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Lucerón-Lucas-Torres M, Cavero-Redondo I, Martínez-Vizcaíno V, Bizzozero-Peroni B, Pascual-Morena C, Álvarez-Bueno C. Association between wine consumption and cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1197745. [PMID: 37731399 PMCID: PMC10507274 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1197745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Alcohol consumption is related to the risk of developing different types of cancer. However, unlike other alcoholic beverages, moderate wine drinking has demonstrated a protective effect on the risk of developing several types of cancer. Objective To analyze the association between wine consumption and the risk of developing cancer. Methods We searched the MEDLINE (through PubMed), Scopus, Cochrane, and Web of Science databases to conduct this systematic review and meta-analysis. Pooled relative risks (RRs) were calculated using the DerSimonian and Laird methods. I2 was used to evaluate inconsistency, the τ2 test was used to assess heterogeneity, and The Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale were applied to evaluate the risk of bias. This study was previously registered in PROSPERO, with the registration number CRD42022315864. Results Seventy-three studies were included in the systematic review, and 26 were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled RR for the effect of wine consumption on the risk of gynecological cancers was 1.03 (95% CI: 0.99, 1.08), that for colorectal cancer was 0.92 (95% CI: 0.82, 1.03), and that for renal cancer was 0.92 (95% CI: 0.81, 1.04). In general, the heterogeneity was substantial. Conclusion The study findings reveal no association between wine consumption and the risk of developing any type of cancer. Moreover, wine drinking demonstrated a protective trend regarding the risk of developing pancreatic, skin, lung, and brain cancer as well as cancer in general. Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42022315864, identifier CRD42022315864 (PROSPERO).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iván Cavero-Redondo
- Health and Social Research Center, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Cuenca, Spain
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, Chile
| | - Vicente Martínez-Vizcaíno
- Health and Social Research Center, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Cuenca, Spain
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, Chile
| | - Bruno Bizzozero-Peroni
- Health and Social Research Center, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Cuenca, Spain
- Higher Institute of Physical Education, Universidad de la República, Rivera, Uruguay
| | | | - Celia Álvarez-Bueno
- Health and Social Research Center, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Cuenca, Spain
- Universidad Politécnica y Artística del Paraguay, Asunción, Paraguay
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2
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Nannini DR, Joyce BT, Zheng Y, Gao T, Wang J, Liu L, Jacobs DR, Schreiner PJ, Liu C, Dai Q, Horvath S, Lu AT, Yaffe K, Greenland P, Lloyd-Jones DM, Hou L. Alcohol consumption and epigenetic age acceleration in young adults. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:371-395. [PMID: 36622282 PMCID: PMC9925681 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol is a widely consumed substance in the United States, however its effect on aging remains understudied. In this study of young adults, we examined whether cumulative alcohol consumption, i.e., alcohol years of beer, liquor, wine, and total alcohol, and recent binge drinking, were associated with four measures of age-related epigenetic changes via blood DNA methylation. A random subset of study participants in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study underwent DNA methylation profiling using the Illumina MethylationEPIC Beadchip. Participants with alcohol consumption and methylation data at examination years 15 (n = 1,030) and 20 (n = 945) were included. Liquor and total alcohol consumption were associated with a 0.31-year (P = 0.002) and a 0.12-year (P = 0.013) greater GrimAge acceleration (GAA) per additional five alcohol years, while beer and wine consumption observed marginal (P = 0.075) and no associations (P = 0.359) with GAA, respectively. Any recent binge drinking and the number of days of binge drinking were associated with a 1.38-year (P < 0.001) and a 0.15-year (P < 0.001) higher GAA, respectively. We observed statistical interactions between cumulative beer (P < 0.001) and total alcohol (P = 0.004) consumption with chronological age, with younger participants exhibiting a higher average in GAA compared to older participants. No associations were observed with the other measures of epigenetic aging. These results suggest cumulative liquor and total alcohol consumption and recent binge drinking may alter age-related epigenetic changes as captured by GAA. With the increasing aging population and widespread consumption of alcohol, these findings may have potential implications for lifestyle modification to promote healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew R. Nannini
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Brian T. Joyce
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Yinan Zheng
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Tao Gao
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Lei Liu
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David R. Jacobs
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Pamela J. Schreiner
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Chunyu Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Qi Dai
- Department of Medicine, Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Steve Horvath
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ake T. Lu
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kristine Yaffe
- University of California at San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Philip Greenland
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Donald M. Lloyd-Jones
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Lifang Hou
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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3
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Varghese J, Dakhode S. Effects of Alcohol Consumption on Various Systems of the Human Body: A Systematic Review. Cureus 2022; 14:e30057. [DOI: 10.7759/cureus.30057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Alcohol Drinking Pattern and Risk of Head and Neck Cancer: A Nationwide Cohort Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182111204. [PMID: 34769724 PMCID: PMC8582646 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol consumption is a major risk factor for head and neck cancer (HNC), yet little data exist examining drinking patterns and HNC risk. In this population-based, retrospective cohort study, 11,737,467 subjects were recruited from the Korean National Health Insurance Service database. The risks of overall HNC and HNC subtypes according to average alcohol consumption, drinking frequency, and daily amount were examined using Cox proportional hazard models. Over the median follow-up of 6.4 years, 15,832 HNC cases were identified. HNC risk linearly increased with drinking frequency (p-trend < 0.01; adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.55, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.45–1.67 in subjects who drank 7 days/week). HNC risk also increased according to daily amount of alcohol consumption (p-trend < 0.01), but plateaued from 5–7 units/occasion (aHR 1.25, 95% CI 1.19–1.31) to >14 units/occasion (aHR 1.26, 95% CI 1.13–1.40). When stratified by average alcohol consumption, drinking frequency, but not daily amount, showed a linear relationship with HNC risk in moderate and heavy drinkers. When comparing the HNC subtypes, similar tendencies were observed in cancers of the oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx, but not in the salivary gland. In conclusion, drinking frequency is a stronger risk factor for HNC, especially for cancer of the oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx, than the daily amount of alcohol consumption.
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Marsch LA. Digital health data-driven approaches to understand human behavior. Neuropsychopharmacology 2021; 46:191-196. [PMID: 32653896 PMCID: PMC7359920 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-0761-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Advances in digital technologies and data analytics have created unparalleled opportunities to assess and modify health behavior and thus accelerate the ability of science to understand and contribute to improved health behavior and health outcomes. Digital health data capture the richness and granularity of individuals' behavior, the confluence of factors that impact behavior in the moment, and the within-individual evolution of behavior over time. These data may contribute to discovery science by revealing digital markers of health/risk behavior as well as translational science by informing personalized and timely models of intervention delivery. And they may help inform diagnostic classification of clinically problematic behavior and the clinical trajectories of diagnosable disorders over time. This manuscript provides a review of the state of the science of digital health data-driven approaches to understanding human behavior. It reviews methods of digital health assessment and sources of digital health data. It provides a synthesis of the scientific literature evaluating how digitally derived empirical data can inform our understanding of health behavior, with a particular focus on understanding the assessment, diagnosis and clinical trajectories of psychiatric disorders. And, it concludes with a discussion of future directions and timely opportunities in this line of research and its clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Marsch
- Center for Technology and Behavioral Health, Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, NH, USA.
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6
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Can ethanol affect the cell structure? A dynamic molecular and Raman spectroscopy study. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 30:101675. [PMID: 31991233 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.101675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The role that tobacco consumption plays in the etiology of oral cancer carcinogenesis, and of alcohol consumption acting as a co-factor, have been well established. However, in recent years, the contribution of alcohol consumption alone to oral cancer has been proposed. In fact, a high percentage of patients who develop oral cancer have both habits (tobacco and alcohol consumption), and other small patient groups only consume alcohol or do not have any other identifiable bad habits. In the present study we demonstrate, using a combination of dynamic molecular modelling and Raman spectroscopy, that ethanol has a significant effect on oral cells in vitro, mainly interacting with the lipids of the cell membrane, changing their conformation. Thus, it is possible to conclude that ethanol can affect the cell permeability, and by consequence serve as a possible trigger in oral carcinogenesis.
