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Morrongiello BA, Amir M, Corbett MR, Zolis C, Russell K. Adolescents at the skatepark: identifying design features and youth behaviours that pose risk for falls. Inj Prev 2023:ip-2023-045017. [PMID: 38123982 DOI: 10.1136/ip-2023-045017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skateboarding is an increasingly popular leisure activity for youth, yet injuries due to falls are common. This study aimed to identify the features at skateparks and tricks performed by youth that pose an increased risk of falls in skateboarders. METHOD Video recordings were unobtrusively taken at a large skatepark of youth designated as young (11-15 years) or old (16-20 years). Videos were coded to identify the popular skatepark features used and tricks performed, and to assign a fall severity outcome rating for each feature and each type of trick attempted. RESULTS The results identify features and tricks that pose increased risk of falling for youth at skateparks. CONCLUSIONS Implications for injury prevention are discussed, including a consideration of environmental (skatepark design) and individual (youth behaviour) factors relevant to reducing skateboarding injuries due to falls among youth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Amir
- Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Caroline Zolis
- Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kelly Russell
- Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Priyambada Mitra T, Djerboua M, Mahmood S, Nettel-Aguirre A, Caird JK, Emery C, Hagel B, Russell K. Effectiveness of an injury prevention video on risky behaviours in youth snow sports: A randomized controlled trial. Paediatr Child Health 2023; 28:404-410. [PMID: 37885602 PMCID: PMC10599488 DOI: 10.1093/pch/pxad012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Ski and snowboard-related injuries are common among Canadian youth. Analyzing the role of risky behaviours that contribute to injury risk is essential for gaining an understanding of injury prevention opportunities. The objective was to determine if rates of risky behaviour seen at the ski hill were lower for children and adolescents exposed to an educational injury prevention video. Methods This single-blinded cluster randomized controlled trial included students (ages 7-16) from 18 Calgary schools who were enrolled in novice levelled school-sanctioned ski and snowboard programs. Consenting schools were randomly assigned to the intervention or control. The control group followed standard preparation including watching a general ski hill orientation video that was created by the ski hill. The intervention group viewed the intervention video focussed on injury prevention. The Risky Behaviour and Actions Assessment Tool was used by blinded research assistants to observe and record students' risky behaviours at an Alberta ski hill. Results In total, 407 observations estimated the rate of risky behaviour. The overall rate of risky behaviour was 23.31/100 person runs in the control group and 22.95/100 person runs in the intervention group. The most commonly observed risky behaviours in both groups were skiing too close to other skiers/snowboarders and near collision with an object/person. Conclusions Both groups showed similar rates of risky behaviour and demonstrated the same most common type of behaviour. Practical applications: future work should focus on mitigating common risky behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatum Priyambada Mitra
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta
- MD Program, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta
| | - Maya Djerboua
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta
| | - Sheharzad Mahmood
- MD Program, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta
| | - Alberto Nettel-Aguirre
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta
- O’Brien Institute of Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta
- School of Mathematics and Applied Statistics, University of Wollongong, Australia
| | - Jeff K Caird
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta
- O’Brien Institute of Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta
| | - Carolyn Emery
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta
- O’Brien Institute of Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Brent Hagel
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta
- O’Brien Institute of Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta
| | - Kelly Russell
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba
- Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba
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Subaşı İÖ, Gür V. Recreational Skiing- and Snowboarding-Related Extremity Injuries: A Five-Year Tertiary Trauma Center Cohort. Cureus 2023; 15:e42688. [PMID: 37649954 PMCID: PMC10464917 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.42688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Skiing and snowboarding are widely recognized winter sports with a notable risk of sports-related injuries. Comprehensive knowledge of the injuries sustained during skiing and snowboarding is imperative for preventative strategies and for understanding the injury patterns and epidemiological characteristics from surgeons' standpoint, particularly orthopedic surgeons, given that all anatomical regions and systems are susceptible to harm when engaging in these activities. OBJECTIVE Our research aims to investigate the injury patterns and epidemiological characteristics of individuals seeking medical attention at Erzincan University Faculty of Medicine Orthopedics and Traumatology Clinic, Erzincan, Turkey, after experiencing recreational skiing or snowboarding injuries. METHODS During the period spanning from 2018 to 2023, a retrospective analysis was conducted on patients aged between 18 to 65 years who had sustained isolated extremity injuries while participating in recreational winter sports at the Ergan Mountain Ski Center. The causes of injuries were categorized into two types (skiing and snowboarding) based on the subjective description of the injury scene. The study employed the χ2 test for categorical variables and Student's t-test for continuous variables to conduct subgroup comparisons. RESULTS The study results revealed that most patients, precisely 53.2%, sustained injuries in their lower extremities, whereas 46.8% sustained injuries in their upper extremities. The most frequently injured area of the patients presenting with skiing injury was the region around the knee (31.2%), followed by around the shoulder (21.6%) and the foot and ankle (14.9%). The anatomical region most injured among patients who sustained snowboarding injuries was the hand and wrist, accounting for 23.9% of cases. CONCLUSION Skiing and snowboarding injuries vary anatomically. While individuals with limited experience are at a higher risk of sustaining injuries, no statistically significant disparity was observed regarding the specific body parts affected among individuals of varying skill levels. Recognizing these sports-related injuries, which are growing in young people, will encourage the use of personal protective equipment to avoid injuries, assure ski resorts' environmental safety, and reduce sports-related morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- İzzet Özay Subaşı
