1
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Hill E, Cunningham T. Modelling Alzheimer's disease in a dish: dissecting amyloid-β metabolism in human neurons. Neuronal Signal 2024; 8:NS20230020. [PMID: 38222463 PMCID: PMC10781659 DOI: 10.1042/ns20230020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
This scientific commentary refers to 'Inhibition of insulin-degrading enzyme in human neurons promotes amyloid-β deposition' by Rowland et al. (https://doi.org/10.1042/NS20230016). Insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) and neprilysin (NEP) have been proposed as two Aβ-degrading enzymes supported by human genetics and in vivo data. Rowland et al. provide complementary evidence of a key role for IDE in Aβ metabolism in human-induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cortical neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Hill
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, Institute of Prion Diseases, Courtauld Building, London W1W 7FF, U.K
| | - Thomas J. Cunningham
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, Institute of Prion Diseases, Courtauld Building, London W1W 7FF, U.K
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2
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Mahaman YAR, Feng J, Huang F, Salissou MTM, Wang J, Liu R, Zhang B, Li H, Zhu F, Wang X. Moringa Oleifera Alleviates Aβ Burden and Improves Synaptic Plasticity and Cognitive Impairments in APP/PS1 Mice. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14204284. [PMID: 36296969 PMCID: PMC9609596 DOI: 10.3390/nu14204284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a global public health problem and the most common form of dementia. Due to the failure of many single therapies targeting the two hallmarks, Aβ and Tau, and the multifactorial etiology of AD, there is now more and more interest in nutraceutical agents with multiple effects such as Moringa oleifera (MO) that have strong anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anticholinesterase, and neuroprotective virtues. In this study, we treated APP/PS1 mice with a methanolic extract of MO for four months and evaluated its effect on AD-related pathology in these mice using a multitude of behavioral, biochemical, and histochemical tests. Our data revealed that MO improved behavioral deficits such as anxiety-like behavior and hyperactivity and cognitive, learning, and memory impairments. MO treatment abrogated the Aβ burden to wild-type control mice levels via decreasing BACE1 and AEP and upregulating IDE, NEP, and LRP1 protein levels. Moreover, MO improved synaptic plasticity by improving the decreased GluN2B phosphorylation, the synapse-related proteins PSD95 and synapsin1 levels, the quantity and quality of dendritic spines, and neurodegeneration in the treated mice. MO is a nutraceutical agent with promising therapeutic potential that can be used in the management of AD and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yacoubou Abdoul Razak Mahaman
- Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
- Cognitive Impairment Ward of Neurology Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, 47 Youyi Rd., Shenzhen 518001, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry and Huibei Province of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Jun Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Fang Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry and Huibei Province of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Maibouge Tanko Mahamane Salissou
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry and Huibei Province of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- College of Health, Natural and Agriculture Sciences Africa University, Mutare P.O. Box 1320, Zimbabwe
| | - Jianzhi Wang
- Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry and Huibei Province of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Rong Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry and Huibei Province of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry and Huibei Province of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Honglian Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry and Huibei Province of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Feiqi Zhu
- Cognitive Impairment Ward of Neurology Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, 47 Youyi Rd., Shenzhen 518001, China
- Correspondence: (F.Z.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiaochuan Wang
- Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry and Huibei Province of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518000, China
- Correspondence: (F.Z.); (X.W.)
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3
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Kato D, Takahashi Y, Iwata H, Hatakawa Y, Lee SH, Oe T. Comparative studies for amyloid beta degradation: “Neprilysin vs insulysin”, “monomeric vs aggregate”, and “whole Aβ40 vs its peptide fragments”. Biochem Biophys Rep 2022; 30:101268. [PMID: 35586246 PMCID: PMC9108892 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2022.101268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid beta (Aβ) proteins are produced from amyloid precursor protein cleaved by β- and γ-secretases, and are the main components of senile plaques pathologically found in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patient brains. Therefore, the relationship between AD and Aβs has been well studied for both therapeutic and diagnostic purposes. Several enzymes have been reported to degrade Aβs in vivo, with neprilysin (NEP) and insulysin (insulin-degrading enzyme, IDE) being the most prominent. In this article, we describe the mass spectrometric characterization of peptide fragments generated using NEP and IDE, and clarify the differences in digestion specificities between these two enzymes for non-aggregated Aβ40, aggregated Aβ40, and Aβ40 peptide fragments, including Aβ16. Our results allowed identification of all the peptide fragments from non-aggregated Aβ40: NEP, 23 peptide fragments consisting of 2–11 amino-acid residues, 17 cleavage sites; IDE, 23 peptide fragments consisting of 6–33 amino-acid residues, 15 cleavage sites. Also, we confirmed that IDE can digest only whole Aβ40, whereas NEP can digest both Aβ40 and partial structures such as Aβ16 and peptide fragments generated by the digestion of Aβ40 by IDE. Furthermore, we confirmed that IDE and NEP are unable to digest aggregated Aβ40. Two Aβ degrading enzymes (neprilysin, NEP and insulysin, IDE) were examined. NEP digested Aβ40 into 23 peptides consisting of 2–11 amino-acid residues. IDE digested Aβ40 into 23 peptides consisting of 6–33 amino-acid residues. Neither IDE nor NEP can digest aggregated Aβ40. NEP can digest Aβ fragment peptides including Aβ16, although IDE cannot.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Tomoyuki Oe
- Corresponding author. Department of Bio-analytical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan.