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Wu Shan Shen Cha ( Malus asiatica Nakai. Leaves)-Derived Flavonoids Alleviate Alcohol-Induced Gastric Injury in Mice via an Anti-Oxidative Mechanism. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9050169. [PMID: 31058806 PMCID: PMC6571911 DOI: 10.3390/biom9050169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Wu Shan Shen Cha is the leaf of Malus asiatica Nakai., a special type of tea that is consumed in the same way as green tea. To study the effect of Wu Shan Shen Cha-derived flavonoids (WSSCF) on lesions in the stomach, a 15% hydrochloric acid–95% ethanol (volume ratio 4:6) solution was used to induce gastric injury in mice. The degree of gastric injury was assessed using tissue specimens, and the effects of WSSCF on the serum levels of antioxidant enzymes were investigated. The results showed that WSSCF could alleviate the damage of the gastric mucosa and gastric wall caused by the hydrochloric acid–ethanol solution, decrease the tissue and serum levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) in mice with gastric injury, and increase the serum levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH). The results of quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) showed that WSSCF could increase the mRNA expression of Mn-SOD, Cu/Zn-SOD, catalase (CAT), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in tissue specimens from mice with gastric injury and decrease the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). At the same time, the results of the high concentration of WSSCF (WSSCFH) group were closer to those of the drug (ranitidine) treatment group. Wu Shan Shen Cha-derived flavonoids had a good antioxidant effect, so as to play a preventive role in alcoholic gastric injury.
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EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: Management of alcohol-related liver disease. J Hepatol 2018; 69:154-181. [PMID: 29628280 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 474] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Fjederholt KT, Okholm C, Svendsen LB, Achiam MP, Kirkegård J, Mortensen FV. Ketorolac and Other NSAIDs Increase the Risk of Anastomotic Leakage After Surgery for GEJ Cancers: a Cohort Study of 557 Patients. J Gastrointest Surg 2018; 22:587-594. [PMID: 29134504 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-017-3623-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of ketorolac and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on anastomotic leakage after surgery for gastro-esophageal-junction cancer. Within the last two decades, the incidence of gastro-esophageal-junction cancer has increased in the western world and surgery is the curative treatment modality of choice. Anastomotic leakage is a feared complication of gastro-esophageal surgery, as it increases recurrence, morbidity, and mortality. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are widely used for postoperative pain relief. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have, however, in colorectal surgery, been shown to increase the risk of anastomotic leakage. METHOD In a historical cohort study, we investigated the impact of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on anastomotic leakage in 557 patients undergoing surgery for gastro-esophageal-junction cancer. Data were collected from a prospective maintained database, the Danish National Patient Registry, and patient medical records. Data were analyzed using univariate and multivariate statistical models and were stratified for theoretical confounders. RESULTS In univariate analysis, we did not observe any difference in age, gender, tobacco exposure, or comorbidity status between patients experiencing anastomotic leakage and those without. In multivariate analysis, gender, histology, and type of anastomosis proved to affect odds ratios for anastomotic leakage. After adjustment for possible confounders, we found an odds ratio of 6.05 (95% confidence interval 2.71; 13.5) for ketorolac use and of 5.24 (95% confidence interval 1.85; 14.8) for use of other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for anastomotic leakage during the first seven postoperative days. CONCLUSION In the present study, we found a strong association between the postoperative use of ketorolac and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the risk for anastomotic leakage after surgery for gastro-esophageal-junction cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaare Terp Fjederholt
- Department of Surgery, Section for upper gastrointestinal and hepato-pancreato-biliary surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Cecilie Okholm
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology and Transplantation, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Bo Svendsen
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology and Transplantation, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Patrick Achiam
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology and Transplantation, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jakob Kirkegård
- Department of Surgery, Section for upper gastrointestinal and hepato-pancreato-biliary surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Frank Viborg Mortensen
- Department of Surgery, Section for upper gastrointestinal and hepato-pancreato-biliary surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
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10
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Fagunwa IO, Loughrey MB, Coleman HG. Alcohol, smoking and the risk of premalignant and malignant colorectal neoplasms. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2017; 31:561-568. [PMID: 29195676 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2017.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer worldwide and has a complex aetiology consisting of environmental and genetic factors. In this review, we evaluate the roles of alcohol and tobacco smoking in colorectal neoplasia. Alcohol intake and tobacco smoking are associated with modest, but significantly, increased risks of CRC, adenomatous and serrated polyps. There is consistent evidence of dose-response relationships for both alcohol and smoking, and risk of these neoplasms. Alcohol and smoking appear to be more strongly associated with colorectal polyp than CRC development, suggesting roles in the initiation of neoplastic growths. These lifestyle factors also seem more strongly related to adenomas and sessile serrated lesions than hyperplastic polyps, but further confirmation is required. The gastroenterology community has an important, yet currently underexploited, role to play addressing the modifiable factors associated with CRC and polyps. These behaviours include, but are not limited to, alcohol and smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifewumi O Fagunwa
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Group, Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
| | - Maurice B Loughrey
- Department of Histopathology, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom; Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
| | - Helen G Coleman
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Group, Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom; Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
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11
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Demographic and social correlates of tobacco, alcohol and cannabis use among 15-16-year-old students in Albania: Results of the ESPAD survey. NORDIC STUDIES ON ALCOHOL AND DRUGS 2017. [DOI: 10.2478/nsad-2014-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Our aim was to assess the demographic and social factors associated with lifetime use of tobacco, alcohol and cannabis among school students aged 15-16 in Albania in order to make information and knowledge available for health promotion specialists working on substance use prevention. Design This cross-sectional study was conducted in March-May 2011 in the framework of the European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs (ESPAD). In total, 3189 students born in 1995 participated in the survey. The standardised ESPAD questionnaire was used to collect data about substance use. Results Our multivariable adjustment analysis showed that being a male and having easy access to cigarettes were the only universal factors significantly increasing the likelihood of ever using tobacco, alcohol or cannabis. Own smoking was strongly and significantly associated with alcohol and cannabis use. The associations of own substance use with peer substance consumption were weak to moderate. Conclusions Own smoking seems to be the most important single independent risk factor which strongly and significantly predicted alcohol and cannabis use among Albanian school students. Policy makers need to strengthen the rule of law whereas health promotion professionals should firmly address smoking in adolescence through target interventions.
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12
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de Gaetano G, Costanzo S, Di Castelnuovo A, Badimon L, Bejko D, Alkerwi A, Chiva-Blanch G, Estruch R, La Vecchia C, Panico S, Pounis G, Sofi F, Stranges S, Trevisan M, Ursini F, Cerletti C, Donati MB, Iacoviello L. Effects of moderate beer consumption on health and disease: A consensus document. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2016; 26:443-467. [PMID: 27118108 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A large evidence-based review on the effects of a moderate consumption of beer on human health has been conducted by an international panel of experts who reached a full consensus on the present document. Low-moderate (up to 1 drink per day in women, up to 2 in men), non-bingeing beer consumption, reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease. This effect is similar to that of wine, at comparable alcohol amounts. Epidemiological studies suggest that moderate consumption of either beer or wine may confer greater cardiovascular protection than spirits. Although specific data on beer are not conclusive, observational studies seem to indicate that low-moderate alcohol consumption is associated with a reduced risk of developing neurodegenerative disease. There is no evidence that beer drinking is different from other types of alcoholic beverages in respect to risk for some cancers. Evidence consistently suggests a J-shaped relationship between alcohol consumption (including beer) and all-cause mortality, with lower risk for moderate alcohol consumers than for abstainers or heavy drinkers. Unless they are at high risk for alcohol-related cancers or alcohol dependency, there is no reason to discourage healthy adults who are already regular light-moderate beer consumers from continuing. Consumption of beer, at any dosage, is not recommended for children, adolescents, pregnant women, individuals at risk to develop alcoholism, those with cardiomyopathy, cardiac arrhythmias, depression, liver and pancreatic diseases, or anyone engaged in actions that require concentration, skill or coordination. In conclusion, although heavy and excessive beer consumption exerts deleterious effects on the human body, with increased disease risks on many organs and is associated to significant social problems such as addiction, accidents, violence and crime, data reported in this document show evidence for no harm of moderate beer consumption for major chronic conditions and some benefit against cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- G de Gaetano
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy.