- Orthopedics and Traumatology, Erzincan University Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan, TUR
| | - Volkan Gür
- Orthopedics and Traumatology, Erzincan University Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan, TUR
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Ma X, Li JY, Andd SG, Ao YF, Yang YP. Comparison and analysis of skiing injuries at ski resorts in Chongli, China and Japan. Chin J Traumatol 2023; 26:63-67. [PMID: 36180308 PMCID: PMC10071314 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjtee.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The rapid development of winter sports requires investigation on injuries in Chongli district, Zhangjiakou city, one of the ski sites of the 2022 Winter Olympics. Careful evaluation is required to observe which injuries are caused under what circumstances, and then we can make corresponding preventive measures and recommendations based on the results. METHODS In this retrospective study, the data of injury cases at ski resorts in China (Chongli district) and Japan were analyzed to provide a reference for the ongoing injury prevention at ski resorts. We collected data on injuries at Wanlong and Fulong ski resorts in Chongli district during the 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 ski seasons. We referred to the skiing injury report issued in February 2020 of a nationwide ski safety statistical service - Japan Ski Safety Association. The causes of injury and specific injured body parts were analyzed based on the data of Chinese and Japanese ski resorts. Statistical significance has been calculated using the Chi-square test. RESULTS During the 2019-2020 ski season in Japanese ski resorts, the number of reported injuries per 10,000 skiers was 0.93, of which 457 (17.3%) were over 50 years old, accounting for a large proportion of injuries, meanwhile in Chongli ski resort, the injury rate of skiers aged 50 and over was 7.1%. The knee joint (23.7% at Wanlong ski resort and 28.4% in Japanese ski resorts) was the most injured body part among Chongli and Japanese skiers. Among snowboarders, shoulder joint injury (17.7% in Japanese ski resorts) was the most common, and injury on hands and fingers (16.3% in Wanlong ski resorts) was the most common. Head injury rates are similar in Chongli, China and Japanese ski resorts (8.2% and 8.7%, respectively). CONCLUSION Our analysis demonstrated that injury data recorded among young skiers was higher in Chinese ski resorts (Chongli district) than that in Japanese ski resorts, and elderly skiers made up a larger proportion of skiing injuries in Japanese resorts. Thus, according to our research, the protection of knee joints, shoulder joints, and hands and fingers should be taken seriously. It should pay attention to the teaching of ski poles (for finger protection), and use protective devices such as knee pads, helmets, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Ma
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jiong-Yuan Li
- School of China-Japan Friendship Clinical Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Shi Geru Andd
- Zhangjiakou Chongli Great Wall Ice-Snow Tourism Development and Management Co., Ltd., Chongli District, Zhangjiakou, 076350, Hebei Province, China
| | - Ying-Fang Ao
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yu-Ping Yang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Beijing, 100191, China; Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital-Chongli, Zhangjiakou, 076350, Hebei Province, China.
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Collisions with another person while skiing and snowboarding: A 13-year national registry analysis. Injury 2022; 53:2485-2492. [PMID: 35643559 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2022.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Interindividual collisions while skiing or snowboarding occur regularly, they can be associated with severe injuries. OBJECTIVE To elucidate causes of accidents, injury patterns and potential risk factors for injury severity in interindividual collisions of skiers and snowboarders. MATERIAL AND METHODS Retrospective analysis of the Austrian Registry for Mountain Accidents within a 13-year timeframe (2005-2018) with regard to on- or off-piste collisions of skiers and snowboarders. RESULTS A total of 30,503 collisions, involving 52,430 (85.9%) skiers and 8,576 (14.1%) snowboarders were analysed. Denominators are lacking, since total numbers of skiers and snowboarders were not available. Compared to skiers, snowboarders were younger (23 vs. 42 years; p<0.001), predominantly male (77.4% vs. 61.0%; p<0.001) and less often severely injured (46.8% vs. 26.2%; p<0.001). Most accidents occurred on slopes (>95%). Collisions involving two snowboarders occurred proportionally more often in terrain parks (4.1% of 1,664 injured snowboarders; p<0.001) and while one victim was standing or sitting (9.7%; p<0.001). Contusions/strains/sprains were most prevalent (>23%), as were head injuries (>12%). In skiers, chest, shoulder, hip, thigh and knee injuries occurred more often, leading to fractures, dislocations, concussions and internal injuries more frequently. In snowboarders, spine/back, elbow, forearm, wrist and lower leg injuries were more prevalent. Female gender and standing or sitting prior to the accident was a risk factor for being more severely injured in collisions involving i) two skiers (OR: 4.02 (3.79-4.26) and 3.91 (3.26-4.68)), ii) a skier and a snowboarder (OR: 4.50 (3.95-5.14) and 11.49 (8.04-16.41)) or iii) two snowboarders (OR: 2.85 (2.12-3.84) and 12.47 (6.17-25.20)). Wearing a helmet increased the risk when two skiers collided (OR: 1.10 (1.03-1.17)). In skier vs. snowboarder collisions, the skier had a higher risk of being injured more severely (OR: 7.93 (6.98-9.01)). CONCLUSIONS In interindividual collisions of skiers and snowboarders, injury patterns and preceding causes differ substantially. Skiers are more likely to be severely injured. Awareness of an increased risk of injury should be raised particularly while standing or sitting on the slope.
