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Olabumuyi OO, Uchendu OC, Green PA. Prevalence, Pattern and Factors Associated with Developmental Delay amongst Under-5 Children in Nigeria: Evidence from Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2011-2017. Niger Postgrad Med J 2024; 31:118-129. [PMID: 38826015 DOI: 10.4103/npmj.npmj_51_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children develop dynamically, and when a child fails to reach age-appropriate developmental milestones compared to their peers, it is considered a developmental delay. In developing nations like Nigeria, several demographics, socioeconomic, childcare and external factors may influence the highly individualised process. This study assessed the prevalence and pattern of developmental delay, across Nigeria's geopolitical zones including identified factors associated with developmental delay, providing insight for appropriate interventions to prevent disability in affected children. METHODS This was a secondary analysis of data from the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS), which was carried out in rounds 4 (2011) and 5 (2016/2017). Every 5 years, the UNICEF-supported MICS cross-sectional household survey is carried out using the cluster sampling method. A semi-structured, questionnaire administered by the interviewer was used to obtain individual and household-level data. This study comprised a weighted sample of 17,373 under-5 children who had complete data from both survey rounds on characteristics deemed significant for the study. Data were analysed using SPSS version 23. Using the Chi-square test and multivariate binomial logistic regression, factors linked to developmental delay were identified, with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) provided and the significance level set at 5%. RESULTS The mean age and sex distribution of the children surveyed in both rounds was comparable, with a male preponderance of 51.2% in round 4 and 50.4% in round 5. In both round 4 (51.2%) and round 5 (49.0%), the Northeast zone had the highest prevalence of overall developmental delay while the least prevalence was seen in the Southwest zone (20.3%) and the Southeast zone (14.7%) in round 4 and round 5, respectively. Across all the zones, delay in the literacy-numeracy domain of development was the most prevalent, with the highest (91.3% and 86.7%, respectively) in the Northeast zone during both rounds of the survey. Delay in the physical domain was, however, the least prevalent form of developmental delay across the zones, with the least in South South (20.6%) and Southeast (5.4%) in rounds 4 and 5. The odds of developmental delay were 1.5 and 1.7 times higher amongst children 4 years old than 3 years old in both rounds of the survey. The likelihood of having developmental delay was found to increase with the severity of stunting amongst the children during both rounds of the survey (odds ratio [OR] =1.5; 95% CI = 1.20-1.78 in round 4 and OR = 1.4; 95% CI = 1.16-1.58 in round 5). Children from the poorest wealth index had higher odds of developmental delay (OR = 5.8; 95% CI = 4.92-6.82 in round 4 and OR = 2.5; 95% CI = 1.99-3.10 in round 5). CONCLUSION The prevalence of developmental delay is high across all zones; however, the burden varies amongst them. The age of the child, nutritional status and wealth index were indicators of developmental delay in Nigerian under-5 children. This underscores the need for surveillance and interventions focussed on improving child literacy, nutritional status and household standard of living across the zones.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Obioma Chukwudi Uchendu
- Department of Community Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
- Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Pauline Aruoture Green
- Department of Community Medicine, Rivers State University, Nkpolu-Oroworukwo, Rivers State, Nigeria
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Karthikeyan R, Al-Shamaa N, Kelly EJ, Henn P, Shiely F, Divala T, Fadahunsi KP, O'Donoghue J. Investigating the characteristics of health-related data collection tools used in randomised controlled trials in low-income and middle-income countries: protocol for a systematic review. BMJ Open 2024; 14:e077148. [PMID: 38286709 PMCID: PMC10826565 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-077148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Health-related data collection tools, including digital ones, have become more prevalent across clinical studies in the last number of years. However, using digital data collection tools in low-income and middle-income countries presents unique challenges. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the data collection tools currently being used in randomised controlled trials (RCTs) conducted in low-resource settings and evaluate the tools based on the characteristics outlined in the modified Mobile Survey Tool framework. These include functionality, reliability, usability, efficiency, maintainability, portability, effectiveness, cost-benefit, satisfaction, freedom from risk and context coverage. This evidence may provide a guide to selecting a suitable data collection tool for researchers planning to conduct research in low-income and middle-income countries for future studies. METHODS AND ANALYSIS Searches will be conducted in four electronic databases: PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science and EMBASE. For inclusion, studies must be a RCT, mention a health-related data collection tool and conducted in a low- and middle-income country. Only studies with available full-text and written in English will be included. The search was restricted to studies published between January 2005 and June 2023. This systematic review will use the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) tool. Two review authors will screen the titles and abstracts of search results independently for inclusion. In the initial screening process, the full-text articles will be retrieved if the abstract contains limited information about the study. Disagreements will be resolved through discussion. If the disagreement cannot be resolved, a third author (JO'D) will adjudicate. The study selection process will be outlined in a PRISMA flow-diagram. Data will be analysed using a narrative synthesis approach. The included studies and their outcomes will be presented in a table. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Formal ethical approval is not required as primary data will not be collected in this study. The findings from this systematic review will be published in a peer-reviewed journal. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42023405738.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Patrick Henn
- School of Medicine, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Frances Shiely
- Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Titus Divala
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - John O'Donoghue
- ASSERT Research Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Malawi eHealth Research Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Sheel H, Suárez L, Marsh NV. Screening Children in India: Translation and Psychometric Evaluation of the Parents' Evaluation of Developmental Status and the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire. Pediatr Rep 2023; 15:750-765. [PMID: 38133435 PMCID: PMC10745979 DOI: 10.3390/pediatric15040067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Timely screening and surveillance of children for developmental delay and social-emotional learning difficulties are essential in Low- and Middle-Income Countries like India. Screening measures like the Parents' Evaluation of Developmental Status (PEDS) and Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) are considered suitable for India due to their low cost, easy accessibility, and no training requirement for administration. However, India lacks validated screening measures, and the PEDS and SDQ have yet to be validated for children in India. The study aimed to translate the PEDS and SDQ from English to Hindi and psychometrically evaluate the same measures on children aged 4-8 years in India. The original PEDS and SDQ forms and their translations were pilot tested on 55 participants and evaluated using data from 407 children with typical development (TD) and 59 children with developmental disability (DD). Parents and teachers reported no meaningful discrepancy between the original and translated (Hindi) questionnaires. Internal consistency for the PEDS was acceptable, but unacceptable for most subscales on the SDQ, for both TD and DD samples. Test-retest reliability was poor for the PEDS but adequate for the SDQ. Results from known-group validity testing showed that the PEDS scores could be used to distinguish between the TD and DD samples. The results from this study provide further support for the use of the PEDS and SDQ in developing countries like India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hina Sheel
- School of Social and Health Sciences, James Cook University, Singapore 387380, Singapore (L.S.)
- School of Health and Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Academic City, Dubai 294345, United Arab Emirates
| | - Lidia Suárez
- School of Social and Health Sciences, James Cook University, Singapore 387380, Singapore (L.S.)
| | - Nigel V. Marsh
- School of Social and Health Sciences, James Cook University, Singapore 387380, Singapore (L.S.)
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Jenkins G, Purbhoo-Makan M, Zipfel B. Assessing the need for a standardised paediatric assessment tool for podiatrists in South Africa. Foot (Edinb) 2023; 56:102018. [PMID: 36990014 DOI: 10.1016/j.foot.2023.102018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
There is no literature to support the existence of an effective standardised assessment tool in South Africa that aids the podiatrist in the early diagnosis of developmental delay in the paediatric patient from age one to five. Podiatrists in South Africa (SA) need a suitable assessment tool to evaluate child development. A potential proforma that could be used by South African podiatrists is the Gait and Lower Limb Observation Proforma (GALLOP) Assessment Tool. AIM The aim of this research was to evaluate the "ease of use" and "usefulness" of the GALLOP Assessment Tool for podiatrists to effectively assess the paediatric patient from age one to age five. METHODS The study was of a mixed methods descriptive design type, targeting all Health Professions Council of South Africa (HPCSA) registered podiatrists in the Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipal area. After allowing the participants to use the GALLOP Assessment Tool for a period of time, a survey was conducted to establish the "ease of use" and "usefulness" of the GALLOP Assessment Tool. RESULTS All participants agreed that the GALLOP Assessment Tool would be beneficial to South African podiatrists and that the assessment tool does not need to be improved upon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Jenkins
- University of the Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa.
| | | | - Bernhard Zipfel
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, South Africa
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Herbers JE, DeCandia CJ, Volk KT, Unick GJ. Profiles and Predictors of Neurodevelopmental Functioning among Young Children Experiencing Family Homelessness. EARLY CHILDHOOD RESEARCH QUARTERLY 2023; 65:407-416. [PMID: 37635734 PMCID: PMC10449385 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecresq.2023.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
In the context of family homelessness, children experience acute adversities related to loss of housing and residential mobility compounded with more chronic, poverty-related adversities and stressors. Among children in families experiencing homelessness, variability in experiences and outcomes warrant person-centered approaches to better delineate patterns of risk and resilience. Using latent profile analysis as a person-centered approach, we identified five distinct profiles of neurodevelopmental functioning within a sample of 231 children (ages 3-5 years old) staying in emergency homeless shelters with their families. Latent profiles were informed by indicators from parent-reported items for ten different domains of neurodevelopmental functioning. We examined whether demographic and ecological factors including age, ethnicity, adverse childhood experiences, parent mental health, and overreactive parenting would predict profile membership. Overall, half of the children in the sample demonstrated a profile of resilient functioning across developmental domains. Profiles of maladaptive functioning differed in areas of strength and challenge, with a small percentage of children showing poor functioning across all domains. Children whose parents had more mental health problems or overreactive parenting were significantly more likely to show profiles of poor functioning than to show resilient functioning. Implications for future research, practice, and policy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janette E Herbers
- Villanova University, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Villanova, PA, USA
| | | | | | - George J Unick