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Santos LRD, Almeida JFF, Pimassoni LHS, Morelato RL, Paula FD. The combined risk effect among BIN1, CLU, and APOE genes in Alzheimer's disease. Genet Mol Biol 2020; 43:e20180320. [PMID: 31469155 PMCID: PMC7198034 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2018-0320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide associations studies (GWAS) are detecting new variants associated
with late-onset of Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD), a multifactorial
neurodegenerative disorder. The variants rs744373 BIN1,
rs11136000 CLU and rs3764650 ABCA7 uncovered
by GWAS led to different AD pathways, such as metabolism, trafficking and
endocytosis of lipids and inflammation. However, most of the association studies
did not replicate these variants with significance. This could be due to a small
power effect evident when these variants are tested independently with LOAD.
Therefore, we aimed to investigate whether the combination of different variants
would additively modify the risk of association with LOAD that is observed in
GWAS. We performed an association study testing pairwise variants in metabolism,
trafficking and endocytosis of lipid (rs429358 and rs7412 APOE,
rs744373 BIN1, rs3764650 ABCA7 and rs11136000
CLU) pathways with LOAD in samples from southeastern
Brazil. Our data suggest a risk effect for LOAD between APOE
with CLU and APOE with BIN1
genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lígia Ramos Dos Santos
- Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Centro de Ciências Humanas e Naturais, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Núcleo de Genética Humana e Molecular, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Jucimara Ferreira Figueiredo Almeida
- Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Centro de Ciências Humanas e Naturais, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Núcleo de Genética Humana e Molecular, Vitória, ES, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | | | - Renato Lírio Morelato
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Vitória, Vitória, ES, Brazil.,Hospital da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Vitória, Escola Superior de Ciências da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Vitória, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Flavia de Paula
- Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Centro de Ciências Humanas e Naturais, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Núcleo de Genética Humana e Molecular, Vitória, ES, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Vitória, ES, Brazil
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Blanquart C, Linot C, Cartron PF, Tomaselli D, Mai A, Bertrand P. Epigenetic Metalloenzymes. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:2748-2785. [PMID: 29984644 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180706105903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetics controls the expression of genes and is responsible for cellular phenotypes. The fundamental basis of these mechanisms involves in part the post-translational modifications (PTMs) of DNA and proteins, in particular, the nuclear histones. DNA can be methylated or demethylated on cytosine. Histones are marked by several modifications including acetylation and/or methylation, and of particular importance are the covalent modifications of lysine. There exists a balance between addition and removal of these PTMs, leading to three groups of enzymes involved in these processes: the writers adding marks, the erasers removing them, and the readers able to detect these marks and participating in the recruitment of transcription factors. The stimulation or the repression in the expression of genes is thus the result of a subtle equilibrium between all the possibilities coming from the combinations of these PTMs. Indeed, these mechanisms can be deregulated and then participate in the appearance, development and maintenance of various human diseases, including cancers, neurological and metabolic disorders. Some of the key players in epigenetics are metalloenzymes, belonging mostly to the group of erasers: the zinc-dependent histone deacetylases (HDACs), the iron-dependent lysine demethylases of the Jumonji family (JMJ or KDM) and for DNA the iron-dependent ten-eleven-translocation enzymes (TET) responsible for the oxidation of methylcytosine prior to the demethylation of DNA. This review presents these metalloenzymes, their importance in human disease and their inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Blanquart
- CRCINA, INSERM, Universite d'Angers, Universite de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Réseau Epigénétique du Cancéropôle Grand Ouest, France
| | - Camille Linot
- CRCINA, INSERM, Universite d'Angers, Universite de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Pierre-François Cartron
- CRCINA, INSERM, Universite d'Angers, Universite de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Réseau Epigénétique du Cancéropôle Grand Ouest, France
| | - Daniela Tomaselli
- Department of Chemistry and Technologies of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonello Mai
- Department of Chemistry and Technologies of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.,Pasteur Institute - Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Philippe Bertrand
- Réseau Epigénétique du Cancéropôle Grand Ouest, France.,Institut de Chimie des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7285, 4 rue Michel Brunet, TSA 51106, B27, 86073, Poitiers cedex 09, France