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Rugg CD, Malzacher T, Ausserer J, Rederlechner A, Paal P, Ströhle M. Gender differences in snowboarding accidents in Austria: a 2005-2018 registry analysis. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e053413. [PMID: 34667014 PMCID: PMC8527139 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-053413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To elucidate gender differences in snowboarding accidents. DESIGN Retrospective registry analysis within the Austrian National Registry of Mountain Accidents. SETTING Snowboard-related emergencies between November 2005 and October 2018. PARTICIPANTS All injured snowboarders with documented injury severity and gender (3536 men; 2155 women). PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES Gender-specific analysis of emergency characteristics and injury patterns. RESULTS Over time, the number of mild, severe and fatal injuries per season decreased in men but not in women. Accidents most frequently were interindividual collisions (>80%) and occurred when heading downhill on a slope. Men more often suffered injuries to the shoulder (15.1% vs 9.2%) and chest (6.8% vs 4.4%), were involved in accidents caused by falling (12.9% vs 9.6%) or obstacle impact (4.3% vs 1.5%), while on slopes with higher difficulty levels (red: 42.6% vs 39.9%; black: 4.2% vs 2.5%), while snowboarding in a park (4.8% vs 2.1%) and under the influence of alcohol (1.6% vs 0.5%). Women more often sustained injuries to the back (10.2% vs 13.1%) and pelvis (2.9% vs 4.2%), on easier slopes (blue: 46.1% vs 52.4%) and while standing or sitting (11.0% vs 15.8%). Mild injuries were more frequent in women (48.6% vs 56.4%), severe and fatal injuries in men (36.0% vs 29.7% and 0.9% vs 0.4%). Male gender, age and the use of a helmet were risk factors for the combined outcome of severe or fatal injuries (OR (99% CI): 1.22 (1.00 to 1.48), 1.02 (1.02 to 1.03) and 1.31 (1.05 to 1.63)). When wearing a helmet, the relative risk (RR) for severe injuries increased while that for mild injuries decreased in male snowboarders only (RR (95% CI): 1.21 (1.09 to 1.34) and 0.88 (0.83 to 0.95)). CONCLUSIONS Snowboard injuries are proportionally increasing in women and the observed injury patterns and emergency characteristics differ substantially from those of men. Further gender-specific research in snowboard-related injuries should be encouraged. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT03755050.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Duane Rugg
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Till Malzacher
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Julia Ausserer
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andrea Rederlechner
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Peter Paal
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Mathias Ströhle
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Roberts CC. A preliminary study on enhancing safety of contact features in the terrain park. J Sci Med Sport 2021; 24:1077-1081. [PMID: 33839036 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2021.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Terrain park riders use contact features such as fun boxes and rails. Typical fun box and rail features have a design characteristic that can be changed to improve safety. Fun box edge coping and edges of rails are typically constructed of soft steel. Ski/snowboard edges (HRC50) can easily become engaged in the softer metal, causing a chip to develop, suddenly stopping the rider, probably causing a fall and possible injury. The aim of the study is to examine the effect of terrain park running surface hardness on chip development. DESIGN Testing on steel specimens was performed to research chip development generated by a ski/snowboard edge on steel used in the construction of contact features and on steel that is proposed for such use. An apparatus was constructed to simulate a ski/snowboard edge moving perpendicular to the long axis of coping or rail edge. METHODS The author performed observation, photographic documentation, metallurgical testing and environmental testing of various contact features at different ski area terrain parks. Several steel specimens of varying hardness were tested at various load levels to study the propensity of chip development by ski/snowboard edges. RESULTS Testing of steel samples showed that increasing the hardness of the rail steel or coping steel reduced the propensity for a ski/snowboard edge to engage in the coping or rail. CONCLUSIONS Increasing steel coping and rail contact surface hardness to HRC 50 and above will likely reduce engagement by steel snowboard/ski edges, which in turn is expected to reduce the chance of a fall and injury.
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Audet O, Hagel BE, Hamel D, Tremblay B, Macpherson AK, Goulet C. The association between removing and reintroducing man-made jumps in terrain parks and severe alpine skiing and snowboarding injuries. J Sci Med Sport 2020; 24:212-217. [PMID: 32868202 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the effect of removing and reintroducing man-made jumps in terrain parks (TPs), on the proportion of severe injuries among alpine skiers and snowboarders in Québec, Canada. DESIGN Quasi-experimental study. METHODS Injuries were identified via injury report forms completed by ski patrollers during seasons 2000-2001 to 2016-2017 in Québec ski areas. Severe injuries were defined based on the type of injury or ambulance evacuation. Logistic regression analysis was used to provide adjusted odds ratios (AOR) for the comparison of the time periods before jump removal (PRE) and after jump reintroduction (POST) with the jump removal interval (INT). RESULTS Compared with INT, the proportion of severe injuries in PRE was not significantly different (AOR: 1.05; 95% CI: 0.85-1.30), but was higher in POST (AOR: 1.76; 95% CI: 1.24-2.51) for ski areas with jump removal. In ski areas without jump removal, there was no change in PRE (AOR: 0.96; 95% CI: 0.87-1.07) and increased odds of severe injuries in POST (AOR: 1.20; 95% CI: 1.07-1.35). A supplementary analysis suggested that removing jumps from TPs has contributed significantly to a reduction in the proportion of severe injuries. This protective effect appears to decline over time. CONCLUSIONS These results do not suggest that removing jumps from TPs as an effective long-term injury prevention strategy in skiing and snowboarding. Collecting data on exposure could improve our understanding of how removing, introducing or reintroducing man-made jumps in TPs is associated with the risk of minor and severe injuries in TPs and on regular trails.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brent E Hagel
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; O'Brien Institute for Public Health, University of Calgary, Canada; Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Denis Hamel
- Bureau d'information et d'études en santé des populations, Québec Public Health Institute, Canada
| | - Benoit Tremblay
- Ministère de l'Éducation et de l'Enseignement supérieur (Québec Ministry of Education and Higher Education), Canada
| | - Alison K Macpherson
- Department of Kinesiology, Université Laval, Canada; School of Kinesiology & Health Science, York University, Canada
| | - Claude Goulet
- Department of Physical Education, Université Laval, Canada.