- University of Maryland, School of Social Work, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Giraldo-Huertas J. Parental developmental screening with CARE: A pilot hybrid assessment and intervention with vulnerable families in Colombia. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287186. [PMID: 37379320 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Poverty and scarcity of resources make children in low-and-middle-income countries at risk of not reaching their developmental potential. Despite a near-universal interest in risk reduction, effective interventions like enhancing reading skills in parents to diminish developmental delay remain elusive for the great majority of vulnerable families. We undertook a efficacy study for parental use of a booklet called CARE for developmental screening of children between 36 to 60 months old (M = 44.0, SD = 7.5). All participants (N = 50), lived in vulnerable, low-income neighborhoods in Colombia. The study followed a pilot Quasi-Randomised Control Trial design (i.e., control group participants assigned based on non-random criteria) of parent training with a CARE intervention group compared to a control group. Data was analyzed using two-way ANCOVA for sociodemographic variables' interaction with follow-up results and one-way ANCOVA to evaluate the relations between the intervention and post-measurement of developmental delays and cautions and other language related-skills outcomes, while controlling for pre-measurements. These analyses indicated that the CARE booklet intervention enhanced children's developmental status and narrative skills (developmental screening delay items, F(1, 47) = 10.45, p = .002, partial η2 = .182; narrative devices scores, F(1, 17) = 4.87, p = .041, partial η2 = .223). Several limitations (e.g., sample size) and possible implications for the analysis of children's developmental potential are discussed and considered for future research, along with the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the closure of preschools and community care centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Giraldo-Huertas
- Department of Developmental and Educative Psychology, Universidad de la Sabana, Chía, Colombia
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Manasyan A, Salas AA, Nolen T, Chomba E, Mazariegos M, Tshefu Kitoto A, Saleem S, Naqvi F, Hambidge KM, Goco N, McClure EM, Wallander JL, Biasini FJ, Goldenberg RL, Bose CL, Koso-Thomas M, Krebs NF, Carlo WA. Diagnostic accuracy of ASQ for screening of neurodevelopmental delays in low resource countries. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e065076. [PMID: 37221030 PMCID: PMC10230914 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-065076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID) is the most used diagnostic tool to identify neurodevelopmental disorders in children under age 3 but is challenging to use in low-resource countries. The Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ) is an easy-to-use, low-cost clinical tool completed by parents/caregivers that screens children for developmental delay. The objective was to determine the performance of ASQ as a screening tool for neurodevelopmental impairment when compared with BSID second edition (BSID-II) for the diagnosis of moderate-to-severe neurodevelopmental impairment among infants at 12 and 18 months of age in low-resource countries. METHODS Study participants were recruited as part of the First Bites Complementary Feeding trial from the Democratic Republic of Congo, Zambia, Guatemala and Pakistan between October 2008 and January 2011. Study participants underwent neurodevelopmental assessment by trained personnel using the ASQ and BSID-II at 12 and 18 months of age. RESULTS Data on both ASQ and BSID-II assessments of 1034 infants were analysed. Four of five ASQ domains had specificities greater than 90% for severe neurodevelopmental delay at 18 months of age. Sensitivities ranged from 23% to 62%. The correlations between ASQ communications subscale and BSID-II Mental Development Index (MDI) (r=0.38) and between ASQ gross motor subscale and BSID-II Psychomotor Development Index (PDI) (r=0.33) were the strongest correlations found. CONCLUSION At 18 months, ASQ had high specificity but moderate-to-low sensitivity for BSID-II MDI and/or PDI <70. ASQ, when administered by trained healthcare workers, may be a useful screening tool to detect severe disability in infants from rural low-income to middle-income settings. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT01084109.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Manasyan
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health, Center for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Ariel A Salas
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Tracy Nolen
- Research Triangle Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Elwyn Chomba
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Manolo Mazariegos
- Institute of Nutrition for Central America and Panamá (INCAP), Guatemala City, Panama
| | | | | | | | - K Michael Hambidge
- University of Colorado Denver - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Norman Goco
- Research Triangle Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Jan L Wallander
- Psychological Sciences and Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California Merced, Merced, California, USA
| | - Fred J Biasini
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Robert L Goldenberg
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University, New York, New York, UK
| | - Carl L Bose
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Marion Koso-Thomas
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Nancy F Krebs
- University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Waldemar A Carlo
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Steventon Roberts KJ, Smith C, Toska E, Cluver L, Wittesaele C, Langwenya N, Shenderovich Y, Saal W, Jochim J, Chen‐Charles J, Marlow M, Sherr L. Exploring the cognitive development of children born to adolescent mothers in South Africa. INFANT AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT 2023; 32:e2408. [PMID: 38439906 PMCID: PMC10909423 DOI: 10.1002/icd.2408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
This study explores the cognitive development of children born to adolescent mothers within South Africa compared to existing reference data, and explores development by child age bands to examine relative levels of development. Cross-sectional analyses present data from 954 adolescents (10-19 years) and their first-born children (0-68 months). All adolescents completed questionnaires relating to themselves and their children, and standardized child cognitive assessments (Mullen Scales of Early Learning) were undertaken. Cognitive development scores of the sample were lower than USA reference population scores and relative performance compared to the reference population was found to decline with increasing child age. When compared to children born to adult mothers in the sub-Saharan African region, children born to adolescent mothers (human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] unexposed; n = 724) were found to have lower cognitive development scores. Findings identify critical periods of development where intervention may be required to bolster outcomes for children born to adolescent mothers. Highlights An exploration of the cognitive development of children born to adolescent mothers within South Africa utilizing the Mullen Scales of Early Learning.Cognitive development scores of children born to adolescent mothers within South Africa were lower compared to USA norm reference data and declined with child age.Previous studies utilizing the Mullen Scales of Early Learning within sub-Saharan Africa were summarized, and comparisons were made with the current sample.Findings highlight a potential risk of developmental delay among children born to adolescent mothers compared to children of adult mothers in the sub-Saharan African region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn J. Steventon Roberts
