prevalence of myopia at the age of 0-17 years in Germany was 11.6% (95% confidence interval [11.0; 12.2]) in the period 2003-2006 and 11.4% [10.7; 12.2] in 2014-2017. No age group of either sex exhibited a relevant, statistically significant change in the prevalence of myopia. In the adjusted model (adjusted for age, sex, family socioeconomic status, family history of migration), no association was found between myopia and use of digital media. More time spent reading books was associated with myopia: reading for more than 2 h/day showed an odds ratio of 1.69 [1.3; 2.2]. CONCLUSION The prevalence of myopia in children and adolescents in Germany has remained virtually unchanged over a period of approximately 10 years. Changes in media consumption, such as the increased use of smartphones in this age group, have therefore had no detectable impact on the development of myopia, at least not so far. Future studies should investigate the influences of further increases in media use and examine the long-term effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander K Schuster
- These authors are co-last authors; Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany; Division of Pediatric Epidemiology, Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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Modjtahedi BS, Abbott RL, Fong DS, Lum F, Tan D. Reducing the Global Burden of Myopia by Delaying the Onset of Myopia and Reducing Myopic Progression in Children: The Academy's Task Force on Myopia. Ophthalmology 2020; 128:816-826. [PMID: 33388160 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2020.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2019, the American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) created the Task Force on Myopia in recognition of the substantial global increases in myopia prevalence and its associated complications. The Task Force, led by Richard L. Abbott, MD, and Donald Tan, MD, comprised recognized experts in myopia prevention and treatment, public health experts from around the world, and organization representatives from the American Academy of Family Physicians, American Academy of Optometry, and American Academy of Pediatrics. The Academy's Board of Trustees believes that myopia is a high-priority cause of visual impairment, warranting a timely evaluation and synthesis of the scientific literature and formulation of an action plan to address the issue from different perspectives. This includes education of physicians and other health care providers, patients and their families, schools, and local and national public health agencies; defining health policies to ameliorate patients' access to appropriate therapy and to promote effective public health interventions; and fostering promising avenues of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobeck S Modjtahedi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Southern California Kaiser Permanente, Baldwin Park, California; Department of Research and Evaluation, Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Pasadena, California
| | - Richard L Abbott
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Donald S Fong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Southern California Kaiser Permanente, Baldwin Park, California; Department of Research and Evaluation, Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Pasadena, California
| | - Flora Lum
- American Academy of Ophthalmology, San Francisco, California.
| | - Donald Tan
- Eye and Retina Surgeons, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
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15
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Recent Epidemiology Study Data of Myopia. J Ophthalmol 2020; 2020:4395278. [PMID: 33489329 PMCID: PMC7803099 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4395278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Myopia, a pandemic refractive error, is affecting more and more people. The progression of myopia could cause numerously serious complications, even leading to blindness. This review summarizes the epidemiological studies on myopia after 2018 and analyzes the risk factors associated with myopia. The prevalence of myopia varies in different regions, age, and observation time. East Asia has been gripped by an unprecedented rise in myopia, and other parts of the world have also seen an increase. The prevalence of myopia in children continues to rise and aggravates with age. The prevalence of high myopia has also increased along with myopia. Racial dependence and family aggregation can be seen frequently in myopia patients. Increased outdoor activities are proven to be protective factors for myopia, as near-distance work and higher education levels affect in the opposite. The impact of gender or urbanization on myopia is controversial. The relationship between nutrition, digital screens, Kawasaki disease, pregnant women smoking during pregnancy, and myopia is still not clear for lack of sufficient evidence. Understanding the various factors that affect myopia helps to clarify the mechanism of myopia formation and also to formulate reasonable prevention and control measures of myopia to protect people's health, especially for adolescents.
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