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Russell K, Arthur S, Goulet C, Selci E, Morrongiello B. Understanding youths' attitudes and practices regarding listening to music, video recording and terrain park use while skiing and snowboarding. BMC Pediatr 2020; 20:389. [PMID: 32814547 PMCID: PMC7437043 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-020-02292-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skiing and snowboarding are popular activities among Canadian youth and these sports have evolved to include certain risk behaviours such as listening to music, using terrain parks, and video recording yourself or others. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of these risk behaviours and identify factors that are associated with the risk behaviours. METHODS Using focus group methodology, a questionnaire was developed to capture aspects of the Theory of Planned Behaviour. A cross-sectional study was conducted where the questionnaire was administered to youth aged 13-18 during two winter seasons at two ski hills in Manitoba, Canada. RESULTS The sample was comprised of 735 youth (mean age 14.9; 82.1% male, 83.6% snowboarding). The most common behavior was using the TP (83.1%), followed by listening to music that day (36.9%), and video recording that day (34.5%). Youth had significantly higher odds of listening to music that day if they planned to next time (OR 19.13; 95% CI: 10.62, 34.44), were skiing or snowboarding alone (OR 2.33; 95% CI: 1.10, 4.95), or thought listening to music makes skiing or snowboarding more exciting or fun or makes them feel more confident (OR 2.30; 95% CI: 1.31, 4.05). They were less likely to if they believed that music made it more difficult to hear or talk to others (OR: 0.35; 95% CI: 0.18, 0.65). Youth had significantly higher odds of using the terrain park if they believed that terrain parks were cool, challenging, or fun (OR: 5.84; 95% CI: 2.85, 11.96) or if their siblings used terrain parks (OR: 4.94; OR: 2.84, 9.85). Those who believed that terrain parks were too busy or crowded (OR: 0.31; 95% CI: 0.16, 0.62) were less likely to use them. Youth had significantly higher odds of video recording that day if they reported that they plan to video record next time (OR: 8.09, 95% CI: 4.67, 14.01) or if they were skiing or snowboarding with friends (OR: 3.65, 95% CI: 1.45, 9.18). Youth had significantly higher odds of video recording that day if they agreed that recording makes them try harder and improved their tricks (OR: 3.34, 95% CI: 1.38, 8.08) compared to those who neither agreed nor disagreed. Youth were less likely to record themselves that day if their friends did not do so (OR: 0.36; 95% CI: 0.16, 0.80). CONCLUSION Common predictors of engaging in risk behaviours suggest that injury prevention programs may not have to be specific to each behaviour. Some strategies for injury prevention are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Russell
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Science, CE-208 Children's Hospital, 840 Sherbrook Street, Health Sciences Center, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3A 1S1, Canada. .,Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, John Buhler Research Centre, 513-715 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3P4, Canada.
| | - Stephanie Arthur
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Science, CE-208 Children's Hospital, 840 Sherbrook Street, Health Sciences Center, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3A 1S1, Canada.,Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, John Buhler Research Centre, 513-715 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3P4, Canada
| | - Claude Goulet
- Department of Physical Education, Laval University, Pavillion des Sciences de l'education, 2320, rue des Bibiotheques, Quebec City, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Erin Selci
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Science, CE-208 Children's Hospital, 840 Sherbrook Street, Health Sciences Center, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3A 1S1, Canada.,Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, John Buhler Research Centre, 513-715 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3P4, Canada
| | - Barbara Morrongiello
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
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Reynier VM, Soulé BJ, Pabion-Mouriès JM. Skiing and Snowboarding Injuries in Snow Parks: A Study Based on Self-Reported Practitioners' Statements. Wilderness Environ Med 2020; 31:181-187. [PMID: 32331952 DOI: 10.1016/j.wem.2020.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Snow parks (SPs) are an essential part of what draws individuals to winter resorts. When compared to traditional skiing and snowboarding, SPs heighten the risk and severity of injuries, as well as the rate of hospitalization. The aim of this study is to contribute to the knowledge on accidents in SPs based on the self-reported statements of practitioners. METHODS A questionnaire measured self-reported accident frequency and type, the nature of injuries sustained, the duration of the discomfort caused, and contributing factors such as terrain features. Demographic and sport-related data, such as ability and frequency of participation, were also collected. The questionnaires were administered in several SPs in the French Alps. RESULTS Teenagers and experienced freestylers are most frequently injured. The nature and location of injuries vary depending on the level of practice and type of feature. Few injured participants contact emergency services. CONCLUSIONS The rate of injuries in SPs exceed that reported in prior research. Because expert and young participants expose themselves to particularly serious bodily impacts in SP, they must pay special attention to prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique M Reynier
- Laboratoire Sport & Environnement Social (SENS - EA 3742), University Grenoble Alpes, Saint-Martin d'Hères, France
| | - Bastien J Soulé
- Laboratoire sur les Vulnérabilités et l'Innovation dans le Sport (L-ViS - EA 7428), University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne cedex, France.