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Krittanawong C, Kitai T. Pharmacogenomics of angiotensin receptor/neprilysin inhibitor and its long-term side effects. Cardiovasc Ther 2018; 35. [PMID: 28489317 DOI: 10.1111/1755-5922.12272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of the promising agent sacubitril/valsartan, known as an angiotensin receptor blocker-neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI), to improve heart failure (HF) management, may benefit morbidity, mortality, and readmission rates in patients with HF. The PARADIGM-HF trial demonstrated that the ARNI can reduce morbidity and mortality in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), while ongoing PARAMOUNT and PARAGON-HF trials determined whether the ARNI has morbidity and mortality benefits in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). However, the risk of long-term side effects of the ARNI such as cognitive dysfunction or Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains unknown. In fact, neprilysin (NEP), encoded by NEP or MME gene, is a principal peptidase involved in the degradation of β-amyloid (Aβ) protein. Several studies have demonstrated that polymorphisms of the NEP gene may be associated with AD and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). Pharmacogenomics, the study of variability in drug response due to genetic polymorphisms, can potentially explain the variability in the effect of the ARNI and their side effects. Therefore, we have attempted to highlight pharmacogenomic factors and potential long-term side effects of the ARNI. Physicians should carefully monitor elderly patients with genetic risk factors for AD and CAA. In the future, genetic testing and genomic testing for NEP polymorphisms may play an important role in monitoring long-term side effects in ARNI-treated HF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chayakrit Krittanawong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Takeshi Kitai
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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7
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Wang C, Shou Y, Pan J, Du Y, Liu C, Wang H. The relationship between cholesterol level and Alzheimer’s disease-associated APP proteolysis/Aβ metabolism. Nutr Neurosci 2018; 22:453-463. [DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2017.1416942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqun Wang
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yikai Shou
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Pan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue Du
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cuiqing Liu
- College of Basic Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huanhuan Wang
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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8
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Patel N, Gluck J. Is Entresto good for the brain? World J Cardiol 2017; 9:594-599. [PMID: 28824789 PMCID: PMC5545143 DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v9.i7.594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The main stay pharmacotherapy for heart failure (HF) is targeted towards rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAAS) and neprilysin pathways (NP). Both therapeutic strategies decreases morbidity and mortality but also carry considerable adverse effects. This review of the literature highlights the new generation of HF drug, sacubitril-valsartan (SV), trade name Entresto (researched as LCZ696, Novartis) which simultaneously blocks RAAS and NP. This dual action of angiotensin receptors blocker and neprilysin inhibitor (NPi) has improved HF prognosis and it is an evolution in the management of HF. Although the initial follow-up of patients treated with SV has yielded promising results, there are concerns regarding potential side effects especially an increase in the risk of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and young onset of AD. NPi interferes with the breakdown and clearing of beta-amyloid peptides, the plaques seen in AD, raising concern for AD in SV patients. On the other hand, hypertension and cardiovascular diseases are established risk factors for AD which can be decreased by SV therapy. It is therefore essential that SV treated patients are followed up over an extended period of time to detect any adverse cognitive changes.
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Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD, Bueno H, Cleland JGF, Coats AJS, Falk V, González-Juanatey JR, Harjola VP, Jankowska EA, Jessup M, Linde C, Nihoyannopoulos P, Parissis JT, Pieske B, Riley JP, Rosano GMC, Ruilope LM, Ruschitzka F, Rutten FH, van der Meer P. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw128 order by 1-- #] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
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10
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Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD, Bueno H, Cleland JGF, Coats AJS, Falk V, González-Juanatey JR, Harjola VP, Jankowska EA, Jessup M, Linde C, Nihoyannopoulos P, Parissis JT, Pieske B, Riley JP, Rosano GMC, Ruilope LM, Ruschitzka F, Rutten FH, van der Meer P. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw128 order by 8029-- awyx] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
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11
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2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw128 order by 1-- -] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
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12
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Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD, Bueno H, Cleland JGF, Coats AJS, Falk V, González-Juanatey JR, Harjola VP, Jankowska EA, Jessup M, Linde C, Nihoyannopoulos P, Parissis JT, Pieske B, Riley JP, Rosano GMC, Ruilope LM, Ruschitzka F, Rutten FH, van der Meer P. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur Heart J 2016; 37:2129-2200. [PMID: 27206819 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8820] [Impact Index Per Article: 1102.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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13
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Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD, Bueno H, Cleland JGF, Coats AJS, Falk V, González-Juanatey JR, Harjola VP, Jankowska EA, Jessup M, Linde C, Nihoyannopoulos P, Parissis JT, Pieske B, Riley JP, Rosano GMC, Ruilope LM, Ruschitzka F, Rutten FH, van der Meer P. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw128 and 1880=1880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