| | - S Costanzo
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
| | - A Di Castelnuovo
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
| | - L Badimon
- Cardiovascular Research Center (CSIC-ICCC), Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Hospital de Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - D Bejko
- Department of Population Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - A Alkerwi
- Department of Population Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - G Chiva-Blanch
- Cardiovascular Research Center (CSIC-ICCC), Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Hospital de Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - R Estruch
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - C La Vecchia
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Italy
| | - S Panico
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - G Pounis
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
| | - F Sofi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Don Carlo Gnocchi Foundation, ONLUS IRCCS, Florence, Italy
| | - S Stranges
- Department of Population Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | | | - F Ursini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare, Università di Padova, Italy
| | - C Cerletti
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
| | - M B Donati
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
| | - L Iacoviello
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
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Tsukamoto M, Manabe N, Kamada T, Hirai T, Hata J, Haruma K, Inoue K. Number of Gastrointestinal Symptoms is a Useful Means of Identifying Patients with Cancer for Dysphagia. Dysphagia 2016; 31:547-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s00455-016-9712-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Abstract
This narrative review aims to summarize the current controversy on the balance between ethanol and phytochemicals in wine, focusing on light drinking and oral cancer. Extensive literature search included PUBMED and EMBASE databases to identify in human studies and systematic reviews (up to March 2015), which contributed to elucidate this issue. Independently from the type of beverage, meta-analyses considering light drinking (≤1 drinks/day or ≤12.5 g/day of ethanol) reported relative risks (RR) for oral, oro-pharyngeal, or upper aero-digestive tract cancers, ranging from 1.0 to 1.3. One meta-analysis measured the overall wine-specific RR, which corresponded to 2.1. Although little evidence exists on light wine intake, phytochemicals seem not to affect oral cancer risk, being probably present below the effective dosages and/or due to their low bioavailability. As expected, the risk of oral cancer, even in light drinking conditions, increases when associated with smoking habit and high-risk genotypes of alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena M Varoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Chirurgiche ed Odontoiatriche, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Beldiletto 1/3, 20142 Milan, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Lodi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Chirurgiche ed Odontoiatriche, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Beldiletto 1/3, 20142 Milan, Italy.
| | - Marcello Iriti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, via G. Celoria 2, 20122 Milan, Italy.
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15
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Liu Z, Fang F, Chang ET, Ye W. Cancer risk in the relatives of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma—a register-based cohort study in Sweden. Br J Cancer 2015; 112:1827-31. [PMID: 25928707 PMCID: PMC4647240 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2015.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about cancer susceptibility among relatives of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients in non-endemic areas. We conducted a register-based cohort study to assess the relative risks (RRs) of cancer in families of NPC probands in Sweden. METHODS By linking 11,602,616 Swedish-born individuals (defined as 'general population') identified from national censuses to the Swedish Cancer Register and Multi-Generation Register, we identified 9157 relatives (3645 first-degree and 5512 second-degree) of 1211 NPC probands. Cancer incidence during 1961-2009 was ascertained through the Cancer Register. Relative risks of cancer in the relatives of NPC probands, compared with the rest of the general population, were calculated from Poisson regression models. RESULTS First-degree relatives had higher risks of NPC (N=2, RR=4.29, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.07 to 17.17) and cancers of the larynx (N=5, RR=2.53, 95% CI=1.05 to 6.09), prostate (N=76, RR=1.35, 95% CI=1.07 to 1.68), and thyroid (N=10, RR=2.44, 95% CI=1.31 to 4.53) than the rest of the general population. In addition, a raised risk of cancer of the salivary glands was observed among first-degree relatives of probands with undifferentiated NPC (N=2, RR=6.64, 95% CI=1.66 to 26.57). In contrast, a decreased risk of colorectal cancer was observed in first- and second-degree relatives (N=43, RR=0.71, 95% CI=0.53 to 0.96). CONCLUSION The increased risk of NPC and certain other cancers among first-degree relatives may be explained by shared genetic and environmental risk factors, the latter including Epstein-Barr virus infection and smoking or by increased diagnostic intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Liu
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - F Fang
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - E T Chang
- Exponent, Inc., Health Sciences Practice, 149 Commonwealth Drive, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - W Ye
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Synergistic effects of betel quid chewing, tobacco use (in the form of cigarette smoking), and alcohol consumption on the risk of malignant transformation of oral submucous fibrosis (OSF): a case-control study in Hunan Province, China. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2015; 120:337-45. [PMID: 26130067 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2015.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Revised: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is a potentially malignant disorder, wherein 7% to 13% of patients with OSF develop oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) at clinically coincident sites established to have OSF. We aimed at investigating the lifestyle-related risk factors for malignant transformation of OSF. STUDY DESIGN A case-control study was conducted among 80 cases with OSF-associated OSCC and 80 controls with OSF but without clinically or histopathologically evident OSCC, recruited from January 2012 to October 2014 in the Xiangya Hospital, Hunan Province, Mainland China. RESULTS The odds ratios (OR) for OSCC were 13.3 (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 3.1-56.4) and 45.1 (95% CI: 9.6-212.9) at the highest exposure of betel quid (BQ) chewing, by duration and frequency, respectively. Higher risks were also found to be associated with the consumption of cigarette (OR = 5.0, 95% CI: 1.7-14.8) and alcohol (OR = 3.1, 95% CI: 1.1-8.6). Adjusted ORs increased substantially among patients who consumed BQ and cigarette or alcohol simultaneously, which were 26.1 (95% CI: 4.0-172.6) and 55.-(95% CI: 1.8-1742.8) at the longest duration, and 160.3 (95% CI: 18.7-11371.2) and 58.1 (95% CI: 2.4-1434.9) at the highest dose, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The use of BQ, cigarette, and alcohol were identified as risk factors for malignant transformation of OSF in the Hunan province, Mainland China. Synergistic effects between BQ chewing and cigarette or alcohol consumption were revealed.
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Maasland DHE, van den Brandt PA, Kremer B, Goldbohm RA(S, Schouten LJ. Alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking and the risk of subtypes of head-neck cancer: results from the Netherlands Cohort Study. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:187. [PMID: 24629046 PMCID: PMC4004328 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prospective data on alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking and risk of head-neck cancer (HNC) subtypes, i.e. oral cavity cancer (OCC), oro-/hypopharyngeal cancer (OHPC), and laryngeal cancer (LC), are limited. We investigated these associations within the second largest prospective study on this topic so far, the Netherlands Cohort Study. METHODS 120,852 participants completed a questionnaire on diet and other cancer risk factors in 1986. After 17.3 years of follow-up, 395 HNC (110 OCC, 83 OHPC, and 199 LC) cases and 4288 subcohort members were available for case-cohort analysis using Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS For total HNC, the multivariable adjusted incidence rate ratio (RR) was 2.74 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.85-4.06) for those drinking ≥30 g ethanol/day compared with abstainers; in subtypes, RRs were 6.39 for OCC, 3.52 for OHPC, and 1.54 for LC. Compared with never cigarette smokers, current cigarette smokers had a RR of 4.49 (95%CI 3.11-6.48) for HNC overall, and 2.11 for OCC, 8.53 for OHPC, and 8.07 for LC. A significant, positive, multiplicative interaction between categories of alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking was found for HNC overall (P interaction 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking were independently associated with risk of HNC overall, with a positive, multiplicative interaction. The strength of these associations differed among HNC-subtypes: OCC was most strongly associated with alcohol consumption but most weakly with cigarette smoking, whereas LC was not statistically significantly associated with alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise HE Maasland
- Department of Epidemiology, GROW - School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616 Maastricht 6200, MD, The Netherlands
| | - Piet A van den Brandt
- Department of Epidemiology, GROW - School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616 Maastricht 6200, MD, The Netherlands
| | - Bernd Kremer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, GROW - School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Leo J Schouten
- Department of Epidemiology, GROW - School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616 Maastricht 6200, MD, The Netherlands
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Fekjaer HO. Alcohol-a universal preventive agent? A critical analysis. Addiction 2013; 108:2051-7. [PMID: 23297738 DOI: 10.1111/add.12104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In observational studies, moderate drinking is associated with a reduced risk of more than twenty different diseases and health problems. However, it would be premature to conclude that there is a causal relationship. METHOD This paper critically reviews the evidence for such associations. FINDINGS It was found that reasons for questioning the causal association of moderate drinking and a reduced health risk are: the lack of dose-response relationships; the characteristics and lifestyles of today's abstainers and moderate drinkers; the lack of plausible biological mechanisms; the problems in the classification of drinking groups, and; the general limitations of observational studies. CONCLUSIONS The evidence for the harmful effects of alcohol is undoubtedly stronger than the evidence for beneficial effects.
