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Kajevu N, Lipponen A, Andrade P, Bañuelos I, Puhakka N, Hämäläinen E, Natunen T, Hiltunen M, Pitkänen A. Treatment of Status Epilepticus after Traumatic Brain Injury Using an Antiseizure Drug Combined with a Tissue Recovery Enhancer Revealed by Systems Biology. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14049. [PMID: 37762352 PMCID: PMC10531083 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We tested a hypothesis that in silico-discovered compounds targeting traumatic brain injury (TBI)-induced transcriptomics dysregulations will mitigate TBI-induced molecular pathology and augment the effect of co-administered antiseizure treatment, thereby alleviating functional impairment. In silico bioinformatic analysis revealed five compounds substantially affecting TBI-induced transcriptomics regulation, including calpain inhibitor, chlorpromazine, geldanamycin, tranylcypromine, and trichostatin A (TSA). In vitro exposure of neuronal-BV2-microglial co-cultures to compounds revealed that TSA had the best overall neuroprotective, antioxidative, and anti-inflammatory effects. In vivo assessment in a rat TBI model revealed that TSA as a monotherapy (1 mg/kg/d) or in combination with the antiseizure drug levetiracetam (LEV 150 mg/kg/d) mildly mitigated the increase in plasma levels of the neurofilament subunit pNF-H and cortical lesion area. The percentage of rats with seizures during 0-72 h post-injury was reduced in the following order: TBI-vehicle 80%, TBI-TSA (1 mg/kg) 86%, TBI-LEV (54 mg/kg) 50%, TBI-LEV (150 mg/kg) 40% (p < 0.05 vs. TBI-vehicle), and TBI-LEV (150 mg/kg) combined with TSA (1 mg/kg) 30% (p < 0.05). Cumulative seizure duration was reduced in the following order: TBI-vehicle 727 ± 688 s, TBI-TSA 898 ± 937 s, TBI-LEV (54 mg/kg) 358 ± 715 s, TBI-LEV (150 mg/kg) 42 ± 64 (p < 0.05 vs. TBI-vehicle), and TBI-LEV (150 mg/kg) combined with TSA (1 mg/kg) 109 ± 282 s (p < 0.05). This first preclinical intervention study on post-TBI acute seizures shows that a combination therapy with the tissue recovery enhancer TSA and LEV was safe but exhibited no clear benefit over LEV monotherapy on antiseizure efficacy. A longer follow-up is needed to confirm the possible beneficial effects of LEV monotherapy and combination therapy with TSA on chronic post-TBI structural and functional outcomes, including epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natallie Kajevu
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anssi Lipponen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 95, 70701 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pedro Andrade
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ivette Bañuelos
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Noora Puhakka
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Elina Hämäläinen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Teemu Natunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Asla Pitkänen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
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Wittrahm R, Takalo M, Kuulasmaa T, Mäkinen PM, Mäkinen P, Končarević S, Fartzdinov V, Selzer S, Kokkola T, Antikainen L, Martiskainen H, Kemppainen S, Marttinen M, Jeskanen H, Rostalski H, Rahunen E, Kivipelto M, Ngandu T, Natunen T, Lambert JC, Tanzi RE, Kim DY, Rauramaa T, Herukka SK, Soininen H, Laakso M, Pike I, Leinonen V, Haapasalo A, Hiltunen M. Protective Alzheimer's disease-associated APP A673T variant predominantly decreases sAPPβ levels in cerebrospinal fluid and 2D/3D cell culture models. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 182:106140. [PMID: 37120095 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The rare A673T variant was the first variant found within the amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene conferring protection against Alzheimer's disease (AD). Thereafter, different studies have discovered that the carriers of the APP A673T variant show reduced levels of amyloid beta (Aβ) in the plasma and better cognitive performance at high age. Here, we analyzed cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma of APP A673T carriers and control individuals using a mass spectrometry-based proteomics approach to identify differentially regulated targets in an unbiased manner. Furthermore, the APP A673T variant was introduced into 2D and 3D neuronal cell culture models together with the pathogenic APP Swedish and London mutations. Consequently, we now report for the first time the protective effects of the APP A673T variant against AD-related alterations in the CSF, plasma, and brain biopsy samples from the frontal cortex. The CSF levels of soluble APPβ (sAPPβ) and Aβ42 were significantly decreased on average 9-26% among three APP A673T carriers as compared to three well-matched controls not carrying the protective variant. Consistent with these CSF findings, immunohistochemical assessment of cortical biopsy samples from the same APP A673T carriers did not reveal Aβ, phospho-tau, or p62 pathologies. We identified differentially regulated targets involved in protein phosphorylation, inflammation, and mitochondrial function in the CSF and plasma samples of APP A673T carriers. Some of the identified targets showed inverse levels in AD brain tissue with respect to increased AD-associated neurofibrillary pathology. In 2D and 3D neuronal cell culture models expressing APP with the Swedish and London mutations, the introduction of the APP A673T variant resulted in lower sAPPβ levels. Concomitantly, the levels of sAPPα were increased, while decreased levels of CTFβ and Aβ42 were detected in some of these models. Our findings emphasize the important role of APP-derived peptides in the pathogenesis of AD and demonstrate the effectiveness of the protective APP A673T variant to shift APP processing towards the non-amyloidogenic pathway in vitro even in the presence of two pathogenic mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekka Wittrahm
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Mari Takalo
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Teemu Kuulasmaa
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Petra M Mäkinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Petri Mäkinen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | | | | | - Stefan Selzer
- Proteome Sciences GmbH & Co. KG, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Tarja Kokkola
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Leila Antikainen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Henna Martiskainen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Susanna Kemppainen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Mikael Marttinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland; Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Heli Jeskanen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Hannah Rostalski
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Eija Rahunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Miia Kivipelto
- Population Health Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Center for Alzheimer Research, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; The Ageing Epidemiology Research Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Tiia Ngandu
- Population Health Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Center for Alzheimer Research, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Teemu Natunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Jean-Charles Lambert
- U1167, University of Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Rudolph E Tanzi
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Doo Yeon Kim
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Tuomas Rauramaa
- Department of Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; Unit of Pathology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Sanna-Kaisa Herukka
- Department of Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; NeuroCenter, Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Hilkka Soininen
- Department of Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Markku Laakso
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, 70210 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Ian Pike
- Proteome Sciences plc, Hamilton House, London, WC1H 9BB, UK.
| | - Ville Leinonen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kuopio University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, Unit of Neurosurgery, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
| | | | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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Lipponen A, Kajevu N, Natunen T, Ciszek R, Puhakka N, Hiltunen M, Pitkänen A. Gene Expression Profile as a Predictor of Seizure Liability. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044116. [PMID: 36835526 PMCID: PMC9963992 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Analysis platforms to predict drug-induced seizure liability at an early phase of drug development would improve safety and reduce attrition and the high cost of drug development. We hypothesized that a drug-induced in vitro transcriptomics signature predicts its ictogenicity. We exposed rat cortical neuronal cultures to non-toxic concentrations of 34 compounds for 24 h; 11 were known to be ictogenic (tool compounds), 13 were associated with a high number of seizure-related adverse event reports in the clinical FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database and systematic literature search (FAERS-positive compounds), and 10 were known to be non-ictogenic (FAERS-negative compounds). The drug-induced gene expression profile was assessed from RNA-sequencing data. Transcriptomics profiles induced by the tool, FAERS-positive and FAERS-negative compounds, were compared using bioinformatics and machine learning. Of the 13 FAERS-positive compounds, 11 induced significant differential gene expression; 10 of the 11 showed an overall high similarity to the profile of at least one tool compound, correctly predicting the ictogenicity. Alikeness-% based on the number of the same differentially expressed genes correctly categorized 85%, the Gene Set Enrichment Analysis score correctly categorized 73%, and the machine-learning approach correctly categorized 91% of the FAERS-positive compounds with reported seizure liability currently in clinical use. Our data suggest that the drug-induced gene expression profile could be used as a predictive biomarker for seizure liability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anssi Lipponen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 95, FIN-70701 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Natallie Kajevu
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Teemu Natunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Robert Ciszek
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Noora Puhakka
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Asla Pitkänen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +358-50-517-2091; Fax: +358-17-16-3030
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Montaser AB, Kuiri J, Natunen T, Hruška P, Potěšil D, Auriola S, Hiltunen M, Terasaki T, Lehtonen M, Jalkanen A, Huttunen KM. Enhanced drug delivery by a prodrug approach effectively relieves neuroinflammation in mice. Life Sci 2022; 310:121088. [PMID: 36257461 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Neuroinflammation is a prominent hallmark in several neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). Halting neuroinflammation can slow down the progression of NDs. Improving the efficacy of clinically available non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is a promising approach that may lead to fast-track and effective disease-modifying therapies for NDs. Here, we aimed to utilize the L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) to improve the efficacy of salicylic acid as an example of an NSAID prodrug, for which brain uptake and intracellular localization have been reported earlier. MAIN METHODS Firstly, we confirmed the improved LAT1 utilization of the salicylic acid prodrug (SA-AA) in freshly isolated primary mouse microglial cells. Secondly, we performed behavioural rotarod, open field, and four-limb hanging tests in mice, and a whole-brain proteome analysis. KEY FINDINGS The SA-AA prodrug alleviated the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in the rotarod and hanging tests. The proteome analysis indicated decreased neuroinflammation at the molecular level. We identified 399 proteins linked to neuroinflammation out of 7416 proteins detected in the mouse brain. Among them, Gps2, Vamp8, Slc6a3, Slc18a2, Slc5a7, Rgs9, Lrrc1, Ppp1r1b, Gnal, and Adcy5/6 were associated with the drug's effects. The SA-AA prodrug attenuated the LPS-induced neuroinflammation through the regulation of critical pathways of neuroinflammation such as the cellular response to stress and transmission across chemical synapses. SIGNIFICANCE The efficacy of NSAIDs can be improved via the utilization of LAT1 and repurposed for the treatment of neuroinflammation. This improved brain delivery and microglia localisation can be applied to other inflammatory modulators to achieve effective and targeted CNS therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed B Montaser
