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André S, Verteneuil S, Ris L, Kahvecioglu ZC, Nonclercq D, De Winter J, Vander Elst L, Laurent S, Muller RN, Burtea C. Modulation of Cytosolic Phospholipase A2 as a Potential Therapeutic Strategy for Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2023; 7:1395-1426. [PMID: 38225969 PMCID: PMC10789292 DOI: 10.3233/adr-230075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder lacking any curative treatment up to now. Indeed, actual medication given to the patients alleviates only symptoms. The cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2-IVA) appears as a pivotal player situated at the center of pathological pathways leading to AD and its inhibition could be a promising therapeutic approach. Objective A cPLA2-IVA inhibiting peptide was identified in the present work, aiming to develop an original therapeutic strategy. Methods We targeted the cPLA2-IVA using the phage display technology. The hit peptide PLP25 was first validated in vitro (arachidonic acid dosage [AA], cPLA2-IVA cellular translocation) before being tested in vivo. We evaluated spatial memory using the Barnes maze, amyloid deposits by MRI and immunohistochemistry (IHC), and other important biomarkers such as the cPLA2-IVA itself, the NMDA receptor, AβPP and tau by IHC after i.v. injection in APP/PS1 mice. Results Showing a high affinity for the C2 domain of this enzyme, the peptide PLP25 exhibited an inhibitory effect on cPLA2-IVA activity by blocking its binding to its substrate, resulting in a decreased release of AA. Coupled to a vector peptide (LRPep2) in order to optimize brain access, we showed an improvement of cognitive abilities of APP/PS1 mice, which also exhibited a decreased number of amyloid plaques, a restored expression of cPLA2-IVA, and a favorable effect on NMDA receptor expression and tau protein phosphorylation. Conclusions cPLA2-IVA inhibition through PLP25 peptide could be a promising therapeutic strategy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine André
- General, Organic and Biomedical Chemistry Unit, NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Sébastien Verteneuil
- General, Organic and Biomedical Chemistry Unit, NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Laurence Ris
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Mons, Research Institute for Health Science and Technologies, Mons, Belgium
| | - Zehra-Cagla Kahvecioglu
- General, Organic and Biomedical Chemistry Unit, NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | | | - Julien De Winter
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory (SMOs), University of Mons-UMONS, Mons, Belgium
| | - Luce Vander Elst
- General, Organic and Biomedical Chemistry Unit, NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Sophie Laurent
- General, Organic and Biomedical Chemistry Unit, NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
- Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Robert N. Muller
- General, Organic and Biomedical Chemistry Unit, NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
- Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Carmen Burtea
- General, Organic and Biomedical Chemistry Unit, NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
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Hu D, Dong X, Wang Q, Liu M, Luo S, Meng Z, Feng Z, Zhou W, Song W. PCP4 Promotes Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis by Affecting Amyloid-β Protein Precursor Processing. J Alzheimers Dis 2023:JAD230192. [PMID: 37302034 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Down syndrome (DS) is caused by an extra copy of all or part of chromosome 21. The patients with DS develop typical Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathology, indicating the role of genes on human chromosome 21 (HSA21) in the pathogenesis of AD. Purkinje cell protein 4 (PCP4), also known as brain-specific protein 19, is a critical gene located on HSA21. However, the role of PCP4 in DS and AD pathogenesis is not clear. OBJECTIVE To explore the role of PCP4 in amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) processing in AD. METHODS In this study, we investigated the role of PCP4 in AD progression in vitro and in vivo. In vitro experiments, we overexpressed PCP4 in human Swedish mutant AβPP stable expression or neural cell lines. In vitro experiments, APP23/PS45 double transgenic mice were selected and treated with AAV-PCP4. Multiple topics were detected by western blot, RT-PCR, immunohistochemical and behavioral test. RESULTS We found that PCP4 expression was altered in AD. PCP4 was overexpressed in APP23/PS45 transgenic mice and PCP4 affected the processing of AβPP. The production of amyloid-β protein (Aβ) was also promoted by PCP4. The upregulation of endogenous AβPP expression and the downregulation of ADAM10 were due to the transcriptional regulation of PCP4. In addition, PCP4 increased Aβ deposition and neural plaque formation in the brain, and exuberated learning and memory impairment in transgenic AD model mice. CONCLUSION Our finding reveals that PCP4 contributes to the pathogenesis of AD by affecting AβPP processing and suggests PCP4 as a novel therapeutic target for AD by targeting Aβ pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjie Hu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiangjun Dong
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qunxian Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mingjing Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuyue Luo
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zijun Meng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zijuan Feng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Weihui Zhou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Weihong Song
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Aging, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, School of Mental Health and the Affiliated Wenzhou Kangning Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Oujiang Laboratory Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Balietti M, Casoli T, Giorgetti B, Colangeli R, Nicoletti C, Solazzi M, Pugliese A, Conti F. Generation and Characterization of the First Murine Model of Alzheimer's Disease with Mutated AβPP Inserted in a BALB/c Background (C.B6/J-APPswe). J Alzheimers Dis 2023:JAD230195. [PMID: 37182890 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are available, but all suffer from certain limitations, thus prompting further attempts. To date, no one model exists with amyloidopathy in a BALB/c strain. OBJECTIVE To generate and characterize the C.B6/J-APPswe mouse, a model of AD with a mutated human gene for the amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) inserted in a BALB/c background. METHODS We analyzed five groups at different ages (3, 6, 9, 12, and 16-18 months) of C.B6/J-APPswe and wild-type mice (50% males and 50% females) for the main hallmarks of AD by western blotting, amyloid-β (Aβ) ELISA, immunocytochemistry, electrophysiology, and behavioral tests. RESULTS The C.B6/J-APPswe mouse displays early AβPP and Aβ production, late amyloid plaques formation, high level of tau phosphorylation, synaptic deficits (reduced density and functional impairment due to a reduced post-synaptic responsiveness), neurodegeneration caused by apoptosis and necroptosis/necrosis, microgliosis, astrocytic abnormalities, and sex-related differences in explorative behavior, anxiety-like behavior, and spatial long-term and working memories. Social housing is feasible despite the intra-cage aggressiveness of male animals. CONCLUSION C.B6/J-APPswe mice develop most of the distinctive features of AD and is a suitable model for the study of brain atrophy mechanisms and of the differences between males and females in the onset of cognitive/non-cognitive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Balietti
- Center for Neurobiology of Aging, IRCCS INRCA, Ancona, Italy
| | - Tiziana Casoli
- Center for Neurobiology of Aging, IRCCS INRCA, Ancona, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Colangeli
- Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Cristina Nicoletti
- Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Moreno Solazzi
- Center for Neurobiology of Aging, IRCCS INRCA, Ancona, Italy
| | - Arianna Pugliese
- Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Fiorenzo Conti
- Center for Neurobiology of Aging, IRCCS INRCA, Ancona, Italy
- Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
- Fondazione di Medicina Molecolare e Terapia Cellulare, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
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Cheng J, Zheng H, Liu C, Jin J, Xing Z, Wu Y. Age-Associated UBE2O Reduction Promotes Neuronal Death in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2023:JAD221143. [PMID: 37182872 DOI: 10.3233/jad-221143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease leading to dementia in the elderly. Ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) is critical for protein homeostasis, while the functional decline of UPS with age contributes to the pathogenesis of AD. Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2O (UBE2O), an E2-E3 hybrid enzyme, is a major component of UPS. However, its role in AD pathogenesis has not been fully defined. OBJECTIVE We aimed to identify the age-associated expression of UBE2O and its role AD pathogenesis. METHODS Western blot analysis were used to assess expression of UBE2O in organs/tissues and cell lines. Immunofluorescence staining was performed to examine the cellular distribution of UBE2O. Neuronal death was determined by the activity of lactate dehydrogenase. RESULTS UBE2O is highly expressed in the cortex and hippocampus. It is predominantly expressed in neurons but not in glial cells. The peak expression of UBE2O is at postnatal day 17 and 14 in the cortex and hippocampus, respectively. Moreover its expression is gradually reduced with age. Importantly, UBE2O is significantly reduced in both cortex and hippocampus of AD mice. Consistently, overexpression of amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) with a pathogenic mutation (AβPPswe) for AD reduces the expression of UBE2O and promotes neuronal death, while increased expression of UBE2O rescues AβPPswe-induced neuronal death. CONCLUSION Our study indicates that age-associated reduction of UBE2O may facilitates neuronal death in AD, while increasing UBE2O expression or activity may be a potential approach for AD treatment by inhibiting neuronal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cheng
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Behavioral Medicine, School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Huancheng Zheng
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Behavioral Medicine, School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Chenyu Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Alberta Institute, School of Mental Health and The Affiliated Kangning Hospital, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Oujiang Laboratory Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiabin Jin
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, School of Mental Health and The Affiliated Wenzhou Kangning Hospital, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Oujiang Laboratory Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhenkai Xing
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Behavioral Medicine, School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Yili Wu
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, School of Mental Health and The Affiliated Wenzhou Kangning Hospital, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Oujiang Laboratory Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis, Treatment & Behavioral Interventions of Mental Disorders, Institute of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
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Abstract