| | - Johanne M Pabion-Mouriès
- Laboratoire Sport & Environnement Social (SENS - EA 3742), University Grenoble Alpes, Saint-Martin d'Hères, France
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Audet O, Macpherson AK, Valois P, Hagel BE, Tremblay B, Goulet C. Terrain park feature compliance with Québec ski area safety recommendations. Inj Prev 2020; 27:injuryprev-2019-043629. [PMID: 32299838 DOI: 10.1136/injuryprev-2019-043629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The primary objective of this paper is to examine terrain park (TP) feature compliance with recommendations from a ski area industry guide (are TP features compliant with the guide?) and determine factors that could be associated with TP feature compliance in Québec ski areas (do factors influence TP feature compliance?), Canada. These recommendations on the design, construction and maintenance are provided by the Québec Ski Areas Association Guide. METHODS A group of two to four trained research assistants visited seven ski areas. They used an evaluation tool to assess the compliance of 59 TP features. The evaluation tool, originally developed to assess the quality of TP features based on the guide, was validated in a previous study. Compliance was calculated by the percentage of compliant measures within a given feature. The potential influence of four factors on compliance (size of the TP, size of the feature, snow conditions and type of feature) were examined using a mixed-effects logistic regression model. RESULTS The average TP feature compliance percentage was 93% (95% CI 88% to 99%) for boxes, 91% (95% CI 89% to 94%) for rails and 89% (95% CI 86% to 92%) for jumps. The logistic regression showed that none of the four factors examined were associated with TP feature compliance with the guide. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that TP features are highly compliant with the guide in Québec ski areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Audet
- Department of Kinesiology, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Alison K Macpherson
- Department of Kinesiology, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
- School of Kinesiology & Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pierre Valois
- Department of Educational Fundamentals and Practices, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Brent E Hagel
- Departments of Paediatrics and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Benoit Tremblay
- Québec Network of Regional Units of Leisure and Sport, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada
| | - Claude Goulet
- Department of Physical Education, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
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12
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Carus L, Castillo I. Injury Prevention: Freestylers' Awareness of FIS Code of Conduct for Snow Parks. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17010308. [PMID: 31906403 PMCID: PMC6982171 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17010308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of the present study were to assess general perceptions of safety in snow parks (SPs), general knowledge of rules existence, and both active and passive awareness of the International Ski Federation (FIS) rules contained in its Code of Conduct for SPs in order to define target groups for injury prevention-specific education interventions. Data were drawn from 436 freestylers randomly interviewed. The study was conducted during the 2018-2019 winter season in the SP of a major winter resort located in the Spanish Pyrenees. A questionnaire assessing personal data (gender, age, gear used, self-reported skill, and frequency of use), general perceptions on safety, general request for rules, and awareness of existing rules in SPs was developed. Chi-square goodness-of-fit tests were used to compare characteristics between groups. It was revealed, for accident prevention purposes, a concerning general lack of knowledge of existing rules in SPs (63% of participants ignored them). Risk-inducing situations that could result in severe injuries, such as familiarity with the right progression in choosing features and/or stunts or with safety equipment, were largely assessed incorrectly (94% and 70% of participants, respectively). Appropriate intuitive behavior increases with experience: youths and beginners are less able to implement FIS rules than more experienced freestylers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Carus
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 22002 Huesca, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-609-335327
| | - Isabel Castillo
- Faculty of Business and Public Management, University of Zaragoza, 22002 Huesca, Spain;
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13
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Injury-Related Behavioral Variables in Alpine Skiers, Snowboarders, and Ski Tourers-A Matched and Enlarged Re-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16203807. [PMID: 31658611 PMCID: PMC6843483 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16203807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral variables might play an important role in explaining the differences in injury rates across winter sport disciplines and injury prevention programs might be more specifically designed based on this knowledge. On ski slopes, alpine skiing, snowboarding, and ski touring are the predominant winter sport disciplines. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate possible differences in injury-related behavioral variables between practitioners of these disciplines. Using a matched re-analysis approach of a cross-sectional survey, 414 winter sport participants (alpine skiers, snowboarders, ski tourers, each n = 138) were analyzed on the differences in sensation seeking, treated injuries, and injury-related behavioral variables. Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel and Friedman tests revealed significantly higher sensation seeking, p < 0.001, and a significantly higher percentage of participants reporting to have consumed alcohol in the past five skiing days, p = 0.006, in snowboarders compared to alpine skiers. The participants with treated injuries showed higher sensation seeking, p < 0.050, and a higher percentage of snowboarders, p = 0.020, compared to participants without treated injuries. Injury prevention programs for snowboarders, who remain an important risk group for injury prevention, might benefit from considering a possibly higher percentage of alcohol-consuming participants and from providing information on injury-related risks of sensation seeking.