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Consumption of alcohol and risk of cancer among men: a 30 year cohort study in Lithuania. Eur J Epidemiol 2013; 28:383-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s10654-013-9814-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Mota OM, Curado MP, Oliveira JC, Martins E, Cardoso DMM. Risk factors for esophageal cancer in a low-incidence area of Brazil. SAO PAULO MED J 2013; 131:27-34. [PMID: 23538592 PMCID: PMC10852069 DOI: 10.1590/s1516-31802013000100005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVES Esophageal cancer is the eighth commonest type of cancer worldwide, occupying sixth place in terms of mortality. Smoking and alcohol use are known risk factors for this type of cancer. The aim here was to evaluate the risk factors for esophageal cancer in a low-incidence area. DESIGN AND SETTING Case-control study in Goiânia, with 99 cases of esophageal cancer and 223 controls. METHODS The variables were sociodemographic, dietary, occupational and lifestyle data. The sample was analyzed using the chi-square test, Mann-Whitney test and Mantel-Haenszel approach for multivariate analysis. Odds ratios (OR) were calculated with 5% significance and 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS The risk of esophageal cancer was higher in patients ≥ 55 years (OR = 1.95; P < 0.001). Patients from rural areas were at greater risk of esophageal cancer (OR = 4.9; P < 0.001). Smoking was a risk factor among the cases (OR = 3.8; P < 0.001), as was exposure to woodstoves (OR = 4.42; P < 0.001). The practice of oral sex was not a risk factor (OR = 0.45; P = 0.04). Consumption of apples, pears, vegetables, cruciferous vegetables and fruit juices were protective against esophageal cancer. CONCLUSION In a region in which the incidence of esophageal cancer is low, the most significant risk factors were exposure to woodstoves, smoking and living in rural areas.
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Abdelaziz MS, Osman TE. Detection of Cytomorphological Changes in Oral Mucosa among Alcoholics and Cigarette Smokers. Oman Med J 2012; 26:349-52. [PMID: 22125730 DOI: 10.5001/omj.2011.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to detect the cytomorphological changes in buccal mucosa among alcoholics and cigarette smokers. METHODS Buccal smears were collected from 200 volunteers; 50 were alcoholics, 50 were cigarette smokers, 50 were alcoholic and cigarette smokers, and another 50 were treated as a control group (neither drinkers nor smokers). The smokers and alcoholics included in this study had been continuously exposed for more than 5 years. Smears were stained using the Papanicolaou technique. RESULTS The cytological assessment in the alcoholics group revealed; atypical cellular changes detected in four individuals, bacteria was found in smears of 16 individuals; 18% cocci and 14% actinomyces species were also detected. Hyperkeratosis was detected in five individuals, while 25 individuals showed no oral changes. In the smokers group; atypical cellular changes were seen in six individuals and bacteria were detected in the smears of 15 individuals; 18% cocci and 12% Actinomyces species. Hyperkeratosis was observed in 14% of the individuals, but 44% showed no oral cytological changes. In the cigarette smoking and alcoholics group; atypical cellular changes were detected in only 14%, while bacteria were detected in 54% of smears; 32% were cocci and 16% were Actinomyces species. Changes in cells infected by human papilloma virus were detected in 4% and monilia in 2% of the cases. Also, 20% of the individuals showed hyperkeratosis and 12% showed no lesions. CONCLUSION The study proved that alcohol and cigarette smoking are risk factors for oral atypical cellular changes and possibly of oral infection. The degree of change depends on the duration of alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed S Abdelaziz
- Department of Histopathology and Cytology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum-Sudan
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Marron M, Boffetta P, Møller H, Ahrens W, Pohlabeln H, Benhamou S, Bouchardy C, Lagiou P, Lagiou A, Slámová A, Schejbalová M, Merletti F, Richiardi L, Kjaerheim K, Agudo A, Castellsague X, Macfarlane TV, Macfarlane GJ, Talamini R, Barzan L, Canova C, Simonato L, Biggs AM, Thomson P, Conway DI, McKinney PA, Znaor A, Healy CM, McCartan BE, Brennan P, Hashibe M. Risk of upper aerodigestive tract cancer and type of alcoholic beverage: a European multicenter case–control study. Eur J Epidemiol 2012; 27:499-517. [DOI: 10.1007/s10654-012-9699-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Dreyer T, Kreisel M. Potentially malignant lesions of the upper aerodigestive tract. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2012; 5:299-312. [PMID: 22170750 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201100085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Revised: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal lesions of the upper aerodigestive tract usually concern the squamous epithelium of the surface. Many precancerous alterations now designated as potentially malignant are caused by DNA damage resulting from long term exposure to tobacco and alcohol consumption. The distinction from conditions with a similar phenotype but caused by different reasons such as viral infection may be difficult. Furthermore, a magnitude of similar appearing lesions with different clinical background and different biological behavior are discussed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Dreyer
- Institut für Pathologie am Universitätsklinikum Gießen & Marburg, Standort Gießen, Gießen, Germany
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Lugol-voiding lesions are an important risk factor for a second primary squamous cell carcinoma in patients with esosphageal cancer or head and neck cancer. Am J Gastroenterol 2011; 106:858-66. [PMID: 21468010 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2010.489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Lugol-voiding lesions (LVLs), detected by chromoendoscopy using iodine dye in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (EC) or head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNC), are associated with a second primary carcinoma in the other organ. We undertook a cross-sectional and retrospective cohort study to assess the risk for second primary carcinomas according to the severity of LVLs, on the basis of their number and size. METHODS A total of 1,060 patients with only EC, only HNC, or both EC and HNC (EC+HNC) underwent esophageal endoscopic examination between January 1994 and January 2010. The patients were classified according to the number of LVLs in an endoscopic visual field and the size of the largest LVLs. Factors associated with the second primary EC or HNC were analyzed. RESULTS Univariate analysis showed that a larger number and size of LVLs increased the risk for synchronous and early metachronous second primary cancer (P value for trend <0.0001). Multivariate analysis showed that a number of LVLs ≥20 (EC+HNC vs. only HNC, odds ratio (OR)=15.7; EC+HNC vs. only EC, 3.5) and a size ≥10 mm (EC+HNC vs. only HNC, OR=3.1; EC+HNC vs. only EC, 3.2) were independent risk factors for synchronous and early metachronous second primary cancer. A larger number of LVLs was a risk factor for metachronous EC and HNC, and a size ≥10 mm was a risk factor for late metachronous EC. CONCLUSIONS The severity of LVLs in patients with HNC or EC closely correlated with a second primary carcinoma in the other organ. Patients with LVLs must be followed closely for development of a second primary carcinoma.