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14
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Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD, Bueno H, Cleland JGF, Coats AJS, Falk V, González-Juanatey JR, Harjola VP, Jankowska EA, Jessup M, Linde C, Nihoyannopoulos P, Parissis JT, Pieske B, Riley JP, Rosano GMC, Ruilope LM, Ruschitzka F, Rutten FH, van der Meer P. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw128 order by 8029-- #] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
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15
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Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD, Bueno H, Cleland JGF, Coats AJS, Falk V, González-Juanatey JR, Harjola VP, Jankowska EA, Jessup M, Linde C, Nihoyannopoulos P, Parissis JT, Pieske B, Riley JP, Rosano GMC, Ruilope LM, Ruschitzka F, Rutten FH, van der Meer P. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw128 order by 8029-- -] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
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16
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Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD, Bueno H, Cleland JGF, Coats AJS, Falk V, González-Juanatey JR, Harjola VP, Jankowska EA, Jessup M, Linde C, Nihoyannopoulos P, Parissis JT, Pieske B, Riley JP, Rosano GMC, Ruilope LM, Ruschitzka F, Rutten FH, van der Meer P. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw128 order by 1-- gadu] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
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17
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Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD, Bueno H, Cleland JGF, Coats AJS, Falk V, González-Juanatey JR, Harjola VP, Jankowska EA, Jessup M, Linde C, Nihoyannopoulos P, Parissis JT, Pieske B, Riley JP, Rosano GMC, Ruilope LM, Ruschitzka F, Rutten FH, van der Meer P. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 2016; 18:891-975. [DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4631] [Impact Index Per Article: 578.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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18
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Sooy K, Noble J, McBride A, Binnie M, Yau JLW, Seckl JR, Walker BR, Webster SP. Cognitive and Disease-Modifying Effects of 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 Inhibition in Male Tg2576 Mice, a Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Endocrinology 2015; 156:4592-603. [PMID: 26305888 PMCID: PMC4655221 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to elevated levels of glucocorticoids has been linked to age-related cognitive decline and may play a role in Alzheimer's disease. In the brain, 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) amplifies intracellular glucocorticoid levels. We show that short-term treatment of aged, cognitively impaired C57BL/6 mice with the potent and selective 11β-HSD1 inhibitor UE2316 improves memory, including after intracerebroventricular drug administration to the central nervous system alone. In the Tg2576 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease, UE2316 treatment of mice aged 14 months for 4 weeks also decreased the number of β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques in the cerebral cortex, associated with a selective increase in local insulin-degrading enzyme (involved in Aβ breakdown and known to be glucocorticoid regulated). Chronic treatment of young Tg2576 mice with UE2316 for up to 13 months prevented cognitive decline but did not prevent Aβ plaque formation. We conclude that reducing glucocorticoid regeneration in the brain improves cognition independently of reduced Aβ plaque pathology and that 11β-HSD1 inhibitors have potential as cognitive enhancers in age-associated memory impairment and Alzheimer's dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Sooy
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science (K.S., J.N., A.M., M.B., J.L.W.Y., J.R.S., B.R.W., S.P.W.), Queen's Medical Research Institute, and Centre for Cognitive Aging and Cognitive Epidemiology (J.L.W.Y., J.R.S.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - June Noble
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science (K.S., J.N., A.M., M.B., J.L.W.Y., J.R.S., B.R.W., S.P.W.), Queen's Medical Research Institute, and Centre for Cognitive Aging and Cognitive Epidemiology (J.L.W.Y., J.R.S.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew McBride
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science (K.S., J.N., A.M., M.B., J.L.W.Y., J.R.S., B.R.W., S.P.W.), Queen's Medical Research Institute, and Centre for Cognitive Aging and Cognitive Epidemiology (J.L.W.Y., J.R.S.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Margaret Binnie
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science (K.S., J.N., A.M., M.B., J.L.W.Y., J.R.S., B.R.W., S.P.W.), Queen's Medical Research Institute, and Centre for Cognitive Aging and Cognitive Epidemiology (J.L.W.Y., J.R.S.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Joyce L W Yau
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science (K.S., J.N., A.M., M.B., J.L.W.Y., J.R.S., B.R.W., S.P.W.), Queen's Medical Research Institute, and Centre for Cognitive Aging and Cognitive Epidemiology (J.L.W.Y., J.R.S.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan R Seckl
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science (K.S., J.N., A.M., M.B., J.L.W.Y., J.R.S., B.R.W., S.P.W.), Queen's Medical Research Institute, and Centre for Cognitive Aging and Cognitive Epidemiology (J.L.W.Y., J.R.S.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Brian R Walker
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science (K.S., J.N., A.M., M.B., J.L.W.Y., J.R.S., B.R.W., S.P.W.), Queen's Medical Research Institute, and Centre for Cognitive Aging and Cognitive Epidemiology (J.L.W.Y., J.R.S.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Scott P Webster