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Janita Kuiri
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Teemu Natunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pavel Hruška
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - David Potěšil
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Seppo Auriola
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tetsuya Terasaki
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marko Lehtonen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Aaro Jalkanen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kristiina M Huttunen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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Huber N, Hoffmann D, Giniatullina R, Rostalski H, Leskelä S, Takalo M, Natunen T, Solje E, Remes AM, Giniatullin R, Hiltunen M, Haapasalo A. C9orf72 hexanucleotide repeat expansion leads to altered neuronal and dendritic spine morphology and synaptic dysfunction. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 162:105584. [PMID: 34915153 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) comprises a heterogenous group of progressive neurodegenerative syndromes. To date, no validated biomarkers or effective disease-modifying therapies exist for the different clinical or genetic subtypes of FTLD. The most common genetic cause underlying FTLD and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a hexanucleotide repeat expansion in the C9orf72 gene (C9-HRE). FTLD is accompanied by changes in several neurotransmitter systems, including the glutamatergic, GABAergic, dopaminergic, and serotonergic systems and many clinical symptoms can be explained by disturbances in these systems. Here, we aimed to elucidate the effects of the C9-HRE on synaptic function, molecular composition of synapses, and dendritic spine morphology. We overexpressed the pathological C9-HRE in cultured E18 mouse primary hippocampal neurons and characterized the pathological, morphological, and functional changes by biochemical methods, confocal microscopy, and live cell calcium imaging. The C9-HRE-expressing neurons were confirmed to display the pathological RNA foci and DPR proteins. C9-HRE expression led to significant changes in dendritic spine morphologies, as indicated by decreased number of mushroom-type spines and increased number of stubby and thin spines, as well as diminished neuronal branching. These morphological changes were accompanied by concomitantly enhanced susceptibility of the neurons to glutamate-induced excitotoxicity as well as augmented and prolonged responses to excitatory stimuli by glutamate and depolarizing potassium chloride as compared to control neurons. Mechanistically, the hyperexcitation phenotype in the C9-HRE-expressing neurons was found to be underlain by increased activity of extrasynaptic GluN2B-containing N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Our results are in accordance with the idea suggesting that C9-HRE is associated with enhanced excitotoxicity and synaptic dysfunction. Thus, therapeutic interventions targeted to alleviate synaptic disturbances might offer efficient avenues for the treatment of patients with C9-HRE-associated FTLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Huber
- Molecular Neurodegeneration group, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Neulaniementie 2, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Dorit Hoffmann
- Molecular Neurodegeneration group, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Neulaniementie 2, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Raisa Giniatullina
- Molecular Pain Research group, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Neulaniementie 2, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Hannah Rostalski
- Molecular Neurodegeneration group, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Neulaniementie 2, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Stina Leskelä
- Molecular Neurodegeneration group, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Neulaniementie 2, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Mari Takalo
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1E, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Teemu Natunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1E, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Eino Solje
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 C, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; Neuro Center, Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, P. O. Box 100, FI-70029 KYS, Finland.
| | - Anne M Remes
- Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, P. O. Box 8000, FI-90014 University of Oulu, Finland; Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Neurology, University of Oulu, P. O. Box 8000, FI-90014 University of Oulu, Finland.
| | - Rashid Giniatullin
- Molecular Pain Research group, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Neulaniementie 2, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1E, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Annakaisa Haapasalo
- Molecular Neurodegeneration group, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Neulaniementie 2, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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Kyyriäinen J, Kajevu N, Bañuelos I, Lara L, Lipponen A, Balosso S, Hämäläinen E, Das Gupta S, Puhakka N, Natunen T, Ravizza T, Vezzani A, Hiltunen M, Pitkänen A. Targeting Oxidative Stress with Antioxidant Duotherapy after Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10555. [PMID: 34638900 PMCID: PMC8508668 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
We assessed the effect of antioxidant therapy using the Food and Drug Administration-approved respiratory drug N-acetylcysteine (NAC) or sulforaphane (SFN) as monotherapies or duotherapy in vitro in neuron-BV2 microglial co-cultures and validated the results in a lateral fluid-percussion model of TBI in rats. As in vitro measures, we assessed neuronal viability by microtubule-associated-protein 2 immunostaining, neuroinflammation by monitoring tumor necrosis factor (TNF) levels, and neurotoxicity by measuring nitrite levels. In vitro, duotherapy with NAC and SFN reduced nitrite levels to 40% (p < 0.001) and neuroinflammation to -29% (p < 0.001) compared with untreated culture. The treatment also improved neuronal viability up to 72% of that in a positive control (p < 0.001). The effect of NAC was negligible, however, compared with SFN. In vivo, antioxidant duotherapy slightly improved performance in the beam walking test. Interestingly, duotherapy treatment decreased the plasma interleukin-6 and TNF levels in sham-operated controls (p < 0.05). After TBI, no treatment effect on HMGB1 or plasma cytokine levels was detected. Also, no treatment effects on the composite neuroscore or cortical lesion area were detected. The robust favorable effect of duotherapy on neuroprotection, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress in neuron-BV2 microglial co-cultures translated to modest favorable in vivo effects in a severe TBI model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenni Kyyriäinen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; (J.K.); (N.K.); (I.B.); (L.L.); (A.L.); (E.H.); (S.D.G.); (N.P.)
| | - Natallie Kajevu
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; (J.K.); (N.K.); (I.B.); (L.L.); (A.L.); (E.H.); (S.D.G.); (N.P.)
| | - Ivette Bañuelos
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; (J.K.); (N.K.); (I.B.); (L.L.); (A.L.); (E.H.); (S.D.G.); (N.P.)
| | - Leonardo Lara
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; (J.K.); (N.K.); (I.B.); (L.L.); (A.L.); (E.H.); (S.D.G.); (N.P.)
| | - Anssi Lipponen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; (J.K.); (N.K.); (I.B.); (L.L.); (A.L.); (E.H.); (S.D.G.); (N.P.)
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-70701 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Silvia Balosso
- Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCCS, 20156 Milano, Italy; (S.B.); (T.R.); (A.V.)
| | - Elina Hämäläinen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; (J.K.); (N.K.); (I.B.); (L.L.); (A.L.); (E.H.); (S.D.G.); (N.P.)
| | - Shalini Das Gupta
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; (J.K.); (N.K.); (I.B.); (L.L.); (A.L.); (E.H.); (S.D.G.); (N.P.)
| | - Noora Puhakka
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; (J.K.); (N.K.); (I.B.); (L.L.); (A.L.); (E.H.); (S.D.G.); (N.P.)
| | - Teemu Natunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; (T.N.); (M.H.)
| | - Teresa Ravizza
- Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCCS, 20156 Milano, Italy; (S.B.); (T.R.); (A.V.)
| | - Annamaria Vezzani
- Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCCS, 20156 Milano, Italy; (S.B.); (T.R.); (A.V.)
| | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; (T.N.); (M.H.)
| | - Asla Pitkänen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; (J.K.); (N.K.); (I.B.); (L.L.); (A.L.); (E.H.); (S.D.G.); (N.P.)
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Wittrahm R, Takalo M, Marttinen M, Kuulasmaa T, Mäkinen P, Kemppainen S, Martiskainen H, Rauramaa T, Pike I, Leinonen V, Natunen T, Haapasalo A, Hiltunen M. MECP2 Increases the Pro-Inflammatory Response of Microglial Cells and Phosphorylation at Serine 423 Regulates Neuronal Gene Expression upon Neuroinflammation. Cells 2021; 10:860. [PMID: 33918872 PMCID: PMC8070522 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MECP2) is a critical transcriptional regulator for synaptic function. Dysfunction of synapses, as well as microglia-mediated neuroinflammation, represent the earliest pathological events in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, expression, protein levels, and activity-related phosphorylation changes of MECP2 were analyzed in post-mortem human temporal cortex. The effects of wild type and phosphorylation-deficient MECP2 variants at serine 423 (S423) or S80 on microglial and neuronal function were assessed utilizing BV2 microglial monocultures and co-cultures with mouse cortical neurons under inflammatory stress conditions. MECP2 phosphorylation at the functionally relevant S423 site nominally decreased in the early stages of AD-related neurofibrillary pathology in the human temporal cortex. Overexpression of wild type MECP2 enhanced the pro-inflammatory response in BV2 cells upon treatment with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon-γ (IFNγ) and decreased BV2 cell phagocytic activity. The expression of the phosphorylation-deficient MECP2-S423A variant, but not S80A, further increased the pro-inflammatory response of BV2 cells. In neurons co-cultured with BV2 cells, the MECP2-S423A variant increased the expression of several genes, which are important for the maintenance and protection of neurons and synapses upon inflammatory stress. Collectively, functional analyses in different cellular models suggest that MECP2 may influence the inflammatory response in microglia independently of S423 and S80 phosphorylation, while the S423 phosphorylation might play a role in the activation of neuronal gene expression, which conveys neuroprotection under neuroinflammation-related stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekka Wittrahm
- Institute of Biomedicine, Yliopistonranta 1E, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (R.W.); (M.T.); (M.M.); (T.K.); (P.M.); (S.K.); (H.M.); (T.N.)
| | - Mari Takalo
- Institute of Biomedicine, Yliopistonranta 1E, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (R.W.); (M.T.); (M.M.); (T.K.); (P.M.); (S.K.); (H.M.); (T.N.)
| | - Mikael Marttinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Yliopistonranta 1E, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (R.W.); (M.T.); (M.M.); (T.K.); (P.M.); (S.K.); (H.M.); (T.N.)
