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Andrasfay T, Crimmins E. Occupational characteristics and epigenetic aging among older adults in the United States. Epigenetics 2023; 18:2218763. [PMID: 37300823 PMCID: PMC10259313 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2023.2218763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Occupational characteristics have been studied as risk factors for several age-related diseases and are thought to impact the ageing process, although there has been limited empirical work demonstrating an association between adverse occupational characteristics and accelerated ageing and this prior work has yielded mixed results. We used the 2010 and 2016 waves of the Health and Retirement Study (n = 1,251) to examine the association between occupation categories and self-reported working conditions of American adults at midlife and their subsequent epigenetic ageing as measured through five epigenetic clocks: PCHorvath, PCHannum, PCPhenoAge, PCGrimAge, and DunedinPACE. We found that individuals working in sales/clerical, service, and manual work show evidence of epigenetic age acceleration compared to those working in managerial/professional jobs and that the associations were stronger with second- and third-generation clocks. Individuals reporting high stress and high physical effort at work showed evidence of epigenetic age acceleration only on PCGrimAge and DunedinPACE. Most of these associations were attenuated after adjustment for race/ethnicity, educational attainment, and lifestyle-related risk factors. Sales/clerical work remained significantly associated with PCHorvath and PCHannum, while service work remained significantly associated with PCGrimAge. The results suggest that manual work and occupational physical activity may appear to be risk factors for epigenetic age acceleration through their associations with socioeconomic status, while stress at work may be a risk factor for epigenetic age acceleration through its associations with health behaviours outside of work. Additional work is needed to understand when in the life course and the specific mechanisms through which these associations occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Andrasfay
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eileen Crimmins
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Oi K. Widening, Narrowing, and Persistence of Socioeconomic Gaps Between Sexual Minorities and Heterosexuals Across Adulthood. JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2023; 70:3213-3246. [PMID: 35849384 DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2022.2090885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In socioeconomic attainment, same-sex sexuality (SSS) matters, as well as whether SSS is experienced in adolescence (early) or not until later in adulthood (late). Using data from 8912 participants of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, sexual minorities are identified as the early or late groups. Multilevel regression models were used to compare their income, occupational status, and education separately against heterosexuals, based on repeated measures taken in their 20s, 30s, and 40s. This study found a significant lag in high-school graduation compared to a subgroup of men in the early group that did not express same-sex sexuality in adulthood. Independently, "gay penalty" in income emerged for the late group as they entered their 30s, and persisted into their 40s. No socioeconomic gaps were observed for the women. To serve equity goals for all sexualities, closer attention needs to be given to those with an evolving history of same-sex sexuality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Oi
- Department of Sociology, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
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Runk A, Lehrer HM, Butters MA, Buysse DJ, Evans MA, Krafty RT, Hall MH. Response to letter to the editor: poorer neurocognitive function of retired night shift workers: a risk assessment. Sleep 2023; 46:zsad238. [PMID: 37770055 PMCID: PMC10636254 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsad238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ashlyn Runk
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - H Matthew Lehrer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Meryl A Butters
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Daniel J Buysse
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Marissa A Evans
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Robert T Krafty
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Martica H Hall
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Matthews TA, Li J. Adverse Childhood Experiences, Social Isolation, Job Strain, and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality in U.S. Older Employees. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:1304. [PMID: 37512115 PMCID: PMC10383992 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59071304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Stress is a key driver of cardiovascular disease (CVD), yet the contribution of psychosocial stressors to the development of CVD has not been systematically examined in United States (U.S.) populations. The objective of this study was to assess prospective associations of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), social isolation, and job strain with CVD mortality. Data were from the large, nationally representative, population-based Health and Retirement Study (HRS). ACEs, social isolation and job strain were assessed using validated survey instruments at baseline between 2006-2008, and death information was followed up through 2018. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to examine prospective associations of ACEs, social isolation, and job strain with CVD mortality among 4046 older employees free from CVD at baseline. During 42,149 person-years of follow-up time, 59 death cases of CVD were reported. After adjustment for covariates, ACEs and job strain were significantly associated with increased risk of CVD mortality (aHR and 95% CI = 3.67 [1.59, 8.48] and 2.24 [1.21, 4.11], respectively), whereas social isolation demonstrated an inflated but nonsignificant association (aHR and 95% CI = 1.62 [0.72, 3.66]). These findings highlight the role of psychosocial exposures as novel and clinically relevant risk factors for CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Matthews
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, 650 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, 650 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- School of Nursing, University of California Los Angeles, 650 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Barbee H, McKay T. Do supportive work environments matter for minority aging? Work stress and subjective cognitive impairment among middle-age and older lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer adults. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2023; 237:103949. [PMID: 37267881 PMCID: PMC11089649 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2023.103949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Research has documented how people's experiences at work affect their cognitive health outcomes, but how these processes unfold for minority groups, particularly lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ+) populations, is unclear. This study builds on the nascent literature by employing generalized structural equation models to test how experiencing major problems at work and working with LGBTQ+ supportive coworkers affect subjective cognitive impairment among middle-age and older LGBTQ+ adults. We also test for mediated and indirect effects of support and problems at work operating via vascular disease, sleep problems, and depression symptoms. Experiencing major problems at work is associated with a higher likelihood of reporting cognitive symptoms consistent with mild cognitive impairment, but this relationship is mediated by depression symptoms and sleep problems. Having LGBTQ+ supportive coworkers does not have direct effects on mild cognitive impairment, but does operate indirectly by decreasing problems at work and, in turn, decreases the likelihood of reporting cognitive symptoms consistent with mild cognitive impairment. Overall, we find that workplace stressors contribute to cognitive health directly and through mediated and indirect pathways and that supportive contexts reduce exposure to problems at work. We conclude with suggested possibilities to reorganize workplaces to improve long-term cognitive health outcomes for older adults, especially those who are LGBTQ+-identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Barbee
- Johns Hopkins University, United States of America.
| | - Tara McKay
- Vanderbilt University, United States of America.
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Kezios KL, Lu P, Calonico S, Al Hazzouri AZ. History of Low Hourly Wage and All-Cause Mortality Among Middle-aged Workers. JAMA 2023; 329:561-573. [PMID: 36809322 PMCID: PMC9945122 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2023.0367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Importance Earning a low wage is an increasingly recognized public health concern, yet little research exists on the long-term health consequences of sustained low-wage earning. Objective To examine the association of sustained low-wage earning and mortality in a sample of workers with hourly wage reported biennially during peak midlife earning years. Design, Setting, and Participants This longitudinal study included 4002 US participants, aged 50 years or older, from 2 subcohorts of the Health and Retirement Study (1992-2018) who worked for pay and reported earning hourly wages at 3 or more time points during a 12-year period during their midlife (1992-2004 or 1998-2010). Outcome follow-up occurred from the end of the respective exposure periods until 2018. Exposures Low-wage-less than the hourly wage for full-time, full-year work at the federal poverty line-earning history was categorized as never earning a low wage, intermittently earning a low wage, and sustained earning a low wage. Main Outcomes and Measures Cox proportional hazards and additive hazards regression models sequentially adjusted for sociodemographics, and economic and health covariates were used to estimate associations between low-wage history and all-cause mortality. We examined interaction with sex or employment stability on multiplicative and additive scales. Results Of the 4002 workers (aged 50-57 years at the beginning of exposure period and 61-69 years at the end), 1854 (46.3%) were female; 718 (17.9%) experienced employment instability; 366 (9.1%) had a history of sustained low-wage earning; 1288 (32.2%) had intermittent low-wage earning periods; and 2348 (58.7%) had never earned a low wage. In unadjusted analyses, those who had never earned low wages experienced 199 deaths per 10 000 person-years, those with intermittent low wages, 208 deaths per 10 000 person-years, and those with sustained low wages, 275 deaths per 10 000 person-years. In models adjusted for key sociodemographic variables, sustained low-wage earning was associated with mortality (hazard ratio [HR], 1.35; 95% CI, 1.07-1.71) and excess deaths (66; 95% CI, 6.6-125); these findings were attenuated with additional adjustments for economic and health covariates. Significant excess death and elevated mortality risk were observed for workers with sustained low-wage exposure and employment fluctuations (eg, for sustained low-wage × employment fluctuated, HR, 2.18; 95% CI, 1.35-3.53; for sustained low-wage × stable employment, HR, 1.17; 95% CI, 0.89,-1.54; P for interaction = .003). Conclusions and Relevance Sustained low-wage earning may be associated with elevated mortality risk and excess deaths, especially when experienced alongside unstable employment. If causal, our findings suggest that social and economic policies that improve the financial standing of low-wage workers (eg, minimum wage laws) could improve mortality outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina L. Kezios
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Peiyi Lu
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Sebastian Calonico
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Adina Zeki Al Hazzouri
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