Recently, we proposed the Amyloid Cascade Hypothesis 2.0 (ACH2.0), a reformulation of the ACH. In the former, in contrast to the latter, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is driven by intraneuronal amyloid-β (iAβ) and occurs in two stages. In the first, relatively benign stage, Aβ protein precursor (AβPP)-derived iAβ activates, upon reaching a critical threshold, the AβPP-independent iAβ-generating pathway, triggering a devastating second stage resulting in neuronal death. While the ACH2.0 remains aligned with the ACH premise that Aβ is toxic, the toxicity is exerted because of intra- rather than extracellular Aβ. In this framework, a once-in-a-lifetime-only iAβ depletion treatment via transient activation of BACE1 and/or BACE2 (exploiting their Aβ-cleaving activities) or by any means appears to be the best therapeutic strategy for AD. Whereas the notion of differentially derived iAβ being the principal moving force at both AD stages is both plausible and elegant, a possibility remains that the second AD stage is enabled by an AβPP-derived iAβ-activated self-sustaining mechanism producing a yet undefined deleterious "substance X" (sX) which anchors the second AD stage. The present study generalizes the ACH2.0 by incorporating this possibility and shows that, in this scenario, the iAβ depletion therapy may be ineffective at symptomatic AD stages but fully retains its preventive potential for both AD and the aging-associated cognitive decline, which is defined in the ACH2.0 framework as the extended first stage of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Volloch
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA,Correspondence to: Vladimir Volloch, Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. and Sophia Rits-Volloch, Division of Molecular Medicine, Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. E-mail:
| | - Sophia Rits-Volloch
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Lardelli M. An Alternative View of Familial Alzheimer's Disease Genetics. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 96:13-39. [PMID: 37718800 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Probabilistic and parsimony-based arguments regarding available genetics data are used to propose that Hardy and Higgin's amyloid cascade hypothesis is valid but is commonly interpreted too narrowly to support, incorrectly, the primacy of the amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) in driving Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. Instead, increased activity of the βCTF (C99) fragment of AβPP is the critical pathogenic determinant altered by mutations in the APP gene. This model is consistent with the regulation of APP mRNA translation via its 5' iron responsive element. Similar arguments support that the pathological effects of familial Alzheimer's disease mutations in the genes PSEN1 and PSEN2 are not exerted directly via changes in AβPP cleavage to produce different ratios of Aβ length. Rather, these mutations likely act through effects on presenilin holoprotein conformation and function, and possibly the formation and stability of multimers of presenilin holoprotein and/or of the γ-secretase complex. All fAD mutations in APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2 likely find unity of pathological mechanism in their actions on endolysosomal acidification and mitochondrial function, with detrimental effects on iron homeostasis and promotion of "pseudo-hypoxia" being of central importance. Aβ production is enhanced and distorted by oxidative stress and accumulates due to decreased lysosomal function. It may act as a disease-associated molecular pattern enhancing oxidative stress-driven neuroinflammation during the cognitive phase of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lardelli
- Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Witucki Ł, Borowczyk K, Suszyńska-Zajczyk J, Warzych E, Pawlak P, Jakubowski H. Deletion of the Homocysteine Thiolactone Detoxifying Enzyme Bleomycin Hydrolase, in Mice, Causes Memory and Neurological Deficits and Worsens Alzheimer's Disease-Related Behavioral and Biochemical Traits in the 5xFAD Model of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 95:1735-1755. [PMID: 37718819 PMCID: PMC10578231 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bleomycin hydrolase (BLMH), a homocysteine (Hcy)-thiolactone detoxifying enzyme, is attenuated in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains. Blmh loss causes astrogliosis in mice while the loss of histone demethylase Phf8, which controls mTOR signaling, causes neuropathy in mice and humans. OBJECTIVE To examine how Blmh gene deletion affects the Phf8/H4K20me1/mTOR/autophagy pathway, amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation, and cognitive/neuromotor performance in mice. METHODS We generated a new mouse model of AD, the Blmh-/-5xFAD mouse. Behavioral assessments were conducted by cognitive/neuromotor testing. Blmh and Phf8 genes were silenced in mouse neuroblastoma N2a-APPswe cells by RNA interference. mTOR- and autophagy-related proteins, and AβPP were quantified by western blotting and the corresponding mRNAs by RT-qPCR. Aβ was quantified by western blotting (brains) and by confocal microscopy (cells). RESULTS Behavioral testing showed cognitive/neuromotor deficits in Blmh-/- and Blmh-/-5xFAD mice. Phf8 was transcriptionally downregulated in Blmh-/- and Blmh-/-5xFAD brains. H4K20me1, mTOR, phospho-mTOR, and AβPP were upregulated while autophagy markers Becn1, Atg5, and Atg7 were downregulated in Blmh-/- and Blmh-/-5xFAD brains. Aβ was elevated in Blmh-/-5xFAD brains. These biochemical changes were recapitulated in Blmh-silenced N2a-APPswe cells, which also showed increased H4K20me1-mTOR promoter binding and impaired autophagy flux (Lc3-I, Lc3-II, p62). Phf8-silencing or treatments with Hcy-thiolactone or N-Hcy-protein, metabolites elevated in Blmh-/- mice, induced biochemical changes in N2a-APPswe cells like those induced by the Blmh-silencing. However, Phf8-silencing elevated Aβ without affecting AβPP. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that Blmh interacts with AβPP and the Phf8/H4K20me1/mTOR/autophagy pathway, and that disruption of those interactions causes Aβ accumulation and cognitive/neuromotor deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Witucki
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School, International Center for Public Health, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Kamila Borowczyk
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School, International Center for Public Health, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Joanna Suszyńska-Zajczyk
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Ewelina Warzych
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Piotr Pawlak
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Hieronim Jakubowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School, International Center for Public Health, Newark, NJ, USA
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Rogers JT, Cahill CM. Iron Responsiveness to Lysosomal Disruption: A Novel Pathway to Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 96:41-45. [PMID: 37781810 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Familial Alzheimer's disease (fAD) mutations in the amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) enhance brain AβPP C-Terminal Fragment (CTF) levels to inhibit lysosomal v-ATPase. Consequent disrupted acidification of the endolysosomal pathway may trigger brain iron deficiencies and mitochondrial dysfunction. The iron responsive element (IRE) in the 5'Untranslated-region of AβPP mRNA should be factored into this cycle where reduced bioavailable Fe-II would decrease IRE-dependent AβPP translation and levels of APP-CTFβ in a cycle to adaptively restore iron homeostasis while increases of transferrin-receptors is evident. In healthy younger individuals, Fe-dependent translational modulation of AβPP is part of the neuroprotective function of sAβPPα with its role in iron transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack T Rogers
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital (East), and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Catherine M Cahill
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital (East), and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
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Sharma N, Banerjee R, Davis RL. Early Mitochondrial Defects in the 5xFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 91:1323-1338. [PMID: 36617782 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondrial (MT) dysfunction is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Amyloid-β protein precursor and amyloid-β peptides localize to MT and lead to MT dysfunction in familial forms of AD. This dysfunction may trigger subsequent types of pathology. OBJECTIVE To identify the MT phenotypes that occur early in order to help understand the cascade of AD pathophysiology. METHODS The 5xFAD mouse model was used to explore the time course of MT pathologies in both sexes. Protein biomarkers for MT dynamics were measured biochemically and MT function was measured using oxygen consumption and ATP assays. RESULTS We discovered progressive alterations in mitochondrial dynamics (biogenesis, fission, fusion, and mitophagy) and function (O2 consumption, ATP generation, and Ca2+ import) in the hippocampus of 5xFAD mice in both sexes as early as 2 months of age. Thus, mitochondrial dynamics and function become altered at young ages, consistent with an early role for mitochondria in the AD pathological cascade. CONCLUSION Our study offers the baseline information required to understand the hierarchical relationship between the multiple pathologies that develop in this mouse model and provides early biomarkers for MT dysfunction. This will aid in dissecting the temporal cascade of pathologies, understanding sex-specific differences, and in testing the efficacy of putative mitochondrial therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelam Sharma
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida Scripps Biomedical Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Rupkatha Banerjee
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida Scripps Biomedical Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Ronald L Davis
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida Scripps Biomedical Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
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10
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Abstract
The immune system plays a critical role in neurodegenerative processes involved in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In this study, a gene-based immunotherapeutic method examined the effects of anti-inflammatory cellular immune response elements (CIREs) in the amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) mouse model. Bi-monthly intramuscular administration, beginning at either 4 or 6 months, and examined at 7.5 through 16 months, with plasmids encoding Interleukin (IL)-10, IL-4, TGF-β polynucleotides, or a combination thereof, into AβPP mice improved spatial memory performance. This work demonstrates an efficient gene therapy strategy to downregulate neuroinflammation, and possibly prevent or delay cognitive decline in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai June Yoo
- Korea Allergy Clinic, KangNam Gu, Seoul, South Korea.,University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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11
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Crestini A, Santilli F, Martellucci S, Carbone E, Sorice M, Piscopo P, Mattei V. Prions and Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Focus on Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 85:503-518. [PMID: 34864675 DOI: 10.3233/jad-215171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Specific protein misfolding and aggregation are mechanisms underlying various neurodegenerative diseases such as prion disease and Alzheimer's disease (AD). The misfolded proteins are involved in prions, amyloid-β (Aβ), tau, and α-synuclein disorders; they share common structural, biological, and biochemical characteristics, as well as similar mechanisms of aggregation and self-propagation. Pathological features of AD include the appearance of plaques consisting of deposition of protein Aβ and neurofibrillary tangles formed by the hyperphosphorylated tau protein. Although it is not clear how protein aggregation leads to AD, we are learning that the cellular prion protein (PrPC) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of AD. Herein, we first examined the pathogenesis of prion and AD with a focus on the contribution of PrPC to the development of AD. We analyzed the mechanisms that lead to the formation of a high affinity bond between Aβ oligomers (AβOs) and PrPC. Also, we studied the role of PrPC as an AβO receptor that initiates an AβO-induced signal cascade involving mGluR5, Fyn, Pyk2, and eEF2K linking Aβ and tau pathologies, resulting in the death of neurons in the central nervous system. Finally, we have described how the PrPC-AβOs interaction can be used as a new potential therapeutic target for the treatment of PrPC-dependent AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Crestini