- Department of Social Policy and InterventionUniversity of OxfordUK
- Institute for Global HealthUniversity College LondonUK
| | - Colette Smith
- Institute for Global HealthUniversity College LondonUK
| | - Elona Toska
- Department of Social Policy and InterventionUniversity of OxfordUK
- Centre for Social Science ResearchUniversity of Cape TownSouth Africa
- Department of SociologyUniversity of Cape TownSouth Africa
| | - Lucie Cluver
- Department of Social Policy and InterventionUniversity of OxfordUK
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental HealthUniversity of Cape TownSouth Africa
| | - Camille Wittesaele
- Department of Social Policy and InterventionUniversity of OxfordUK
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineUK
| | | | - Yulia Shenderovich
- Department of Social Policy and InterventionUniversity of OxfordUK
- Wolfson Centre for Young People's Mental HealthCardiff UniversityUK
- Centre for the Development and Evaluation of Complex Interventions for Public Health Improvement (DECIPHer), School of Social SciencesCardiff UniversityUK
| | - Wylene Saal
- School of HumanitiesSol Plaatje UniversitySouth Africa
| | - Janina Jochim
- Department of Social Policy and InterventionUniversity of OxfordUK
| | | | - Marguerite Marlow
- Institute of Life Course Health ResearchStellenbosch UniversitySouth Africa
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Neocleous M, Hepworth K, Cavallera V, Gladstone M. Training packages for the use of child development tools in low/middle-income countries: a review. Arch Dis Child 2023; 108:103-107. [PMID: 35606104 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2022-323814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We are now moving beyond the focus of 'child survival' to an era which promotes children thriving and developing rather than simply 'surviving'. In doing so, we are becoming more aware of the large variation of child development screening tools available globally, but in particular, those in low/middle-income countries (LMICs). METHODS This narrative review identifies 24 child development tools used in LMICs. We aimed to identify information on training accessibility and training design, assessment methods and cost of training. For those tools with no training information identified or for any tools identified as providing online training, the tool author was contacted individually to obtain information on the features of the tool's training package. RESULTS Information on training features was identified for 18 tools. All of the tools are identified as screening tools with some also identified as surveillance or assessment tools. The training material for the majority of the tools was not readily accessible and most training packages were proprietary and only available with a face-to-face training design. Other training options included a user manual, training videos or training through an online platform. CONCLUSIONS Training is a key factor when selecting a child development screening or surveillance tool particularly in a low-income or middle-income setting where funds may be limited. The accessibility of training can have a key impact on the implementation and utilisation of tools desperately needed for use in LMICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Neocleous
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Katelyn Hepworth
- Department of Child, Youth and Family Studies, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Vanessa Cavallera
- Brain Health Unit in Department of Mental Health and Substance Use, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Melissa Gladstone
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Barron KA, Haimowitz SZ, Shah VP, Cowan P, Raia N, Ying YLM. A review of bilateral sudden sensorineural hearing loss in pediatric patients. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2023; 165:111459. [PMID: 36696710 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2023.111459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bilateral, sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) in the pediatric population is a rare phenomenon potentially detrimental to language acquisition and social development. This study comprehensively reviews and analyzes existing literature to determine any correlation or commonality in etiologies, presentations, and management of this condition. METHODS PubMed, Cochrane, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were systematically searched for articles related to pediatric SSNHL from 1970 to 2021. Case series, case reports, and cohort studies were included. Data on patient demographics, etiology, diagnostic testing, management, and hearing recovery were collected. RESULTS Excluding duplicates, 553 unique titles were identified by established search criteria, of which 342 titles were relevant to pediatric sudden hearing loss. Forty-six papers reported cases of bilateral SSNHL, totaling 145 individual cases. Not included in the analysis were 45 cases documented as non-organic hearing loss. The average age of the total 145 included patients was 8.5 years and 51 were male. Reported etiologies included cytomegalovirus (n = 3), meningitis (n = 13), mumps (n = 5), ototoxin exposure (n = 13), and enlarged vestibular aqueduct (n = 9). Tinnitus (n = 30) was the most reported concurrent symptom, followed by vertigo (n = 21). Systemic steroid therapy was the most common treatment and, when follow up was reported, most patients (51.2%) had complete or partial recovery of hearing. CONCLUSIONS This is a comprehensive review of pediatric bilateral SSNHL. Though often idiopathic, etiologies also include infectious, structural, and autoimmune. Treatment largely consists of systemic steroid therapy, with variables rates of recovery. Further studies on intratympanic administration of steroids may guide future treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendyl A Barron
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07101, USA.