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Lachenmeier DW, Monakhova YB. Short-term salivary acetaldehyde increase due to direct exposure to alcoholic beverages as an additional cancer risk factor beyond ethanol metabolism. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2011; 30:3. [PMID: 21211027 PMCID: PMC3022748 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-30-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Background An increasing body of evidence now implicates acetaldehyde as a major underlying factor for the carcinogenicity of alcoholic beverages and especially for oesophageal and oral cancer. Acetaldehyde associated with alcohol consumption is regarded as 'carcinogenic to humans' (IARC Group 1), with sufficient evidence available for the oesophagus, head and neck as sites of carcinogenicity. At present, research into the mechanistic aspects of acetaldehyde-related oral cancer has been focused on salivary acetaldehyde that is formed either from ethanol metabolism in the epithelia or from microbial oxidation of ethanol by the oral microflora. This study was conducted to evaluate the role of the acetaldehyde that is found as a component of alcoholic beverages as an additional factor in the aetiology of oral cancer. Methods Salivary acetaldehyde levels were determined in the context of sensory analysis of different alcoholic beverages (beer, cider, wine, sherry, vodka, calvados, grape marc spirit, tequila, cherry spirit), without swallowing, to exclude systemic ethanol metabolism. Results The rinsing of the mouth for 30 seconds with an alcoholic beverage is able to increase salivary acetaldehyde above levels previously judged to be carcinogenic in vitro, with levels up to 1000 μM in cases of beverages with extreme acetaldehyde content. In general, the highest salivary acetaldehyde concentration was found in all cases in the saliva 30 sec after using the beverages (average 353 μM). The average concentration then decreased at the 2-min (156 μM), 5-min (76 μM) and 10-min (40 μM) sampling points. The salivary acetaldehyde concentration depends primarily on the direct ingestion of acetaldehyde contained in the beverages at the 30-sec sampling, while the influence of the metabolic formation from ethanol becomes the major factor at the 2-min sampling point. Conclusions This study offers a plausible mechanism to explain the increased risk for oral cancer associated with high acetaldehyde concentrations in certain beverages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk W Lachenmeier
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Karlsruhe, Weissenburger Strasse 3, 76187 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Gerstner AOH. Early detection in head and neck cancer - current state and future perspectives. GMS CURRENT TOPICS IN OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY, HEAD AND NECK SURGERY 2010; 7:Doc06. [PMID: 22073093 PMCID: PMC3199835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Survival and quality of life in head and neck cancer are directly linked to the size of the primary tumor at first detection. In order to achieve substantial gain at these issues, both, primary prevention and secondary prevention, which is early detection of malignant lesions at a small size, have to be improved. So far, there is not only a lack in the necessary infrastructure not only in Germany, but rather worldwide, but additionally the techniques developed so far for early detection have a significance and specificity too low as to warrant safe implementation for screening programs. However, the advancements recently achieved in endoscopy and in quantitative analysis of hypocellular specimens open new perspectives for secondary prevention. Chromoendoscopy and narrow band imaging (NBI) pinpoint suspicious lesions more easily, confocal endomicroscopy and optical coherence tomography obtain optical sections through those lesions, and hyperspectral imaging classifies lesions according to characteristic spectral signatures. These techniques therefore obtain optical biopsies. Once a "bloody" biopsy has been taken, the plethora of parameters that can be quantified objectively has been increased and could be the basis for an objective and quantitative classification of epithelial lesions (multiparametric cytometry, quantitative histology). Finally, cytomics and proteomics approaches, and lab-on-the-chip technology might help to identify patients at high-risk. Sensitivity and specificity of these approaches have to be validated, yet, and some techniques have to be adapted for the specific conditions for early detection of head and neck cancer. On this background it has to be stated that it is still a long way to go until a population based screening for head and neck cancer is available. The recent results of screening for cancer of the prostate and breast highlight the difficulties implemented in such a task.
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Ohba T, Motoi N, Kimura Y, Okumura S, Kawabata K, Yoshizawa Y, Inase N, Ishikawa Y. Cytokeratin expression profiling is useful for distinguishing between primary squamous cell carcinoma of the lung and pulmonary metastases from tongue cancer. Pathol Int 2010; 60:575-80. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.2010.02565.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Yi SW, Sull JW, Linton JA, Nam CM, Ohrr H. Alcohol consumption and digestive cancer mortality in Koreans: the Kangwha Cohort Study. J Epidemiol 2010; 20:204-11. [PMID: 20234107 PMCID: PMC3900842 DOI: 10.2188/jea.je20090077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Alcohol consumption is a known risk factor for cancers of the mouth, esophagus, liver, colon, and breast. In this study, we examined the association between alcohol consumption and digestive cancer mortality in Korean men and women. Methods A cohort of 6291 residents of Kangwha County who were aged 55 years or older in March 1985 were followed to 31 December 2005—a period of 20.8 years. We calculated the relative risks of cancer mortality with respect to the amount of alcohol consumed. Cox proportional hazard model was used to adjust for age at entry, smoking, ginseng intake, education status, and pesticide use. Results In men, the risks of mortality from esophageal cancer (relative risk [RR], 5.62; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.45–21.77) and colon cancer (RR, 4.59; 95% CI, 1.10–19.2) were higher among heavy drinkers, as compared with abstainers. The risks of mortality from colon cancer and bile duct cancer rose with increasing alcohol consumption; these trends were positive and statistically significant (P = 0.04 and P = 0.02, respectively). When participants were stratified by type of alcoholic beverage, soju drinkers had higher risks of mortality from esophageal cancer and colon cancer than makkoli drinkers. In women, the risk of digestive cancer mortality was higher among alcohol drinkers than abstainers, but this difference was not statistically significant. Conclusions Alcohol consumption increases mortality from esophageal cancer and colon cancer in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Wook Yi
- 1Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Kwandong University College of Medicine, Gangneung, Korea
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Ma WJ, Lv GD, Zheng ST, Huang CG, Liu Q, Wang X, Lin RY, Sheyhidin I, Lu XM. DNA polymorphism and risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in a population of North Xinjiang, China. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16:641-7. [PMID: 20128036 PMCID: PMC2816280 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v16.i5.641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the role of metabolic enzyme and DNA repair genes in susceptibility of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC).
METHODS: A case-control study was designed with 454 samples from 128 ESCC patients and 326 gender, age and ethnicity-matched control subjects. Genotypes of 69 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of metabolic enzyme (aldehyde dehydrogenase-2, ALDH2; alcohol dehydrogenase-1 B, ADHB1; Cytochrome P450 2A6, CYP2A6) and DNA repair capacity genes (excision repair cross complementing group 1, ERCC1; O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase, MGMT; xeroderma pigmentosum group A, XPA; xeroderma pigmentosum group A, XPD) were determined by the Sequenom MassARRAY system, and results were analyzed using unconditional logistic regression adjusted for age, gender.
RESULTS: There was no association between the variation in the ERCC1, XPA, ADHB1 genes and ESCC risk. Increased risk of ESCC was suggested in ALDH2 for frequency of presence C allele of SNP [Rs886205: 1.626 (1.158-2.284)], XPD for C allele [Rs50872: 1.482 (1.058-2.074)], and MGMT for A allele [Rs11016897: 1.666 (1.245-2.228)]. Five variants of MGMT were associated with a protective effect on ESCC carcinogenesis, including C allele [Rs7069143: 0.698 (0.518-0.939)], C allele [Rs3793909: 0.653 (0.429-0.995)], A allele [Rs12771882: 0.719 (0.524-0.986)], C allele [Rs551491: 0.707 (0.529-0.945)], and A allele [Rs7071825: 0.618 (0.506-0.910)]. At the genotype level, increased risk of ESCC carcinogenesis was found in homozygous carriers of the ALDH2 Rs886205 [CC vs TT, odds ratios (OR): 3.116, 95% CI: 1.179-8.234], MGMT Rs11016879 (AA vs GG, OR: 3.112, 95% CI: 1.565-6.181), Rs12771882 (AA vs GG, OR: 2.442, 95% CI: 1.204-4.595), and heterozygotes carriers of the ALDH2 Rs886205 (CT vs TT, OR: 3.930, 95% CI: 1.470-10.504), MGMT Rs11016879 (AG vs GG, OR: 3.933, 95% CI: 2.216-6.982) and Rs7075748 (CT vs CC, OR: 1.949, 95% CI: 1.134-3.350), respectively. Three variants were associated with a protective effect on ESCC carcinogenesis, carriers of the MGMT Rs11016878 (AG vs AA, OR: 0.388, 95% CI: 0.180-0.836), Rs7069143(CT vs CC, OR: 0.478, 95% CI: 0.303-0.754) and Rs7071825 (GG vs AA, OR: 0.493, 95% CI: 0.266-0.915). Increased risk of ESCC metastasis was indicated in MGMT for frequency of presence C allele [Rs7068306: 2.204 (1.244-3.906)], A allele [Rs10734088: 1.968 (1.111-3.484)] and C allele [Rs4751115: 2.178 (1.251-3.791)]. Two variants in frequency of presence C allele of CYP2A6 [Rs8192720: 0.290 (0.099-0.855)] and A allele of MGMT [Rs2053139: 0.511 (0.289-0.903)] were associated with a protective effect on ESCC progression. Increased risk of ESCC metastasis was found in heterozygote carriers of the MGMT Rs7068306 (CG vs CC, OR: 4.706, 95% CI: 1.872-11.833).