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Santilli
- Biomedicine and Advanced Technologies Rieti Center, "Sabina Universitas", Rieti, Italy.,Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Martellucci
- Biomedicine and Advanced Technologies Rieti Center, "Sabina Universitas", Rieti, Italy
| | - Elena Carbone
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Sorice
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Piscopo
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Mattei
- Biomedicine and Advanced Technologies Rieti Center, "Sabina Universitas", Rieti, Italy.,Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University, Rome, Italy
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12
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Torres AK, Jara C, Park-Kang HS, Polanco CM, Tapia D, Alarcón F, de la Peña A, Llanquinao J, Vargas-Mardones G, Indo JA, Inestrosa NC, Tapia-Rojas C. Synaptic Mitochondria: An Early Target of Amyloid-β and Tau in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 84:1391-1414. [PMID: 34719499 DOI: 10.3233/jad-215139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by cognitive impairment and the presence of neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques in the brain. Neurofibrillary tangles are composed of hyperphosphorylated tau, while senile plaques are formed by amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide. The amyloid hypothesis proposes that Aβ accumulation is primarily responsible for the neurotoxicity in AD. Multiple Aβ-mediated toxicity mechanisms have been proposed including mitochondrial dysfunction. However, it is unclear if it precedes Aβ accumulation or if is a consequence of it. Aβ promotes mitochondrial failure. However, amyloid β precursor protein (AβPP) could be cleaved in the mitochondria producing Aβ peptide. Mitochondrial-produced Aβ could interact with newly formed ones or with Aβ that enter the mitochondria, which may induce its oligomerization and contribute to further mitochondrial alterations, resulting in a vicious cycle. Another explanation for AD is the tau hypothesis, in which modified tau trigger toxic effects in neurons. Tau induces mitochondrial dysfunction by indirect and apparently by direct mechanisms. In neurons mitochondria are classified as non-synaptic or synaptic according to their localization, where synaptic mitochondrial function is fundamental supporting neurotransmission and hippocampal memory formation. Here, we focus on synaptic mitochondria as a primary target for Aβ toxicity and/or formation, generating toxicity at the synapse and contributing to synaptic and memory impairment in AD. We also hypothesize that phospho-tau accumulates in mitochondria and triggers dysfunction. Finally, we discuss that synaptic mitochondrial dysfunction occur in aging and correlates with age-related memory loss. Therefore, synaptic mitochondrial dysfunction could be a predisposing factor for AD or an early marker of its onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angie K Torres
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Aging, Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebasti´n Sede Los Leones, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia Jara
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Aging, Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebasti´n Sede Los Leones, Santiago, Chile
| | - Han S Park-Kang
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Aging, Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebasti´n Sede Los Leones, Santiago, Chile
| | - Catalina M Polanco
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Aging, Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebasti´n Sede Los Leones, Santiago, Chile
| | - Diego Tapia
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Aging, Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebasti´n Sede Los Leones, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fabián Alarcón
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Aging, Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebasti´n Sede Los Leones, Santiago, Chile
| | - Adely de la Peña
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Aging, Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebasti´n Sede Los Leones, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jesus Llanquinao
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Aging, Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebasti´n Sede Los Leones, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gabriela Vargas-Mardones
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Aging, Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebasti´n Sede Los Leones, Santiago, Chile
| | - Javiera A Indo
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Aging, Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebasti´n Sede Los Leones, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nibaldo C Inestrosa
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Cheril Tapia-Rojas
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Aging, Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebasti´n Sede Los Leones, Santiago, Chile
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13
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Song XJ, Zhou HY, Sun YY, Huang HC. Phosphorylation and Glycosylation of Amyloid-β Protein Precursor: The Relationship to Trafficking and Cleavage in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 84:937-957. [PMID: 34602469 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder in the central nervous system, and this disease is characterized by extracellular senile plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles. Amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide is the main constituent of senile plaques, and this peptide is derived from the amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) through the successive cleaving by β-site AβPP-cleavage enzyme 1 (BACE1) and γ-secretase. AβPP undergoes the progress of post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation and glycosylation, which might affect the trafficking and the cleavage of AβPP. In the recent years, about 10 phosphorylation sites of AβPP were identified, and they play complex roles in glycosylation modification and cleavage of AβPP. In this article, we introduced the transport and the cleavage pathways of AβPP, then summarized the phosphorylation and glycosylation sites of AβPP, and further discussed the links and relationship between phosphorylation and glycosylation on the pathways of AβPP trafficking and cleavage in order to provide theoretical basis for AD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Jun Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing, China.,Research Institute of Functional Factors and Brain Science, Beijing Union University, Beijing, China
| | - He-Yan Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing, China.,Research Institute of Functional Factors and Brain Science, Beijing Union University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Ying Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing, China.,Research Institute of Functional Factors and Brain Science, Beijing Union University, Beijing, China
| | - Han-Chang Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing, China.,Research Institute of Functional Factors and Brain Science, Beijing Union University, Beijing, China
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14
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Squitti R, Faller P, Hureau C, Granzotto A, White AR, Kepp KP. Copper Imbalance in Alzheimer's Disease and Its Link with the Amyloid Hypothesis: Towards a Combined Clinical, Chemical, and Genetic Etiology. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 83:23-41. [PMID: 34219710 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The cause of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is incompletely defined. To date, no mono-causal treatment has so far reached its primary clinical endpoints, probably due to the complexity and diverse neuropathology contributing to the neurodegenerative process. In the present paper, we describe the plausible etiological role of copper (Cu) imbalance in the disease. Cu imbalance is strongly associated with neurodegeneration in dementia, but a complete biochemical etiology consistent with the clinical, chemical, and genetic data is required to support a causative association, rather than just correlation with disease. We hypothesize that a Cu imbalance in the aging human brain evolves as a gradual shift from bound metal ion pools, associated with both loss of energy production and antioxidant function, to pools of loosely bound metal ions, involved in gain-of-function oxidative stress, a shift that may be aggravated by chemical aging. We explain how this may cause mitochondrial deficits, energy depletion of high-energy demanding neurons, and aggravated protein misfolding/oligomerization to produce different clinical consequences shaped by the severity of risk factors, additional comorbidities, and combinations with other types of pathology. Cu imbalance should be viewed and integrated with concomitant genetic risk factors, aging, metabolic abnormalities, energetic deficits, neuroinflammation, and the relation to tau, prion proteins, α-synuclein, TAR DNA binding protein-43 (TDP-43) as well as systemic comorbidity. Specifically, the Amyloid Hypothesis is strongly intertwined with Cu imbalance because amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP)/Aβ are probable Cu/Zn binding proteins with a potential role as natural Cu/Zn buffering proteins (loss of function), and via the plausible pathogenic role of Cu-Aβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Squitti
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Peter Faller
- Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Alberto Granzotto
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.,Center for Advanced Sciences and Technology (CAST), University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences (DNISC), Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Anthony R White
- Mental Health Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Kasper P Kepp
- DTU Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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15
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Yu Y, Gao Y, Winblad B, Tjernberg LO, Schedin-Weiss S. A Super-Resolved View of the Alzheimer's Disease-Related Amyloidogenic Pathway in Hippocampal Neurons. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 83:833-852. [PMID: 34366358 PMCID: PMC8543249 DOI: 10.3233/jad-215008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Processing of the amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) is neurophysiologically important due to the resulting fragments that regulate synapse biology, as well as potentially harmful due to generation of the 42 amino acid long amyloid β-peptide (Aβ42), which is a key player in Alzheimer's disease. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to clarify the subcellular locations of the fragments involved in the amyloidogenic pathway in primary neurons with a focus on Aβ42 and its immediate substrate AβPP C-terminal fragment (APP-CTF). To overcome the difficulties of resolving these compartments due to their small size, we used super-resolution microscopy. METHODS Mouse primary hippocampal neurons were immunolabelled and imaged by stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy, including three-dimensional three-channel imaging, and quantitative image analyses. RESULTS The first (β-secretase) and second (γ-secretase) cleavages of AβPP were localized to functionally and distally distinct compartments. The β-secretase cleavage was observed in early endosomes in soma, where we were able to show that the liberated N- and C-terminal fragments were sorted into distinct vesicles budding from the early endosomes. Lack of colocalization of Aβ42 and APP-CTF in soma suggested that γ-secretase cleavage occurs in neurites. Indeed, APP-CTF was, in line with Aβ42 in our previous study, enriched in the presynapse but absent from the postsynapse. In contrast, full-length AβPP was not detected in either the pre- or the postsynaptic side of the synapse. Furthermore, we observed that endogenously produced and endocytosed Aβ42 were localized in different compartments. CONCLUSION These findings provide critical super-resolved insight into amyloidogenic AβPP processing in primary neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Yang Gao