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Teemu Kuulasmaa
- Institute of Biomedicine, Yliopistonranta 1E, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (R.W.); (M.T.); (M.M.); (T.K.); (P.M.); (S.K.); (H.M.); (T.N.)
| | - Petra Mäkinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Yliopistonranta 1E, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (R.W.); (M.T.); (M.M.); (T.K.); (P.M.); (S.K.); (H.M.); (T.N.)
| | - Susanna Kemppainen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Yliopistonranta 1E, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (R.W.); (M.T.); (M.M.); (T.K.); (P.M.); (S.K.); (H.M.); (T.N.)
| | - Henna Martiskainen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Yliopistonranta 1E, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (R.W.); (M.T.); (M.M.); (T.K.); (P.M.); (S.K.); (H.M.); (T.N.)
| | - Tuomas Rauramaa
- Department of Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, 70029 Kuopio, Finland;
- Unit of Pathology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ian Pike
- Proteome Sciences plc, Hamilton House, London WC1H 9BB, UK;
| | - Ville Leinonen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kuopio University Hospital, 70029 Kuopio, Finland;
- Unit of Neurosurgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Teemu Natunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Yliopistonranta 1E, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (R.W.); (M.T.); (M.M.); (T.K.); (P.M.); (S.K.); (H.M.); (T.N.)
| | - Annakaisa Haapasalo
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Neulaniementie 2, 70211 Kuopio, Finland;
| | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Yliopistonranta 1E, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (R.W.); (M.T.); (M.M.); (T.K.); (P.M.); (S.K.); (H.M.); (T.N.)
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8
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Stenroos P, Pirttimäki T, Paasonen J, Paasonen E, Salo RA, Koivisto H, Natunen T, Mäkinen P, Kuulasmaa T, Hiltunen M, Tanila H, Gröhn O. Isoflurane affects brain functional connectivity in rats 1 month after exposure. Neuroimage 2021; 234:117987. [PMID: 33762218 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.117987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoflurane, the most commonly used preclinical anesthetic, induces brain plasticity and long-term cellular and molecular changes leading to behavioral and/or cognitive consequences. These changes are most likely associated with network-level changes in brain function. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying long-term effects of isoflurane, we investigated the influence of a single isoflurane exposure on functional connectivity, brain electrical activity, and gene expression. Male Wistar rats (n = 22) were exposed to 1.8% isoflurane for 3 h. Control rats (n = 22) spent 3 h in the same room without exposure to anesthesia. After 1 month, functional connectivity was evaluated with resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI; n = 6 + 6) and local field potential measurements (n = 6 + 6) in anesthetized animals. A whole genome expression analysis (n = 10+10) was also conducted with mRNA-sequencing from cortical and hippocampal tissue samples. Isoflurane treatment strengthened thalamo-cortical and hippocampal-cortical functional connectivity. Cortical low-frequency fMRI power was also significantly increased in response to the isoflurane treatment. The local field potential results indicating strengthened hippocampal-cortical alpha and beta coherence were in good agreement with the fMRI findings. Furthermore, altered expression was found in 20 cortical genes, several of which are involved in neuronal signal transmission, but no gene expression changes were noted in the hippocampus. Isoflurane induced prolonged changes in thalamo-cortical and hippocampal-cortical function and expression of genes contributing to signal transmission in the cortex. Further studies are required to investigate whether these changes are associated with the postoperative behavioral and cognitive symptoms commonly observed in patients and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petteri Stenroos
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI,-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tiina Pirttimäki
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI,-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jaakko Paasonen
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI,-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ekaterina Paasonen
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI,-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Raimo A Salo
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI,-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hennariikka Koivisto
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI,-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Teemu Natunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI,-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Petra Mäkinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI,-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Teemu Kuulasmaa
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI,-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI,-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Heikki Tanila
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI,-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Olli Gröhn
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI,-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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9
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Marttinen M, Ferreira CB, Paldanius KMA, Takalo M, Natunen T, Mäkinen P, Leppänen L, Leinonen V, Tanigaki K, Kang G, Hiroi N, Soininen H, Rilla K, Haapasalo A, Hiltunen M. Presynaptic Vesicle Protein SEPTIN5 Regulates the Degradation of APP C-Terminal Fragments and the Levels of Aβ. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112482. [PMID: 33203136 PMCID: PMC7696542 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by aberrant amyloid-β (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau aggregation. We have previously investigated the involvement of SEPTIN family members in AD-related cellular processes and discovered a role for SEPTIN8 in the sorting and accumulation of β-secretase. Here, we elucidated the potential role of SEPTIN5, an interaction partner of SEPTIN8, in the cellular processes relevant for AD, including amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing and the generation of Aβ. The in vitro and in vivo studies both revealed that the downregulation of SEPTIN5 reduced the levels of APP C-terminal fragments (APP CTFs) and Aβ in neuronal cells and in the cortex of Septin5 knockout mice. Mechanistic elucidation revealed that the downregulation of SEPTIN5 increased the degradation of APP CTFs, without affecting the secretory pathway-related trafficking or the endocytosis of APP. Furthermore, we found that the APP CTFs were degraded, to a large extent, via the autophagosomal pathway and that the downregulation of SEPTIN5 enhanced autophagosomal activity in neuronal cells as indicated by altered levels of key autophagosomal markers. Collectively, our data suggest that the downregulation of SEPTIN5 increases the autophagy-mediated degradation of APP CTFs, leading to reduced levels of Aβ in neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Marttinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; (M.M.); (K.M.A.P.); (M.T.); (T.N.); (P.M.); (L.L.); (K.R.)
| | - Catarina B. Ferreira
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular—João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Kaisa M. A. Paldanius
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; (M.M.); (K.M.A.P.); (M.T.); (T.N.); (P.M.); (L.L.); (K.R.)
| | - Mari Takalo
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; (M.M.); (K.M.A.P.); (M.T.); (T.N.); (P.M.); (L.L.); (K.R.)
| | - Teemu Natunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; (M.M.); (K.M.A.P.); (M.T.); (T.N.); (P.M.); (L.L.); (K.R.)
| | - Petra Mäkinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; (M.M.); (K.M.A.P.); (M.T.); (T.N.); (P.M.); (L.L.); (K.R.)
| | - Luukas Leppänen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; (M.M.); (K.M.A.P.); (M.T.); (T.N.); (P.M.); (L.L.); (K.R.)
| | - Ville Leinonen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine–Neurosurgery, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland;
- Neurology of Neuro Center Kuopio University Hospital, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kenji Tanigaki
- Research Institute, Shiga Medical Center, Shiga 524-8524, Japan;
| | - Gina Kang
- Department of Pharmacology, Department of Integrative and Systems Physiology, Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 77030, USA; (G.K.); (N.H.)
| | - Noboru Hiroi
- Department of Pharmacology, Department of Integrative and Systems Physiology, Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 77030, USA; (G.K.); (N.H.)
| | - Hilkka Soininen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine–Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland;
| | - Kirsi Rilla
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; (M.M.); (K.M.A.P.); (M.T.); (T.N.); (P.M.); (L.L.); (K.R.)
| | - Annakaisa Haapasalo
- A.I Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
- Correspondence: (A.H.); (M.H.); Tel.: +358-40-355-2768 (A.H.); +358-40-355-2014 (M.H.)
| | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; (M.M.); (K.M.A.P.); (M.T.); (T.N.); (P.M.); (L.L.); (K.R.)
- Correspondence: (A.H.); (M.H.); Tel.: +358-40-355-2768 (A.H.); +358-40-355-2014 (M.H.)
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10
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Natunen T, Martiskainen H, Marttinen M, Gabbouj S, Koivisto H, Kemppainen S, Kaipainen S, Takalo M, Svobodová H, Leppänen L, Kemiläinen B, Ryhänen S, Kuulasmaa T, Rahunen E, Juutinen S, Mäkinen P, Miettinen P, Rauramaa T, Pihlajamäki J, Haapasalo A, Leinonen V, Tanila H, Hiltunen M. Diabetic phenotype in mouse and humans reduces the number of microglia around β-amyloid plaques. Mol Neurodegener 2020; 15:66. [PMID: 33168021 PMCID: PMC7653710 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-020-00415-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease and type 2 diabetes (T2D) plays an important role in conferring the risk for AD. Although AD and T2D share common features, the common molecular mechanisms underlying these two diseases remain elusive. Methods Mice with different AD- and/or tauopathy-linked genetic backgrounds (APPswe/PS1dE9, Tau P301L and APPswe/PS1dE9/Tau P301L) were fed for 6 months with standard diet or typical Western diet (TWD). After behavioral and metabolic assessments of the mice, the effects of TWD on global gene expression as well as dystrophic neurite and microglia pathology were elucidated. Consequently, mechanistic aspects related to autophagy, cell survival, phagocytic uptake as well as Trem2/Dap12 signaling pathway, were assessed in microglia upon modulation of PI3K-Akt signaling. To evaluate whether the mouse model-derived results translate to human patients, the effects of diabetic phenotype on microglial pathology were assessed in cortical biopsies of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) patients encompassing β-amyloid pathology. Results TWD led to obesity and diabetic phenotype in all mice regardless of the genetic background. TWD also exacerbated memory and learning impairment in APPswe/PS1dE9 and Tau P301L mice. Gene co-expression network analysis revealed impaired microglial responses to AD-related pathologies in APPswe/PS1dE9 and APPswe/PS1dE9/Tau P301L mice upon TWD, pointing specifically towards aberrant microglial functionality due to altered downstream signaling of Trem2 and PI3K-Akt. Accordingly, fewer microglia, which did not show morphological changes, and increased number of dystrophic neurites around β-amyloid plaques were discovered in the hippocampus of TWD mice. Mechanistic studies in mouse microglia revealed that interference of PI3K-Akt signaling significantly decreased phagocytic uptake and proinflammatory response. Moreover, increased activity of Syk-kinase upon ligand-induced activation of Trem2/Dap12 signaling was detected. Finally, characterization of microglial pathology in cortical biopsies of iNPH patients revealed a significant decrease in the number of microglia per β-amyloid plaque in obese individuals with concomitant T2D as compared to both normal weight and obese individuals without T2D. Conclusions Collectively, these results suggest that diabetic phenotype in mice and humans mechanistically associates with abnormally reduced microglial responses to β-amyloid pathology and further suggest that AD and T2D share overlapping pathomechanisms, likely involving altered immune function in the brain. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13024-020-00415-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teemu Natunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Henna Martiskainen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikael Marttinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sami Gabbouj
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hennariikka Koivisto
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Susanna Kemppainen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Satu Kaipainen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mari Takalo
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Helena Svobodová
- Department of Simulation and Virtual Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Luukas Leppänen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Benjam Kemiläinen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kuopio University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, Unit of Neurosurgery, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Simo Ryhänen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Teemu Kuulasmaa
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Eija Rahunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sisko Juutinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Petra Mäkinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pasi Miettinen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tuomas Rauramaa
- Department of Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, Unit of Pathology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jussi Pihlajamäki
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Annakaisa Haapasalo
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ville Leinonen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kuopio University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, Unit of Neurosurgery, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Heikki Tanila
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.