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14
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Injuries among children and adults in alpine skiing and snowboarding. J Sci Med Sport 2019; 22 Suppl 1:S3-S6. [PMID: 30100170 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Bigdon SF, Gewiess J, Hoppe S, Exadaktylos AK, Benneker LM, Fairhurst PG, Albers CE. Spinal injury in alpine winter sports: a review. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 2019; 27:69. [PMID: 31324221 PMCID: PMC6642543 DOI: 10.1186/s13049-019-0645-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Alpine winter sports have become increasingly popular over recent decades, with a similar increase in accident incidence. This review provides an overview of the most recent literature concerning spinal injury epidemiology, mechanisms, patterns and prevention strategies in the context of alpine winter sports. Material and methods The PubMed, Cochrane Library, and EMBASE databases were searched using the keywords spine injury, alpine injury, spine fracture, skiing injuries, snowboard injuries. 64 published studies in English and German met a priori inclusion criteria and were reviewed in detail by the authors. Results There are various mechanisms of injury in alpine winter sports (high speed falls in skiing, jumping failure in snowboarding) whilst regionality and injury severity are broadly similar. The thoracolumbar spine is the most common region for spinal injury. Spinal cord injury is relatively rare, usually accompanying distraction and rotation type fractures and is most commonly localised to the cervical spine. Disc injuries seem to occur more commonly in alpine winter sport athletes than in the general population. Discussion Despite awareness of increasing rates and risks of spinal injuries in alpine winter sports, there has been little success in injury prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Frederick Bigdon
- Department of Traumatology and Orthopaedic Surgery, Inselspital University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Jan Gewiess
- Department of Traumatology and Orthopaedic Surgery, Inselspital University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sven Hoppe
- Department of Traumatology and Orthopaedic Surgery, Inselspital University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Aristomenis K Exadaktylos
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Inselspital University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 16C, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lorin M Benneker
- Department of Traumatology and Orthopaedic Surgery, Inselspital University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Paul Gilbert Fairhurst
- Department of Traumatology and Orthopaedic Surgery, Inselspital University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christoph E Albers
- Department of Traumatology and Orthopaedic Surgery, Inselspital University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
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16
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Soligard T, Palmer D, Steffen K, Lopes AD, Grant ME, Kim D, Lee SY, Salmina N, Toresdahl BG, Chang JY, Budgett R, Engebretsen L. Sports injury and illness incidence in the PyeongChang 2018 Olympic Winter Games: a prospective study of 2914 athletes from 92 countries. Br J Sports Med 2019; 53:1085-1092. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2018-100236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
ObjectiveTo describe the incidence of injuries and illnesses sustained during the XXIII Olympic Winter Games, hosted by PyeongChang on 9–25 February 2018.MethodsWe recorded the daily number of athlete injuries and illnesses (1) through the reporting of all National Olympic Committee (NOC) medical teams and (2) in the polyclinic and medical venues by the PyeongChang 2018 medical staff.ResultsIn total, 2914 athletes (1210 women, 42%; 1704 men, 58%) from 92 NOCs were observed for occurrence of injury and illness. NOC and PyeongChang 2018 medical staff reported 376 injuries and 279 illnesses, equalling 12.6 injuries and 9.4 illnesses per 100 athletes over the 17-day period. Altogether, 12% of the athletes incurred at least one injury and 9% at least one illness. The injury incidence was highest in ski halfpipe (28%), snowboard cross (26%), ski cross (25%), snowboard slopestyle (21%) and aerials (20%), and lowest in Nordic combined, biathlon, snowboard slalom, moguls and cross-country skiing (2%–6%). Of the 376 injuries recorded, 33% and 13% were estimated to lead to ≥1 day and >7 days of absence from sport, respectively. The highest incidences of illness were recorded in biathlon (15%), curling (14%), bobsleigh (14%) and snowboard slalom (13%). Thirty per cent of the illnesses were expected to result in time loss, and 70% affected the respiratory system. Women suffered 61% more illnesses than men.ConclusionOverall, 12% of the athletes incurred at least one injury during the Games and 9% an illness, incidences that are similar to the Olympic Winter Games of 2010 and 2014.
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17
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McLoughlin RJ, Green J, Nazarey PP, Hirsh MP, Cleary M, Aidlen JT. The risk of snow sport injury in pediatric patients. Am J Emerg Med 2019; 37:439-443. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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18
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Caine DJ, Provance AJ. Pediatric and adolescent injury in adventure and extreme sports. Res Sports Med 2019; 26:5-19. [PMID: 30431358 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2018.1434041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis J Caine
- a Department of Kinesiology and Public Health Education , University of North Dakota , Grand Forks , ND , USA
| | - Aaron J Provance
- b Department of Orthopedics , University of Colorado School of Medicine , Aurora , CO , USA
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19
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Abstract
To systematically review published literature on pediatric snowboard injuries, a literature search was performed in PubMed for "snowboard*". Studies must 1) have been primary research; 2) included at least 10 snowboarders; 3) included children and/or adolescents 4) reported specific injury outcomes, risk factors, or injury prevention program effectiveness. The overall injury rates ranged from 0.5 per 1,000 runs to 420 per 1,000 snowboarders. The most common injuries types were fractures, sprains and strains. Most injuries occurred to an upper extremity or the head. Falls and collisions were the most common mechanisms. Snowboarders who were younger, female, had less snowboard experience, or had a previous injury were at greater risk for injury. Wearing wrist guards had a protective effect. Injury rates varied by injury denominator and source of data. Injury prevention efforts should evaluate modifiable extrinsic risk factors, such as strategies to increase use of protective equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Russell
- a Pediatrics and Child Health , University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , Canada.,b Children's Hospital Research Institute on Manitoba , Winnipeg , Canada.,c Canada North Concussion Network , Winnipeg , Canada
| | - Erin Selci
- a Pediatrics and Child Health , University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , Canada.,b Children's Hospital Research Institute on Manitoba , Winnipeg , Canada
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20