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Bengt Winblad
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden.,Theme Inflammation and Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Lars O Tjernberg
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Sophia Schedin-Weiss
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
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16
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Liang Y, Raven F, Ward JF, Zhen S, Zhang S, Sun H, Miller SJ, Choi SH, Tanzi RE, Zhang C. Upregulation of Alzheimer's Disease Amyloid-β Protein Precursor in Astrocytes Both in vitro and in vivo. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 76:1071-1082. [PMID: 32597805 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The amyloid cascade hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) posits that amyloid-β (Aβ) protein accumulation underlies the pathogenesis of the disease by leading to the formation of amyloid plaques, a pathologic hallmark of AD. Aβ is a proteolytic product of amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP; APP), which is expressed in both neurons and astrocytes. Although considerable evidence shows that astrocytes may play critical roles in the pathogenesis of AD, the longitudinal changes of amyloid plaques in relationship to AβPP expression in astrocytes and cellular consequences are largely unknown. OBJECTIVE Here, we aimed to investigate astrocyte-related pathological changes of Aβ and AβPP using immunohistochemistry and biochemical studies in both animal and cell models. METHODS/RESULTS We utilized 5XFAD transgenic mice and found age-dependent upregulation of AβPP in astrocytes demonstrated with astrocytic reactive properties, which followed appearance of amyloid plaques in the brain. We also observed that AβPP proteins presented well-defined punctate immuno reactivity in young animals, whereas AβPP staining showed disrupted structures surrounding amyloid plaques in older mice. Moreover, we utilized astrocyte cell models and showed that pretreatment of Aβ42 resulted in downstream astrocyte autonomous changes, including up regulation in AβPP and BACE1 levels, as well as prolonged amyloidogenesis that could be reduced by pharmacological inhibition of BACE1. CONCLUSION Collectively, our results show that age-dependent AβPP up regulation in astrocytes is a key feature in AD, which will not only provide novel insights for understanding AD progression, but also may offer new therapeutic strategies for treating AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxia Liang
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (MIND), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Frank Raven
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (MIND), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Joseph F Ward
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (MIND), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Sherri Zhen
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (MIND), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Siyi Zhang
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (MIND), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Haoqi Sun
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sean J Miller
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (MIND), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Se Hoon Choi
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (MIND), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Rudolph E Tanzi
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (MIND), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Can Zhang
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (MIND), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
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17
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Abstract
Substantial evidence, composed of drug mechanisms of action, in vivo testing, and epidemiological data, exists to support clinical testing of FDA-approved drugs for repurposing to the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Licensed compound investigation can often proceed at a faster and more cost-effective manner than un-approved compounds moving through the drug pipeline. As the prevalence of AD increases with life expectancy, the current rise in life expectancy amalgamated with the lack of an effective drug for the treatment of AD unnecessarily burdens our medical system and is an urgent public health concern. The unfounded reluctance to examine repurposing existing drugs for possible AD therapy further impedes the possibility of improving the quality of patient lives with a terminal disease. This review summarizes some evidence which exists to suggest certain already-approved drugs may be considered for the treatment of AD and will perhaps encourage physicians to off-label prescribe these safe therapeutics.
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18
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Wan Y, Liang Y, Liang F, Shen N, Shinozuka K, Yu JT, Ran C, Quan Q, Tanzi RE, Zhang C. A Curcumin Analog Reduces Levels of the Alzheimer's Disease-Associated Amyloid-β Protein by Modulating AβPP Processing and Autophagy. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 72:761-771. [PMID: 31640096 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease with no cure currently available. A pathological hallmark of AD is accumulation and deposition of amyloid-β protein (Aβ), a ∼4 kDa peptide generated through serial cleavage of the amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) by β- and γ-secretases. Curcumin is a natural compound primarily found in the widely used culinary spice, turmeric, which displays therapeutic potential for AD. Recently, we reported the development of curcumin analogs and identified a lead compound, curcumin-like compound-R17 (CLC-R17), that significantly attenuates Aβ deposition in an AD transgenic mouse model. Here, we elucidated the mechanisms of this analog on Aβ levels and AβPP processing using cell models of AD. Using biochemical methods and our recently developed nanoplasmonic fiber tip probe technology, we showed that the lead compound potently lowers Aβ levels in conditioned media and reduces oligomeric amyloid levels in the cells. Furthermore, like curcumin, the lead compound attenuates the maturation of AβPP in the secretory pathway. Interestingly, it upregulated α-secretase processing of AβPP and inhibited β-secretase processing of AβPP by decreasing BACE1 protein levels. Collectively, our data reveal mechanisms of a promising curcumin analog in reducing Aβ levels, which strongly support its development as a potential therapeutic for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wan
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yingxia Liang
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Feng Liang
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA.,Rowland Institute at Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nolan Shen
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Kenneth Shinozuka
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Jin-Tai Yu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chongzhao Ran
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Qimin Quan
- Rowland Institute at Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Rudolph E Tanzi
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Can Zhang
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
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19
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Martín-Maestro P, Gargini R, García E, Simón D, Avila J, García-Escudero V. Mitophagy Failure in APP and Tau Overexpression Model of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 70:525-540. [PMID: 31256128 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial alterations and oxidative stress are common features of Alzheimer's disease brain and peripheral tissues. Moreover, mitochondrial recycling process by autophagy has been found altered in the sporadic form of the disease. However, the contribution of the main proteins involved in this pathology such as amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) and tau needs to be achieved. With this aim, human unmodified fibroblasts were transduced with lentivectors encoding APP and Tau and treated with CCCP to study the mitophagy process. Both AβPP and tau separately increased autophagy flux mainly by improving degradation phase. However, in the specific case of mitophagy, labeling of mitochondria by PINK1 and PARK2 to be degraded by autophagy seemed reduced, which correlates with the long-term accumulation of mitochondria. Nevertheless, the combination of tau and AβPP was necessary to cause a mitophagy functional impairment reflected in the accumulation of depolarized mitochondria labeled by PINK1. The overexpression of Tau and APP recapitulates the mitophagy failure previously found in sporadic Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Martín-Maestro
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo Gargini
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain.,Neuro-oncology Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III-UFIEC, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther García
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diana Simón
- Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Avila
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Vega García-Escudero
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
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20
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Chatzistavraki M, Papazafiri P, Efthimiopoulos S. Amyloid-β Protein Precursor Regulates Depolarization-Induced Calcium-Mediated Synaptic Signaling in Brain Slices. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 76:1121-1133. [PMID: 32597808 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coordinated calcium influx upon neuronal depolarization activates pathways that phosphorylate CaMKII, ERKs, and the transcription factor CREB and, therefore, expression of pro-survival and neuroprotective genes. Recent evidence indicates that amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) is trafficked to synapses and promotes their formation. At the synapse, AβPP interacts with synaptic proteins involved in vesicle exocytosis and affects calcium channel function. OBJECTIVE Herein, we examined the role of AβPP in depolarization-induced calcium-mediated signaling using acute cerebral slices from wild-type C57bl/6 mice and AβPP-/- C57bl/6 mice. METHODS Depolarization of acute cerebral slices from wild-type C57bl/6 and AβPP-/- C57bl/6 mice was used to induce synaptic signaling. Protein levels were examined by western blot and calcium dynamics were assessed using primary neuronal cultures. RESULTS In the absence of AβPP, decreased pCaMKII and pERKs levels were observed. This decrease was sensitive to the inhibition of N- and P/Q-type Voltage Gated Calcium Channels (N- and P/Q-VGCCs) by ω-conotoxin GVIA and ω-conotoxin MVIIC, respectively, but not to inhibition of L-type VGCCs by nifedipine. However, the absence of AβPP did not result in a statistically significant decrease of pCREB, which is a known substrate of pERKs. Finally, using calcium imaging, we found that down regulation of AβPP in cortical neurons results in a decreased response to depolarization and altered kinetics of calcium response. CONCLUSION AβPP regulates synaptic activity-mediated neuronal signaling by affecting N- and P/Q-VGCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chatzistavraki
- Department of Biology, Division of Animal and Human Physiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Ilisia, Greece
| | - Panagiota Papazafiri
- Department of Biology, Division of Animal and Human Physiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Ilisia, Greece
| | - Spiros Efthimiopoulos
- Department of Biology, Division of Animal and Human Physiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Ilisia, Greece
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21