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11
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Rostalski H, Hietanen T, Leskelä S, Behánová A, Abdollahzadeh A, Wittrahm R, Mäkinen P, Huber N, Hoffmann D, Solje E, Remes AM, Natunen T, Takalo M, Tohka J, Hiltunen M, Haapasalo A. BV-2 Microglial Cells Overexpressing C9orf72 Hexanucleotide Repeat Expansion Produce DPR Proteins and Show Normal Functionality but No RNA Foci. Front Neurol 2020; 11:550140. [PMID: 33123074 PMCID: PMC7573144 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.550140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hexanucleotide repeat expansion (HRE) in the chromosome 9 open-reading frame 72 (C9orf72) gene is the most common genetic cause underpinning frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). It leads to the accumulation of toxic RNA foci and various dipeptide repeat (DPR) proteins into cells. These C9orf72 HRE-specific hallmarks are abundant in neurons. So far, the role of microglia, the immune cells of the brain, in C9orf72 HRE-associated FTLD/ALS is unclear. In this study, we overexpressed C9orf72 HRE of a pathological length in the BV-2 microglial cell line and used biochemical methods and fluorescence imaging to investigate its effects on their phenotype, viability, and functionality. We found that BV-2 cells expressing the C9orf72 HRE presented strong expression of specific DPR proteins but no sense RNA foci. Transiently increased levels of cytoplasmic TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43), slightly altered levels of p62 and lysosome-associated membrane protein (LAMP) 2A, and reduced levels of polyubiquitinylated proteins, but no signs of cell death were detected in HRE overexpressing cells. Overexpression of the C9orf72 HRE did not affect BV-2 cell phagocytic activity or response to an inflammatory stimulus, nor did it shift their RNA profile toward disease-associated microglia. These findings suggest that DPR proteins do not affect microglial cell viability or functionality in BV-2 cells. However, additional studies in other models are required to further elucidate the role of C9orf72 HRE in microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Rostalski
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tomi Hietanen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Stina Leskelä
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Andrea Behánová
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ali Abdollahzadeh
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Rebekka Wittrahm
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Petra Mäkinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Nadine Huber
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Dorit Hoffmann
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Eino Solje
- Institute of Clinical Medicine-Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Neuro Center, Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anne M Remes
- Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Neurology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center (MRC) Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Teemu Natunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mari Takalo
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jussi Tohka
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Annakaisa Haapasalo
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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12
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Lipponen A, Natunen T, Hujo M, Ciszek R, Hämäläinen E, Tohka J, Hiltunen M, Paananen J, Poulsen D, Kansanen E, Ekolle Ndode-Ekane X, Levonen AL, Pitkänen A. In Vitro and In Vivo Pipeline for Validation of Disease-Modifying Effects of Systems Biology-Derived Network Treatments for Traumatic Brain Injury-Lessons Learned. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215395. [PMID: 31671916 PMCID: PMC6861918 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We developed a pipeline for the discovery of transcriptomics-derived disease-modifying therapies and used it to validate treatments in vitro and in vivo that could be repurposed for TBI treatment. Desmethylclomipramine, ionomycin, sirolimus and trimipramine, identified by in silico LINCS analysis as candidate treatments modulating the TBI-induced transcriptomics networks, were tested in neuron-BV2 microglial co-cultures, using tumour necrosis factor α as a monitoring biomarker for neuroinflammation, nitrite for nitric oxide-mediated neurotoxicity and microtubule associated protein 2-based immunostaining for neuronal survival. Based on (a) therapeutic time window in silico, (b) blood-brain barrier penetration and water solubility, (c) anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in vitro (p < 0.05) and (d) target engagement of Nrf2 target genes (p < 0.05), desmethylclomipramine was validated in a lateral fluid-percussion model of TBI in rats. Despite the favourable in silico and in vitro outcomes, in vivo assessment of clomipramine, which metabolizes to desmethylclomipramine, failed to demonstrate favourable effects on motor and memory tests. In fact, clomipramine treatment worsened the composite neuroscore (p < 0.05). Weight loss (p < 0.05) and prolonged upregulation of plasma cytokines (p < 0.05) may have contributed to the worsened somatomotor outcome. Our pipeline provides a rational stepwise procedure for evaluating favourable and unfavourable effects of systems-biology discovered compounds that modulate post-TBI transcriptomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anssi Lipponen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Teemu Natunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Mika Hujo
- School of Computing, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Robert Ciszek
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Elina Hämäläinen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Jussi Tohka
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Jussi Paananen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
- Bioinformatics Center, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - David Poulsen
- Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Buffalo, 875 Ellicott St, 6071 CTRC, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA.
| | - Emilia Kansanen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Xavier Ekolle Ndode-Ekane
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Anna-Liisa Levonen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Asla Pitkänen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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13
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Huttunen J, Peltokangas S, Gynther M, Natunen T, Hiltunen M, Auriola S, Ruponen M, Vellonen KS, Huttunen KM. L-Type Amino Acid Transporter 1 (LAT1/Lat1)-Utilizing Prodrugs Can Improve the Delivery of Drugs into Neurons, Astrocytes and Microglia. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12860. [PMID: 31492955 PMCID: PMC6731241 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49009-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
l-Type Amino Acid Transporter 1 (LAT1/Lat1) is responsible for carrying large, neutral l-amino acids as well as several drugs and prodrugs across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). However, the BBB is not the only barrier that hinders drugs acting effectively within the brain; the brain parenchymal cell membranes represent a secondary barrier for the drugs with intracellular target sites. In this study, expression and function of Lat1 was quantified in mouse primary neuron, astrocyte and immortalized microglia (BV2) cultures. Moreover, ability of Lat1 to carry prodrugs inside these brain cells was evaluated. The results showed that Lat1 was localized at the similar level in all studied cells (3.07 ± 0.92–3.77 ± 0.91 fmol/µg protein). The transporter was also functional in all three cell types, astrocytes having the highest transport capacity and affinity for the LAT1/Lat1-substrate, [14C]-l-leucine, followed by neurons and microglia. The designed prodrugs (1-6) were able to utilize Lat1 for their cellular uptake and it was mainly much higher than the one of their parent drugs. Interestingly, improved cellular uptake was also achieved in cells representing Alzheimer’s Disease phenotype. Therefore, improved delivery and intra-brain targeting of drugs can be attained by utilizing LAT1/Lat1 and prodrug approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Huttunen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Soile Peltokangas
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko Gynther
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Teemu Natunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Seppo Auriola
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marika Ruponen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kati-Sisko Vellonen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kristiina M Huttunen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.