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Audet O, Hagel BE, Nettel-Aguirre A, Mitra T, Emery CA, Macpherson A, Lavoie MD, Goulet C. What are the risk factors for injuries and injury prevention strategies for skiers and snowboarders in terrain parks and half-pipes? A systematic review. Br J Sports Med 2018; 53:19-24. [PMID: 30072399 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2018-099166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To synthesise the current evidence regarding the risk factors, the injury prevention strategies and the profile of injured skiers and snowboarders in terrain parks (TPs) and half-pipes (HPs). DESIGN Systematic review following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines. DATA SOURCES Literature searches from six electronic databases and manual searches were performed. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING STUDIES Inclusion criteria were: (1) publication based on original data; (2) injuries sustained in TPs or HPs; (3) recreational skiing or snowboarding injuries; (4) observational or experimental study design with a comparison group. RESULTS No study explored the risk factors in HPs or the prevention strategies in TPs or HPs. From the literature retrieved, there is strong evidence that skiing or snowboarding in a TP is a risk factor for head, neck, back and severe injuries. Two papers assessed the risk factors for injuries in TPs, mainly demonstrating that features promoting aerial manoeuvres or a large drop to the ground were associated with higher feature-specific injury rates. The profile of injured skiers and snowboarders in TPs described in the literature suggested some evidence of associations between factors including activity, sex, skill level, helmet use, age and TP injuries. SUMMARY/CONCLUSIONS This systematic review demonstrates the need for studies identifying the risk factors for injuries to skiers and snowboarders and on interventions to reduce the risk of injury in TPs and HPs. Studies addressing the issue of TP design should be considered. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42016045206.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Audet
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - Brent E Hagel
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Departments of Paediatrics and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute and O'Brien Institute for Public Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Albertro Nettel-Aguirre
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Departments of Paediatrics and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute and O'Brien Institute for Public Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tatum Mitra
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Carolyn A Emery
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Departments of Paediatrics and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute and O'Brien Institute for Public Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alison Macpherson
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Canada.,School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Claude Goulet
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education, Laval University, Québec, Canada
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21
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Sran R, Djerboua M, Romanow N, Mitra T, Russell K, White K, Goulet C, Emery C, Hagel B. Ski and snowboard school programs: Injury surveillance and risk factors for grade-specific injury. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2017; 28:1569-1577. [PMID: 29265554 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The objective of our study was to evaluate incidence rates and profile of school program ski and snowboard-related injuries by school grade group using a historical cohort design. Injuries were identified via Accident Report Forms completed by ski patrollers. Severe injury was defined as those with ambulance evacuation or recommending patient transport to hospital. Poisson regression analysis was used to examine the school grade group-specific injury rates adjusting for risk factors (sex, activity, ability, and socioeconomic status) and accounting for the effect of clustering by school. Forty of 107 (37%) injuries reported were severe. Adolescents (grades 7-12) had higher crude injury rates (91 of 10 000 student-days) than children (grades 1-3: 25 of 10 000 student-days; grades 4-6: 65 of 10 000 student-days). Those in grades 1-3 had no severe injuries. Although the rate of injury was lower in grades 1-3, there were no statistically significant grade group differences in adjusted analyses. Snowboarders had a higher rate of injury compared with skiers, while higher ability level was protective. Participants in grades 1-3 had the lowest crude and adjusted injury rates. Students in grades 7-12 had the highest rate of overall and severe injuries. These results will inform evidence-based guidelines for school ski/snowboard program participation by school-aged children.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sran
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - M Djerboua
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - N Romanow
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - T Mitra
- Sports Injury Prevention Research Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - K Russell
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - K White
- WinSport, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - C Goulet
- Department of Physical Education, Laval University, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - C Emery
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Sports Injury Prevention Research Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,O'Brien Institute of Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - B Hagel
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Sports Injury Prevention Research Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,O'Brien Institute of Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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22
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Steenstrup SE, Mok KM, McIntosh AS, Bahr R, Krosshaug T. Head impact velocities in FIS World Cup snowboarders and freestyle skiers: Do real-life impacts exceed helmet testing standards? Br J Sports Med 2017; 52:32-40. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-097086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
IntroductionPrior to the 2013–2014 season, the International Ski Federation (FIS) increased the helmet testing speed from a minimum requirement of 5.4 to 6.8 m/s for alpine downhill, super-G and giant slalom and for freestyle ski cross, but not for the other freestyle disciplines or snowboarding. Whether this increased testing speed reflects impact velocities in real head injury situations on snow is unclear. We therefore investigated the injury mechanisms and gross head impact biomechanics in four real head injury situations among World Cup (WC) snowboard and freestyle athletes and compared these with helmet homologation laboratory test requirements. The helmets in the four cases complied with at least European Standards (EN) 1077 (Class B) or American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) F2040.MethodsWe analysed four head injury videos from the FIS Injury Surveillance System throughout eight WC seasons (2006–2014) in detail. We used motion analysis software to digitize the helmet’s trajectory and estimated the head’s kinematics in two dimensions, including directly preimpact and postimpact.ResultsAll four impacts were to the occiput. In the four cases, the normal-to-slope preimpact velocity ranged from 7.0(±SD 0.2) m/s to 10.5±0.5 m/s and the normal-to-slope velocity change ranged from 8.4±0.6 m/s to 11.7±0.7 m/s. The sagittal plane helmet angular velocity estimates indicated a large change in angular velocity (25.0±2.9 rad/s to 49.1±0.3 rad/s).ConclusionThe estimated normal-to-slope preimpact velocity was higher than the current strictest helmet testing rule of 6.8 m/s in all four cases.