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Llorente P, Kristen H, Sastre I, Toledano-Zaragoza A, Aldudo J, Recuero M, Bullido MJ. A Free Radical-Generating System Regulates Amyloid Oligomers: Involvement of Cathepsin B. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 66:1397-1408. [PMID: 30400084 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ), a major component of senile plaques, is generated via the proteolysis of amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP). This cleavage also produces AβPP fragment-derived oligomers which can be highly neurotoxic. AβPP metabolism/processing is affected by many factors, one of which is oxidative stress (OS). Associated with aging, OS is an important risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. In addition, the protein degradation systems, especially those involving cathepsins, are impaired in aging brains. Moreover, cathepsin B (CTSB) is a cysteine protease with potentially specific roles in AβPP proteolysis (β-secretase activity) and Aβ clearance (Aβ degradative activity). The present work examines the effect of OS and the involvement of CTSB in amyloid oligomer formation. The xanthine/xanthine oxidase (X-XOD) free radical generating system induced the partial inhibition of CTSB activity, which was accompanied by an increase in large amyloid oligomers. These were located throughout the cytosol and in endo-lysosomal vesicles. Cells treated with the CTSB inhibitor CA-074Me also showed increased amyloid oligomer levels, whereas those subjected to OS in the presence of the inhibitor showed no such increase. However, CTSB inhibition clearly modulated the AβPP metabolism/processing induced by X-XOD, as revealed by the increase in intracellular AβPP and secreted α-secretase-cleaved soluble AβPP. The present results suggest that CTSB participates in the changes of amyloid oligomer induced by mild OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Llorente
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Henrike Kristen
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Sastre
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria "Hospital la Paz" (IdIPaz), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Toledano-Zaragoza
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Aldudo
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria "Hospital la Paz" (IdIPaz), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Recuero
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria "Hospital la Paz" (IdIPaz), Madrid, Spain
| | - María J Bullido
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria "Hospital la Paz" (IdIPaz), Madrid, Spain
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22
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Cam M, Durieu E, Bodin M, Manousopoulou A, Koslowski S, Vasylieva N, Barnych B, Hammock BD, Bohl B, Koch P, Omori C, Yamamoto K, Hata S, Suzuki T, Karg F, Gizzi P, Erakovic Haber V, Bencetic Mihaljevic V, Tavcar B, Portelius E, Pannee J, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Garbis SD, Auvray P, Gerber H, Fraering J, Fraering PC, Meijer L. Induction of Amyloid-β42 Production by Fipronil and Other Pyrazole Insecticides. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 62:1663-1681. [PMID: 29504531 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Generation of amyloid-β peptides (Aβs) by proteolytic cleavage of the amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP), especially increased production of Aβ42/Aβ43 over Aβ40, and their aggregation as oligomers and plaques, represent a characteristic feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In familial AD (FAD), altered Aβ production originates from specific mutations of AβPP or presenilins 1/2 (PS1/PS2), the catalytic subunits of γ-secretase. In sporadic AD, the origin of altered production of Aβs remains unknown. We hypothesize that the 'human chemical exposome' contains products able to favor the production of Aβ42/Aβ43 over Aβ40 and shorter Aβs. To detect such products, we screened a library of 3500 + compounds in a cell-based assay for enhanced Aβ42/Aβ43 production. Nine pyrazole insecticides were found to induce a β- and γ-secretase-dependent, 3-10-fold increase in the production of extracellular Aβ42 in various cell lines and neurons differentiated from induced pluripotent stem cells derived from healthy and FAD patients. Immunoprecipitation/mass spectrometry analyses showed increased production of Aβs cleaved at positions 42/43, and reduced production of peptides cleaved at positions 38 and shorter. Strongly supporting a direct effect on γ-secretase activity, pyrazoles shifted the cleavage pattern of another γ-secretase substrate, alcadeinα, and shifted the cleavage of AβPP by highly purified γ-secretase toward Aβ42/Aβ43. Focusing on fipronil, we showed that some of its metabolites, in particular the persistent fipronil sulfone, also favor the production of Aβ42/Aβ43 in both cell-based and cell-free systems. Fipronil administered orally to mice and rats is known to be metabolized rapidly, mostly to fipronil sulfone, which stably accumulates in adipose tissue and brain. In conclusion, several widely used pyrazole insecticides enhance the production of toxic, aggregation prone Aβ42/Aβ43 peptides, suggesting the possible existence of environmental "Alzheimerogens" which may contribute to the initiation and propagation of the amyloidogenic process in sporadic AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Cam
- ManRos Therapeutics, Centre de Perharidy, Roscoff, Bretagne, France
| | - Emilie Durieu
- ManRos Therapeutics, Centre de Perharidy, Roscoff, Bretagne, France
| | - Marion Bodin
- ManRos Therapeutics, Centre de Perharidy, Roscoff, Bretagne, France
| | - Antigoni Manousopoulou
- Faculty of Medicine, Cancer Sciences and Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Svenja Koslowski
- ManRos Therapeutics, Centre de Perharidy, Roscoff, Bretagne, France.,C.RIS Pharma, Parc Technopolitain, Atalante Saint Malo, Saint Malo, France
| | - Natalia Vasylieva
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Bogdan Barnych
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Bruce D Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Bettina Bohl
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Philipp Koch
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg/ Medical, Faculty Mannheim and Hector Institut for Translational Brain Research (HITBR gGmbH), Mannheim, Germany
| | - Chiori Omori
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Integrated Bioscience, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Kazuo Yamamoto
- Department of Integrated Bioscience, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Saori Hata
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Suzuki
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Frank Karg
- HPC INTERNATIONAL SAS and Atlantis Développement SAS, Noyal-Châtillon sur Seiche, Saint-Erblon, France
| | - Patrick Gizzi
- Plate-forme TechMedILL, UMR 7242, ESBS - Pôle API, Illkirch cedex, France
| | | | | | | | - Erik Portelius
- Clinical Neurochemical Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Josef Pannee
- Clinical Neurochemical Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Clinical Neurochemical Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Clinical Neurochemical Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute, London, UK
| | - Spiros D Garbis
- Faculty of Medicine, Cancer Sciences and Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Pierrick Auvray
- C.RIS Pharma, Parc Technopolitain, Atalante Saint Malo, Saint Malo, France
| | - Hermeto Gerber
- Foundation Eclosion, Switzerland.,Campus Biotech Innovation Park, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jeremy Fraering
- Foundation Eclosion, Switzerland.,Campus Biotech Innovation Park, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Patrick C Fraering
- Foundation Eclosion, Switzerland.,Campus Biotech Innovation Park, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Meijer
- ManRos Therapeutics, Centre de Perharidy, Roscoff, Bretagne, France
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23
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Leskelä S, Takalo M, Marttinen M, Huber N, Paananen J, Mitra V, Rauramaa T, Mäkinen P, Leinonen V, Soininen H, Pike I, Remes AM, Hiltunen M, Haapasalo A. Interrelationship between the Levels of C9orf72 and Amyloid-β Protein Precursor and Amyloid-β in Human Cells and Brain Samples. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 62:269-278. [PMID: 29439323 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A subset of C9orf72 repeat expansion-carrying frontotemporal dementia patients display an Alzheimer-like decrease in cerebrospinal fluid amyloid-β (Aβ) biomarker levels. We report that downregulation of C9orf72 in non-neuronal human cells overexpressing amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) resulted in increased levels of secreted AβPP fragments and Aβ, while levels of AβPP or its C-terminal fragments (CTFs) remained unchanged. In neuronal cells, AβPP and C83 CTF levels were decreased upon C9orf72 knockdown, but those of secreted AβPP fragments or Aβ remained unchanged. C9orf72 protein levels significantly increased in human brain with advancing neurofibrillary pathology and positively correlated with brain Aβ42 levels. Our data suggest that altered C9orf72 levels may lead to cell-type specific alterations in AβPP processing, but warrant further studies to clarify the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stina Leskelä
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mari Takalo
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikael Marttinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Nadine Huber
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jussi Paananen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Vikram Mitra
- Proteome Sciences plc, Coveham House, Cobham, Surrey, UK
| | - Tuomas Rauramaa
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Pathology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Petra Mäkinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ville Leinonen
- Neurosurgery of NeuroCenter, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hilkka Soininen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,NeuroCenter, Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ian Pike
- Proteome Sciences plc, Coveham House, Cobham, Surrey, UK
| | - Anne M Remes
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,NeuroCenter, Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,NeuroCenter, Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Annakaisa Haapasalo
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,NeuroCenter, Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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24
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Jęśko H, Lukiw WJ, Wilkaniec A, Cieślik M, Gąssowska-Dobrowolska M, Murawska E, Hilgier W, Adamczyk A. Altered Expression of Urea Cycle Enzymes in Amyloid-β Protein Precursor Overexpressing PC12 Cells and in Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease Brain. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 62:279-291. [PMID: 29439324 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Urea cycle enzymes may play important yet poorly characterized roles in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Our previous results showed that amyloid-β (Aβ) affects urea cycle enzymes in rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells. The aim of the present study was to investigate the changes in arginases, other urea cycle enzymes, and nitric oxide synthases (NOSs) in PC12 cells transfected with AβPP bearing the double 'Swedish' mutation (APPsw, K670M/N671L) and in postmortem sporadic AD brain hippocampus; the mutation intensifies Aβ production and strongly associates with AD neuropathology. mRNA expression was analyzed using real-time PCR in cell cultures and DNA microarrays in hippocampal CA1 area of human AD brains. Arginase activity was measured spectrophotometrically, and arginine, ornithine, and citrulline levels by high-performance liquid chromatography. Our data demonstrated that the expression and activity of arginases (Arg1 and Arg2), as well as the expression of argininosuccinate synthase (Ass) were significantly reduced in APPsw cells compared to control. However, argininosuccinate lyase (Asl) was upregulated in APPsw cells. Real-time PCR analysis revealed significant elevation of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (Nnos) mRNA in APPsw cells, without changes in the endothelial Enos, whereas inducible Inos was undetectable. The changes were found to follow closely those observed in the human hippocampal CA1 region of sporadic AD brains. The changes in enzyme expression were accompanied in APPsw cells by significantly elevated citrulline, ornithine, and arginine. Our findings demonstrate that AβPP/Aβ alters arginine metabolism and induces a shift of cellular homeostasis that may support the oxidative/nitrosative stress observed in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henryk Jęśko