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Sindi S, Kiasat S, Kåreholt I, Nilsen C. Psychosocial working conditions and cognitive and physical impairment in older age. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2023; 104:104802. [PMID: 36084608 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2022.104802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychosocial working conditions are associated with cognitive and physical impairments. The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between mid-late life psychosocial working conditions and the combination of physical and cognitive impairment among older adults, and the potential sex differences in these associations. METHODS Data were derived from two Swedish nationally representative surveys (n = 839; follow-up: 20-24 years). Multinomial and binary logistic regressions assessed the associations between work stressors (job demand-control model), and a combination of cognitive and physical impairment. RESULTS Low control jobs were significantly associated with higher odds of cognitive (OR: 1.41, CI: 1.15-1.72) and physical impairment (OR: 1.23, CI: 1.02-1.47), and cognitive and physical impairment combined (OR: 1.50, CI: 1.19-1.89). Passive jobs (low control, low demand) were associated with higher odds of cognitive impairment (OR: 1.57, CI: 1.12-2.20), and combined cognitive and physical impairment (OR: 1.59, CI: 1.07-2.36). Active jobs (high control, high demand) were associated with lower odds of cognitive impairment (OR: 0.48, CI: 0.29-0.80). Sex-stratified analyses showed stronger associations among men; passive jobs were associated with both cognitive (OR: 2.18, CI: 1.31-3.63) and physical impairment (OR: 1.78, CI: 1.13-2.81), while low strain jobs were associated with less physical impairment (OR: 0.55, CI: 0.33-0.89). No significant associations between work stressors and impairment were found for women. CONCLUSIONS These results highlight the importance of psychosocial working conditions for late-life physical and cognitive impairment, especially among men. Jobs characterised by low control and low demands are associated with higher risk for impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shireen Sindi
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer's Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Vägen 37 A, QA32, Stockholm, Solna 171 64, Sweden; Ageing Epidemiology Research Unit (AGE), School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Shadi Kiasat
- Aging Research Center (ARC), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Karolinska Institutet/Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingemar Kåreholt
- Aging Research Center (ARC), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Karolinska Institutet/Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute of Gerontology, School of Health and Welfare, Aging Research Network - Jönköping (ARN-J), Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden
| | - Charlotta Nilsen
- Aging Research Center (ARC), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Karolinska Institutet/Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute of Gerontology, School of Health and Welfare, Aging Research Network - Jönköping (ARN-J), Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden; Stress Research Institute, Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Kezios KL, Zhang A, Kim S, Lu P, Glymour MM, Elfassy T, Al Hazzouri AZ. Association of Low Hourly Wages in Middle Age With Faster Memory Decline in Older Age: Evidence From the Health and Retirement Study. Am J Epidemiol 2022; 191:2051-2062. [PMID: 36131387 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwac166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Little research has investigated the long-term relationship between low wages and memory decline, despite the growing share of low-wage workers in the US labor market. Here, we examined whether cumulative exposure to low wages over 12 years in midlife is associated with memory decline in later life. Using 1992-2016 data from the Health and Retirement Study, we analyzed data from 2,879 individuals born in 1936-1941 using confounder-adjusted linear mixed-effects models. Low-wage work was defined as an hourly wage lower than two-thirds of the federal median wage for the corresponding year and was categorized into "never," "intermittent," and "sustained" based on wages earned from 1992 to 2004. Memory function was measured at each study visit from 2004 to 2016 via a memory composite score. The confounder-adjusted annual rate of memory decline among "never" low-wage earners was -0.12 standard units (95% confidence interval: -0.13, -0.10). Compared with this, memory decline among workers with sustained earning of low midlife wages was significantly faster (βtime×sustained = -0.014, 95% confidence interval: -0.02, -0.01), corresponding to an annual rate of -0.13 standard units for this group. Sustained low-wage earning in midlife was significantly associated with a downward trajectory of memory performance in older age. Enhancing social policies to protect low-wage workers may be especially beneficial for their cognitive health.
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Madhavan A, Bajaj G, Bajaj PD, D'Souza DF. Cognitive abilities among employed and unemployed middle-aged women – A systematic review. CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GLOBAL HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cegh.2022.101042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Stebbins RC, Yang YC, Reason M, Aiello AE, Belsky DW, Harris KM, Plassman BL. Occupational cognitive stimulation, socioeconomic status, and cognitive functioning in young adulthood. SSM Popul Health 2022; 17:101024. [PMID: 35071726 PMCID: PMC8762043 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Occupational characteristics are associated with late-life cognition. However, little is known about the association between occupational factors and cognition in early adulthood, especially when controlling for early life socioeconomic status (SES) and cognition in childhood. Importantly, sex may shape the impact of occupational characteristics that provide cognitive stimulation given that education, occupational status, and workplace experiences differ by sex. METHODS Using data on 12,129 participants ages 24-32 from the U.S.-based National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, we investigated the association between four factors of occupational cognitive stimulation (repetition, freedom, analytic skills, and social interaction) and young-adult episodic and working memory independent of childhood and young-adult SES, using linear regression. We adjusted for confounding due to sex, race/ethnicity, age, childhood cognition, and education. We further investigated effect measure modification of this association by sex in stratified regression models. RESULTS Overall, 1-unit increases in both occupational analytic skills and social interaction were significantly associated with 0.101 (95%CI: 0.28, 0.173) and 0.096 (95%CI: 0.032, 0.160) SD higher memory, respectively. However, when sex-stratified, among men, a 1-unit increase on the social interaction scale was associated with 0.16 (95%CI: 0.05, 0.27) SD higher memory, while there was no association among women. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that even in adulthood, activities that stimulate the mind can contribute to improved cognitive function, and the most beneficial forms of occupational stimulation are those that use analytic skills and involve social interaction (particularly among young men).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C. Stebbins
- Social, Genetic, & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Carolina Square-Suite 210, 123 West Franklin St., Chapel Hill, NC, 27516, USA
| | - Yang Claire Yang
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Carolina Square-Suite 210, 123 West Franklin St., Chapel Hill, NC, 27516, USA
- Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, 155 Hamilton Hall, CB #3210, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, 450 West Drive, CB #7295, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Max Reason
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Carolina Square-Suite 210, 123 West Franklin St., Chapel Hill, NC, 27516, USA
- Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, 155 Hamilton Hall, CB #3210, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Allison E. Aiello
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Carolina Square-Suite 210, 123 West Franklin St., Chapel Hill, NC, 27516, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, CB #7400, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Daniel W. Belsky
- Butler Aging Center, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th St., New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Kathleen Mullan Harris
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Carolina Square-Suite 210, 123 West Franklin St., Chapel Hill, NC, 27516, USA
- Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, 155 Hamilton Hall, CB #3210, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Brenda L. Plassman
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Science, School of Medicine, Duke University, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3950, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
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Oi K. Would It Kill You to Retire? Testing Short/Long Term/Recurrent Effects of Retirement on All-Cause Mortality Risk. Res Aging 2022; 44:619-638. [PMID: 35195029 DOI: 10.1177/01640275211068151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study traced all-cause mortality risk over the course of retirement and tested whether re-retirement impacts mortality risk differently than the first time. The study differentiated retirement on whether prompted by health (health retirement) or not (non-health retirement). Based on data from 1992 to 2016 Health and Retirement Study (HRS), the sample consists of 7747 women and 7958 men who were working at the baseline. Adjusting for physical health before/after retirement, the discrete-time logit model found increased mortality risk within the first year of non-health retirement only for men, regardless of physical health changes. Re-retirement did not raise mortality risk further. Furthermore, health retirement increased mortality for men and women but substantially less after their surviving the first year. The findings urge future study to explore non-physical pathways of an immediate mortality increase for men in retirement, as well as the monitoring of population trends in health retirement and its antecedents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Oi
- 173219Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
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Zhuo LB, Pei JJ, Yan Z, Yao W, Hao CF, Wang HX. Working life job strain status and cognitive aging in Europe: A 12-year follow-up study. J Affect Disord 2021; 295:1177-1183. [PMID: 34706431 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.08.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To examine the association of job strain with cognitive ability and the influence of life-course job strain on later life cognitive decline. METHODS Data were derived from six waves of the Survey of Health, Aging, and Retirement in Europe. The study sample consists of 13349 participants aged 50 to 98 years at wave 2 and has been followed up for 12-years. Job strain status across working life was assessed using a short demand-control job strain model containing two core dimensions: job demands and job control collected in wave 3. Cognitive abilities concerning episodic memory was assessed by immediate recall and delayed recall tests, executive function was evaluated by verbal fluency test collected in all waves (waves 2-7) except wave 3. Mixed-effects model was used to estimate working life job strain and its cumulative effect on cognitive decline. RESULTS Both passive and high strain jobs were associated with lower levels of cognitive ability (episodic memory and verbal fluency) in comparison with active job. Long exposure to active- or low strain-job was associated with higher cognitive ability whereas long exposure to passive job or moderate duration of high strain job was associated with lower cognitive ability. The rate of memory decline was positively related to moderate duration of passive job and negatively related to long-term exposure to low strain job. LIMITATIONS Information on working conditions was based on self-reported recollections. CONCLUSIONS Working life variation in job strain status and their duration may explain individual differences in cognitive ability in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai-Bao Zhuo
- College of Public health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jin-Jing Pei
- Department of Psychology, Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Frescati Hagväg 16A, Stockholm 114 19, Sweden
| | - Zhen Yan
- College of Public Health, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Wu Yao
- College of Public health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Chang-Fu Hao
- College of Public health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Hui-Xin Wang
- Department of Psychology, Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Frescati Hagväg 16A, Stockholm 114 19, Sweden.