| | - Sean Z Haimowitz
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07101, USA
| | - Vraj P Shah
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07101, USA
| | - Paul Cowan
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07101, USA
| | - Nicole Raia
- Audiology Service, University Hospital, Newark, NJ, 07101, USA
| | - Yu-Lan Mary Ying
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07101, USA
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Cavallera V, Lancaster G, Gladstone M, Black MM, McCray G, Nizar A, Ahmed S, Dutta A, Anago RKE, Brentani A, Jiang F, Schönbeck Y, McCoy DC, Kariger P, Weber AM, Raikes A, Waldman M, van Buuren S, Kaur R, Pérez Maillard M, Nisar MI, Khanam R, Sazawal S, Zongo A, Pacifico Mercadante M, Zhang Y, Roy AD, Hepworth K, Fink G, Rubio-Codina M, Tofail F, Eekhout I, Seiden J, Norton R, Baqui AH, Khalfan Ali J, Zhao J, Holzinger A, Detmar S, Kembou SN, Begum F, Mohammed Ali S, Jehan F, Dua T, Janus M. Protocol for validation of the Global Scales for Early Development (GSED) for children under 3 years of age in seven countries. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e062562. [PMID: 36693690 PMCID: PMC9884878 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-062562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Children's early development is affected by caregiving experiences, with lifelong health and well-being implications. Governments and civil societies need population-based measures to monitor children's early development and ensure that children receive the care needed to thrive. To this end, the WHO developed the Global Scales for Early Development (GSED) to measure children's early development up to 3 years of age. The GSED includes three measures for population and programmatic level measurement: (1) short form (SF) (caregiver report), (2) long form (LF) (direct administration) and (3) psychosocial form (PF) (caregiver report). The primary aim of this protocol is to validate the GSED SF and LF. Secondary aims are to create preliminary reference scores for the GSED SF and LF, validate an adaptive testing algorithm and assess the feasibility and preliminary validity of the GSED PF. METHODS AND ANALYSIS We will conduct the validation in seven countries (Bangladesh, Brazil, Côte d'Ivoire, Pakistan, The Netherlands, People's Republic of China, United Republic of Tanzania), varying in geography, language, culture and income through a 1-year prospective design, combining cross-sectional and longitudinal methods with 1248 children per site, stratified by age and sex. The GSED generates an innovative common metric (Developmental Score: D-score) using the Rasch model and a Development for Age Z-score (DAZ). We will evaluate six psychometric properties of the GSED SF and LF: concurrent validity, predictive validity at 6 months, convergent and discriminant validity, and test-retest and inter-rater reliability. We will evaluate measurement invariance by comparing differential item functioning and differential test functioning across sites. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study has received ethical approval from the WHO (protocol GSED validation 004583 20.04.2020) and approval in each site. Study results will be disseminated through webinars and publications from WHO, international organisations, academic journals and conference proceedings. REGISTRATION DETAILS Open Science Framework https://osf.io/ on 19 November 2021 (DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/KX5T7; identifier: osf-registrations-kx5t7-v1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Cavallera
- Department of Mental Health and Substance Use, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Melissa Gladstone
- Department of Women and Children's Health, Institute of Life COurse and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Maureen M Black
- International Education, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Ambreen Nizar
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | | | - Arup Dutta
- Center for Public Health Kinetics, CPHK Global, Pemba, Zanzibar, Tanzania
| | | | - Alexandra Brentani
- Department of Pediatrics, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fan Jiang
- Shanghai Children's Medical Center Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shangai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yvonne Schönbeck
- Department of Child Health, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Dana C McCoy
- Education Policy and Program Evaluation, Harvard Graduate School of Education, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Patricia Kariger
- Center for Effective Global Action, University of California Berkeley School of Public Health, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Ann M Weber
- School of Public Health, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Abbie Raikes
- Health Promotion, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Public Health, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Marcus Waldman
- Health Promotion, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Public Health, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Stef van Buuren
- Department of Child Health, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, Leiden, Netherlands
- Department of Methodology and Statistics, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Raghbir Kaur
- Department of Mental Health and Substance Use, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Michelle Pérez Maillard
- Department of Mental Health and Substance Use, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Muhammad Imran Nisar
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Rasheda Khanam
- International Center for Maternal and Newborn Health, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sunil Sazawal
- Center for Public Health Kinetics, CPHK Global, Pemba, Zanzibar, Tanzania
| | - Arsène Zongo
- IPA Côte d'Ivoire, Innovations for Poverty Action, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | | | - Yunting Zhang
- Child Health Advocacy Institute, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Children's Medical Center Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Katelyn Hepworth