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science (K.S., J.N., A.M., M.B., J.L.W.Y., J.R.S., B.R.W., S.P.W.), Queen's Medical Research Institute, and Centre for Cognitive Aging and Cognitive Epidemiology (J.L.W.Y., J.R.S.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
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Liu M, Guo H, Li C, Wang D, Wu J, Wang C, Xu J, Qin RA. Cognitive improvement of compound danshen in an Aβ25-35 peptide-induced rat model of Alzheimer's disease. Altern Ther Health Med 2015; 15:382. [PMID: 26497584 PMCID: PMC4619010 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0906-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Senile dementia mainly includes Alzheimer' s disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VD). AD is a progressive and irreversible neurodegenerative disorder that is accompanied with a great deal of social burden. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Compound Danshen (CDS) on learning and memory of alzheimer's disease (AD) rat model, as well as to explore the possible connection between CDS and the associated molecules of amyloid beta (Aβ). METHODS Rats were injected with Aβ25-35 peptide intracerebroventricularly and CDS were subsequently administered once daily for 23 days. Rats' behavior was monitored using Morris water maze and passive avoidance. Real time PCR and Western blotting were used in determining amyloid precursor protein (APP), β-site APP cleaved enzyme-1(BACE1), Presenilin-1 (PS1), Insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) and neprilysin (NEP) in hippocampus. RESULTS The AD model group presented with spatial learning and memory impairments. CDS and donepezil administration significantly ameliorated the Aβ25-35 peptide-induced memory impairment in both Morris water maze (P < 0.05) and passive avoidance task (P < 0.01) compared to the AD model group. Real time PCR results suggested that CDS significantly decreased APP mRNA, PS1 mRNA and increased IDE and NEP mRNA levels. Western blotting analyses showed that CDS decreased the protein expression of APP and PS1 and increased IDE expression. CONCLUSION CDS improved spatial learning and memory by down-regulating APP, PS1 levels and up-regulating IDE. In future, CDS may have significant therapeutic potential in the treatment of AD patients.
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Vodovar N, Paquet C, Mebazaa A, Launay JM, Hugon J, Cohen-Solal A. Neprilysin, cardiovascular, and Alzheimer's diseases: the therapeutic split? Eur Heart J 2015; 36:902-5. [PMID: 25636748 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Claire Paquet
- UMRS 942 Inserm, 75010 Paris, France Clinical and Research Memory Center, Lariboisière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Mebazaa
- UMRS 942 Inserm, 75010 Paris, France Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Lariboisière Hospital, Paris, France Paris Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marie Launay
- UMRS 942 Inserm, 75010 Paris, France Department of Biochemistry, Lariboisière Hospital, Paris, France Centre for Biological Resources, Lariboisière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Jacques Hugon
- UMRS 942 Inserm, 75010 Paris, France Clinical and Research Memory Center, Lariboisière Hospital, Paris, France Paris Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Alain Cohen-Solal
- UMRS 942 Inserm, 75010 Paris, France Paris Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France Department of Cardiology, Lariboisière Hospital, 2, Rue Ambroise Paré, 75475 Paris Cedex 10, France
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Guo X, Tang P, Liu P, Liu Y, Hou C, Li R. Meta-analysis of the association between two neprilysin gene polymorphisms and Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Sci 2014; 346:6-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2014.07.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Grimm MOW, Mett J, Stahlmann CP, Haupenthal VJ, Zimmer VC, Hartmann T. Neprilysin and Aβ Clearance: Impact of the APP Intracellular Domain in NEP Regulation and Implications in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2013; 5:98. [PMID: 24391587 PMCID: PMC3870290 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2013.00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the characteristic hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ) leading to plaque formation and toxic oligomeric Aβ complexes. Besides the de novo synthesis of Aβ caused by amyloidogenic processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP), Aβ levels are also highly dependent on Aβ degradation. Several enzymes are described to cleave Aβ. In this review we focus on one of the most prominent Aβ degrading enzymes, the zinc-metalloprotease Neprilysin (NEP). In the first part of the review we discuss beside the general role of NEP in Aβ degradation the alterations of the enzyme observed during normal aging and the progression of AD. In vivo and cell culture experiments reveal that a decreased NEP level results in an increased Aβ level and vice versa. In a pathological situation like AD, it has been reported that NEP levels and activity are decreased and it has been suggested that certain polymorphisms in the NEP gene result in an increased risk for AD. Conversely, increasing NEP activity in AD mouse models revealed an improvement in some behavioral tests. Therefore it has been suggested that increasing NEP might be an interesting potential target to treat or to be protective for AD making it indispensable to understand the regulation of NEP. Interestingly, it is discussed that the APP intracellular domain (AICD), one of the cleavage products of APP processing, which has high similarities to Notch receptor processing, might be involved in the transcriptional regulation of NEP. However, the mechanisms of NEP regulation by AICD, which might be helpful to develop new therapeutic strategies, are up to now controversially discussed and summarized in the second part of this review. In addition, we review the impact of AICD not only in the transcriptional regulation of NEP but also of further genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus O W Grimm