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Arifi D, Bitterlich N, von Wolff M, Poethig D, Stute P. Impact of chronic stress exposure on cognitive performance incorporating the active and healthy aging (AHA) concept within the cross-sectional Bern Cohort Study 2014 (BeCS-14). Arch Gynecol Obstet 2021; 305:1021-1032. [PMID: 34741667 PMCID: PMC8967732 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-021-06289-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose This study aims to verify that the mental-cognitive domain of the validated generic bio-functional status (BFS)/bio-functional age (BFA) assessment tool, incorporating the concept of Active and Healthy Ageing (AHA), reflects cognitive performance. In addition, the effects of chronic stress exposure on the mental-cognitive BFS/BFA should be investigated. Methods The study was carried out as a monocenter, cross-sectional, observational, non-interventional trial (Bern Cohort Study 2014, BeCS-14) with the participation of 147 non-pediatric, non-geriatric subjects. All participants followed a standardized battery of biopsychosocial assessments consisting of BFS/BFA, a validated cognitive performance test battery (Inventar zur Gedächtnisdiagnostik; IGD) and a validated questionnaire for the assessment of chronic stress (Trier Inventory for the assessment of Chronic Stress; TICS), respectively. Results Mean cognitive performance was average and higher in younger or better educated individuals. The BFA of the participants was 7.8 ± 7.8 year-equivalents below their chronological age. The mental-cognitive BFS/BFA assessment correlated well with the validated questionnaire for cognition assessment, the IGD. Further, three TICS subdomains (work overload (r = − 0.246, p = 0.003), work discontent (r = − 0.299, p = 0.006) and pressure to succeed (r = − 0.274, p < 0.001)), reflecting mainly work-related stress, showed a significant negative correlation with the mental-cognitive BFS/BFA. Conclusions Our study shows that the BFS/BFA assessment tool follows European Innovation Partnership on Active and Healthy Ageing (EIP-AHA) requirements. Further, we could demonstrate that higher levels of chronic work-related stress may be associated with poorer mental-cognitive performance and a pro-aging state indicating that cognitive impairments can be reduced by stress management interventions. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00404-021-06289-z.
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Rodriguez FS, Hussenoeder FS, Spilski J, Conrad I, Riedel-Heller SG. Evaluation of a multidisciplinary concept of mental demands at work on cognitive functioning in old age. Aging Ment Health 2021; 25:1649-1658. [PMID: 32347107 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2020.1758918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Previous work has shown that high mental demands are associated with better cognitive functioning in old age. As there is a lack of a general conceptual framework for this association, the aim of the study was to investigate how mental demands and other work-related factors relate to cognitive functioning as a foundation for developing such a framework. METHODS An expert panel discussion was conducted with the aim of determining relevant work-related factors, which were then tested in a survey with 346 employees aged 50+ years, who were actively working. Assessment of cognitive functioning comprised complex attention, executive function, learning/memory, language, perceptual-motor, and social cognition. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to confirm factor belonging. Associations with cognitive functioning were analyzed using structure equation modelling to confirm associations and to identify additional direct and indirect paths. RESULTS Only 42.3% (22/52) of the work-related factors and 19.0% (4/21) of the mediating paths suggested by the experts were significant with respect to cognitive functioning. Factor analysis and structural equation modeling indicated that high mental demands are only associated with better cognitive functioning in old age to the extent that they are intellectually stimulating and this effect is embedded in individual capacities and the social context. CONCLUSION Based on the panel discussion and the empirical testing, we propose the Conceptual Framework of Social Dependency of Intellectual Stimulation on Cognitive Health. We recommend researchers and workplace health experts to pay attention to the component of this theory when assessing workplace risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca S Rodriguez
- Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health (ISAP), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Greifswald, Germany.,Center for Cognitive Science, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Felix S Hussenoeder
- Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health (ISAP), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan Spilski
- Center for Cognitive Science, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Ines Conrad
- Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health (ISAP), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Steffi G Riedel-Heller
- Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health (ISAP), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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15
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Nilsen C, Nelson ME, Andel R, Crowe M, Finkel D, Pedersen NL. Job Strain and Trajectories of Cognitive Change Before and After Retirement. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2021; 76:1313-1322. [PMID: 33624114 PMCID: PMC8363035 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbab033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We examined associations between job strain and trajectories of change in cognitive functioning (general cognitive ability plus verbal, spatial, memory, and speed domains) before and after retirement. METHODS Data on indicators of job strain, retirement age, and cognitive factors were available from 307 members of the Swedish Adoption/Twin Study of Aging. Participants were followed up for up to 27 years (mean = 15.4, SD = 8.5). RESULTS In growth curve analyses controlling for age, sex, education, depressive symptoms, cardiovascular health, and twinness, greater job strain was associated with general cognitive ability (estimate = -1.33, p = .002), worse memory (estimate = -1.22, p = .007), speed (estimate = -1.11, p = .012), and spatial ability (estimate = -0.96, p = .043) at retirement. Greater job strain was also associated with less improvement in general cognitive ability before retirement and a somewhat slower decline after retirement. The sex-stratified analyses showed that the smaller gains of general cognitive ability before retirement (estimate = -1.09, p = .005) were only observed in women. Domain-specific analyses revealed that greater job strain was associated with less improvement in spatial (estimate = -1.35, p = .010) and verbal (estimate = -0.64, p = .047) ability before retirement in women and a slower decline in memory after retirement in women (estimate = 0.85, p = .008) and men (estimate = 1.12, p = .013). Neither preretirement nor postretirement speed was affected significantly by job strain. DISCUSSION Greater job strain may have a negative influence on overall cognitive functioning prior to and at retirement, while interrupting exposure to job strain (postretirement) may slow the rate of cognitive aging. Reducing the level of stress at work should be seen as a potential target for intervention to improve cognitive aging outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotta Nilsen
- Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet/Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Monica E Nelson
- School of Aging Studies, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA
| | - Ross Andel
- School of Aging Studies, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA.,Department of Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Crowe
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Deborah Finkel
- Institute for Gerontology, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden.,Department of Psychology, Indiana University Southeast, New Albany, USA
| | - Nancy L Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
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Lee YJ, Braun KL, Wu YY, Burrage R, Muneoka S, Browne C, Mokuau NK, Terada TM, Hossain MD. Physical Activity and Health Among Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander Older Adults. J Aging Health 2021; 34:120-129. [PMID: 34376094 DOI: 10.1177/08982643211032468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander (NHPI) older adults often experience social disadvantages and poor health outcomes. Physical activity has been associated with better health in other racial groups, but limited studies have examined these associations in NHPI older adults. Methods: Using data from the 2014 Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander National Health Interview Survey (n = 1,045), logistic regression models examined associations between physical activity and memory/psychological distress/self-rated health. Results: Sufficient levels of physical activity were associated with lower odds of memory problems, serious psychological distress, and poor/fair self-rated health. Unfortunately, only half of the sample reported sufficient physical activity and approximately 30% reported none. Also, 78% of the sample was estimated to be overweight/obese, and 29% had diabetes. Discussion: Culturally-appropriate interventions are recommended to increase physical activity in this population, which could also help reduce high rates of overweight/obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonjung J Lee
- Thompson School of Social Work & Public Health, 3939University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Kathryn L Braun
- Thompson School of Social Work & Public Health, 3939University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Yan Yan Wu
- Thompson School of Social Work & Public Health, 3939University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Rachel Burrage
- Thompson School of Social Work & Public Health, 3939University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Shelley Muneoka
- Thompson School of Social Work & Public Health, 3939University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Colette Browne
- Thompson School of Social Work & Public Health, 3939University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Noreen K Mokuau
- Thompson School of Social Work & Public Health, 3939University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Tyran M Terada
- Thompson School of Social Work & Public Health, 3939University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Mohammad D Hossain
- Thompson School of Social Work & Public Health, 3939University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
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Duchaine CS, Brisson C, Talbot D, Gilbert-Ouimet M, Trudel X, Vézina M, Milot A, Diorio C, Ndjaboué R, Giguère Y, Mâsse B, Dionne CE, Maunsell E, Laurin D. Cumulative exposure to psychosocial stressors at work and global cognitive function: the PROspective Quebec Study on Work and Health. Occup Environ Med 2021; 78:884-892. [PMID: 34230195 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2021-107407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Psychosocial stressors at work have been proposed as modifiable risk factors for mild cognitive impairment (MCI). This study aimed to evaluate the effect of cumulative exposure to psychosocial stressors at work on cognitive function. METHODS This study was conducted among 9188 white-collar workers recruited in 1991-1993 (T1), with follow-ups 8 (T2) and 24 years later (T3). After excluding death, losses to follow-up and retirees at T2, 5728 participants were included. Psychosocial stressors at work were measured according to the Karasek's questionnaire. Global cognitive function was measured with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment. Cumulative exposures to low psychological demand, low job control, passive job and high strain job were evaluated using marginal structural models including multiple imputation and inverse probability of censoring weighting. RESULTS In men, cumulative exposures (T1 and T2) to low psychological demand, low job control or passive job were associated with higher prevalences of more severe presentation of MCI (MSMCI) at T3 (Prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95% CIs of 1.50 (1.16 to 1.94); 1.38 (1.07 to 1.79) and 1.55 (1.20 to 2.00), respectively), but not with milder presentation of MCI. In women, only exposure to low psychological demand or passive job at T2 was associated with higher prevalences of MSMCI at T3 (PRs and 95% CI of 1.39 (0.97 to 1.99) and 1.29 (0.94 to 1.76), respectively). CONCLUSIONS These results support the deleterious effect of a low stimulating job on cognitive function and the cognitive reserve theory. Psychosocial stressors at work could be part of the effort for the primary prevention of cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline S Duchaine
- Population Health and Optimal Health Practices Unit, CHU de Québec-Laval University Research Center, Québec, Québec, Canada.,Social and Preventive Medicine, Laval University, Faculty of Medicine, Québec, Québec, Canada.,Centre d'excellence sur le vieillissement de Québec, Québec, Québec, Canada.,VITAM, Centre de recherche en santé durable, Québec, Québec, Canada.,Institut sur le vieillissement et la participation sociale des aînés, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Chantal Brisson