- Health Promotion, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Public Health, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Günther Fink
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marta Rubio-Codina
- Social Protection and Health Division, Inter-American Development Bank, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Fahmida Tofail
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division (NCSD), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Iris Eekhout
- Department of Child Health, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jonathan Seiden
- Education Policy and Program Evaluation, Harvard Graduate School of Education, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rebecca Norton
- Department of Mental Health and Substance Use, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Abdullah H Baqui
- International Center for Maternal and Newborn Health, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Jin Zhao
- Department of Developmental and Behavioural Pediatrics, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Children's Medical Center Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shangai, People's Republic of China
| | - Andreas Holzinger
- IPA Francophone West Africa, Innovations for Poverty Action, Abidjan, Côte d\'Ivoire
| | - Symone Detmar
- Department of Child Health, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Farzana Begum
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Said Mohammed Ali
- Institution Head, Public Health Laboratory, Pemba, Zanzibar, Tanzania
| | - Fyezah Jehan
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
- Paediatrics and Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Tarun Dua
- Department of Mental Health and Substance Use, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Magdalena Janus
- Offord Centre for Child Studies, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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McIntyre S, Goldsmith S, Webb A, Ehlinger V, Hollung SJ, McConnell K, Arnaud C, Smithers‐Sheedy H, Oskoui M, Khandaker G, Himmelmann K. Global prevalence of cerebral palsy: A systematic analysis. Dev Med Child Neurol 2022; 64:1494-1506. [PMID: 35952356 PMCID: PMC9804547 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.15346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
AIM To determine trends and current estimates in regional and global prevalence of cerebral palsy (CP). METHOD A systematic analysis of data from participating CP registers/surveillance systems and population-based prevalence studies (from birth year 1995) was performed. Quality and risk of bias were assessed for both data sources. Analyses were conducted for pre-/perinatal, postnatal, neonatal, and overall CP. For each region, trends were statistically classified as increasing, decreasing, heterogeneous, or no change, and most recent prevalence estimates with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Meta-analyses were conducted to determine current birth prevalence estimates (from birth year 2010). RESULTS Forty-one regions from 27 countries across five continents were represented. Pre-/perinatal birth prevalence declined significantly across Europe and Australia (11 out of 14 regions), with no change in postneonatal CP. From the limited but increasing data available from regions in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), birth prevalence for pre-/perinatal CP was as high as 3.4 per 1000 (95% CI 3.0-3.9) live births. Following meta-analyses, birth prevalence for pre-/perinatal CP in regions from high-income countries (HICs) was 1.5 per 1000 (95% CI 1.4-1.6) live births, and 1.6 per 1000 (95% CI 1.5-1.7) live births when postneonatal CP was included. INTERPRETATION The birth prevalence estimate of CP in HICs declined to 1.6 per 1000 live births. Data available from LMICs indicated markedly higher birth prevalence. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS • Birth prevalence of pre-/perinatal cerebral palsy (CP) in high-income countries (HICs) is decreasing. • Current overall CP birth prevalence for HICs is 1.6 per 1000 live births. • Trends in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) cannot currently be measured. • Current birth prevalence in LMICs is markedly higher than in HICs. • Active surveillance of CP helps to assess the impact of medical advancements and social/economic development. • Population-based data on prevalence and trends of CP are critical to inform policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah McIntyre
- Cerebral Palsy Alliance Research Institute, Specialty of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and HealthThe University of SydneySydneyAustralia
| | - Shona Goldsmith
- Cerebral Palsy Alliance Research Institute, Specialty of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and HealthThe University of SydneySydneyAustralia
| | - Annabel Webb
- Cerebral Palsy Alliance Research Institute, Specialty of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and HealthThe University of SydneySydneyAustralia
| | - Virginie Ehlinger
- Center for Epidemiology and Research in Population health (CERPOP), InsermUniversity of ToulouseToulouseFrance
| | - Sandra Julsen Hollung
- Norwegian Quality and Surveillance Registry for Cerebral Palsy (NorCP), Vestfold Hospital TrustTønsbergNorway
| | | | | | - Hayley Smithers‐Sheedy
- Cerebral Palsy Alliance Research Institute, Specialty of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and HealthThe University of SydneySydneyAustralia
| | - Maryam Oskoui
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesMcGill UniversityMontrealCanada
| | - Gulam Khandaker
- Central Queensland Hospital and Health ServiceRockhamptonAustralia
| | - Kate Himmelmann
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
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Yunilda E, Gunardi H, Medise BE, Oswari H. The Indonesian version of Ages and Stages Questionnaire
III
accuracy compared to Bayley Scales of Infant Development
III. INFANT AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/icd.2387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erva Yunilda