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23
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Carús L, Escorihuela M. Feature-specific ski injuries in snow parks. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2016; 95:86-90. [PMID: 27415812 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2016.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Previous research suggests that snow park (SP) injuries are proportionally more frequent and more likely to be more severe than those sustained on traditional slopes. The aim of this study was to calculate skiers' overall and feature-specific injury rates and determine potential risk factors for severe injury in an SP. This is a retrospective study conducted during the 2013/2014 winter season in the SP of a major winter resort located in the Spanish Pyrenees. Cases were skiers who suffered feature-related injuries in the SP. Denominator data consisted of the estimated total number of skier runs and the estimated total number of times each feature was used by a skier. Injury rates were calculated and logistic regression used to determine the feature-specific odds of injury. A total of 113 cases met the inclusion criteria. The overall injury rate was of 0.9 per 1000 skier runs. Rates of injury were highest for Big jumps (2.9/1000 uses) and lowest for Rainbow boxes (0.1/1000 uses). Compared with Boxes, there were increased odds of severe injury versus minor injury for C-rails (OR 9.1; 95% CI 0.6-13.18), Half-pipe (OR 4.5; 95% CI 0.3-6.27) and Big jumps (OR 3.0; 95% CI 0.3-3.53). Higher feature-specific ski injury rates and increased odds of injury were associated with features that require a very clean technique or promote aerial maneuvers and result in a larger drop to the ground.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Carús
- University of Zaragoza, Department of Business Administration, Faculty of Health and Sports, Spain.
| | - María Escorihuela
- University of Zaragoza, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Business, Spain.
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24
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Kopp M, Wolf M, Ruedl G, Burtscher M. Differences in Sensation Seeking Between Alpine Skiers, Snowboarders and Ski Tourers. J Sports Sci Med 2016; 15:11-16. [PMID: 26957921 PMCID: PMC4763828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite different injury rates and injury patterns previous personality related research in the field of downhill winter sports did not subdivide between different alpine slope users. In this study, we tried to find out whether the personality trait sensation seeking differs between skiers, snowboarders and ski tourers. In a cross-sectional survey 1185 persons (726 alpine skiers, 321 snowboarders and 138 ski tourers comparable in age and sex) were electronically questioned with the sensation seeking scale (SSS-V) comprising the four factors thrill and adventure seeking, experiences seeking, disinhibition and boredom susceptibility. Kruskal-Wallis Tests revealed a significantly higher total score of the SSS-V for snowboarders in comparison to alpine skiers and ski tourers (H(2) = 41.5, p < 0.001). Ski tourers and snowboarders scored significantly higher in the dimensions "thrill- and adventure-seeking" and "experience-seeking" than alpine skiers. Furthermore, snowboarders showed higher scores in "disinhibition" related to alpine skiers and ski tourers and "boredom susceptibility" compared to alpine skiers. Data show differences in the personality trait sensation seeking in people practising different winter sports. As snowboarders showed higher SS-scores compared to alpine skiers and ski tourers prevention and information programs might benefit from a selective approach focusing on special characteristics of the respective group. Key pointsIt is the very first research trying to identify differences between different types of winter sport slope usersObtained results show higher sensation seeking scores in snowboardersThese results might stimulate new approaches in educational campaigns to reduce accident rates in winter sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kopp
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Mirjam Wolf
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gerhard Ruedl
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin Burtscher
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck, Austria
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25
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Soligard T, Steffen K, Palmer-Green D, Aubry M, Grant ME, Meeuwisse W, Mountjoy M, Budgett R, Engebretsen L. Sports injuries and illnesses in the Sochi 2014 Olympic Winter Games. Br J Sports Med 2015; 49:441-7. [PMID: 25631542 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2014-094538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systematic surveillance of injuries and illnesses is the foundation for developing preventive measures in sport. AIM To analyse the injuries and illnesses that occurred during the XXII Olympic Winter Games, held in Sochi in 2014. METHODS We recorded the daily occurrence (or non-occurrence) of injuries and illnesses (1) through the reporting of all National Olympic Committee (NOC) medical teams and (2) in the polyclinic and medical venues by the Sochi 2014 medical staff. RESULTS NOC and Sochi 2014 medical staff reported 391 injuries and 249 illnesses among 2780 athletes from 88 NOCs, equalling incidences of 14 injuries and 8.9 illnesses per 100 athletes over an 18-day period of time. Altogether, 12% and 8% of the athletes incurred at least one injury or illness, respectively. The percentage of athletes injured was highest in aerial skiing, snowboard slopestyle, snowboard cross, slopestyle skiing, halfpipe skiing, moguls skiing, alpine skiing, and snowboard halfpipe. Thirty-nine per cent of the injuries were expected to prevent the athlete from participating in competition or training. Women suffered 50% more illnesses than men. The rate of illness was highest in skeleton, short track, curling, cross-country skiing, figure skating, bobsleigh and aerial skiing. A total of 159 illnesses (64%) affected the respiratory system, and the most common cause of illness was infection (n=145, 58%). CONCLUSIONS Overall, 12% of the athletes incurred at least one injury during the games, and 8% an illness, which is similar to prior Olympic Games. The incidence of injuries and illnesses varied substantially between sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torbjørn Soligard
- Medical & Scientific Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kathrin Steffen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Debbie Palmer-Green
- Department of Academic Orthopaedics, Trauma and Sports Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Mark Aubry
- International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Elaine Grant
- Institute of Sport and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Willem Meeuwisse
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Margo Mountjoy
- Fédération International de Natation (FINA), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Richard Budgett
- Medical & Scientific Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lars Engebretsen
- Medical & Scientific Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland Department of Sports Medicine, Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Russell K, Meeuwisse W, Nettel-Aguirre A, Emery CA, Gushue S, Wishart J, Romanow N, Rowe BH, Goulet C, Hagel BE. Listening to a personal music player is associated with fewer but more serious injuries among snowboarders in a terrain park: a case-control study. Br J Sports Med 2014; 49:62-6. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2014-093487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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