- Population Health and Optimal Health Practices Unit, CHU de Québec-Laval University Research Center, Québec, Québec, Canada.,Social and Preventive Medicine, Laval University, Faculty of Medicine, Québec, Québec, Canada.,Centre d'excellence sur le vieillissement de Québec, Québec, Québec, Canada.,VITAM, Centre de recherche en santé durable, Québec, Québec, Canada.,Institut sur le vieillissement et la participation sociale des aînés, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Denis Talbot
- Population Health and Optimal Health Practices Unit, CHU de Québec-Laval University Research Center, Québec, Québec, Canada.,Social and Preventive Medicine, Laval University, Faculty of Medicine, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Mahée Gilbert-Ouimet
- Population Health and Optimal Health Practices Unit, CHU de Québec-Laval University Research Center, Québec, Québec, Canada.,Health Sciences, Université du Québec à Rimouski Campus de Lévis, Lévis, Québec, Canada
| | - Xavier Trudel
- Population Health and Optimal Health Practices Unit, CHU de Québec-Laval University Research Center, Québec, Québec, Canada.,Social and Preventive Medicine, Laval University, Faculty of Medicine, Québec, Québec, Canada.,Centre d'excellence sur le vieillissement de Québec, Québec, Québec, Canada.,VITAM, Centre de recherche en santé durable, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Michel Vézina
- Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Alain Milot
- Population Health and Optimal Health Practices Unit, CHU de Québec-Laval University Research Center, Québec, Québec, Canada.,Medicine, Laval University, Faculty of medicine, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Caroline Diorio
- Social and Preventive Medicine, Laval University, Faculty of Medicine, Québec, Québec, Canada.,Oncology, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Ruth Ndjaboué
- Social and Preventive Medicine, Laval University, Faculty of Medicine, Québec, Québec, Canada.,VITAM, Centre de recherche en santé durable, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Yves Giguère
- Population Health and Optimal Health Practices Unit, CHU de Québec-Laval University Research Center, Québec, Québec, Canada.,Medicine, Laval University, Faculty of medicine, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Benoît Mâsse
- Médecine sociale et préventive, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Clermont E Dionne
- Population Health and Optimal Health Practices Unit, CHU de Québec-Laval University Research Center, Québec, Québec, Canada.,Social and Preventive Medicine, Laval University, Faculty of Medicine, Québec, Québec, Canada.,Centre d'excellence sur le vieillissement de Québec, Québec, Québec, Canada.,VITAM, Centre de recherche en santé durable, Québec, Québec, Canada.,Institut sur le vieillissement et la participation sociale des aînés, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Maunsell
- Population Health and Optimal Health Practices Unit, CHU de Québec-Laval University Research Center, Québec, Québec, Canada.,Social and Preventive Medicine, Laval University, Faculty of Medicine, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Danielle Laurin
- Population Health and Optimal Health Practices Unit, CHU de Québec-Laval University Research Center, Québec, Québec, Canada .,Centre d'excellence sur le vieillissement de Québec, Québec, Québec, Canada.,VITAM, Centre de recherche en santé durable, Québec, Québec, Canada.,Institut sur le vieillissement et la participation sociale des aînés, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.,Pharmacy, Laval University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Research shows that mental demands at work affect later-life cognitive functioning and dementia risk, but systematic assessment of protective mental work demands (PMWDs) is still missing. The goal of this research was to develop a questionnaire to assess PMWDs. DESIGN The instrument was developed in accordance with internationally recognized scientific standards comprising conceptualization, pretesting, and validation via confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), principal component analysis (PCA), and multiple regression analyses. PARTICIPANTS We included 346 participants, 72.3% female, with an average age of 56.3 years. MEASUREMENT Item pool, sociodemographic questions, and cognitive tests: Trail-Making Test A/B, Word List Recall, Verbal Fluency Test, Benton Visual Retention Test, Reading Minds in the Eyes Test. RESULTS CFAs of eight existing PMWD-concepts revealed weaker fit indices than PCA of the item pool that resulted in five concepts. We computed multivariate regression analyses with all 13 PMWD-concepts as predictors of cognitive functioning. After removing PMWD-concepts that predicted less than two cognitive test scores and excluding others due to overlapping items, the final questionnaire contained four PMWD-concepts: Mental Workload (three items, Cronbach's α = .58), Verbal Demands (four, Cronbach's α = .74), Information Load (six, Cronbach's α = .83), and Extended Job Control (six, Cronbach's α = .83). CONCLUSIONS The PMWD-Questionnaire intends to assess protective mental demands at the workplace. Information processing demands and job control make up the primary components emphasizing their relevance regarding cognitive health in old age. Long-term follow-up studies will need to validate construct validity with respect to dementia risk.
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19
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Ford KJ, Batty GD, Leist AK. Examining gender differentials in the association of low control work with cognitive performance in older workers. Eur J Public Health 2021; 31:174-180. [PMID: 32929485 PMCID: PMC7851897 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckaa173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited workplace control, an important dimension of job strain, can reduce occupational opportunities for problem solving and learning. Women may have fewer professional resources to mitigate effects of low control, while conversely, gender-role norms may moderate the influence of occupational psychosocial risk factors. We therefore examined whether the links between control and cognitive function were similarly gendered. METHODS This observational, longitudinal study included respondents of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe who were aged 50-64 years at entry, employed and provided at least two measurements of control and cognition (n = 6697). Relationships between control and cognition, quantified with standardized scores from verbal fluency, immediate and delayed word recall tests, were explored using linear fixed-effect and random-effect models with gender interactions. RESULTS Consistent trends of improved verbal fluency performance with high control were evident across analyses, equal to producing around three-quarters of a word more under high control conditions, with an effect size ∼0.1 SD units (fully adjusted models, range 0.077-0.104 SD), although associations with recall tests were inconsistent. We did not find evidence of clear gender differences in control-cognition relationships for any of the cognitive domains. CONCLUSIONS The cognitive health of older European workers may benefit from improved workplace control irrespective of gender. Possible sources of bias that could explain the lack of gender differences are discussed, particularly gender differences in labour force participation, response behaviour in job control ratings and implications of gender-role norms on the importance of occupational risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J Ford
- Department of Social Sciences, Institute for Research on Socio-Economic Inequality (IRSEI), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - G David Batty
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Anja K Leist
- Department of Social Sciences, Institute for Research on Socio-Economic Inequality (IRSEI), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
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20
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Vigoureux TFD, Nelson ME, Andel R, Small BJ, Davila-Roman AL, Crowe M. Job Strain and Late-Life Cognition: Findings From the Puerto Rican Elderly Health Conditions Study. J Aging Health 2021; 33:273-284. [PMID: 33349101 PMCID: PMC7954124 DOI: 10.1177/0898264320977329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: We examined associations between job strain and cognitive aging in a sample of older Puerto Ricans. Methods: Members of the Puerto Rican Elderly: Health Conditions study, aged 60-100 years at baseline, participated. Job strain indicators were quantified from O*NET (n = 1632) and a matrix of Job Content Questionnaire scores (JCQ; n = 1467). Global cognition was assessed twice across 4 years. Results: Controlling for age, sex, depressive symptoms, financial problems, hypertension, diabetes, childhood economic hardship, low job control and high job strain were consistently associated with greater cognitive decline. Adding education attenuated these associations. High education strengthened the JCQ job control-cognitive change link. Discussion: Low job control and high job strain may accelerate cognitive aging in this population. However, it may be more difficult to disentangle the intersecting roles of education and job strain in cognitive aging among older Puerto Ricans relative to older adults from contiguous United States or Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ross Andel
- School of Aging Studies, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
- Department of Neurology, 2nd Medical Faculty and Motol University Hospital, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Brent J. Small
- School of Aging Studies, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | | | - Michael Crowe
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
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21
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Mäcken J, Riley AR, Glymour MM. Cross-national Differences in the Association Between Retirement and Memory Decline. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2021; 76:620-631. [PMID: 33301002 PMCID: PMC7887730 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbaa223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Retirement is a potential trigger for cognitive aging as it may be a stressful life event accompanied by changes in everyday activities. However, the consequences of retirement may differ across institutional contexts which shape retirement options. Comparing memory trajectories before and after retirement in 17 European countries, this study aims to identify cross-national differences in the association between retirement and memory decline. METHOD Respondents to the longitudinal Survey of Health, Aging, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE; N = 8,646) aged 50+ who were in paid work at baseline and retired during the observation period completed up to 6 memory assessments (immediate and delayed word recall) over 13 years. Three-level (time points, individuals, and countries) linear mixed models with country-level random slopes for retirement were estimated to evaluate whether memory decline accelerated after retirement and if this association differed between countries. RESULTS On average, retirement was associated with a moderate decrement in word recall (b = -0.273, 95% CI -0.441, -0.104) and memory decline accelerated after retirement (b = -0.044, 95% CI -0.070, -0.018). Significant between-country heterogeneity in memory decline after retirement existed (variance = 0.047, 95% CI (0.013, 0.168). Memory decline after retirement was more rapid in Italy, Greece, Czech Republic, Poland, Portugal, and Estonia compared to Northern and Central European countries. DISCUSSION Memory decline postretirement was faster in Mediterranean and eastern European countries, which are characterized by less generous welfare systems with comparatively low pension benefits. Evaluation of resources that could protect retirees from memory decline would be valuable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Mäcken
- Institute of Sociology and Social Psychology, University of Cologne, Albertus-Magnus-Platz, Germany
| | - Alicia R Riley
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, USA
| | - Maria M Glymour
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, USA
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Abstract
Although employment can provide older people with both financial and nonfinancial rewards, it is questionable whether those benefits extend to all older workers, particularly those with physically demanding jobs. This study aimed to examine whether the perceived level of physical demands placed on older workers 55 or older is significantly associated with their cognitive function. Using the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) 2010 wave, we analyzed two domains of cognition: verbal episodic memory and reasoning. After controlling for demographics and risk factors for age-related cognitive deterioration, the perceived level of physical demands placed on older workers was still significantly and negatively linked with both memory and reasoning domains of cognition. Older workers with more physically demanding jobs tended to have poorer cognitive function. Further longitudinal studies are needed to confirm this relationship. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12126-020-09404-8.