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14
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Gabbouj S, Ryhänen S, Marttinen M, Wittrahm R, Takalo M, Kemppainen S, Martiskainen H, Tanila H, Haapasalo A, Hiltunen M, Natunen T. Altered Insulin Signaling in Alzheimer's Disease Brain - Special Emphasis on PI3K-Akt Pathway. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:629. [PMID: 31275108 PMCID: PMC6591470 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are both diseases with increasing prevalence in aging populations. T2D, characterized by insulin resistance and defective insulin signaling, is a common co-morbidity and a risk factor for AD, increasing the risk approximately two to fourfold. Insulin exerts a wide variety of effects as a growth factor as well as by regulating glucose, fatty acid, and protein metabolism. Certain lifestyle factors, physical inactivity and typical Western diet (TWD) containing high fat and high sugar are strongly associated with insulin resistance and T2D. The PI3K-Akt signaling pathway is a major mediator of effects of insulin and plays a crucial role in T2D pathogenesis. Decreased levels of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K) subunits as well as blunted Akt kinase phosphorylation have been observed in the AD brain, characterized by amyloid-β and tau pathologies. Furthermore, AD mouse models fed with TWD have shown to display altered levels of PI3K subunits. How impaired insulin-PI3K-Akt signaling in peripheral tissues or in the central nervous system (CNS) affects the development or progression of AD is currently poorly understood. Interestingly, enhancement of PI3K-Akt signaling in the CNS by intranasal insulin (IN) treatment has been shown to improve memory in vivo in mice and in human trials. Insulin is known to augment neuronal growth and synapse formation through the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. However, PI3K-Akt pathway mediates signaling related to different functions also in other cell types, like microglia and astrocytes. In this review, we will discuss the most prominent molecular mechanisms related to the PI3K-Akt pathway in AD and how T2D and altered insulin signaling may affect the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Gabbouj
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Simo Ryhänen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikael Marttinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Rebekka Wittrahm
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mari Takalo
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Susanna Kemppainen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Henna Martiskainen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Heikki Tanila
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Annakaisa Haapasalo
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Teemu Natunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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15
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Rostalski H, Leskelä S, Huber N, Katisko K, Cajanus A, Solje E, Marttinen M, Natunen T, Remes AM, Hiltunen M, Haapasalo A. Astrocytes and Microglia as Potential Contributors to the Pathogenesis of C9orf72 Repeat Expansion-Associated FTLD and ALS. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:486. [PMID: 31156371 PMCID: PMC6529740 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are neurodegenerative diseases with a complex, but often overlapping, genetic and pathobiological background and thus they are considered to form a disease spectrum. Although neurons are the principal cells affected in FTLD and ALS, increasing amount of evidence has recently proposed that other central nervous system-resident cells, including microglia and astrocytes, may also play roles in neurodegeneration in these diseases. Therefore, deciphering the mechanisms underlying the disease pathogenesis in different types of brain cells is fundamental in order to understand the etiology of these disorders. The major genetic cause of FTLD and ALS is a hexanucleotide repeat expansion (HRE) in the intronic region of the C9orf72 gene. In neurons, specific pathological hallmarks, including decreased expression of the C9orf72 RNA and proteins and generation of toxic RNA and protein species, and their downstream effects have been linked to C9orf72 HRE-associated FTLD and ALS. In contrast, it is still poorly known to which extent these pathological changes are presented in other brain cells. Here, we summarize the current literature on the potential role of astrocytes and microglia in C9orf72 HRE-linked FTLD and ALS and discuss their possible phenotypic alterations and neurotoxic mechanisms that may contribute to neurodegeneration in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Rostalski
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Stina Leskelä
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Nadine Huber
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kasper Katisko
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Antti Cajanus
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Eino Solje
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Neuro Center, Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikael Marttinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Teemu Natunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anne M Remes
- Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.,Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Neurology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Annakaisa Haapasalo
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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16
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Gabbouj S, Natunen T, Koivisto H, Jokivarsi K, Takalo M, Marttinen M, Wittrahm R, Kemppainen S, Naderi R, Posado-Fernández A, Ryhänen S, Mäkinen P, Paldanius KM, Doria G, Poutiainen P, Flores O, Haapasalo A, Tanila H, Hiltunen M. Intranasal insulin activates Akt2 signaling pathway in the hippocampus of wild-type but not in APP/PS1 Alzheimer model mice. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 75:98-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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17
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Marttinen M, Paananen J, Neme A, Mitra V, Takalo M, Natunen T, Paldanius KMA, Mäkinen P, Bremang M, Kurki MI, Rauramaa T, Leinonen V, Soininen H, Haapasalo A, Pike I, Hiltunen M. A multiomic approach to characterize the temporal sequence in Alzheimer's disease-related pathology. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 124:454-468. [PMID: 30557660 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
No single-omic approach completely elucidates the multitude of alterations taking place in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we coupled transcriptomic and phosphoproteomic approaches to determine the temporal sequence of changes in mRNA, protein, and phosphopeptide expression levels from human temporal cortical samples, with varying degree of AD-related pathology. This approach highlighted fluctuation in synaptic and mitochondrial function as the earliest pathological events in brain samples with AD-related pathology. Subsequently, increased expression of inflammation and extracellular matrix-associated gene products was observed. Interaction network assembly for the associated gene products, emphasized the complex interplay between these processes and the role of addressing post-translational modifications in the identification of key regulators. Additionally, we evaluate the use of decision trees and random forests in identifying potential biomarkers differentiating individuals with different degree of AD-related pathology. This multiomic and temporal sequence-based approach provides a better understanding of the sequence of events leading to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Marttinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70210, Finland
| | - Jussi Paananen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70210, Finland
| | - Antonio Neme
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70210, Finland
| | - Vikram Mitra
- Proteome Sciences plc, Cobham, London WC1H 9BB, United Kingdom
| | - Mari Takalo
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70210, Finland
| | - Teemu Natunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70210, Finland
| | - Kaisa M A Paldanius
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70210, Finland
| | - Petra Mäkinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70210, Finland
| | - Michael Bremang
- Proteome Sciences plc, Cobham, London WC1H 9BB, United Kingdom
| | - Mitja I Kurki
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Neurosurgery of Neuro Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio 70029, Finland
| | - Tuomas Rauramaa
- Department of Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70029, Finland
| | - Ville Leinonen
- Neurosurgery of Neuro Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio 70029, Finland
| | - Hilkka Soininen
- Neurology of Neuro Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio 70029, Finland; Institute of Clinical Medicine/Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70210, Finland
| | - Annakaisa Haapasalo
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Ian Pike
- Proteome Sciences plc, Cobham, London WC1H 9BB, United Kingdom
| | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70210, Finland.
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18
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Marttinen M, Takalo M, Natunen T, Wittrahm R, Gabbouj S, Kemppainen S, Leinonen V, Tanila H, Haapasalo A, Hiltunen M. Molecular Mechanisms of Synaptotoxicity and Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:963. [PMID: 30618585 PMCID: PMC6301995 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder, which is clinically associated with a global cognitive decline and progressive loss of memory and reasoning. According to the prevailing amyloid cascade hypothesis of AD, increased soluble amyloid-β (Aβ) oligomer levels impair the synaptic functions and augment calcium dyshomeostasis, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress as well as the formation of neurofibrillary tangles at specific brain regions. Emerging new findings related to synaptic dysfunction and initial steps of neuroinflammation in AD have been able to delineate the underlying molecular mechanisms, thus reinforcing the development of new treatment strategies and biomarkers for AD beyond the conventional Aβ- and tau-targeted approaches. Particularly, the identification and further characterization of disease-associated microglia and their RNA signatures, AD-associated novel risk genes, neurotoxic astrocytes, and in the involvement of complement-dependent pathway in synaptic pruning and loss in AD have set the outstanding basis for further preclinical and clinical studies. Here, we discuss the recent development and the key findings related to the novel molecular mechanisms and targets underlying the synaptotoxicity and neuroinflammation in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Marttinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mari Takalo
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Teemu Natunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Rebekka Wittrahm
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sami Gabbouj
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Susanna Kemppainen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ville Leinonen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine – Neurosurgery, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Neurosurgery, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Heikki Tanila
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Annakaisa Haapasalo
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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19
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Martiskainen H, Takalo M, Solomon A, Stančáková A, Marttinen M, Natunen T, Haapasalo A, Herukka SK, Kuusisto J, Soininen H, Kivipelto M, Laakso M, Hiltunen M. Decreased plasma C-reactive protein levels in APOE ε4 allele carriers. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2018; 5:1229-1240. [PMID: 30349858 PMCID: PMC6186931 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele is a well‐established risk factor in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we assessed the effects of APOE polymorphism on cardiovascular, metabolic, and inflammation‐related parameters in population‐based cohorts. Methods Association of cardiovascular, metabolic, and inflammation‐related parameters with the APOE polymorphism in a large Finnish Metabolic Syndrome in Men (METSIM) cohort and Finnish Geriatric Intervention study to prevent cognitive impairment and disability (FINGER) were investigated. Brain‐specific effects were addressed in postmortem brain samples. Results Individuals carrying the APOE ε4 allele displayed significantly elevated serum/plasma LDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein B levels. APOE ε3ε4 and ε4ε4 significantly associated with lower levels of plasma high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP). Plasma amyloid‐β 42 (Aβ42) and reduced hs‐CRP levels showed an association independently of the APOE status. Interpretation These data suggest that the APOE ε4 allele associates with lower levels of hs‐CRP in individuals without dementia. Moreover, Aβ42 may encompass anti‐inflammatory effects reflected by reduced hs‐CRP levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henna Martiskainen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine Internal Medicine University of Eastern Finland P.O. Box 1627 Kuopio 70211 Finland
| | - Mari Takalo
- Institute of Biomedicine University of Eastern Finland Yliopistonranta 1 E, P.O. Box 1627 Kuopio 70211 Finland
| | - Alina Solomon
- Department of Neurology Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Eastern Finland P.O. Box 1627 Kuopio 70211 Finland.,Division of Clinical Geriatrics Center for Alzheimer Research NVS, Karolinska Institutet Novum 5th floor Huddinge 14157 Sweden
| | - Alena Stančáková
- Institute of Clinical Medicine Internal Medicine University of Eastern Finland P.O. Box 1627 Kuopio 70211 Finland
| | - Mikael Marttinen
- Institute of Biomedicine University of Eastern Finland Yliopistonranta 1 E, P.O. Box 1627 Kuopio 70211 Finland
| | - Teemu Natunen
- Institute of Biomedicine University of Eastern Finland Yliopistonranta 1 E, P.O. Box 1627 Kuopio 70211 Finland
| | - Annakaisa Haapasalo
- A.I Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences University of Eastern Finland Neulaniementie 2 Kuopio 70211 Finland
| | - Sanna-Kaisa Herukka
- Department of Neurology Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Eastern Finland P.O. Box 1627 Kuopio 70211 Finland.,Neurocenter Neurology Kuopio University Hospital Kuopio Finland