- Department of Child Health, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia Jakarta Indonesia
| | - Hartono Gunardi
- Department of Child Health, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia Jakarta Indonesia
| | - Bernie Endyarni Medise
- Department of Child Health, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia Jakarta Indonesia
| | - Hanifah Oswari
- Department of Child Health, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia Jakarta Indonesia
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Springer PE, Laughton B, Esterhuizen TM, Slogrove AL, Kruger M. The Molteno Adapted Scale: A child development screening tool for healthcare settings. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.4102/ajopa.v4i0.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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Physician Voices on ECHO Autism India-Evaluation of a Telementoring Model for Autism in a Low-Middle Income Country. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2022; 43:335-345. [PMID: 35013067 DOI: 10.1097/dbp.0000000000001060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Training pediatricians in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) in early diagnosis and comprehensive management of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is crucial to ensure optimal developmental outcomes for a substantial number of children with ASD in this region. This study evaluates the relevance and effectiveness of an evidence-based telementoring model Extension for Community Healthcare Outcomes (ECHO) Autism in increasing pediatricians' access to best-practice care for children with ASD in LMIC contexts. METHODS ECHO Autism was launched by a ‟hub" team of multidisciplinary ASD experts at a child development center in Mumbai, India. The culturally modified model included 13 biweekly sessions conducted annually using video-conferencing technology. Sessions combined expert-delivered didactics and facilitated case-based discussions on best-practice methods in screening, diagnosing, and managing autism and its comorbidities. Sixty-two physicians, including 59 pediatricians across 2 cohorts (2019-2020), participated in the mixed-methods study to evaluate participants' reactions, knowledge, behaviors, and impact on children and families. RESULTS Participants represented a broad geographic reach across India (n = 47) and other LMICs (n = 15). Both quantitative and qualitative data revealed high levels of participant satisfaction and improved knowledge and self-efficacy in ASD diagnosis and management. Qualitative themes highlighted the adult-learning processes of ECHO Autism that participants considered novel and beneficial, such as reflective discussions, respectful mentoring, having a parent as ‟expert," and cultural relevance, alongside changes in practice behaviors. CONCLUSION ECHO Autism clinics facilitated by local experts in LMICs can improve access to early diagnosis and evidence-based, comprehensive management for children with ASD and their families by positively influencing pediatricians' knowledge, attitudes, and practice behaviors.
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Hasan SH, Rashid R, Samad R, Karim MR, Faiz MA, Rahman MR, Hossain MA, Gomes M. A study to validate the Ten-Question-Questionnaire + for the detection of moderate to severe neurological disabilities in older Bangladeshi children. Disabil Rehabil 2022:1-7. [DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2022.2079735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Syeda Humaida Hasan
- Department of Pediatrics, Chattogram Medical College Hospital, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Rumana Rashid
- Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Bangladesh Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Rasheda Samad
- Department of Pediatrics, Chittagong Medical College, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Rezaul Karim
- Department of Pediatrics, Chattogram Maa-O-Shishu Hospital Medical College, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | | | - Md. Ridwanur Rahman
- Department of Medicine, Universal Medical College Research Center, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Amir Hossain
- Department of Medicine, Chattagram International Medical College, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Melba Gomes
- World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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17
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Early Diagnosis of Cerebral Palsy in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12050539. [PMID: 35624926 PMCID: PMC9138742 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12050539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral palsy describes a group of permanent disorders of movement, motor function and posture that occur due to non-progressive insults to the developing brain. Most of the information concerning the early diagnosis of cerebral palsy originates from studies conducted in high-income countries. In this scoping review, we aimed to explore the tools used in low- and middle-income countries for the early diagnosis of cerebral palsy. A systematic search was conducted using OVID Medline and PubMed databases. “Early diagnosis” was defined as diagnosis prior to 12 months of age, and low- and middle-income countries were classified according to the World Bank classification system. We identified nine studies on the early diagnosis of cerebral palsy from low- and middle-income countries. The tools featured (n = number of studies) were: General Movement Assessment (6), neonatal magnetic resonance imaging (3), Hammersmith Neonatal Neurological Examination (2), Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination (1) and cranial ultrasound (1). We found a paucity of published literature on the early diagnosis of cerebral palsy from low- and middle-income countries. Further research is needed to determine the tools that are accurate and feasible for use in low-resource settings, particularly since cerebral palsy is more prevalent in these areas.