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Alvarez-Bueno C, Cavero-Redondo I, Jimenez-Lopez E, Visier-Alfonso ME, Sequi-Dominguez I, Martinez-Vizcaino V. Effect of retirement on cognitive function: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Occup Environ Med 2021; 78:761-768. [PMID: 33380514 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2020-106892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to determine the longitudinal association between retirement and cognitive function, including global cognition and memory-related skills. This is a systematic review of longitudinal studies on the association between retirement and cognitive function, using Medline (via PubMed), Scopus, Web of Science and PsycINFO databases from inception to April 2020 and longitudinal studies on the association between retirement and cognitive function. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to assess risk of bias of included studies. Effect size (ES) and 95% CI were calculated using Cohen's d index. Meta-regressions were calculated on the basis of sample characteristics: percentage of women, years of follow-up and age at baseline. A total of 23 longitudinal studies were included in this systematic review. The pooled ES for the association of retirement with global cognition and memory-related skills was -0.01 (95% CI -0.02 to 0.00; I2: 0.0%) and -0.09 (95% CI -0.16 to 0.01; I2: 93%), respectively. Meta-regression analyses showed that length of follow-up, percentage of women in the sample and mean age at baseline did not influence the longitudinal association between retirement and adults' memory-related skills. The results of this study indicate that retirement has no negative effects on adults' global cognition and slightly adversely influences memory-related skills. Moreover, this association does not seem to be influenced by some demographic and study characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Alvarez-Bueno
- Universidad de Castilla - La Mancha, Health and Social Research Center, Cuenca, Spain.,Universidad Politécnica y Artística del Paraguay, Asunción, Paraguay
| | - Ivan Cavero-Redondo
- Universidad de Castilla - La Mancha, Health and Social Research Center, Cuenca, Spain .,Universidad Politécnica y Artística del Paraguay, Asunción, Paraguay
| | - Estela Jimenez-Lopez
- Universidad de Castilla - La Mancha, Health and Social Research Center, Cuenca, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry Hospital Virgen de La Luz, Cuenca, Spain.,CIBERSAM (Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Mental Health), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Irene Sequi-Dominguez
- Universidad de Castilla - La Mancha, Health and Social Research Center, Cuenca, Spain
| | - Vicente Martinez-Vizcaino
- Universidad de Castilla - La Mancha, Health and Social Research Center, Cuenca, Spain.,5Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Talca, Chile
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Oi K. Disuse as time away from a cognitively demanding job; how does it temporally or developmentally impact late-life cognition? INTELLIGENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2020.101484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Functional Capability and Job Competence of Part-Time Postretiree Workers in Higher Academic Institutions. AGEING INTERNATIONAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12126-019-09357-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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26
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Working status is related to post stroke/TIA cognitive decline: data from the TABASCO study. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2020; 29:105019. [PMID: 32807434 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Occupational status may influence physical and mental post-stroke outcomes. We aimed to evaluate the association between occupational status and type, or engagement in social and family activities, neuroimaging measures and cognitive decline (CD) in a prospective cohort of stroke patients. METHODS We included 273 first-ever stroke survivors at working age. All patients underwent 3T MRI at admission, as well as clinical and cognitive assessments at admission, 6, 12 and 24 months thereafter. RESULTS Ninty nine (36.3%) of the participants were unemployed prior to the stroke. Age, sex, work type, other comorbidities, stroke severity or location were not associated with return to work. Patients who returned to work (87.4%) had better cognitive results and less depressive symptoms than those who retired after the event. Pre-stroke unemployment was associated with diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, depression, poorer cognitive scores and brain atrophy. During the follow-up, 11% developed CD. CD was more common among previously unemployed than employed participants (19.2% vs. 6.3%, p = 0.001). Multiple regression adjusted for risk factors, revealed that pre-stroke unemployment was an independent predictor of CD (HR, 3.0; 95% CI: 1.06-8.44). Furthermore, engagement in mentally stimulating jobs decreased the risk for CD. CONCLUSIONS Pre-stroke unemployment and post-stroke work disruption were each associated with depression and poorer cognitive performance up to two years post-stroke, as well as with brain atrophy at admission. Retirement after the stroke may increase the risk of developing CD. These results highlight the importance of continued employment in preserving cognitive abilities among stroke survivors.
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Oi K. Does Retirement Get Under the Skin and Into the Head? Testing the Pathway from Retirement to Cardio-Metabolic Risk, then to Episodic Memory. Res Aging 2020; 43:25-36. [PMID: 32666883 DOI: 10.1177/0164027520941161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Many studies document significant causal impacts of retirement on cognitive abilities. It remains unclear if cognitive functioning could be hindered in post-retirement due to heightened physiological responses to stress. Using repeated observations of biomarkers, retirement status, and the word-recall test score from the Health and Retirement Study (n = 25,367; 15,343 among women and 10,024 among men), the study tests this pathway, separately for men and women. The study employs the two-stage least squares fixed-effects model that simultaneously fits three equations predicting the total-recall score, cardio-metabolic risk index, and retirement status. Being retired for at least a year decreases cardio-metabolic risk for men and women, and the resulting relief of cardio-metabolic risk improves cognitive functioning for women but not for men. Retirement does not lead to a downward health spiral as previously suggested; rather, it provides a much needed relief from stressors for those who are at health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Oi
- 173219Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
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28
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Romero Starke K, Seidler A, Hegewald J, Klimova A, Palmer K. Retirement and decline in episodic memory: analysis from a prospective study of adults in England. Int J Epidemiol 2020; 48:1925-1936. [PMID: 31280313 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyz135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Work has been associated with cognitive health. We examined whether retirement from work is associated with a decrease in episodic memory and whether this effect differs when considering workers' occupational class. METHODS In this prospective study using the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA), we examined 1629 persons aged 50-75 years who were in paid work at baseline. A two-slope random effects linear regression centred at retirement was used to study the effect of retirement on episodic memory. The potential effect modification by occupational class was examined. RESULTS While memory trajectories show slightly decreasing memory scores before and afterretirement, the decreasing rates for both periods were similar [episodic memory β2b-β2a= -0.03, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.08, 0.02]. When stratifying by occupational class, there was also no substantial difference in episodic memory trajectories before and after retirement. However, the lower occupational class showed a clear decline in episodic memory with time (pre-retirement β2a = -0.11, 95% CI -0.19, -0.03; post-retirement β2b = -0.13, 95% CI -0.19, -0.07) which was not evident for the higher occupational classes. CONCLUSIONS Our results show no observable difference in trajectories of change in episodic memory before and after retirement. However, the steeper memory decline in workers belonging to the lower occupational class may limit their prospect of prolonging their working lives. Hence enrichment programmes for the prevention of memory decline for these workers should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Romero Starke
- Institute and Policlinic of Occupational and Social Medicine (IPAS), Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Seidler
- Institute and Policlinic of Occupational and Social Medicine (IPAS), Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Janice Hegewald
- Institute and Policlinic of Occupational and Social Medicine (IPAS), Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anna Klimova
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Institute for Medical Informatics and Biometry, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Katie Palmer
- Department of Geriatrics, Centro Medicina dell'Invecchiamento, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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Crosswell AD, Suresh M, Puterman E, Gruenewald TL, Lee J, Epel ES. Advancing Research on Psychosocial Stress and Aging with the Health and Retirement Study: Looking Back to Launch the Field Forward. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2020; 75:970-980. [PMID: 30219831 PMCID: PMC7161365 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gby106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The Health and Retirement Study (HRS) was designed as an interdisciplinary study with a strong focus on health, retirement, and socioeconomic environment, to study their dynamic relationships over time in a sample of mid-life adults. The study includes validated self-report measures and individual items that capture the experiences of stressful events (stressor exposures) and subjective assessments of stress (perceived stress) within specific life domains. METHODS This article reviews and catalogs the peer-reviewed publications that have used the HRS to examine associations between psychosocial stress measures and psychological, physical health, and economic outcomes. RESULTS We describe the research to date using HRS measures of the following stress types: traumatic and life events, childhood adversity, caregiving and other chronic stressors, discrimination, social strain and loneliness, work stress, and neighborhood disorder. We highlight how to take further advantage of the longitudinal study to test complex biopsychosocial models of healthy aging. DISCUSSION The HRS provides one of the most comprehensive assessments of psychosocial stress in existing population-based studies and offers the potential for a deeper understanding of how psychosocial factors are related to healthy aging trajectories. The next generation of research examining stress and trajectories of aging in the HRS should test complex longitudinal and mediational relationships, include contextual factors in analyses, and include more collaboration between psychologists and population health researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eli Puterman
- Department of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Jinkook Lee
- Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Elissa S Epel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco
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30
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de Souza-Talarico JN, Suemoto CK, Santos IS, Griep RH, Yamaguti STF, Lotufo PA, Bensenõr IJM. Work-related stress and cognitive performance among middle-aged adults: The Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). Stress Health 2020; 36:19-30. [PMID: 31721401 DOI: 10.1002/smi.2906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Assessing risk factors exposure, such as stress in the workplace during adulthood, may contribute to detecting early signs of cognitive impairment in order to implement effective actions to improve brain health and consequently to decrease cognitive disorders later in life. In this cross-sectional study, we aimed to investigate whether work-related stress is associated with low cognitive performance in middle-aged adults from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) and whether social support mediates this relationship. Work-related stress was evaluated in 9,969 workers using the Demand-Control-Support Questionnaire. Cognitive function was assessed using the verbal fluency, trail-making version B, and delayed recall word tests. Work-related stress was associated with lower performance on the delayed recall, verbal fluency, and executive function tests in middle-aged adults. Social support may mediate the association between work demands and cognitive performance. These findings support that work-related stress is associated with cognitive performance during adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claudia Kimie Suemoto
- Division of Geriatrics, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Itamar S Santos
- Internal Medicine Department, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Center for Clinical and Epidemiologic Research, Hospital Universitário, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosane Härter Griep
- Laboratório de Educação em Ambiente e Saúde, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Paulo A Lotufo
- Internal Medicine Department, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Center for Clinical and Epidemiologic Research, Hospital Universitário, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isabela J M Bensenõr
- Internal Medicine Department, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Center for Clinical and Epidemiologic Research, Hospital Universitário, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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31
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Emerging Issues in Occupational Disease: Mental Health in the Aging Working Population and Cognitive Impairment-A Narrative Review. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:1742123. [PMID: 32083124 PMCID: PMC7011340 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1742123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment has often been reported in scientific literature as a concern derived from chronic exposure to work-related stress. Organizational factors can contribute to the onset of this concern especially in a susceptible population such as elderly workers. The aim of our study was to review the last five years of scientific literature, focusing on experimental and epidemiological studies, possible mechanisms implicated in the onset of cognitive decline due to work-related stress, and the recent organizational strategies to prevent detrimental effects of stress on cognitive processes. A literature search was performed in scientific platforms Medline and Web of Science, by means of specific string search terms, restricting the search to the years of publication 2014-2019. Thirty-three articles were identified and qualitatively evaluated, reporting narratively the main point of interest. At this stage, six articles were excluded because they did not meet the inclusion criteria. Only a few articles considered the population of the elderly workers, often with a short follow-up period. Strategies to manage stress with organizational procedures are scarce. Mechanisms implicated in the development of cognitive impairment due to stress are not fully explained and seem to include a chronical decrease in the inhibitory process of neurological pathways. Further research that focused on strategies to manage stress in elderly workers, with the aim of preventing cognitive impairment processes, is warranted.