| | - Johanna Kuusisto
- Institute of Clinical Medicine Internal Medicine University of Eastern Finland P.O. Box 1627 Kuopio 70211 Finland.,Kuopio University Hospital Kuopio Finland
| | - Hilkka Soininen
- Department of Neurology Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Eastern Finland P.O. Box 1627 Kuopio 70211 Finland.,Neurocenter Neurology Kuopio University Hospital Kuopio Finland
| | - Miia Kivipelto
- Department of Neurology Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Eastern Finland P.O. Box 1627 Kuopio 70211 Finland.,Division of Clinical Geriatrics Center for Alzheimer Research NVS, Karolinska Institutet Novum 5th floor Huddinge 14157 Sweden.,Department of Public Health Solutions Public Health Promotion Unit National Institute for Health and Welfare PO Box 30 Helsinki 00271 Finland
| | - Markku Laakso
- Institute of Clinical Medicine Internal Medicine University of Eastern Finland P.O. Box 1627 Kuopio 70211 Finland.,Kuopio University Hospital Kuopio Finland
| | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Institute of Biomedicine University of Eastern Finland Yliopistonranta 1 E, P.O. Box 1627 Kuopio 70211 Finland
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20
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Sarajärvi T, Jäntti M, Paldanius KMA, Natunen T, Wu JC, Mäkinen P, Tarvainen I, Tuominen RK, Talman V, Hiltunen M. Protein kinase C -activating isophthalate derivatives mitigate Alzheimer's disease-related cellular alterations. Neuropharmacology 2018; 141:76-88. [PMID: 30138694 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal protein kinase C (PKC) function contributes to many pathophysiological processes relevant for Alzheimer's disease (AD), such as amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing. Phorbol esters and other PKC activators have been demonstrated to enhance the secretion of soluble APPα (sAPPα), reduce the levels of β-amyloid (Aβ), induce synaptogenesis, and promote neuroprotection. We have previously described isophthalate derivatives as a structurally simple family of PKC activators. Here, we characterised the effects of isophthalate derivatives HMI-1a3 and HMI-1b11 on neuronal viability, neuroinflammatory response, processing of APP and dendritic spine density and morphology in in vitro. HMI-1a3 increased the viability of embryonic primary cortical neurons and decreased the production of the pro-inflammatory mediator TNFα, but not that of nitric oxide, in mouse neuron-BV2 microglia co-cultures upon LPS- and IFN-γ-induced neuroinflammation. Furthermore, both HMI-1a3 and HMI-1b11 increased the levels of sAPPα relative to total sAPP and the ratio of Aβ42/Aβ40 in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Finally, bryostatin-1, but not HMI-1a3, increased the number of mushroom spines in proportion to total spine density in mature mouse hippocampal neuron cultures. These results suggest that the PKC activator HMI-1a3 exerts neuroprotective functions in the in vitro models relevant for AD by reducing the production of TNFα and increasing the secretion of neuroprotective sAPPα.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sarajärvi
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - M Jäntti
- Drug Research Program and Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - K M A Paldanius
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - T Natunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - J C Wu
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - P Mäkinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - I Tarvainen
- Drug Research Program and Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - R K Tuominen
- Drug Research Program and Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - V Talman
- Drug Research Program and Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M Hiltunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
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21
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Martiskainen H, Paldanius KMA, Natunen T, Takalo M, Marttinen M, Leskelä S, Huber N, Mäkinen P, Bertling E, Dhungana H, Huuskonen M, Honkakoski P, Hotulainen P, Rilla K, Koistinaho J, Soininen H, Malm T, Haapasalo A, Hiltunen M. DHCR24 exerts neuroprotection upon inflammation-induced neuronal death. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:215. [PMID: 29115990 PMCID: PMC5678793 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0991-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND DHCR24, involved in the de novo synthesis of cholesterol and protection of neuronal cells against different stress conditions, has been shown to be selectively downregulated in neurons of the affected brain areas in Alzheimer's disease. METHODS Here, we investigated whether the overexpression of DHCR24 protects neurons against inflammation-induced neuronal death using co-cultures of mouse embryonic primary cortical neurons and BV2 microglial cells upon acute neuroinflammation. Moreover, the effects of DHCR24 overexpression on dendritic spine density and morphology in cultured mature mouse hippocampal neurons and on the outcome measures of ischemia-induced brain damage in vivo in mice were assessed. RESULTS Overexpression of DHCR24 reduced the loss of neurons under inflammation elicited by LPS and IFN-γ treatment in co-cultures of mouse neurons and BV2 microglial cells but did not affect the production of neuroinflammatory mediators, total cellular cholesterol levels, or the activity of proteins linked with neuroprotective signaling. Conversely, the levels of post-synaptic cell adhesion protein neuroligin-1 were significantly increased upon the overexpression of DHCR24 in basal growth conditions. Augmentation of DHCR24 also increased the total number of dendritic spines and the proportion of mushroom spines in mature mouse hippocampal neurons. In vivo, overexpression of DHCR24 in striatum reduced the lesion size measured by MRI in a mouse model of transient focal ischemia. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the augmentation of DHCR24 levels provides neuroprotection in acute stress conditions, which lead to neuronal loss in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henna Martiskainen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kaisa M A Paldanius
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Teemu Natunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mari Takalo
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikael Marttinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Stina Leskelä
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Nadine Huber
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Petra Mäkinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Enni Bertling
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hiramani Dhungana
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko Huuskonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Paavo Honkakoski
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pirta Hotulainen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kirsi Rilla
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jari Koistinaho
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hilkka Soininen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tarja Malm
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Annakaisa Haapasalo
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland. .,Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland. .,Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
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Nissinen J, Andrade P, Natunen T, Hiltunen M, Malm T, Kanninen K, Soares JI, Shatillo O, Sallinen J, Ndode-Ekane XE, Pitkänen A. Disease-modifying effect of atipamezole in a model of post-traumatic epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 2017; 136:18-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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23
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Sarajärvi T, Marttinen M, Natunen T, Kauppinen T, Mäkinen P, Helisalmi S, Laitinen M, Rauramaa T, Leinonen V, Petäjä-Repo U, Soininen H, Haapasalo A, Hiltunen M. Genetic Variation in δ-Opioid Receptor Associates with Increased β- and γ-Secretase Activity in the Late Stages of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 48:507-16. [PMID: 26402014 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The agonist-induced activation of human δ-opioid receptor (δOR) has been shown to increase β- (BACE1) and γ-secretase activities leading to increased production of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide. We have recently shown that phenylalanine to cysteine substitution at amino acid 27 in δOR (δOR-Phe27Cys) increases amyloid-β protein precursor processing through altered endocytic trafficking. Also, a genetic meta-analysis of the δOR-Phe27Cys variation (rs1042114) in two independent Alzheimer's disease (AD) patient cohorts indicated that the heterozygosity of δOR-Phe27Cys increases the risk of AD. Here, we investigated α-, β-, and γ-secretase activities in human brain with respect to δOR-Phe27Cys variation in the temporal cortex of 71 subjects with varying degree of AD-related neurofibrillary pathology (Braak stages I-VI). As a result, a significant increase in β- (p = 0.03) and γ- (p = 0.01), but not α-secretase, activities was observed in late stage AD samples (Braak stages V-VI), which were heterozygous for δOR-Phe27Cys as compared to the δOR-Phe27 and δOR-Cys27 homozygotes. The augmented β-secretase activity was not associated with increased mRNA expression or protein levels of BACE1 in the late stage AD patients, who were heterozygous for the δOR-Phe27Cys variation. These findings suggest that δOR-Phe27Cys variation modulates β- and γ-secretase activity in the late stages of AD likely via post-translational mechanisms other than alterations in the mRNA or protein levels of BACE1, or, in the expression of γ-secretase complex components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Sarajärvi
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikael Marttinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Teemu Natunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tarja Kauppinen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Petra Mäkinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Seppo Helisalmi
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marjo Laitinen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tuomas Rauramaa
- Department of Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.,Institute of Clinical Medicine - Pathology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ville Leinonen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurosurgery, University of Eastern Finland and Neurosurgery of NeuroCenter, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ulla Petäjä-Repo
- Medical Research Center Oulu and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Hilkka Soininen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Annakaisa Haapasalo
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Neurobiology, A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
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24
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Kurkinen KMA, Marttinen M, Turner L, Natunen T, Mäkinen P, Haapalinna F, Sarajärvi T, Gabbouj S, Kurki M, Paananen J, Koivisto AM, Rauramaa T, Leinonen V, Tanila H, Soininen H, Lucas FR, Haapasalo A, Hiltunen M. SEPT8 modulates β-amyloidogenic processing of APP by affecting the sorting and accumulation of BACE1. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:2224-38. [PMID: 27084579 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.185215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction and loss of synapses are early pathogenic events in Alzheimer's disease. A central step in the generation of toxic amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides is the cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β-site APP-cleaving enzyme (BACE1). Here, we have elucidated whether downregulation of septin (SEPT) protein family members, which are implicated in synaptic plasticity and vesicular trafficking, affects APP processing and Aβ generation. SEPT8 was found to reduce soluble APPβ and Aβ levels in neuronal cells through a post-translational mechanism leading to decreased levels of BACE1 protein. In the human temporal cortex, we identified alterations in the expression of specific SEPT8 transcript variants in a manner that correlated with Alzheimer's-disease-related neurofibrillary pathology. These changes were associated with altered β-secretase activity. We also discovered that the overexpression of a specific Alzheimer's-disease-associated SEPT8 transcript variant increased the levels of BACE1 and Aβ peptides in neuronal cells. These changes were related to an increased half-life of BACE1 and the localization of BACE1 in recycling endosomes. These data suggest that SEPT8 modulates β-amyloidogenic processing of APP through a mechanism affecting the intracellular sorting and accumulation of BACE1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisa M A Kurkinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikael Marttinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Laura Turner
- Eisai Ltd., Bernard Katz Building, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Teemu Natunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Petra Mäkinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Fanni Haapalinna
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Timo Sarajärvi
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sami Gabbouj
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mitja Kurki
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Neurosurgery of NeuroCenter, Kuopio University Hospital, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jussi Paananen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Neurosurgery of NeuroCenter, Kuopio University Hospital, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anne M Koivisto
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tuomas Rauramaa
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ville Leinonen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Neurosurgery of NeuroCenter, Kuopio University Hospital, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Heikki Tanila
- Department of Neurobiology, A.I. Virtanen, Institute for Molecular Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hilkka Soininen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Fiona R Lucas
- Eisai Ltd., Bernard Katz Building, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Annakaisa Haapasalo
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, 70211 Kuopio, Finland Department of Neurobiology, A.I. Virtanen, Institute for Molecular Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