CONCLUSION: Polymorphic variation in ALDH2, XPD and MGMT genes may be of importance for ESCC susceptibility. Polymorphic variation in CYP2A6 and MGMT are associated with ESCC metastasis.
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Park JY, Mitrou PN, Dahm CC, Luben RN, Wareham NJ, Khaw KT, Rodwell SA. Baseline alcohol consumption, type of alcoholic beverage and risk of colorectal cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Norfolk study. Cancer Epidemiol 2009; 33:347-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2009.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Revised: 10/27/2009] [Accepted: 10/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Andrews L, Henderson SO. Supraglottic laryngeal mass. West J Emerg Med 2009; 10:298-9. [PMID: 20046256 PMCID: PMC2791740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2008] [Revised: 12/10/2009] [Accepted: 01/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sean O. Henderson
- Address for Correspondence: Sean O. Henderson, MD, Department of Emergency Medicine, LAC+USC Medical Center, Unit #1, Room 1011, 1200 N. State Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033.
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Assunção M, Santos-Marques MJ, Monteiro R, Azevedo I, Andrade JP, Carvalho F, Martins MJ. Red wine protects against ethanol-induced oxidative stress in rat liver. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:6066-6073. [PMID: 19548675 DOI: 10.1021/jf900576h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Ethanol consumption may be deleterious to the liver. However, alcoholic beverages contain, besides ethanol (EtOH), complex chemical mixtures that can modify EtOH's adverse effects. Red wine (RW) is rich in polyphenolic antioxidants, often reported as hepatoprotective agents. This study aimed to investigate the effects of 6 months of RW ingestion on hepatic oxidative stress and inflammation. Six-month-old Wistar rats were treated with RW or EtOH; controls were pair-fed. EtOH increased 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine and decreased reduced and oxidized glutathione. These animals also displayed stimulated superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione reductase activities. RW treatment decreased malondialdehyde and reduced glutathione levels. Glutathione-S-transferase and selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase activities were stimulated and glutathione reductase activity was inhibited by RW intake. No modifications were detected in nuclear factor-kappa B or alkaline phosphatase activities. EtOH consumption induced fibrosis in portal spaces and hepatocyte lipid accumulation that were absent with RW treatment. This paper highlights the importance of RW nonalcoholic components and the relevance of biological matrix in the study of EtOH oxidative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Assunção
- Department of Anatomy (U121/94-FCT), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
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Thygesen LC, Keiding N, Johansen C, Grønbaek M. Changes in alcohol intake and risk of upper digestive tract cancer. Acta Oncol 2009; 46:1085-9. [PMID: 17851863 DOI: 10.1080/02841860701441806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alcohol intake measured at one point in time is a strong predictor for later development of cancer of the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx and esophagus. In this prospective cohort study, we examined whether changes in individual alcohol intake resulted in subsequent altered risk of these cancers. MATERIAL AND METHODS In the Copenhagen City Heart Study we assessed alcohol intake among 4 896 men and 6 239 women who participated at both the first (1976-1978) and second (1981-1983) examination of the study. Alcohol intake changes on risk of upper digestive tract cancer 1981-2002 were examined by a Cox model adjusted for potential confounders. RESULTS Despite a small number of cases (n = 105), alcohol intake increase > 14 drinks/week was associated with significantly elevated risk (hazard ratio = 2.5; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-5.3), while suggestively decreased risk was observed for persons lowering alcohol intake > 7 drinks/week (0.5; 0.1-2.5). The trend test was highly significant (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS These findings support public health messages of not increasing alcohol intake and lowering consumption among people with high alcohol intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lau C Thygesen
- Centre for Alcohol Research, National Institute of Public Health, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Zierau F, Hardt F, Henriksen JH, Holm SS, Jørring S, Melsen T, Becker U. Validation of a self‐administered modified CAGE test (CAGE‐C) in a somatic hospital ward: Comparison with biochemical markers. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2009; 65:615-22. [PMID: 16271993 DOI: 10.1080/00365510500333445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The time frame for the original CAGE questionnaire is lifetime and it does not quantify drinking frequency and may be less suitable in a population with very few teetotalers. The purpose of this study was to validate a variant of the CAGE questionnaire and compare it with the outcome of a thorough interview according to DSM-III and ICD-10 criteria and to the outcome of biochemical markers in inpatients in a somatic hospital setting. MATERIAL AND METHODS The questionnaire and biochemical markers were tested on a random sample of 130 patients admitted to a department of orthopedic surgery. The result of a diagnostic interview with a trained staff member from the local alcohol treatment unit was used as the gold standard. Data were analyzed by means of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. RESULTS In this population 25 % had an alcohol problem and the questionnaire proved to be valid, with a sensitivity and specificity of 0.94 and 0.88, respectively, while the positive predictive value (PVpos) was 0.73 and the negative predictive value (PVneg) was 0.98. Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) had a sensitivity and a specificity of 0.47 and 0.96, and PVpos and PVneg of 0.80 and 0.85, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This new diagnostic questionnaire is simple, easy to administer and suitable for screening purposes in populations with a high prevalence of at-risk drinkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Zierau
- Alcohol Unit, Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Weikert C, Dietrich T, Boeing H, Bergmann MM, Boutron-Ruault MC, Clavel-Chapelon F, Allen N, Key T, Lund E, Olsen A, Tjønneland A, Overvad K, Rohrmann S, Linseisen J, Pischon T, Trichopoulou A, Weinehall L, Johansson I, Sánchez MJ, Agudo A, Barricarte A, Amiano P, Chirlaque MD, Quirós JR, Wirfalt E, Peeters PH, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Vrieling A, Pala V, Palli D, Vineis P, Tumino R, Panico S, Bingham S, Khaw KT, Norat T, Jenab M, Ferrari P, Slimani N, Riboli E. Lifetime and baseline alcohol intake and risk of cancer of the upper aero-digestive tract in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study. Int J Cancer 2009; 125:406-12. [PMID: 19378340 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Recent alcohol consumption is an established risk factor for squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the upper aero-digestive tract. In contrast, the role of lifetime exposure to alcohol with regard to risk of SCC is not well established. Historical data on alcohol use are available in 271,253 participants of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). During 2,330,381 person years, 392 incident SCC cases (279 men and 113 women) were identified. Cox regression was applied to model sex-specific associations between lifetime alcohol intake and SCC risk adjusting for potential confounders including smoking. Compared to men who drank 0.1-6.0 g/day alcohol at lifetime, the relative risks (RR) for developing SCC were significantly increased for men who drank 30.1-60.0 g/day (RR 1.65, 95% confidence interval:1.00-2.71), 60.1-96.0 g/day (RR 2.20, 95%CI 1.23-3.95), and >96.0 g/day, (RR 4.63, 95% CI 2.52-8.48), and for former drinkers (RR 4.14, 95%CI 2.38-7.19). These risk estimates did not considerably change when baseline alcohol intake was analyzed. Compared to women who drank 0.1-6.0 g/day alcohol intake at lifetime, the RR were significantly increased for women who drank >30 g/d (RR 6.05, 95%CI 2.98-12.3). Applying similar categories, the relative risk for baseline alcohol intake was 3.26 (95%CI 1.82-5.87). We observed a stronger association between alcohol intake at lifetime and risk of SCC in women compared to men (p for interaction = 0.045). The strong dose-response relation for lifetime alcohol use underscores that alcohol is an important risk factor of SCC of the upper aero-digestive tract throughout life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Weikert
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany.