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32
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Oi K, Haas S. Cardiometabolic Risk and Cognitive Decline: The Role of Socioeconomic Status in Childhood and Adulthood. JOURNAL OF HEALTH AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2019; 60:326-343. [PMID: 31526019 DOI: 10.1177/0022146519867924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Socioeconomic conditions in childhood predict cognitive functioning in later life. It is unclear whether poor childhood socioeconomic status (SES) also predicts the acceleration of cognitive decline. One proposed pathway is via cardiometabolic risk, which has been linked to both childhood SES and earlier onset of cognitive impairment. Using data from the Health and Retirement Study, we examine the impact of childhood SES on cognitive trajectories over six years and test whether it operates through increased cardiometabolic risk and adult SES. We find that higher childhood SES leads to slower cognitive decline, partially due to lower levels of cardiometabolic risk. However, these pathways operate entirely through adult socioeconomic attainment. The results have important implications for future trends in cognitive population health within the context of growing social inequality and reduced social mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Oi
- Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Steven Haas
- Pennsylvania State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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33
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Imamura K, Tsutsumi A, Asai Y, Arima H, Ando E, Inoue A, Inoue R, Iwanaga M, Eguchi H, Otsuka Y, Kobayashi Y, Sakuraya A, Sasaki N, Tsuno K, Hino A, Watanabe K, Shimazu A, Kawakami N. Association between psychosocial factors at work and health outcomes after retirement: a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e030773. [PMID: 31462485 PMCID: PMC6720328 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The world's population is rapidly ageing, and health among older people is thus an important issue. Several previous studies have reported an association between adverse psychosocial factors at work before retirement and postretirement health. The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to examine the association between psychosocial factors at work and health outcomes after retirement, based on a synthesis of well-designed prospective studies. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The participants, exposures, comparisons and outcomes of the studies in this systematic review and meta-analysis are defined as follows: (P) people who have retired from their job, (E) presence of adverse psychosocial factors at work before retirement, (C) absence of adverse psychosocial factors at work before retirement and (O) any physical and mental health outcomes after retirement. Published studies were searched using the following electronic databases: MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES and Japan Medical Abstracts Society. The included studies will be statistically synthesised in a meta-analysis to estimate pooled coefficients and 95% CIs. The quality of each included study will be assessed using the Risk Of Bias In Non-randomised Studies-of Interventions. For the assessment of meta-bias, publication bias will be assessed by using Egger's test, as well as visually on a funnel plot. Heterogeneity will be assessed using the χ² test with Cochran's Q statistic and I2. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Results and findings will be submitted and published in a scientific peer-reviewed journal and will be disseminated broadly to researchers and policy-makers interested in the translatability of scientific evidence into good practices. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42018099043.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Imamura
- Department of Mental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akizumi Tsutsumi
- Department of Public Health, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Yumi Asai
- Department of Mental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideaki Arima
- Department of Mental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Emiko Ando
- Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center Japan, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiomi Inoue
- Department of Public Health, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Reiko Inoue
- Department of Public Health, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Mai Iwanaga
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hisashi Eguchi
- Department of Public Health, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Otsuka
- Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuka Kobayashi
- Department of Mental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Asuka Sakuraya
- Department of Public Health, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Natsu Sasaki
- Department of Mental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kanami Tsuno
- School of Health Innovation, Kanagawa University of Human Services, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Ayako Hino
- Department of Mental Health, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Watanabe
- Department of Mental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihito Shimazu
- Faculty of Policy Management, Keio University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Norito Kawakami
- Department of Mental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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34
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Abstract
This study empirically investigates the relationship between retirement duration and cognition among older Irish women using microdata collected in the third wave of The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing. Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression estimates indicate that the longer an individual has been retired, the lower the cognitive functioning, with other factors thought to affect cognition held constant (e.g., age, education, and early-life socioeconomic conditions). However, retirement is potentially endogenous with respect to cognition because cognition may affect decisions relating to retiring. If so, the OLS estimates will be biased. To test for this possibility, instrumental variable (IV) estimation is used. This method requires an IV that is highly correlated with retirement duration but not correlated with cognition. The instrument used in this study is based on the so-called marriage bar, the legal requirement that women leave paid employment upon getting married, which took effect in Ireland in the 1930s and was abolished only in the 1970s. The IV regression estimates, along with formal statistical tests, provide no evidence in support of the view that cognition affects retirement decisions. The finding of a small negative effect of retirement duration on cognition is robust to alternative empirical specifications. These findings are discussed in the wider context of the effects of work-like and work-related activities on cognition.