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25
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Natunen T, Takalo M, Kemppainen S, Leskelä S, Marttinen M, Kurkinen KMA, Pursiheimo JP, Sarajärvi T, Viswanathan J, Gabbouj S, Solje E, Tahvanainen E, Pirttimäki T, Kurki M, Paananen J, Rauramaa T, Miettinen P, Mäkinen P, Leinonen V, Soininen H, Airenne K, Tanzi RE, Tanila H, Haapasalo A, Hiltunen M. Relationship between ubiquilin-1 and BACE1 in human Alzheimer's disease and APdE9 transgenic mouse brain and cell-based models. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 85:187-205. [PMID: 26563932 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of β-amyloid (Aβ) and phosphorylated tau in the brain are central events underlying Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Aβ is generated from amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) and γ-secretase-mediated cleavages. Ubiquilin-1, a ubiquitin-like protein, genetically associates with AD and affects APP trafficking, processing and degradation. Here, we have investigated ubiquilin-1 expression in human brain in relation to AD-related neurofibrillary pathology and the effects of ubiquilin-1 overexpression on BACE1, tau, neuroinflammation, and neuronal viability in vitro in co-cultures of mouse embryonic primary cortical neurons and microglial cells under acute neuroinflammation as well as neuronal cell lines, and in vivo in the brain of APdE9 transgenic mice at the early phase of the development of Aβ pathology. Ubiquilin-1 expression was decreased in human temporal cortex in relation to the early stages of AD-related neurofibrillary pathology (Braak stages 0-II vs. III-IV). There was a trend towards a positive correlation between ubiquilin-1 and BACE1 protein levels. Consistent with this, ubiquilin-1 overexpression in the neuron-microglia co-cultures with or without the induction of neuroinflammation resulted in a significant increase in endogenously expressed BACE1 levels. Sustained ubiquilin-1 overexpression in the brain of APdE9 mice resulted in a moderate, but insignificant increase in endogenous BACE1 levels and activity, coinciding with increased levels of soluble Aβ40 and Aβ42. BACE1 levels were also significantly increased in neuronal cells co-overexpressing ubiquilin-1 and BACE1. Ubiquilin-1 overexpression led to the stabilization of BACE1 protein levels, potentially through a mechanism involving decreased degradation in the lysosomal compartment. Ubiquilin-1 overexpression did not significantly affect the neuroinflammation response, but decreased neuronal viability in the neuron-microglia co-cultures under neuroinflammation. Taken together, these results suggest that ubiquilin-1 may mechanistically participate in AD molecular pathogenesis by affecting BACE1 and thereby APP processing and Aβ accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teemu Natunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mari Takalo
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Neurobiology, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Susanna Kemppainen
- Department of Neurobiology, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Stina Leskelä
- Department of Neurobiology, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikael Marttinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kaisa M A Kurkinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Juha-Pekka Pursiheimo
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, Turku, Finland
| | - Timo Sarajärvi
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jayashree Viswanathan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sami Gabbouj
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Eino Solje
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Eveliina Tahvanainen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tiina Pirttimäki
- Department of Neurobiology, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mitja Kurki
- Neurosurgery sIA Group, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jussi Paananen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tuomas Rauramaa
- Department of Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; Institute of Clinical Medicine - Pathology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pasi Miettinen
- Department of Neurobiology, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Petra Mäkinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ville Leinonen
- Neurosurgery of NeuroCenter, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; Neurosurgery of NeuroCenter, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hilkka Soininen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kari Airenne
- The Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Rudolph E Tanzi
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Boston, MA 02129, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, United States
| | - Heikki Tanila
- Department of Neurobiology, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Annakaisa Haapasalo
- Department of Neurobiology, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
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26
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Martiskainen H, Helisalmi S, Viswanathan J, Kurki M, Hall A, Herukka SK, Sarajärvi T, Natunen T, Kurkinen KMA, Huovinen J, Mäkinen P, Laitinen M, Koivisto AM, Mattila KM, Lehtimäki T, Remes AM, Leinonen V, Haapasalo A, Soininen H, Hiltunen M. Effects of Alzheimer's disease-associated risk loci on cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers and disease progression: a polygenic risk score approach. J Alzheimers Dis 2015; 43:565-73. [PMID: 25096612 DOI: 10.3233/jad-140777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several risk loci for Alzheimer's disease (AD) have been identified during recent years in large-scale genome-wide association studies. However, little is known about the mechanisms by which these loci influence AD pathogenesis. OBJECTIVE To investigate the individual and combined risk effects of the newly identified AD loci. METHODS Association of 12 AD risk loci with AD and AD-related cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers was assessed. Furthermore, a polygenic risk score combining the effect sizes of the top 22 risk loci in AD was calculated for each individual among the clinical and neuropathological cohorts. Effects of individual risk loci and polygenic risk scores were assessed in relation to CSF biomarker levels as well as neurofibrillary pathology and different biochemical measures related to AD pathogenesis obtained from the temporal cortex. RESULTS Polygenic risk scores associated with CSF amyloid-β42 (Aβ42) levels in the clinical cohort, and with soluble Aβ42 levels and γ-secretase activity in the neuropathological cohort. The γ-secretase effect was independent of APOE. APOE-ε4 associated with CSF Aβ42 (p < 0.001) levels. For the other risk loci, no significant associations with AD risk or CSF biomarkers were detected after multiple testing correction. CONCLUSIONS AD risk loci polygenically contribute to Aβ pathology in the CSF and temporal cortex, and this effect is potentially associated with increased γ-secretase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henna Martiskainen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Seppo Helisalmi
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jayashree Viswanathan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mitja Kurki
- Neurosurgery of NeuroCenter, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurosurgery, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anette Hall
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sanna-Kaisa Herukka
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Timo Sarajärvi
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Teemu Natunen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kaisa M A Kurkinen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jaakko Huovinen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Petra Mäkinen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marjo Laitinen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anne M Koivisto
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kari M Mattila
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Anne M Remes
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ville Leinonen
- Neurosurgery of NeuroCenter, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurosurgery, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Annakaisa Haapasalo
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hilkka Soininen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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27
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Natunen T, Martiskainen H, Sarajärvi T, Helisalmi S, Pursiheimo JP, Viswanathan J, Laitinen M, Mäkinen P, Kauppinen T, Rauramaa T, Leinonen V, Alafuzoff I, Haapasalo A, Soininen H, Hiltunen M. Effects of NR1H3 genetic variation on the expression of liver X receptor α and the progression of Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80700. [PMID: 24278306 PMCID: PMC3835410 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been postulated to involve defects in the clearance of amyloid-β (Aβ). Activation of liver X receptor α (LXRα) increases the expression of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) as well as cholesterol transporters ABCA1 and ABCG1, leading to augmented clearance of Aβ. We have previously shown that the C allele of rs7120118 in the NR1H3 gene encoding LXRα reduces the risk of AD. Here, we wanted to assess whether the rs7120118 variation affects the progression of AD and modulates the expression of NR1H3 and its downstream targets APOE, ABCA1 and ABCG1.We utilized tissue samples from the inferior temporal cortex of 87 subjects, which were subdivided according to Braak staging into mild, moderate and severe AD groups on the basis of AD-related neurofibrillary pathology. APOE ε4 allele increased soluble Aβ42 levels in the tissue samples in a dose-dependent manner, but did not affect the expression status of APOE. In contrast, the CC genotype of rs7120118 was underrepresented in the severe group, although this result did not reach statistical significance. Also, patients with the CC genotype of rs7120118 showed significantly decreased soluble Aβ42 levels as compared to the patients with TT genotype. Although the severity of AD did not affect NR1H3 expression, the mRNA levels of NR1H3 among the patients with CT genotype of rs7120118 were significantly increased as compared to the patients with TT genotype. These results suggest that genetic variation in NR1H3 modulates the expression of LXRα and the levels of soluble Aβ42.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teemu Natunen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine – Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Henna Martiskainen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine – Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Timo Sarajärvi
- Institute of Clinical Medicine – Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Seppo Helisalmi
- Institute of Clinical Medicine – Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Jayashree Viswanathan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine – Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marjo Laitinen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine – Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Petra Mäkinen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine – Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tarja Kauppinen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine – Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tuomas Rauramaa
- Department of Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, Finland and Institute of Clinical Medicine, Unit of Pathology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ville Leinonen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine – Neurosurgery, University of Eastern Finland and Neurosurgery of NeuroCenter, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Irina Alafuzoff
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Annakaisa Haapasalo
- Institute of Clinical Medicine – Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hilkka Soininen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine – Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine – Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- * E-mail:
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Kämäläinen A, Viswanathan J, Natunen T, Helisalmi S, Kauppinen T, Pikkarainen M, Pursiheimo JP, Alafuzoff I, Kivipelto M, Haapasalo A, Soininen H, Herukka SK, Hiltunen M. GRN variant rs5848 reduces plasma and brain levels of granulin in Alzheimer's disease patients. J Alzheimers Dis 2013; 33:23-7. [PMID: 22890097 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2012-120946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Genetic variants in the granulin (GRN) gene have been shown to increase the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we report that the A allele of rs5848 in GRN reduces plasma granulin levels in a dose-dependent manner in a clinically-defined AD sample cohort. Similarly, the mRNA levels of granulin were decreased with respect to A allele of rs5848 in the inferior temporal cortex of neuropathologically confirmed AD patients. Our findings suggest that the A allele of rs5848 is functionally relevant by reducing the expression of granulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kämäläinen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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Takalo M, Viswanathan J, Natunen T, Kurkinen KMA, Tanila H, Soininen H, Tanzi RE, Hiltunen M, Haapasalo A. Regulation of key proteins in Alzheimer’s disease molecular pathogenesis by ubiquilin-1. Mol Neurodegener 2013. [PMCID: PMC3847055 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-8-s1-p20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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30
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Natunen T, Parrado AR, Helisalmi S, Pursiheimo JP, Sarajärvi T, Mäkinen P, Kurkinen KM, Mullin K, Alafuzoff I, Haapasalo A, Bertram L, Soininen H, Tanzi RE, Hiltunen M. Elucidation of the BACE1 Regulating Factor GGA3 in Alzheimer's Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 37:217-32. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-130104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Teemu Natunen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine-Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Antonio R. Parrado
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Seppo Helisalmi
- Institute of Clinical Medicine-Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Timo Sarajärvi