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Walter J Lukiw
- LSU Neuroscience Center and Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Anna Wilkaniec
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Cieślik
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Emilia Murawska
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Hilgier
- Department of Neurotoxicology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Adamczyk
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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25
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Reddy PH, Manczak M, Yin X, Grady MC, Mitchell A, Tonk S, Kuruva CS, Bhatti JS, Kandimalla R, Vijayan M, Kumar S, Wang R, Pradeepkiran JA, Ogunmokun G, Thamarai K, Quesada K, Boles A, Reddy AP. Protective Effects of Indian Spice Curcumin Against Amyloid-β in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 61:843-866. [PMID: 29332042 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of our article is to assess the current understanding of Indian spice, curcumin, against amyloid-β (Aβ)-induced toxicity in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Natural products, such as ginger, curcumin, and gingko biloba have been used as diets and dietary supplements to treat human diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular, respiratory, infectious, diabetes, obesity, metabolic syndromes, and neurological disorders. Products derived from plants are known to have protective effects, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-arthritis, pro-healing, and boosting memory cognitive functions. In the last decade, several groups have designed and synthesized curcumin and its derivatives and extensively tested using cell and mouse models of AD. Recent research on Aβ and curcumin has revealed that curcumin prevents Aβ aggregation and crosses the blood-brain barrier, reach brain cells, and protect neurons from various toxic insults of aging and Aβ in humans. Recent research has also reported that curcumin ameliorates cognitive decline and improves synaptic functions in mouse models of AD. Further, recent groups have initiated studies on elderly individuals and patients with AD and the outcome of these studies is currently being assessed. This article highlights the beneficial effects of curcumin on AD. This article also critically assesses the current limitations of curcumin's bioavailability and urgent need for new formulations to increase its brain levels to treat patients with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Hemachandra Reddy
- Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Department of Neurology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Biomedical Studies, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Maria Manczak
- Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Department of Neurology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Xiangling Yin
- Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Mary Catherine Grady
- Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Andrew Mitchell
- Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Sahil Tonk
- Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Chandra Sekhar Kuruva
- Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Jasvinder Singh Bhatti
- Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Sri Guru Gobind Singh College, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ramesh Kandimalla
- Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Murali Vijayan
- Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Subodh Kumar
- Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Rui Wang
- Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | | | - Gilbert Ogunmokun
- Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Kavya Thamarai
- Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Kandi Quesada
- Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Annette Boles
- Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Arubala P Reddy
- Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
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26
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Law BM, Guest AL, Pullen MWJ, Perkinton MS, Williams RJ. Increased Foxo3a Nuclear Translocation and Activity is an Early Neuronal Response to βγ-Secretase-Mediated Processing of the Amyloid-β Protein Precursor: Utility of an AβPP-GAL4 Reporter Assay. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 61:673-688. [PMID: 29254083 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Sequential cleavage of the amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) by BACE1 (β-secretase) followed by theγ-secretase complex, is strongly implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD) but the initial cellular responses to these cleavage events are not fully defined. β-secretase-mediated AβPP processing yields an extracellular domain (sAβPPβ) and a C-terminal fragment of AβPP of 99 amino acids (C99). Subsequent cleavage by γ-secretase produces amyloid-β (Aβ) and an AβPP intracellular domain (AICD). A cellular screen based on the generation of AICD from an AβPP-Gal4 fusion protein was adapted by introducing familial AD (FAD) mutations into the AβPP sequence and linking the assay to Gal4-UAS driven luciferase and GFP expression, to identify responses immediately downstream of AβPP processing in neurons with a focus on the transcription factor Foxo3a which has been implicated in neurodegeneration. The K670N/M671L, E682K, E693G, and V717I FAD mutations and the A673T protective mutation, were introduced into the AβPP sequence by site directed mutagenesis. When expressed in mouse cortical neurons, AβPP-Gal4-UAS driven luciferase and GFP expression was substantially reduced by γ-secretase inhibitors, lowered by β-secretase inhibitors, and enhanced by α-secretase inhibitors suggesting that AICD is a product of the βγ-secretase pathway. AβPP-Gal4-UAS driven GFP expression was exploited to identify individual neurons undergoing amyloidogenic AβPP processing, revealing increased nuclear localization of Foxo3a and enhanced Foxo3a-mediated transcription downstream of AICD production. Foxo3a translocation was not driven by AICD directly but correlated with reduced Akt phosphorylation. Collectively this suggests that βγ-secretase-mediated AβPP processing couples to Foxo3a which could be an early neuronal signaling response in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard M Law
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Amy L Guest
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | | | | | - Robert J Williams
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
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27
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Bartolotti N, Disouky A, Kalinski A, Elmann A, Lazarov O. Phytochemicals from Achillea fragrantissima are Modulators of AβPP Metabolism. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 66:1425-1435. [PMID: 30400087 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant derivatives offer a novel and natural source of therapeutics. The desert plant Achillea fragrantissima (Forssk) Sch. Bip (Af) is characterized by protective antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. Here, we examined the effect of two Af-derived phytochemicals on learning and memory, amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) metabolism, and tau phosphorylation in the familial Alzheimer's disease-linked APPswe/PS1ΔE9 mouse model. We observed that mice that were injected with the phytochemicals showed a trend of improvement, albeit statistically insignificant, in the Novel Object Recognition task. However, we did not observe improvement in contextual fear conditioning, suggesting that the benefits of treatment may be either indirect or task-specific. In addition, we observed an increase in the full-length form of AβPP in the brains of mice treated with Af-derived phytochemicals. Interestingly, both in vivo and in vitro, there was no change in levels of soluble Aβ, oligomeric Aβ, or the carboxyl terminus fragments of AβPP (APP-CTFs), suggesting that the increase in full length AβPP does not exacerbate AβPP pathology, but may stabilize the full-length form of the molecule. Together, our data suggest that phytochemicals present in Af may have a modest positive impact on the progression of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Bartolotti
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ahmed Disouky
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Arthur Kalinski
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Anat Elmann
- Department of Food Quality and Safety, Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon Lezion, Israel
| | - Orly Lazarov
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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28
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Dewji NN, Azar MR, Hanson LR, Frey Ii WH, Morimoto BH, Johnson D. Pharmacokinetics in Rat of P8, a Peptide Drug Candidate for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease: Stability and Delivery to the Brain. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2018; 2:169-179. [PMID: 30480260 PMCID: PMC6218153 DOI: 10.3233/adr-180078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Strategies to achieve a therapy for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) aimed at reducing the effects of amyloid-β (Aβ) have largely involved inhibiting or modifying the activities of the β- or γ-secretases or by the use of monoclonal antibodies (MAb). We previously offered the potential for a new, early and effective approach for the treatment of AD by a strategy that does not target the secretases. We showed that a family of peptides containing the DEEEDEEL sequence and another independent peptide, all derived from the amino terminus of PS-1, are each capable of markedly reducing the production of Aβ in vitro and in mThy1-hAPP transgenic mice. These peptides gave a strong and specific binding with the ectodomain of amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) and did not affect the catalytic activities of β- or γ-secretase, or the level of AβPP. Critical to the development of any therapeutic for AD is the requirement that it is stable and can be delivered to the brain. We report here data on the metabolic stability and delivery to the rat brain of our lead candidate P8 by intravenous (IV), intranasal (IN), and subcutaneous (SC) administration. Pharmacokinetics (PK) of P8 in rat plasma and CSF following a single dose of P8 demonstrate that SC administration gives better absorption compared to IN and is the delivery method of choice for the further development of P8 as a clinical candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazneen N Dewji
- Cenna Biosciences Inc., La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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29
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Sathya M, Moorthi P, Premkumar P, Kandasamy M, Jayachandran KS, Anusuyadevi M. Resveratrol Intervenes Cholesterol- and Isoprenoid-Mediated Amyloidogenic Processing of AβPP in Familial Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 60:S3-S23. [PMID: 28059793 DOI: 10.3233/jad-161034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Deterioration of cholesterol metabolism has recently been a frontier subject of investigation in the field of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Though amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) primes the pathological cascade, changes in cholesterol levels and its intermediates, geranyl geranyl pyrophosphate and farnesyl pyrophosphate, is expected to have a different consequence on AβPP processing and amyloid-β (Aβ) generation. However, the use of statins (HMG-COA reductase inhibitor) has been widely implicated in slowing down the pathogenic progression of AD, while the epidemiological reports on its biological effect remains controversial. Considering this fact, the choice of drug that could maintain cholesterol homeostasis without altering its biosynthesis may yield a better therapeutic efficacy on AD. Thus, the present study focused on determining the influence of cholesterol and isoprenoids on amyloidogenic-cleavage of AβPP, in addition to resveratrol as a potent therapeutic drug in CHO-APPswe cell lines. High levels of cholesterol were found to enhance the maturation of AβPP and altered the expression and subcellular localization of ADAM10, BACE1, and PS1 thereby promoting Aβ generation, whereas high isoprenoids increased both maturation as well as amyloidogenic-cleavage of AβPP, which was evident through β-CTF production. Interestingly, the therapeutic efficacy of resveratrol maintained cholesterol homeostasis and reduced the amyloidogenic burden through its ability to enhance SIRT1 expression and thereby regulating differential expression of AD determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Sathya