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35
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Hussenoeder FS, Riedel-Heller SG, Conrad I, Rodriguez FS. Concepts of Mental Demands at Work That Protect Against Cognitive Decline and Dementia: A Systematic Review. Am J Health Promot 2019; 33:1200-1208. [DOI: 10.1177/0890117119861309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Workplace-related mental demands (WPMDs) are considered to be protective factors for cognitive health in old age and are linked to delayed onset of dementia. Yet, what exactly is meant by WPMDs differs greatly between studies, putting an enormous challenge on researchers and practitioners. Aim of our study was thus to create a systematic overview on WPMD concepts and to depict their associations with dementia and cognitive decline. Thereby, we want to create a solid basis for further work and implementation. Data Source: PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science. Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria: We included observational studies with populations older than 18 that addressed the association between WPMDs and dementia/cognitive functioning and that were published as journal articles. We excluded studies with emotional and physical demands, stress, and organizational frameworks such as exposure variables and quality of life, depressive symptoms, burnout, and Parkinson as outcome. Furthermore, we excluded study populations younger than 18 and students. Data Extraction: Standardized search string. Data Synthesis: Based on theoretical concepts. Results: Thirty-four studies that employed concepts of WPMDs in 5 different categories: complexity with people/data/things, cognitive demands, job control, novelty, and mental workload. Discussion: Challenges associated with categorizing WPMDs as well as theoretical and measurement-related implications are discussed. Conclusion: This review helps to better understand how workplaces can contribute to later life cognitive fitness, and it offers a conceptual overview for practitioners that want to create more protective working environments or improve existing ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix S. Hussenoeder
- Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Steffi G. Riedel-Heller
- Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ines Conrad
- Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Francisca S. Rodriguez
- Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Center for Cognitive Science, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
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36
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Abstract
Prior research on change in cognitive performance before and after retirement suffers from inattention to gender context. This study theoretically motivates the testing of gender differences in cognitive decline after retirement. I drew 67,905 observations of cognitive function based on the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status from 18,453 participants (7,830 men and 10,623 women) in the Health and Retirement Study (1992-2014). I used fixed-effects two-stage least square models to account for unobserved heterogeneity between men and women in the sample and the endogeneity of retirement decision. I also controlled for change in depressive symptoms, mobility limitations, individual wealth, medical expenses, and spousal income. Retirement predicts a decrease in the cognitive score by 2.168 on a scale of 0-35 for women, but no change for men. Continued employment may buffer against risk factors that aggravate women's cognitive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Oi
- 1 Department of Sociology, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
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37
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Pan KY, Xu W, Mangialasche F, Dekhtyar S, Fratiglioni L, Wang HX. Working Life Psychosocial Conditions in Relation to Late-Life Cognitive Decline: A Population-Based Cohort Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 67:315-325. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-180870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Yu Pan
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Weili Xu
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Francesca Mangialasche
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Serhiy Dekhtyar
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laura Fratiglioni
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Stockholm Gerontology Research Center, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hui-Xin Wang
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Sweden
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38
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Hatch DJ, Freude G, Martus P, Rose U, Müller G, Potter GG. Age, burnout and physical and psychological work ability among nurses. Occup Med (Lond) 2019; 68:246-254. [PMID: 29590486 DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kqy033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The ageing of the US labour force highlights the need to examine older adults' physical and psychological ability to work, under varying levels of occupational burnout. Aims To examine how age and burnout interact in predicting physical and psychological work ability. Methods Using a cohort of actively working nurses, we assessed factors on the Work Ability Index at 12-month follow-up and determined how these were related to age and exhaustion-related burnout at baseline. Results The study group consisted of 402 nurses aged 25-67 (mean = 41.7). Results indicated age by burnout interactions in which decrements in physical work ability with greater age were observed at all but the lowest level of burnout (1.5 SD below mean: β = -0.14, 95% CI -0.36, 0.07; 1 SD below: β = -0.23, 95% CI -0.39, -0.06; mean: β = -0.39, 95% CI -0.50, -0.29; 1 SD above: β = -0.56, 95% CI -0.70, -0.42; 1.5 SD above: β = -0.64, 95% CI -0.83, -0.46). In contrast, we observed decrements in psychological work ability with age at higher levels of burnout only (1 SD above: β = -0.20, 95% CI -0.35, -0.05; 1.5 SD above: β = -0.30, 95% CI -0.49, -0.11); at lower levels of burnout, older age was associated with improvements in this (1 SD below: β = 0.19, 95% CI 0.03, 0.35; 1.5 SD below: β = 0.29, 95% CI 0.08, 0.50). Conclusions Findings indicated physical and psychological dimensions of work ability that differed by age and occupational burnout. This emphasizes the need for interventions to reduce burnout and to address age-related strengths and vulnerabilities relating to physical and psychological work ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Hatch
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - G Freude
- Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - P Martus
- Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biostatistics, University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - U Rose
- Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - G Müller
- Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - G G Potter
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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39
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Matos TM, Souza-Talarico JND. How stress mediators can cumulatively contribute to Alzheimer's disease An allostatic load approach. Dement Neuropsychol 2019; 13:11-21. [PMID: 31073376 PMCID: PMC6497016 DOI: 10.1590/1980-57642018dn13-010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Allostatic load is defined as the frequent activation of the neuroendocrine, immunological, metabolic and cardiovascular systems, which makes individuals more susceptible to stress-related health problems. According to this model, physiological dysregulations start to emerge decades before diseases manifest. Consequently, stress research has shifted its attention to anticipating the degree of this dysregulation to better understand the impact of stress hormones and other biomarkers on disease progression. In view of the growing number of studies that demonstrate the influence of modifiable risk factors on cognitive decline, in addition to the effects of chronic stress mediators, the objective of the present review was to present an overview of the development of cognitive changes based on studies on stress and its mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiane Martins Matos
- Nurse, Master of Science from the School of Nursing, University of
São Paulo (EE-USP), SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana Nery De Souza-Talarico
- Professor at the Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, School of
Nursing, University of São Paulo (EE-USP), SP, Brazil. PhD In the Area of
Neurobiology of Stress and Cognition
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40
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Dong L, Eaton WW, Spira AP, Agnew J, Surkan PJ, Mojtabai R. Job strain and cognitive change: the Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area follow-up study. Occup Environ Med 2018; 75:856-862. [PMID: 30323011 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2018-105213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the association between job strain and subsequent cognitive change over approximately 11 years, using data from the population-based Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area follow-up study. METHODS The sample ranged from 555 to 563 participants, depending on the outcome, who reported psychosocial characteristics corresponding to the full-time job they held at baseline (1993-1996). Overall cognitive performance was measured by the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), and verbal memory was measured by the ImmediateWord Recall Task and Delayed Word Recall Task at baseline and follow-up (2004-2005). Multiple linear regression was used to examine the association between job strain and cognitive change, and inverse probability weighting was used to account for differential attrition. RESULTS Participants with high job demands (psychological or physical demands) and/or low job control had greater decrease in the MMSE and memory scores than those with low job demands and high job control. After adjustment for baseline outcome scores, age and sex, the greatest decrease was observed in participants with high job demands and low job control (MMSE: -0.24, 95% CI -0.36 to -0.11; verbal memory scores: -0.26, 95% CI -0.44 to -0.07). The differences were partially explained by sociodemographic characteristics, occupational prestige and health factors. CONCLUSIONS Findings from this prospective study suggest that job strain is associated with and may be a potential modifiable risk factor for adverse cognitive outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Dong
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - William W Eaton
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Adam P Spira
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Center on Aging and Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jacqueline Agnew
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Pamela J Surkan
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ramin Mojtabai
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Lennartsson C, Eyjólfsdóttir HS, Celeste RK, Fritzell J. Social class and infirmity. The role of social class over the life-course. SSM Popul Health 2018; 4:169-177. [PMID: 29854902 PMCID: PMC5976854 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In an aging society, it is important to promote the compression of poor health. To do so, we need to know more about how life-course trajectories influence late-life health and health inequalities. In this study, we used a life-course perspective to examine how health and health inequalities in late-midlife and in late-life are influenced by socioeconomic position at different stages of the life course. We used a representative sample of the Swedish population born between 1925 and 1934 derived from the Swedish Level of Living Survey (LNU) and the Swedish Panel Study of Living Conditions of the Oldest Old (SWEOLD) to investigate the impact of socioeconomic position during childhood (social class of origin) and of socioeconomic position in young adulthood (social class of entry) and late-midlife (social class of destination) on infirmity in late-midlife (age 60) and late-life (age 80). The results of structural equation modelling showed that poor social class of origin had no direct effect on late-midlife and late-life infirmity, but the overall indirect effect through chains of risks was significant. Thus, late-midlife and late-life health inequalities are the result of complex pathways through different social and material conditions that are unevenly distributed over the life course. Our findings suggest that policies that break the chain of disadvantage may help reduce health inequalities in late-midlife and in late-life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carin Lennartsson
- Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm University, Gävlegatan 16 SE-11330 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Harpa Sif Eyjólfsdóttir
- Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm University, Gävlegatan 16 SE-11330 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roger Keller Celeste
- Department of Preventive and Social Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Johan Fritzell
- Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm University, Gävlegatan 16 SE-11330 Stockholm, Sweden
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Harper AM, Clayson L, Wardlaw JM, Valdés Hernández MDC. Considerations on accuracy, pattern and possible underlying factors of brain microbleed progression in older adults with absence or mild presence of vascular pathology. J Int Med Res 2018; 46:3518-3538. [PMID: 29578354 PMCID: PMC6135998 DOI: 10.1177/0300060518755623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To analyse brain microbleed (BMB) progression, its possible underlying factors, and the influence of inter-observer differences, in older individuals with none or mild vascular pathology. Methods This study analysed magnetic resonance images, cognitive, demographic and laboratory data from all individuals from the Alzheimer's Disease (AD) Neuroimaging Initiative database who had the required sequences for identifying BMBs over three consecutive years at the time the database was accessed (January 2016). BMBs were assessed independently by two observers with similar levels of experience. Results A total of 291 patients were included in the study. The number of individuals with BMBs and the number of BMBs per individual slightly and nonsignificantly increased across three consecutive years (Y1: 55/291 [19%]; Y2: 61/291 [21%]; Y3: 66/291 [23%]) with 1-2 BMBs and (Y1: 11/291 [4%]; Y2: 12/291 [4%]; Y3: 14/291 [5%]) with ≥ 3 BMBs. Both observers identified a similar pattern of BMB prevalence and progression in each cognitive group (normal < early/late mild cognitive impairment (MCI) > AD patients) despite inter-observer differences (1.5 BMBs, 95% confidence interval -3.7, 6.2], κ=0.543), which were mainly in the cortex. Serum cholesterol was the main predictor of change in BMB count between time-points but did not predict overall progression. Conclusions Inter-observer differences are always present and it is difficult to ascertain their influence in the analysis of BMB progression, which was observed in cognitively normal and MCI individuals, but not in AD patients. This should be confirmed in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice M Harper
- 1 College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lauren Clayson
- 1 College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Joanna M Wardlaw
- 2 Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,3 Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,4 UK Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Maria Del C Valdés Hernández
- 2 Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,3 Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,4 UK Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Relating Older Workers' Injuries to the Mismatch Between Physical Ability and Job Demands. J Occup Environ Med 2018; 59:212-221. [PMID: 28166127 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000000941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined the association between job demand and occupational injury among older workers. METHODS Participants were workers aged 50+ enrolled in the Health and Retirement Study, 2010 to 2014. Participants reported physical ability within three domains: physical effort, stooping/kneeling/crouching, and lifting. To measure subjective job demand, participants rated their job's demands within domains. We generated objective job demand measures through the Occupational Information Network (ONET). Using Poisson regression, we modeled the association between physical ability, job demand, and self-reported occupational injury. A second model explored interaction between job demand and physical ability. RESULTS The injury rate was 22/1000 worker-years. Higher job demand was associated with increased injury risk. Within high job demands, lower physical ability was associated with increased injury risk. CONCLUSIONS Older workers whose physical abilities do not meet job demands face increased injury risk.