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland University , Homburg, Saar , Germany ; Neurodegeneration and Neurobiology, Saarland University , Homburg, Saar , Germany ; Deutsches Institut für DemenzPrävention, Saarland University , Homburg, Saar , Germany
| | - Janine Mett
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland University , Homburg, Saar , Germany
| | | | | | - Valerie C Zimmer
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland University , Homburg, Saar , Germany
| | - Tobias Hartmann
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland University , Homburg, Saar , Germany ; Neurodegeneration and Neurobiology, Saarland University , Homburg, Saar , Germany ; Deutsches Institut für DemenzPrävention, Saarland University , Homburg, Saar , Germany
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Xing Y, Jia J, Ji X, Tian T. Estrogen associated gene polymorphisms and their interactions in the progress of Alzheimer's disease. Prog Neurobiol 2013; 111:53-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Pacheco-Quinto J, Herdt A, Eckman CB, Eckman EA. Endothelin-converting enzymes and related metalloproteases in Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2013; 33 Suppl 1:S101-10. [PMID: 22903130 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2012-129043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The efficient clearance of amyloid-β (Aβ) is essential to modulate levels of the peptide in the brain and to prevent it from accumulating in senile plaques, a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology.We and others have shown that failure in Aβ catabolism can produce elevations in Aβ concentration similar to those observed in familial forms of AD. Based on the available evidence, it remains plausible that in late-onset AD, disturbances in the activity of Aβ degrading enzymes could induce Aβ accumulation, and that this increase could result in AD pathology. The following review presents a historical perspective of the parallel discovery of three vasopeptidases (neprilysin and endothelin-converting enzymes-1 and -2) as important Aβ degrading enzymes. The recognition of the role of these vasopeptidases in Aβ degradation, beyond bringing to light a possible explanation of how cardiovascular risk factors may influence AD risk, highlights a possible risk of the use of inhibitors of these enzymes for other clinical indications such as hypertension. We will discuss in detail the experiments conducted to assess the impact of vasopeptidase deficiency (through pharmacological inhibition or genetic mutation) on Aβ accumulation, as well as the cooperative effect of multiple Aβ degrading enzymes to regulate the concentration of the peptide at multiple sites, both intracellular and extracellular, throughout the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Pacheco-Quinto
- Biomedical Research Institute of New Jersey, MidAtlantic Neonatology Associates, and Atlantic Health System, Morristown, NJ, USA
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Elias-Sonnenschein LS, Helisalmi S, Natunen T, Hall A, Paajanen T, Herukka SK, Laitinen M, Remes AM, Koivisto AM, Mattila KM, Lehtimäki T, Verhey FRJ, Visser PJ, Soininen H, Hiltunen M. Genetic loci associated with Alzheimer's disease and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in a Finnish case-control cohort. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59676. [PMID: 23573206 PMCID: PMC3616106 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives To understand the relation between risk genes for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and their influence on biomarkers for AD, we examined the association of AD in the Finnish cohort with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from top AlzGene loci, genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and candidate gene studies; and tested the correlation between these SNPs and AD markers Aβ1–42, total tau (t-tau), and phosphorylated tau (p-tau) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Methods We tested 25 SNPs for genetic association with clinical AD in our cohort comprised of 890 AD patients and 701-age matched healthy controls using logistic regression. For the correlational study with biomarkers, we tested 36 SNPs in a subset of 222 AD patients with available CSF using mixed models. Statistical analyses were adjusted for age, gender and APOE status. False discovery rate for multiple testing was applied. All participants were from academic hospital and research institutions in Finland. Results APOE-ε4, CLU rs11136000, and MS4A4A rs2304933 correlated with significantly decreased Aβ1–42 (corrected p<0.05). At an uncorrected p<0.05, PPP3R1 rs1868402 and MAPT rs2435211 were related with increased t-tau; while SORL1 rs73595277 and MAPT rs16940758, with increased p-tau. Only TOMM40 rs2075650 showed association with clinical AD after adjusting for APOE-ε4 (p = 0.007), but not after multiple test correction (p>0.05). Conclusions We provide evidence that APOE-ε4, CLU and MS4A4A, which have been identified in GWAS to be associated with AD, also significantly reduced CSF Aβ1–42 in AD. None of the other AlzGene and GWAS loci showed significant effects on CSF tau. The effects of other SNPs on CSF biomarkers and clinical AD diagnosis did not reach statistical significance. Our findings suggest that APOE-ε4, CLU and MS4A4A influence both AD risk and CSF Aβ1–42.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyzel S. Elias-Sonnenschein
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Seppo Helisalmi
- Institute of Clinical Medicine-Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | - Teemu Natunen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine-Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anette Hall
- Institute of Clinical Medicine-Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Teemu Paajanen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine-Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sanna-Kaisa Herukka