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Petti S, Scully C. Polyphenols, oral health and disease: A review. J Dent 2009; 37:413-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2009.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2008] [Revised: 02/05/2009] [Accepted: 02/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Abstract
In this paper, the negative and the positive effects of alcohol on health are reviewed. It is first of all established facts that a high alcohol intake implies an increased risk of a large number of health outcomes, such as dementia, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, cirrhosis, upper digestive tract cancer and alcohol dependency. Second, it is justified that alcohol has beneficial effects for some individuals, especially with regard to prevention of thrombosis of the heart. The public health relevance of these results is considered. The sensible drinking limits, used in both the UK and Denmark, of a maximum of 21 drinks per week for men and 14 drinks per week for women seem valid. A broader public health message of the beneficial effects of alcohol does not seem to be of interest in Western societies, where only a very small fraction of the population are non drinkers and may have very good reasons therefore.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Grønbaek
- Centre for Alcohol Research, National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Purdue MP, Hashibe M, Berthiller J, La Vecchia C, Dal Maso L, Herrero R, Franceschi S, Castellsague X, Wei Q, Sturgis EM, Morgenstern H, Zhang ZF, Levi F, Talamini R, Smith E, Muscat J, Lazarus P, Schwartz SM, Chen C, Neto JE, Wünsch-Filho V, Zaridze D, Koifman S, Curado MP, Benhamou S, Matos E, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Olshan AF, Lence J, Menezes A, Daudt AW, Mates IN, Pilarska A, Fabianova E, Rudnai P, Winn D, Ferro G, Brennan P, Boffetta P, Hayes RB. Type of alcoholic beverage and risk of head and neck cancer--a pooled analysis within the INHANCE Consortium. Am J Epidemiol 2009; 169:132-42. [PMID: 19064644 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwn306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The authors pooled data from 15 case-control studies of head and neck cancer (9,107 cases, 14,219 controls) to investigate the independent associations with consumption of beer, wine, and liquor. In particular, they calculated associations with different measures of beverage consumption separately for subjects who drank beer only (858 cases, 986 controls), for liquor-only drinkers (499 cases, 527 controls), and for wine-only drinkers (1,021 cases, 2,460 controls), with alcohol never drinkers (1,124 cases, 3,487 controls) used as a common reference group. The authors observed similar associations with ethanol-standardized consumption frequency for beer-only drinkers (odds ratios (ORs) = 1.6, 1.9, 2.2, and 5.4 for < or =5, 6-15, 16-30, and >30 drinks per week, respectively; P(trend) < 0.0001) and liquor-only drinkers (ORs = 1.6, 1.5, 2.3, and 3.6; P < 0.0001). Among wine-only drinkers, the odds ratios for moderate levels of consumption frequency approached the null, whereas those for higher consumption levels were comparable to those of drinkers of other beverage types (ORs = 1.1, 1.2, 1.9, and 6.3; P < 0.0001). Study findings suggest that the relative risks of head and neck cancer for beer and liquor are comparable. The authors observed weaker associations with moderate wine consumption, although they cannot rule out confounding from diet and other lifestyle factors as an explanation for this finding. Given the presence of heterogeneity in study-specific results, their findings should be interpreted with caution.
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Cordova AC, Sumpio BE. Polyphenols are medicine: Is it time to prescribe red wine for our patients? Int J Angiol 2009; 18:111-7. [PMID: 22477510 PMCID: PMC2903024 DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1278336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol, specifically red wine, has been suggested to play a key role in the prevention of cardiovascular disease and other chronic pathologies, including cancer. Its regular and moderate consumption has been found in numerous epidemiological studies to correlate inversely with vascular disease and mortality, despite the presence of risk factors such as high consumption of saturated fats, elevated smoking and low physical activity. This phenomenon, known as the 'French Paradox', would be explained mainly by the high levels of polyphenols present in red wine, making it more advantageous than beer, spirits and even white wine. The habit of having one or two drinks of red wine every day with meals may translate to a longer, healthier and better quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo C Cordova
- Division of Surgery, Lahey Clinic Medical Center, Burlington, Massachusetts
| | - Bauer E Sumpio
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Fan Y, Yuan JM, Wang R, Gao YT, Yu MC. Alcohol, tobacco, and diet in relation to esophageal cancer: the Shanghai Cohort Study. Nutr Cancer 2008; 60:354-63. [PMID: 18444169 DOI: 10.1080/01635580701883011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Prospective data on environmental exposures, especially with respect to alcohol, tobacco, and diet, in relation to the risk of esophageal cancer in high-risk populations are sparse. We analyzed data from a population-based cohort of 18,244 middle-aged and older men in Shanghai to identify risk factors for esophageal cancer in this high-risk population. The cohort was followed through 2006, and 101 incident esophageal cancer cases were identified. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) for associations between exposures and esophageal cancer risk. With adjustment for tobacco use and other potential confounders, regular drinkers vs. nondrinkers of alcoholic beverages had a twofold risk of developing esophageal cancer (HR=2.02, 95% CI=1.31-3.12). With adjustment for alcohol and other potential confounders, long-term smokers (40+ yr) vs. nonsmokers of cigarettes showed a twofold risk of developing esophageal cancer (HR=2.06, 95% CI=1.11-3.82). Increased consumption of fruits (including oranges/tangerines), seafood, and milk were found to be protective against the development of esophageal cancer; HRs were decreased by 40-60% for high vs. low consumers after adjustment for cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, and other confounders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhua Fan
- The Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
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CYP1A1, mEH, and GSTM1 Polymophisms and Risk of Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer: A Spanish Case-Control Study. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2008; 2008:741310. [PMID: 19259333 PMCID: PMC2648631 DOI: 10.1155/2008/741310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2008] [Accepted: 07/22/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background. Genetic polymorphisms of drug metabolizing enzymes involved in the detoxification pathways of carcinogenic substances may influence cancer risk. Methods. Case-control study that investigates the relationship between CYP1A1 Ile/Val, exon 4 mEH, and GSTM1 null genetic polymorphism and the risk of oral and pharyngeal cancer examining the interaction between these genes, tobacco, and alcohol. 92 incident cases and 130 consecutive hospital-based controls have been included. Results. No significant associations were found for any of the genotypes assessed. The estimated risk was slightly elevated in subjects with the wild type of the mEH gene and the null GSTM1 genotype. For exon 4 mEH heterozygous polymorphism, the risk was slightly lower for heavy smokers than for light smokers. The inverse association was observed for the GSTM1 null genotype. Conclusions. The results suggest that exon 4 mEH and GSTM1 null polymorphisms might influence oral and pharyngeal cancer.
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Meta-analysis and pooled analysis of GSTM1 and CYP1A1 polymorphisms and oral and pharyngeal cancers: a HuGE-GSEC review. Genet Med 2008; 10:369-84. [PMID: 18496222 DOI: 10.1097/gim.0b013e3181770196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The association of GSTM1 and CYP1A1 polymorphisms and oral and pharyngeal cancers was assessed through a meta-analysis of published case-control studies and a pooled analysis of both published and unpublished case-control studies from the Genetic Susceptibility to Environmental Carcinogens database (http://www.upci.upmc.edu/research/ccps/ccontrol/index.html ). Thirty publications used in the meta-analysis included a total of 7783 subjects (3177 cases and 4606 controls); 21 datasets, 9397 subjects (3130 cases and 6267 controls) were included in the pooled analysis. The GSTM1 deletion was 2-fold more likely to occur in African American and African cases than controls (odds ratio: 1.7, 95% confidence interval: 0.9-3.3), although this was not observed among whites (odds ratio: 1.0, 95% confidence interval: 0.9-1.1). The meta-analysis and pooled analysis showed a significant association between oral and pharyngeal cancer and the CYP1A1 MspI homozygous variant (meta-ORm2/m2: 1.9, 95% confidence interval: 1.4-2.7; Pooled ORm2m2: 2.0, 95% confidence interval: 1.3-3.1; ORm1m2 or [infi]m2m2: 1.3, 95% confidence interval: 1.1-1.6). The association was present for the CYP1A1 (exon 7) polymorphism (ORVal/Val: 2.2, 95% confidence interval: 1.1-4.5) in ever smokers. A joint effect was observed for GSTM1 homozygous deletion and the CYP1A1 m1m2 variant on cancer risk. Our findings suggest that tobacco use and genetic factors play a significant role in oral and pharyngeal cancer.