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Fisher GG, Ryan LH. Overview of the Health and Retirement Study and Introduction to the Special Issue. WORK, AGING AND RETIREMENT 2018; 4:1-9. [PMID: 29423243 PMCID: PMC5798643 DOI: 10.1093/workar/wax032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Twenty five years ago, the largest academic behavioral and social science project ever undertaken in the U.S. began: the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). The HRS is an invaluable publicly available dataset for investigating work, aging, and retirement and informing public policy on these issues. This biennial longitudinal study began in 1992 and has studied more than 43,000 individuals and produced almost 4000 journal articles, dissertations, books, book chapters, and reports to date. The purpose of this special issue of Work, Aging and Retirement is to describe the HRS and highlight relevant research that utilizes this rich and complex dataset. First, we briefly describe the background that led to the development of the HRS. Then we summarize key aspects of the study, including its development, sampling, and methodology. Our review of the content of the survey focuses on the aspects of the study most relevant to research on worker aging and retirement. Next, we identify key strengths and important limitations of the study and provide advice to current and future HRS data users. Finally, we summarize the articles in this Special Issue (all of which use data from the HRS) and how they advance our knowledge and understanding of worker aging and retirement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwenith G. Fisher
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan
| | - Lindsay H. Ryan
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan
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Sonnega A, Helppie-McFall B, Hudomiet P, Willis RJ, Fisher GG. A Comparison of Subjective and Objective Job Demands and Fit with Personal Resources as Predictors of Retirement Timing in a National U.S. Sample. WORK, AGING AND RETIREMENT 2017; 4:37-51. [PMID: 29270302 PMCID: PMC5736375 DOI: 10.1093/workar/wax016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Population aging and attendant pressures on public budgets have spurred considerable interest in understanding factors that influence retirement timing. A range of sociodemographic and economic characteristics predict both earlier and later retirement. Less is known about the role of job characteristics on the work choices of older workers. Researchers are increasingly using the subjective ratings of job characteristics available in the Health and Retirement Study in conjunction with more objective measures of job characteristics from the Occupational Information Network (O*NET) database. Employing a theoretically-informed model of job demands-personal resources fit, we constructed mismatch measures between resources and job demands (both subjectively and objectively assessed) in physical, emotional, and cognitive domains. When we matched comparable measures across the two data sources in the domains of physical, emotional, and cognitive job demands, we found that both sources of information held predictive power in relation to retirement timing. Physical and emotional but not cognitive mismatch were associated with earlier retirement. We discuss theoretical and practical implications of these findings and directions for future research.
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Sonnega A, Helppie-McFall B, Hudomiet P, Willis RJ, Fisher GG. A Comparison of Subjective and Objective Job Demands and Fit with Personal Resources as Predictors of Retirement Timing in a National U.S. Sample. WORK, AGING AND RETIREMENT 2017. [PMID: 29270302 DOI: 10.1093/workar/wax019/4056158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Population aging and attendant pressures on public budgets have spurred considerable interest in understanding factors that influence retirement timing. A range of sociodemographic and economic characteristics predict both earlier and later retirement. Less is known about the role of job characteristics on the work choices of older workers. Researchers are increasingly using the subjective ratings of job characteristics available in the Health and Retirement Study in conjunction with more objective measures of job characteristics from the Occupational Information Network (O*NET) database. Employing a theoretically-informed model of job demands-personal resources fit, we constructed mismatch measures between resources and job demands (both subjectively and objectively assessed) in physical, emotional, and cognitive domains. When we matched comparable measures across the two data sources in the domains of physical, emotional, and cognitive job demands, we found that both sources of information held predictive power in relation to retirement timing. Physical and emotional but not cognitive mismatch were associated with earlier retirement. We discuss theoretical and practical implications of these findings and directions for future research.
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Do Effort and Reward at Work Predict Changes in Cognitive Function? First Longitudinal Results from the Representative German Socio-Economic Panel. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14111390. [PMID: 29140258 PMCID: PMC5708029 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14111390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that work characteristics, such as mental demands, job control, and occupational complexity, are prospectively related to cognitive function. However, current evidence on links between psychosocial working conditions and cognitive change over time is inconsistent. In this study, we applied the effort–reward imbalance model that allows to build on previous research on mental demands and to introduce reward-based learning as a principle with beneficial effect on cognitive function. We aimed to investigate whether high effort, high reward, and low over-commitment in 2006 were associated with positive changes in cognitive function in terms of perceptual speed and word fluency (2006–2012), and whether the co-manifestation of high effort and high reward would yield the strongest association. To this end, we used data on 1031 employees who participated in a large and representative study. Multivariate linear regression analyses supported our main hypotheses (separate and combined effects of effort and reward), particularly on changes in perceptual speed, whereas the effects of over-commitment did not reach the level of statistical significance. Our findings extend available knowledge by examining the course of cognitive function over time. If corroborated by further evidence, organization-based measures in the workplace can enrich efforts towards preventing cognitive decline in ageing workforces.
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Sindi S, Hagman G, Håkansson K, Kulmala J, Nilsen C, Kåreholt I, Soininen H, Solomon A, Kivipelto M. Midlife Work-Related Stress Increases Dementia Risk in Later Life: The CAIDE 30-Year Study. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2017; 72:1044-1053. [PMID: 27059705 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbw043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the associations between midlife work-related stress and mild cognitive impairment (MCI), dementia, and Alzheimer's disease later in life, in a large representative population. Method Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Aging and Dementia (CAIDE) study participants were randomly selected from independent population-based surveys (mean age 50 years). A random sample of 2,000 individuals was invited for two reexaminations including cognitive tests (at mean age 71 and mean age 78), and 1,511 subjects participated in at least one reexamination (mean follow-up 28.5 years). Work-related stress was measured using two questions on work demands that were administered in midlife. Analyses adjusted for important confounders. Results Higher levels of midlife work-related stress were associated with higher risk of MCI (odds ratio [OR], 1.38; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08-1.76), dementia (OR, 1.53; CI, 1.13-2.07), and Alzheimer's disease (OR, 1.55; CI, 1.19-2.36) at the first follow-up among the CAIDE participants. Results remained significant after adjusting for several possible confounders. Work-related stress was not associated with MCI and dementia during the extended follow-up. Discussion Midlife work-related stress increases the risk for MCI, dementia, and Alzheimer's disease in later life. The association was not seen after the extended follow-up possibly reflecting selective survival/participation, heterogeneity in dementia among the oldest old, and a critical time window for the effects of midlife stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shireen Sindi
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Karolinska Institutet Center for Alzheimer Research, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Göran Hagman
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Karolinska Institutet Center for Alzheimer Research, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Krister Håkansson
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Karolinska Institutet Center for Alzheimer Research, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jenni Kulmala
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Charlotta Nilsen
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingemar Kåreholt
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Karolinska Institutet Center for Alzheimer Research, Stockholm, Sweden.,Institute of Gerontology, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden
| | - Hilkka Soininen
- NeuroCenter, Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Alina Solomon
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Karolinska Institutet Center for Alzheimer Research, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Miia Kivipelto
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Karolinska Institutet Center for Alzheimer Research, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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Midlife work-related stress is associated with late-life cognition. J Neurol 2017; 264:1996-2002. [PMID: 28821958 PMCID: PMC5587634 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-017-8571-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the associations between midlife work-related stress and late-life cognition in individuals without dementia from the general population. The Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Aging and Dementia (CAIDE) study population (n = 2000) was randomly selected from independent Finnish population-based surveys (baseline mean age 50 years). Participants underwent two re-examinations in late life (mean age 71 and 78 years, respectively). 1511 subjects participated in at least one re-examination (mean total follow-up 25 years). Work-related stress was measured using two questions on work demands administered in midlife. Multiple cognitive domains were assessed. Analyses were adjusted for several potential confounders. Higher levels of midlife work-related stress were associated with poorer performance on global cognition [β-coefficient, -0.02; 95% confidence interval (CI), -0.05 to -0.00], and processing speed [β -0.03, CI -0.05 to -0.01]. Results remained significant after adjusting for potential confounders. Work-related stress was not significantly associated with episodic memory, executive functioning, verbal fluency or manual dexterity. This study shows that global cognition and processing speed may be particularly susceptible to the effects of midlife work-related stress.
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Meng A, Nexø MA, Borg V. The impact of retirement on age related cognitive decline - a systematic review. BMC Geriatr 2017; 17:160. [PMID: 28732489 PMCID: PMC5520232 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-017-0556-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knowledge on factors affecting the rate of cognitive decline and how to maintain cognitive functioning in old age becomes increasingly relevant. The purpose of the current study was to systematically review the evidence for the impact of retirement on cognitive functioning and on age related cognitive decline. METHOD We conducted a systematic literature review, following the principles of the PRISMA statement, of longitudinal studies on the association between retirement and cognition. RESULTS Only seven studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. We found weak evidence that retirement accelerates the rate of cognitive decline in crystallised abilities, but only for individuals retiring from jobs high in complexity with people. The evidence of the impact of retirement on the rate of decline in fluid cognitive abilities is conflicting. CONCLUSION The review revealed a major knowledge gap in regards to the impact of retirement on cognitive decline. More knowledge on the association between retirement and age related cognitive decline as well as knowledge on the mechanisms behind these associations is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Meng
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Andersen Nexø
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Health Promotion, Niels Steensens Vej 6, DK-2820 Copenhagen, Gentofte Denmark
| | - Vilhelm Borg
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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