- Institute of Clinical Medicine-Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marjo Laitinen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine-Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anne M. Remes
- Institute of Clinical Medicine-Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anne M. Koivisto
- Institute of Clinical Medicine-Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kari M. Mattila
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Frans R. J. Verhey
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter Jelle Visser
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hilkka Soininen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine-Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine-Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
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Azizi G, Mirshafiey A. The potential role of proinflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines in Alzheimer disease pathogenesis. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2012; 34:881-95. [DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2012.705292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Cacabelos R, Martínez R, Fernández-Novoa L, Carril JC, Lombardi V, Carrera I, Corzo L, Tellado I, Leszek J, McKay A, Takeda M. Genomics of Dementia: APOE- and CYP2D6-Related Pharmacogenetics. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2012; 2012:518901. [PMID: 22482072 PMCID: PMC3312254 DOI: 10.1155/2012/518901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Dementia is a major problem of health in developed societies. Alzheimer's disease (AD), vascular dementia, and mixed dementia account for over 90% of the most prevalent forms of dementia. Both genetic and environmental factors are determinant for the phenotypic expression of dementia. AD is a complex disorder in which many different gene clusters may be involved. Most genes screened to date belong to different proteomic and metabolomic pathways potentially affecting AD pathogenesis. The ε4 variant of the APOE gene seems to be a major risk factor for both degenerative and vascular dementia. Metabolic factors, cerebrovascular disorders, and epigenetic phenomena also contribute to neurodegeneration. Five categories of genes are mainly involved in pharmacogenomics: genes associated with disease pathogenesis, genes associated with the mechanism of action of a particular drug, genes associated with phase I and phase II metabolic reactions, genes associated with transporters, and pleiotropic genes and/or genes associated with concomitant pathologies. The APOE and CYP2D6 genes have been extensively studied in AD. The therapeutic response to conventional drugs in patients with AD is genotype specific, with CYP2D6-PMs, CYP2D6-UMs, and APOE-4/4 carriers acting as the worst responders. APOE and CYP2D6 may cooperate, as pleiotropic genes, in the metabolism of drugs and hepatic function. The introduction of pharmacogenetic procedures into AD pharmacological treatment may help to optimize therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Cacabelos
- EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, Institute for CNS Disorders and Genomic Medicine, EuroEspes Chair of Biotechnology and Genomics, Camilo José Cela University, 15165 Bergondo, Spain
| | - Rocío Martínez
- EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, Institute for CNS Disorders and Genomic Medicine, EuroEspes Chair of Biotechnology and Genomics, Camilo José Cela University, 15165 Bergondo, Spain
| | - Lucía Fernández-Novoa
- EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, Institute for CNS Disorders and Genomic Medicine, EuroEspes Chair of Biotechnology and Genomics, Camilo José Cela University, 15165 Bergondo, Spain
| | - Juan C. Carril
- EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, Institute for CNS Disorders and Genomic Medicine, EuroEspes Chair of Biotechnology and Genomics, Camilo José Cela University, 15165 Bergondo, Spain
| | - Valter Lombardi
- EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, Institute for CNS Disorders and Genomic Medicine, EuroEspes Chair of Biotechnology and Genomics, Camilo José Cela University, 15165 Bergondo, Spain
| | - Iván Carrera
- EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, Institute for CNS Disorders and Genomic Medicine, EuroEspes Chair of Biotechnology and Genomics, Camilo José Cela University, 15165 Bergondo, Spain
| | - Lola Corzo
- EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, Institute for CNS Disorders and Genomic Medicine, EuroEspes Chair of Biotechnology and Genomics, Camilo José Cela University, 15165 Bergondo, Spain
| | - Iván Tellado
- EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, Institute for CNS Disorders and Genomic Medicine, EuroEspes Chair of Biotechnology and Genomics, Camilo José Cela University, 15165 Bergondo, Spain
| | - Jerzy Leszek
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Wroclaw, Pasteura 10, 50-229 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Adam McKay
- EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, Institute for CNS Disorders and Genomic Medicine, EuroEspes Chair of Biotechnology and Genomics, Camilo José Cela University, 15165 Bergondo, Spain
| | - Masatoshi Takeda