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Vioque J, Barber X, Bolumar F, Porta M, Santibáñez M, de la Hera MG, Moreno-Osset E. Esophageal cancer risk by type of alcohol drinking and smoking: a case-control study in Spain. BMC Cancer 2008; 8:221. [PMID: 18673563 PMCID: PMC2529333 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-8-221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2008] [Accepted: 08/01/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The effect of tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking on esophageal cancer (EC) has never been explored in Spain where black tobacco and wine consumptions are quite prevalent. We estimated the independent effect of different alcoholic beverages and type of tobacco smoking on the risk of EC and its main histological cell type (squamous cell carcinoma) in a hospital-based case-control study in a Mediterranean area of Spain. Methods We only included incident cases with histologically confirmed EC (n = 202). Controls were frequency-matched to cases by age, sex and province (n = 455). Information on risk factors was elicited by trained interviewers using structured questionnaires. Multiple logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results Alcohol drinking and tobacco smoking were strong and independent risk factors for esophageal cancer. Alcohol was a potent risk factor with a clear dose-response relationship, particularly for esophageal squamous-cell cancer. Compared to never-drinkers, the risk for heaviest drinkers (≥ 75 g/day of pure ethanol) was 7.65 (95%CI, 3.16–18.49); and compared with never-smokers, the risk for heaviest smokers (≥ 30 cigarettes/day) was 5.07 (95%CI, 2.06–12.47). A low consumption of only wine and/or beer (1–24 g/d) did not increase the risk whereas a strong positive trend was observed for all types of alcoholic beverages that included any combination of hard liquors with beer and/or wine (p-trend<0.00001). A significant increase in EC risk was only observed for black-tobacco smoking (2.5-fold increase), not for blond tobacco. The effects for alcohol drinking were much stronger when the analysis was limited to the esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (n = 160), whereas a lack of effect for adenocarcinoma was evidenced. Smoking cessation showed a beneficial effect within ten years whereas drinking cessation did not. Conclusion Our study shows that the risk of EC, and particularly the squamous cell type, is strongly associated with alcohol drinking. The consumption of any combination of hard liquors seems to be harmful whereas a low consumption of only wine may not. This may relates to the presence of certain antioxidant compounds found in wine but practically lacking in liquors. Tobacco smoking is also a clear risk factor, black more than blond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Vioque
- Departamento Salud Pública, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche-Alicante, Spain.
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Báez A. Genetic and environmental factors in head and neck cancer genesis. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS & ECOTOXICOLOGY REVIEWS 2008; 26:174-200. [PMID: 18569329 DOI: 10.1080/10590500802129431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) include squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx. Epidemiologic data suggest that the etiology and pathogenesis of HNSCC are influenced by environmental and lifestyle-related factors, such as tobacco use, ethanol consumption, papilloma virus infection, dietary factors and exposure to toxic substances. DNA repair systems and carcinogen-metabolizing enzymes can increase the risk for HNSCC but no definite causal mechanism has been demonstrated. There are several well-characterized entities that are associated with risk and prognosis of head and neck cancer, including Lynch-II syndrome, Bloom syndrome, Fanconi's anemia, xeroderma pigmentosum, ataxia telangiectasia, and Li-Fraumeni syndrome. This review aims to present the current status in our understanding of HNSCC and highlight controversies relating to the role of several factors in the genesis of the cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Báez
- Departments of Pharmacology and Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936-5067, USA.
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Ng AK, Li S, Recklitis C, Diller LR, Neuberg D, Silver B, Mauch PM. Health practice in long-term survivors of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008; 71:468-76. [PMID: 18234434 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2007.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2007] [Revised: 09/21/2007] [Accepted: 09/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the health practice of Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) survivors and their siblings, and to assess the impact of socioeconomic status and disease history on health practice of HL survivors. METHODS AND MATERIALS We conducted a questionnaire study on long-term HL survivors and their siblings on health care utilization, health habits, and screening behavior. RESULTS A total of 511 HL survivors (response rate of 50%, including survivors lost to contact) and 224 siblings (response rate, 58%) participated. Median time from HL diagnosis was 15 years. Significantly more survivors than siblings had a physical examination in the past year (63% vs. 49%, p = 0.0001). Male survivors were significantly more likely than siblings to perform monthly self-testicular examinations (19% vs. 9%, p = 0.02). Among survivors, higher household income (p = 0.01) independently predicted for having had a physical examination in the past year. Lower educational level (p = 0.0004) and history of relapsed HL (p = 0.03) were independent predictors for smoking, moderate/heavy alcohol use, and/or physical inactivity. CONCLUSIONS Compared with siblings, long-term HL survivors have a higher level of health care utilization and better screening practice. Survivors from lower socioeconomic background had lower adherence to routine health care and greater report of unhealthy habits. Survivors with history of relapsed HL were also more likely to engage in unhealthy habits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea K Ng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Role of tobacco smoking, chewing and alcohol drinking in the risk of oral cancer in Trivandrum, India: a nested case-control design using incident cancer cases. Oral Oncol 2007; 44:446-54. [PMID: 17933578 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2007.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2007] [Revised: 06/01/2007] [Accepted: 06/05/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oral cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world, with two-thirds of the cases occurring in developing countries. While cohort and nested case-control study designs offer various methodological strengths, the role of tobacco and alcohol consumption in the etiology of oral cancer has been assessed mainly in case-control studies. The role of tobacco chewing, smoking and alcohol drinking patterns on the risk of cancer of the oral cavity was evaluated using a nested case-control design on data from a randomized control trial conducted between 1996 and 2004 in Trivandrum, India. Data from 282 incident oral cancer cases and 1410 matched controls were analyzed using multivariate conditional logistic regression models. Tobacco chewing was the strongest risk factor associated with oral cancer. The adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for chewers were 3.1 (95% confidence interval (CI)=2.1-4.6) for men and 11.0 (95%CI=5.8-20.7) for women. Effects of chewing pan with or without tobacco on oral cancer risk were elevated for both sexes. Bidi smoking increased the risk of oral cancer in men (OR=1.9, 95%CI=1.1-3.2). Dose-response relations were observed for the frequency and duration of chewing and alcohol drinking, as well as in duration of bidi smoking. Given the relatively poor survival rates of oral cancer patients, cessation of tobacco and moderation of alcohol use remain the key elements in oral cancer prevention and control.
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Abstract
Alcohol dependence (AD) and, more generally, alcohol use disorders (AUDs) predispose individuals to adverse consequences that extend beyond the expected damage from alcohol-direct toxicity. Research has shown that the relationship of alcohol use to health outcomes is complex, as is the etiology of AD, and that the individual and social costs of alcohol-related problems are increasing. We review advances in alcohol science that explore the role of alcohol consumption and patterns of drinking in a range of medically comorbid conditions. Although new knowledge can assist in the development of appropriate medical management strategies, AUDs account for an important percentage of the global burden of disease and require approaches that are not uniquely focused on the identification and treatment of AD.
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50
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Freedman ND, Schatzkin A, Leitzmann MF, Hollenbeck AR, Abnet CC. Alcohol and head and neck cancer risk in a prospective study. Br J Cancer 2007; 96:1469-74. [PMID: 17387340 PMCID: PMC2360181 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the relation between head and neck cancer risk and alcohol consumption in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study. During 2,203,500 person-years of follow-up, 611 men and 183 women developed head and neck cancer. With moderate drinking (up to one alcoholic drink per day) as the referent group, non-drinkers showed an increased risk of head and neck cancer (men: hazard ratio (HR) 1.68, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.37-2.06; women: 1.46, 1.02-2.08). Among male and female alcohol drinkers, we observed a significant dose-response relationship between alcohol consumption and risk. The HR for consuming >3 drinks per day was significantly higher in women (2.52, 1.46-4.35) than in men (1.48, 1.15-1.90; P for interaction=0.0036). The incidence rates per 100 000 person-years for those who consumed >3 drinks per day were similar in men (77.6) and women (75.3). The higher HRs observed in women resulted from lower incidence rates in the referent group: women (14.7), men (34.4). In summary, drinking >3 alcoholic beverages per day was associated with increased risk in men and women, but consumption of up to one drink per day may be associated with reduced risk relative to non-drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- N D Freedman
- Cancer Prevention Fellowship Program, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Executive Plaza North, Suite 3109, 6130 Executive Boulevard, MSC 7361, Bethesda, MD 20892-7361, USA.
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