- Molecular Gerontology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Ponnusamy Moorthi
- Molecular Gerontology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Palanisamy Premkumar
- Molecular Gerontology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Mahesh Kandasamy
- UGC-Faculty Recharge Program (UGC-FRP), University Grant Commission, Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neurodegeneration, Department of Animal Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India
| | | | - Muthuswamy Anusuyadevi
- Molecular Gerontology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India
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30
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Liu P, Reichl JH, Rao ER, McNellis BM, Huang ES, Hemmy LS, Forster CL, Kuskowski MA, Borchelt DR, Vassar R, Ashe KH, Zahs KR. Quantitative Comparison of Dense-Core Amyloid Plaque Accumulation in Amyloid-β Protein Precursor Transgenic Mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 56:743-761. [PMID: 28059792 DOI: 10.3233/jad-161027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
There exist several dozen lines of transgenic mice that express human amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) with Alzheimer's disease (AD)-linked mutations. AβPP transgenic mouse lines differ in the types and amounts of Aβ that they generate and in their spatiotemporal patterns of expression of Aβ assemblies, providing a toolkit to study Aβ amyloidosis and the influence of Aβ aggregation on brain function. More complete quantitative descriptions of the types of Aβ assemblies present in transgenic mice and in humans during disease progression should add to our understanding of how Aβ toxicity in mice relates to the pathogenesis of AD. Here, we provide a direct quantitative comparison of amyloid plaque burdens and plaque sizes in four lines of AβPP transgenic mice. We measured the fraction of cortex and hippocampus occupied by dense-core plaques, visualized by staining with Thioflavin S, in mice from young adulthood through advanced age. We found that the plaque burdens among the transgenic lines varied by an order of magnitude: at 15 months of age, the oldest age studied, the median cortical plaque burden in 5XFAD mice was already ∼4.5 times that of 21-month-old Tg2576 mice and ∼15 times that of 21-24-month-old rTg9191 mice. Plaque-size distributions changed across the lifespan in a line- and region-dependent manner. We also compared the dense-core plaque burdens in the mice to those measured in a set of pathologically-confirmed AD cases from the Nun Study. Cortical plaque burdens in Tg2576, APPSwePS1ΔE9, and 5XFAD mice eventually far exceeded those measured in the human cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,N. Bud Grossman Center for Memory Research and Care, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - John H Reichl
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,N. Bud Grossman Center for Memory Research and Care, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Eshaan R Rao
- N. Bud Grossman Center for Memory Research and Care, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Brittany M McNellis
- N. Bud Grossman Center for Memory Research and Care, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Eric S Huang
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,N. Bud Grossman Center for Memory Research and Care, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Laura S Hemmy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,GRECC, VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Colleen L Forster
- N. Bud Grossman Center for Memory Research and Care, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,UMN Academic Health Center Biological Materials Procurement Network, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - David R Borchelt
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Robert Vassar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Karen H Ashe
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,N. Bud Grossman Center for Memory Research and Care, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,GRECC, VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kathleen R Zahs
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,N. Bud Grossman Center for Memory Research and Care, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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31
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Lee M, Guo JP, Kennedy K, McGeer EG, McGeer PL. A Method for Diagnosing Alzheimer's Disease Based on Salivary Amyloid-β Protein 42 Levels. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 55:1175-1182. [PMID: 27792013 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a non-invasive method of diagnosing Alzheimer's disease (AD), which can also predict the risk of its future onset. It is based on measuring salivary levels of amyloid-β protein terminating at position 42 (Aβ42). Brain deposits of this peptide are characteristic of AD. Biomarker studies indicate that such brain deposits commence a decade or more prior to clinical onset of the disease. We report here that Aβ42 is produced in all peripheral organs tested, thus establishing the generality of its production. We used this information to develop simple and sensitive tests to determine salivary Aβ42 levels. The levels were first stabilized by adding thioflavin S as an anti-aggregation agent and sodium azide as an anti-bacterial agent. We then quantitated the Aβ42 in a series of samples with ELISA type tests. Control cases showed almost identical levels of salivary Aβ42 regardless of sex or age. All AD cases secreted levels of Aβ42 more than double those of controls. Individuals at elevated risk of developing AD secreted levels comparable to the AD cases. The results establish that salivary Aβ42 levels can be used to diagnose AD as well as to predict the risk of its future onset.
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32
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Sarno TA, Talib LL, Joaquim HPG, Bram JMDF, Gattaz WF, Forlenza OV. Protein Expression of BACE1 is Downregulated by Donepezil in Alzheimer's Disease Platelets. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 55:1445-1451. [PMID: 27858713 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormal amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) metabolism is a key feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Platelets contain most of the enzymatic machinery required for AβPP processing, and correlates of intracerebral abnormalities have been demonstrated in platelets of patients with AD. Thus, AβPP-related molecules in platelets may be regarded as peripheral markers of AD. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine the protein expression of the AβPP secretases (ADAM10, BACE1, and PSEN1) and AβPP ratio in platelets of patients with mild or moderate AD compared to healthy controls. We further determined whether the protein expression of these markers might be modified by chronic treatment with donepezil. METHODS Platelet samples were obtained from patients and controls at baseline and after 3 and 6 months of continuous treatment with therapeutic doses of donepezil. The protein expression of platelet markers was determined by western blotting. RESULTS AD patients had a significant decrease in AβPP ratio, ADAM10, and PSEN1 compared to controls at baseline, but these differences were not modified by the treatment. Nonetheless, a significant reduction in the protein expression of BACE1 was observed in patients treated with donepezil for 6 months. CONCLUSION Our results corroborate previous findings from our group and others of decreased AβPP ratio and protein expression of ADAM10 in AD. We further show that PSEN1 is decreased in AD platelets, and that the protein expression of BACE1 is downregulated by chronic treatment with donepezil. This effect may be interpreted as evidence of disease modification.
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33
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Del Prete D, Suski JM, Oulès B, Debayle D, Gay AS, Lacas-Gervais S, Bussiere R, Bauer C, Pinton P, Paterlini-Bréchot P, Wieckowski MR, Checler F, Chami M. Localization and Processing of the Amyloid-β Protein Precursor in Mitochondria-Associated Membranes. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 55:1549-1570. [PMID: 27911326 PMCID: PMC5181669 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Alteration of mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs) has been proposed to contribute to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We studied herein the subcellular distribution, the processing, and the protein interactome of the amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) and its proteolytic products in MAMs. We reveal that AβPP and its catabolites are present in MAMs in cellular models overexpressing wild type AβPP or AβPP harboring the double Swedish or London familial AD mutations, and in brains of transgenic mice model of AD. Furthermore, we evidenced that both β- and γ-secretases are present and harbor AβPP processing activities in MAMs. Interestingly, cells overexpressing APPswe show increased ER-mitochondria contact sites. We also document increased neutral lipid accumulation linked to Aβ production and reversed by inhibiting β- or γ-secretases. Using a proteomic approach, we show that AβPP and its catabolites interact with key proteins of MAMs controlling mitochondria and ER functions. These data highlight the role of AβPP processing and proteomic interactome in MAMs deregulation taking place in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Del Prete
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, IPMC, France, Laboratory of Excellence DistALZ, Sophia-Antipolis, Valbonne, France.,Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Jan M Suski
- Department of Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland.,CCMA-Université de Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Bénédicte Oulès
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Delphine Debayle
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, IPMC, France, Laboratory of Excellence DistALZ, Sophia-Antipolis, Valbonne, France
| | - Anne Sophie Gay
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, IPMC, France, Laboratory of Excellence DistALZ, Sophia-Antipolis, Valbonne, France
| | | | - Renaud Bussiere
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, IPMC, France, Laboratory of Excellence DistALZ, Sophia-Antipolis, Valbonne, France
| | - Charlotte Bauer
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, IPMC, France, Laboratory of Excellence DistALZ, Sophia-Antipolis, Valbonne, France
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | - Mariusz R Wieckowski
- Department of Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Frédéric Checler
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, IPMC, France, Laboratory of Excellence DistALZ, Sophia-Antipolis, Valbonne, France
| | - Mounia Chami
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, IPMC, France, Laboratory of Excellence DistALZ, Sophia-Antipolis, Valbonne, France
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34