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Liu Y, Hua Q, Lei H, Li P. Effect of Tong Luo Jiu Nao on Aβ-degrading enzymes in AD rat brains. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 137:1035-1046. [PMID: 21798326 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Revised: 07/10/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Tong Luo Jiu Nao (TLJN) is a modern Chinese formula based on Traditional Chinese Medicine theory that has been used to treat ischemic cerebral stroke and vascular dementia. TLJN belongs to the ethnopharmacological family of medicines. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of the TLJN effect on Alzheimer's disease (AD). AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the effect of TLJN on β-amyloid-degrading enzymes and learning and memory in the AD rat brain. MATERIALS AND METHODS AD rats whose disease was induced by Aβ(25-35) injection into the bilateral hippocampus CA1 region were subjected to intragastric administration of various preparations. The experimental animals were healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats which were randomly divided into normal, sham, model, TLJN min, TLJN max and donepezil hydrochloride groups. Spontaneous alternation and passive avoidance behavior, which are regarded as measures of spatial learning and memory, were investigated using Y-maze testing. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry were used to observe the therapeutic effect of TLJN on the deposits of amyloid plaque and on the expression of synaptophysin, insulin-degrading enzyme and neprilysin. RESULTS Y-maze results showed that the AD model group presented with spatial learning and memory impairments. Hematoxylin-eosin and Congo red staining indicated neuronal impairment and deposits of amyloid plaque in the model group and these results were consistent with their learning and memory deficits in the Y-maze. The TLJN-treated groups exhibited prolonged a cavity delitescence, decreased arm entries and improvement in learning and memory. Moreover, the structure of the neurons of the treated groups was restored and the expression of synaptophysin increased in both the hippocampus and cortex. In addition, their levels of insulin-degrading enzyme and neprilysin in the cortex and hippocampus were upregulated and the amyloid plaque was decreased. CONCLUSION TLJN can improve learning and memory, up-regulate insulin-degrading enzyme and neprilysin levels, promote the degrading of Aβ and clear amyloid plaque from the AD rat brain. In future, TLJN may have significant therapeutic potential in the treatment of AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liu
- Department of Pathology, School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Bei San Huan Dong Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
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Noinaj N, Bhasin SK, Song ES, Scoggin KE, Juliano MA, Juliano L, Hersh LB, Rodgers DW. Identification of the allosteric regulatory site of insulysin. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20864. [PMID: 21731629 PMCID: PMC3123307 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Insulin degrading enzyme (IDE) is responsible for the metabolism of insulin and plays a role in clearance of the Aβ peptide associated with Alzheimer's disease. Unlike most proteolytic enzymes, IDE, which consists of four structurally related domains and exists primarily as a dimer, exhibits allosteric kinetics, being activated by both small substrate peptides and polyphosphates such as ATP. Principal Findings The crystal structure of a catalytically compromised mutant of IDE has electron density for peptide ligands bound at the active site in domain 1 and a distal site in domain 2. Mutating residues in the distal site eliminates allosteric kinetics and activation by a small peptide, as well as greatly reducing activation by ATP, demonstrating that this site plays a key role in allostery. Comparison of the peptide bound IDE structure (using a low activity E111F IDE mutant) with unliganded wild type IDE shows a change in the interface between two halves of the clamshell-like molecule, which may enhance enzyme activity by altering the equilibrium between closed and open conformations. In addition, changes in the dimer interface suggest a basis for communication between subunits. Conclusions/Significance Our findings indicate that a region remote from the active site mediates allosteric activation of insulysin by peptides. Activation may involve a small conformational change that weakens the interface between two halves of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Noinaj
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Sonia K. Bhasin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Eun Suk Song
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Kirsten E. Scoggin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Maria A. Juliano
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Juliano
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Louis B. Hersh
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - David W. Rodgers
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Future Trends in the Pharmacogenomics of Brain Disorders and Dementia: Influence of APOE and CYP2D6 Variants. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2010. [PMCID: PMC4034082 DOI: 10.3390/ph3103040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
About 80% of functional genes in the human genome are expressed in the brain and over 1,200 different genes have been associated with the pathogenesis of CNS disorders and dementia. Pharmacogenetic studies of psychotropic drug response have focused on determining the relationship between variations in specific candidate genes and the positive and adverse effects of drug treatment. Approximately, 18% of neuroleptics are substrates of CYP1A2 enzymes, 40% of CYP2D6, and 23% of CYP3A4; 24% of antidepressants are substrates of CYP1A2 enzymes, 5% of CYP2B6, 38% of CYP2C19, 85% of CYP2D6, and 38% of CYP3A4; 7% of benzodiazepines are substrates of CYP2C19 enzymes, 20% of CYP2D6, and 95% of CYP3A4. 10-20% of Western populations are defective in genes of the CYP superfamily; and the pharmacogenomic response of psychotropic drugs also depends on genetic variants associated with dementia. Prospective studies with anti-dementia drugs or with multifactorial strategies have revealed that the therapeutic response to conventional drugs in Alzheimer’s disease is genotype-specific. The disease-modifying effects (cognitive performance, biomarker modification) of therapeutic intervention are APOE-dependent, with APOE-4 carriers acting as the worst responders (APOE-3/3 > APOE-3/4 > APOE-4/4). APOE-CYP2D6 interactions also influence the therapeutic outcome in patients with dementia.
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