- Institute of Clinical Medicine-Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Petra Mäkinen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine-Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kaisa M.A. Kurkinen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine-Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kristina Mullin
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Irina Alafuzoff
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Annakaisa Haapasalo
- Institute of Clinical Medicine-Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Lars Bertram
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Group, Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hilkka Soininen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine-Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Rudolph E. Tanzi
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine-Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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31
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Viswanathan J, Haapasalo A, Kurkinen KMA, Natunen T, Mäkinen P, Bertram L, Soininen H, Tanzi RE, Hiltunen M. Ubiquilin-1 Modulates γ-Secretase-Mediated ε-Site Cleavage in Neuronal Cells. Biochemistry 2013; 52:3899-912. [DOI: 10.1021/bi400138p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jayashree Viswanathan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine-Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Annakaisa Haapasalo
- Institute of Clinical Medicine-Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kaisa M. A. Kurkinen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine-Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Teemu Natunen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine-Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Petra Mäkinen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine-Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Lars Bertram
- Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin,
Germany
| | - Hilkka Soininen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine-Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Rudolph E. Tanzi
- Genetics and Aging
Research Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United
States
| | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine-Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
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Takalo M, Haapasalo A, Natunen T, Viswanathan J, Kurkinen KM, Tanzi RE, Soininen H, Hiltunen M. Targeting ubiquilin-1 in Alzheimer's disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2013; 17:795-810. [PMID: 23600477 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2013.791284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder affecting an increasing number of people worldwide as the population ages. Currently, there are no drugs available that could prevent AD pathogenesis or slow down its progression. Increasing evidence links ubiquilin-1, an ubiquitin-like protein, into the pathogenic mechanisms of AD and other neurodegenerative diseases. Ubiquilin-1 has been shown to play a key role in the regulation of the levels, subcellular targeting, aggregation and degradation of various neurodegenerative disease-associated proteins. These include the amyloid precursor protein and presenilins that are intimately involved in the mechanisms of AD. AREAS COVERED Here, the properties and diverse functions of ubiquilin-1 protein in the context of the pathogenesis of AD and other neurodegenerative disorders are discussed. This review recapitulates the available knowledge on the involvement of ubiquilin-1 in the genetic and molecular mechanisms in AD. Furthermore, the association of ubiquilin-1 with specific proteins and mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases is described and the known ubiquilin-1-interacting proteins summarized. EXPERT OPINION The variety of ubiquilin-1-interacting proteins and its central role in the regulation of protein levels and degradation provides a number of novel candidates and approaches for future research and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Takalo
- Institute of Clinical Medicine-Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
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Elias-Sonnenschein LS, Helisalmi S, Natunen T, Hall A, Paajanen T, Herukka SK, Laitinen M, Remes AM, Koivisto AM, Mattila KM, Lehtimäki T, Verhey FRJ, Visser PJ, Soininen H, Hiltunen M. Genetic loci associated with Alzheimer's disease and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in a Finnish case-control cohort. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59676. [PMID: 23573206 PMCID: PMC3616106 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives To understand the relation between risk genes for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and their influence on biomarkers for AD, we examined the association of AD in the Finnish cohort with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from top AlzGene loci, genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and candidate gene studies; and tested the correlation between these SNPs and AD markers Aβ1–42, total tau (t-tau), and phosphorylated tau (p-tau) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Methods We tested 25 SNPs for genetic association with clinical AD in our cohort comprised of 890 AD patients and 701-age matched healthy controls using logistic regression. For the correlational study with biomarkers, we tested 36 SNPs in a subset of 222 AD patients with available CSF using mixed models. Statistical analyses were adjusted for age, gender and APOE status. False discovery rate for multiple testing was applied. All participants were from academic hospital and research institutions in Finland. Results APOE-ε4, CLU rs11136000, and MS4A4A rs2304933 correlated with significantly decreased Aβ1–42 (corrected p<0.05). At an uncorrected p<0.05, PPP3R1 rs1868402 and MAPT rs2435211 were related with increased t-tau; while SORL1 rs73595277 and MAPT rs16940758, with increased p-tau. Only TOMM40 rs2075650 showed association with clinical AD after adjusting for APOE-ε4 (p = 0.007), but not after multiple test correction (p>0.05). Conclusions We provide evidence that APOE-ε4, CLU and MS4A4A, which have been identified in GWAS to be associated with AD, also significantly reduced CSF Aβ1–42 in AD. None of the other AlzGene and GWAS loci showed significant effects on CSF tau. The effects of other SNPs on CSF biomarkers and clinical AD diagnosis did not reach statistical significance. Our findings suggest that APOE-ε4, CLU and MS4A4A influence both AD risk and CSF Aβ1–42.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyzel S. Elias-Sonnenschein
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Seppo Helisalmi
- Institute of Clinical Medicine-Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | - Teemu Natunen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine-Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anette Hall
- Institute of Clinical Medicine-Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Teemu Paajanen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine-Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sanna-Kaisa Herukka
- Institute of Clinical Medicine-Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marjo Laitinen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine-Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anne M. Remes
- Institute of Clinical Medicine-Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anne M. Koivisto
- Institute of Clinical Medicine-Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kari M. Mattila
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Frans R. J. Verhey
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter Jelle Visser
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hilkka Soininen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine-Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine-Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
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Natunen T, Helisalmi S, Vepsäläinen S, Sarajärvi T, Antikainen L, Mäkinen P, Herukka SK, Koivisto AM, Haapasalo A, Soininen H, Hiltunen M. Genetic analysis of genes involved in amyloid-β degradation and clearance in Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2012; 28:553-9. [PMID: 22027013 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2011-111109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) in the brain of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients has been postulated to reflect defects in Aβ degradation or clearance. Here, we selected 12 genes (MMEL1, ECE1, ECE2, AGER, PLG, PLAT, NR1H3, MMP3, LRP1, TTR, NR1H2, and MMP9) involved in Aβ catabolism on the basis of PubMed-based literature search and elucidated their genetic role in AD among Finnish case-control cohort consisting of total ∼1,300 AD patients and control subjects. Thirty one single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were selected for genotyping. In a smaller subset of AD patients, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of Aβ42 (n = 124), total-tau (n = 59), and phospho-tau (n = 54) analyses were performed with respect to SNPs. Moreover, age of onset analyses with respect to the studied SNPs were conducted among the AD patient cohort (n = 642). Association analysis of the liver X receptor α (NR1H3) gene SNPs showed a protective effect for C allele carriers of rs7120118 (OR = 0.70, 95% CI 0.53-0.93), while the total-tau and phospho-tau levels in CSF were decreased in AD patients carrying the C allele. Also, a decrease in the age of onset was observed in AD patients carrying the A allele of rs723744 and the C allele of rs3794884 in transthyretin (TTR) gene. However, after adjusting the p-values for multiple comparisons, these results were not statistically significant, suggesting that genetic variations in MMEL1, ECE1, ECE2, AGER, PLG, PLAT, NR1H3, MMP3, LRP1, TTR, NR1H2, and MMP9 genes do not play major role among the Finnish AD patient cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teemu Natunen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
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Garnham JC, Saunders L, Stainton-Ellis DM, Franklin C, Volans G, Turner P, Natunen T. The effect of repeated administration of diftalone on enzyme induction. J Pharm Pharmacol 1978; 30:407-9. [PMID: 27604 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1978.tb13275.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Plasma concentrations of diftalone have been examined in normal volunteers after a single dose (500 mg) and after 500 mg doses given twice daily for one week. An increase in post dosing urinary excretion of D-glucaric acid showed a correlation with the ratio of calculated to observed areas under the plasma concentration, time curve following the final dose in the multiple dosing studies, indicating that hepatic microsomal enzymes are induced after repeated administration of the drug. Single dose studies in the presence of aluminium hydroxide and sodium bicarbonate showed that the antacids had no significant effect on the absorption of diftalone.
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Abstract
The four parameter equation, applicable to drug absorption kinetics over a limited time period, has been used to interpret plasma concentration, time results following oral dosage with three different formulations of sulphadiazine tablets, to each of five subjects. Assessment parameters for the formulations, the time for ten percent absorption, the time interval between 10-90% absorption and the plasma concentration with no disposition (relative availability) have been estimated. Intersubject variation obscured many of the differences between formulations. To blank off this variation, plasma concentrations at each time were averaged and then random variation corresponding to the error of the assay method was applied so as to generate a number of sets of data which including the mean concentrations was equal to the number of sets in the original measurements. Kinetic analysis of these sets indicated a number of significant differences between the formulations.
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Abstract
A method has been developed for assessing absorption parameters from plasma concentration-time results taken over a relatively short time period. In this method, the disposition function is simplified so as to reduce the number of parameters to be evaluated from the five of the two compartment disposition equation of four, and to avoid the requirement for the evaluation of a slow disposition rate constant. The measurments need not therefore be continued over a period long after absorption is complete. A suitable design for kinetic experiments using this method for interpreting the results, is described. A random noise statistical method is proposed for assessing the stability of the calculated parameters.
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Gilbert JN, Natunen T, Powell JW, Saunders L. A kinetic study of human urinary excretion results for butobarbitone and its metabolites. J Pharm Pharmacol 1974; 26 Suppl:16P-23P. [PMID: 4156729 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1974.tb10072.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Experimentally determined concentrations of butobarbitone, and three or its metabolites, in the urine of two volunteers, have been studied using a computer technique, which tests the data for limited capacity or first order kinetics. In both volunteers, the 3′-hydroxy and the 3′-oxo metabolites follow limited capacity kinetics for the first few days of excretion, and unchanged butobarbitone follows first order kinetics. Differing results were found for the two persons with the 3′-carboxylic acid metabolite. An additional calculation is proposed when applying the Levy method for interpreting limited capacity kinetics to data where drug recovery is incomplete.
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Saunders L, Natunen T. A stable method for calculating oral drug absorption rate constants with two compartment disposition. J Pharm Pharmacol 1973; 25:Suppl:44P-51P. [PMID: 4150591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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40
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Saunders L, Natunen T. A structural least squares method for oral absorption constants. J Pharm Pharmacol 1972; 24:Suppl:162P-163. [PMID: 4144891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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41
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Saunders L, Natunen T. A statistical approach to pharmacokinetic calculations. J Pharm Pharmacol 1972; 24:Suppl:94P-99P. [PMID: 4121807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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