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18
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Putnick DL, Bell EM, Ghassabian A, Robinson SL, Sundaram R, Yeung E. Feeding Problems as an Indicator of Developmental Delay in Early Childhood. J Pediatr 2022; 242:184-191.e5. [PMID: 34774577 PMCID: PMC8882156 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether feeding problems are indicators of developmental delay. STUDY DESIGN In this prospective longitudinal cohort study, mothers of 3597 children (49% female, 35% multiples) reported on their children's feeding problems and developmental delays (using the Ages and Stages Questionnaire [ASQ]) when children were age 18, 24, and 30 months. Average scores of feeding problems were computed at each age, as well as a categorical score indicating a persistently high number of feeding problems ≥90th percentile across time. The Battelle Developmental Inventory, Second Edition (BDI-2) was used to assess development in 5 domains for a subset of children at 4 years. RESULTS In adjusted analyses, feeding problems (per point increase) were increasingly associated with 6 ASQ domains from 18 months (OR, 1.30-1.98) to 24 months (OR, 2.07-2.69) to 30 months (OR, 3.90-5.64). Compared with children who never experienced feeding problems, children who experienced a high number of feeding problems at 1 or 2 time points were more than twice as likely to have a delay on all ASQ domains (OR, 2.10-2.50), and children who experienced a high number of feeding problems at all 3 time points were ≥4-fold more likely to have a delay on all ASQ domains (OR, 3.94-5.05). Children with 1-point higher feeding problems at 30 months scored 3-4 points lower in all BDI-2 domains at 4 years. CONCLUSIONS Frequent feeding problems, especially those that persist into the third year, could be used to identify children at risk for developmental delay for more targeted screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane L. Putnick
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health
| | - Erin M. Bell
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University at Albany School of Public Health
| | - Akhgar Ghassabian
- Departments of Pediatrics, Environmental Medicine, and Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine
| | - Sonia L. Robinson
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health
| | - Rajeshwari Sundaram
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Branch, Division of Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health
| | - Edwina Yeung
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health
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Olusanya BO, Boo NY, Nair M, Samms-Vaughan ME, Hadders-Algra M, Wright SM, Breinbauer C, Almasri N, Moreno-Angarita M, Arabloo J, Arora NK, Block SS, Berman BD, Burchell G, de Camargo OK, Carr G, del Castillo-Hegyi C, Cheung VG, Halpern R, Hoekstra R, Lynch P, Mulaudzi MC, Kakooza-Mwesige A, Ogbo FA, Olusanya JO, Rojas-Osorio V, Shaheen A, Williams AN, Servili C, Gladstone M, Kuper H, Wertlieb D, Davis AC, Newton CR. Accelerating progress on early childhood development for children under 5 years with disabilities by 2030. Lancet Glob Health 2022; 10:e438-e444. [PMID: 35038406 PMCID: PMC7613579 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(21)00488-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The likelihood of a newborn child dying before their fifth birthday (under-5 mortality rate) is universally acknowledged as a reflection of the social, economic, health, and environmental conditions in which children (and the rest of society) live, but little is known about the likelihood of a newborn child having a lifelong disability before their fifth birthday if he or she survives. Available data show that globally the likelihood of a child having a disability before their fifth birthday was ten times higher than the likelihood of dying (377·2 vs 38·2 per 1000 livebirths) in 2019. However, disability funding declined by 11·4% between 2007 and 2016, and only 2% of the estimated US$79·1 billion invested in early childhood development during this period was spent on disabilities. This funding pattern has not improved since 2016. This paper highlights the urgent need to prioritise early childhood development for the beneficiaries of global child survival initiatives who have lifelong disabilities, especially in low-income and middle-income countries, as envisioned by the Sustainable Development Goals agenda. This endeavour would entail disability-focused programming and monitoring approaches, economic analysis of interventions services, and substantial funding to redress the present inequalities among this cohort of children by 2030.
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Giraldo-Huertas J, Schafer G. Agreement and Reliability of Parental Reports and Direct Screening of Developmental Outcomes in Toddlers at Risk. Front Psychol 2021; 12:725146. [PMID: 34650483 PMCID: PMC8505716 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.725146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental screening is a practice that directly benefits vulnerable and low-income families and children when it is regular and frequently applied. A developmental screening tool administered by parents called CARE is tested. CARE contains a compilation of activities to report and enhance development at home. Hundred and fifty-seven families in Bogotá (Colombia) initially responded to a call to participate in developmental screening tools' validation and reliability study. All children (Average: 42.7 months old; SD: 9.4; Min: 24, Max: 58) were screened directly by trained applicants using a Spanish version of the Denver Developmental Screening test [i.e., the Haizea-Llevant (HLL) screening table]. After a first screening, 61 dyads were positive for follow-up and received a second HLL screening. Fifty-two out of 61 dyads use and returned CARE booklet after 1-month screening at home. The comparative analysis for parent reports using CARE and direct screening observation included (a) the effects of demographic variables on overall and agreement, (b) agreement and congruence between the CARE report classification and direct screening classification ("At risk" or "Not at risk"), (c) receiver operating characteristic analysis, (d) item-Level agreement for specific developmental domains, and (e) acceptability and feasibility analysis. Results and conclusions show the parental report using the CARE booklet as a reliable screening tool that has the potential to activate alerts for an early cognitive delay that reassure clinicians and families to further specialized and controlled developmental evaluations and act as a screen for the presence of such delay in four developmental dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Giraldo-Huertas
- Department of Psychology of Development and Education, Universidad de la Sabana, Chía, Colombia
| | - Graham Schafer
- The School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
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Govender P, Govender V, Naidoo D. Developmental delay in a resource-constrained environment: An approach to early intervention. S Afr Fam Pract (2004) 2021; 63:e1-e4. [PMID: 34476967 PMCID: PMC8424733 DOI: 10.4102/safp.v63i1.5355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
With a reduction in mortality rates of children under 5 years, in low- and middle-income countries, the responsibility to provide quality care to the increased number of surviving children becomes essential. Many of these children present with developmental delay and the onus inevitably rest on the healthcare system. There is, therefore, the need for recognising timely intervention as routine care for these children, who may have potential for a better quality of life with intervention. The authors advocate for early referral and intervention, and provide a brief overview of a holistic approach to developmental delay in low resourced settings from their perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragashnie Govender
- Discipline of Occupational Therapy, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban.
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