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Leighton PLA, Allison WT. Protein Misfolding in Prion and Prion-Like Diseases: Reconsidering a Required Role for Protein Loss-of-Function. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 54:3-29. [PMID: 27392869 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Prion disease research has contributed much toward understanding other neurodegenerative diseases, including recent demonstrations that Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative diseases are prion-like. Prion-like diseases involve the spread of degeneration between individuals and/or among cells or tissues via template directed misfolding, wherein misfolded protein conformers propagate disease by causing normal proteins to misfold. Here we use the premise that AD, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease, and other similar diseases are prion-like and ask: Can we apply knowledge gained from studies of these prion-like diseases to resolve debates about classical prion diseases? We focus on controversies about what role(s) protein loss-of-function might have in prion diseases because this has therapeutic implications, including for AD. We examine which loss-of-function events are recognizable in prion-like diseases by considering the normal functions of the proteins before their misfolding and aggregation. We then delineate scenarios wherein gain-of-function and/or loss-of-function would be necessary or sufficient for neurodegeneration. We consider roles of PrPC loss-of-function in prion diseases and in AD, and conclude that the conventional wisdom that prion diseases are 'toxic gain-of-function diseases' has limitations. While prion diseases certainly have required gain-of-function components, we propose that disease phenotypes are predominantly caused by deficits in the normal physiology of PrPC and its interaction partners as PrPC converts to PrPSc. In this model, gain-of-function serves mainly to spread disease, and loss-of-function directly mediates neuron dysfunction. We propose experiments and predictions to assess our conclusion. Further study on the normal physiological roles of these key proteins is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia L A Leighton
- Centre for Prions & Protein Folding Disease, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - W Ted Allison
- Centre for Prions & Protein Folding Disease, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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35
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Portelius E, Durieu E, Bodin M, Cam M, Pannee J, Leuxe C, Mabondzo A, Oumata N, Galons H, Lee JY, Chang YT, Stϋber K, Koch P, Fontaine G, Potier MC, Manousopoulou A, Garbis SD, Covaci A, Van Dam D, De Deyn P, Karg F, Flajolet M, Omori C, Hata S, Suzuki T, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Meijer L. Specific Triazine Herbicides Induce Amyloid-β42 Production. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 54:1593-1605. [PMID: 27589520 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Proteolytic cleavage of the amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) by secretases leads to extracellular release of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides. Increased production of Aβ42 over Aβ40 and aggregation into oligomers and plaques constitute an Alzheimer's disease (AD) hallmark. Identifying products of the 'human chemical exposome' (HCE) able to induce Aβ42 production may be a key to understanding some of the initiating causes of AD and to generate non-genetic, chemically-induced AD animal models. A cell model was used to screen HCE libraries for Aβ42 inducers. Out of 3500+ compounds, six triazine herbicides were found that induced a β- and γ-secretases-dependent, 2-10 fold increase in the production of extracellular Aβ42 in various cell lines, primary neuronal cells, and neurons differentiated from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Immunoprecipitation/mass spectrometry analyses show enhanced production of Aβ peptides cleaved at positions 42/43, and reduced production of peptides cleaved at positions 38 and lower, a characteristic of AD. Neurons derived from iPSCs obtained from a familial AD (FAD) patient (AβPP K724N) produced more Aβ42 versus Aβ40 than neurons derived from healthy controls iPSCs (AβPP WT). Triazines enhanced Aβ42 production in both control and AD iPSCs-derived neurons. Triazines also shifted the cleavage pattern of alcadeinα, another γ-secretase substrate, suggesting a direct effect of triazines on γ-secretase activity. In conclusion, several widely used triazines enhance the production of toxic, aggregation prone Aβ42/Aβ43 amyloids, suggesting the possible existence of environmental "Alzheimerogens" which may contribute to the initiation and propagation of the amyloidogenic process in late-onset AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Portelius
- Clinical Neurochemical Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Emilie Durieu
- ManRos Therapeutics, Centre de Perharidy, Roscoff, France
| | - Marion Bodin
- ManRos Therapeutics, Centre de Perharidy, Roscoff, France
| | - Morgane Cam
- ManRos Therapeutics, Centre de Perharidy, Roscoff, France
| | - Josef Pannee
- Clinical Neurochemical Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Charlotte Leuxe
- Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunoanalyse, IBITECS, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Aloϊse Mabondzo
- Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunoanalyse, IBITECS, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Nassima Oumata
- ManRos Therapeutics, Centre de Perharidy, Roscoff, France
| | - Hervé Galons
- ManRos Therapeutics, Centre de Perharidy, Roscoff, France.,Laboratoire de Pharmacochimie, INSERM U1022, Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Jung Yeol Lee
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Laboratory of Bioimaging Probe Development, Biopolis, Singapore
| | - Young-Tae Chang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Laboratory of Bioimaging Probe Development, Biopolis, Singapore
| | - Kathrin Stϋber
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Philipp Koch
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gaëlle Fontaine
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06 UMR S1127, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, ICM, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Claude Potier
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06 UMR S1127, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, ICM, Paris, France
| | - Antigoni Manousopoulou
- Center for Proteomic Research, Institute for Life Sciences, Cancer and Clinical Experimental Science Units, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Spiros D Garbis
- Center for Proteomic Research, Institute for Life Sciences, Cancer and Clinical Experimental Science Units, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Debby Van Dam
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry & Behaviour, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute Born-Bunge, Wilrijk, Belgium.,University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Neurology & Alzheimer Research Center, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter De Deyn
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry & Behaviour, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute Born-Bunge, Wilrijk, Belgium.,University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Neurology & Alzheimer Research Center, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Karg
- HPC INTERNATIONAL SAS, Noyal-Châtillon sur Seiche, Saint-Erblon, France
| | - Marc Flajolet
- Laboratory of Molecular & Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chiori Omori
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Saori Hata
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Suzuki
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Clinical Neurochemical Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Clinical Neurochemical Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.,UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Laurent Meijer
- ManRos Therapeutics, Centre de Perharidy, Roscoff, France
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36
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Gulisano W, Maugeri D, Baltrons MA, Fà M, Amato A, Palmeri A, D’Adamio L, Grassi C, Devanand D, Honig LS, Puzzo D, Arancio O. Role of Amyloid-β and Tau Proteins in Alzheimer's Disease: Confuting the Amyloid Cascade. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 64:S611-S631. [PMID: 29865055 PMCID: PMC8371153 DOI: 10.3233/jad-179935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The "Amyloid Cascade Hypothesis" has dominated the Alzheimer's disease (AD) field in the last 25 years. It posits that the increase of amyloid-β (Aβ) is the key event in AD that triggers tau pathology followed by neuronal death and eventually, the disease. However, therapeutic approaches aimed at decreasing Aβ levels have so far failed, and tau-based clinical trials have not yet produced positive findings. This begs the question of whether the hypothesis is correct. Here we have examined literature on the role of Aβ and tau in synaptic dysfunction, memory loss, and seeding and spreading of AD, highlighting important parallelisms between the two proteins in all of these phenomena. We discuss novel findings showing binding of both Aβ and tau oligomers to amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP), and the requirement for the presence of this protein for both Aβ and tau to enter neurons and induce abnormal synaptic function and memory. Most importantly, we propose a novel view of AD pathogenesis in which extracellular oligomers of Aβ and tau act in parallel and upstream of AβPP. Such a view will call for a reconsideration of therapeutic approaches directed against Aβ and tau, paving the way to an increased interest toward AβPP, both for understanding the pathogenesis of the disease and elaborating new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Gulisano
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Daniele Maugeri
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Marian A. Baltrons
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Mauro Fà
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Arianna Amato
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Agostino Palmeri
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Luciano D’Adamio
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Claudio Grassi
- Institute of Human Physiology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - D.P. Devanand
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lawrence S. Honig
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniela Puzzo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Ottavio Arancio
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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37
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Abstract
The dominant model for Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the amyloid cascade hypothesis, in which the accumulation of excess amyloid-β (Aβ) leads to inflammation, excess glutamate and intracellular calcium, oxidative stress, tau hyperphosphorylation and tangle formation, neuronal loss, and ultimately dementia. In a cascade, AD proceeds in a unidirectional fashion, with events only affecting downstream processes. Compelling evidence now exists for the presence of positive feedback loops in AD, however, involving oxidative stress, inflammation, glutamate, calcium, and tau. The pathological state of AD is thus a system of positive feedback loops, leading to amplification of the initial perturbation, rather than a linear cascade. Drugs may therefore be effective by targeting numerous points within the loops, rather than concentrating on upstream processes. Anti-inflammatories and anti-oxidants may be especially valuable, since these processes are involved in many loops and hence would affect numerous processes in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Doig
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Oxford Road, University of Manchester, UK
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38
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Blonz ER. Alzheimer's Disease as the Product of a Progressive Energy Deficiency Syndrome in the Central Nervous System: The Neuroenergetic Hypothesis. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 60:1223-1229. [PMID: 28946565 PMCID: PMC5676979 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The decreased availability of metabolizable energy resources in the central nervous system is hypothesized to be a key factor in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. More specifically, the age-related decline in the ability of glucose to cross the blood-brain barrier creates a metabolic stress that shifts the normal, benign processing of amyloid-β protein precursor toward pathways associated with the production of amyloid-β plaques and tau-containing neurofibrillary tangles that are characteristic of the disease. The neuroenergetic hypothesis provides insight into the etiology of Alzheimer's disease and illuminates new approaches for diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward R. Blonz
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Pluta R, Kocki J, Ułamek-Kozioł M, Petniak A, Gil-Kulik P, Januszewski S, Bogucki J, Jabłoński M, Brzozowska J, Furmaga-Jabłońska W, Bogucka-Kocka A, Czuczwar SJ. Discrepancy in Expression of β-Secretase and Amyloid-β Protein Precursor in Alzheimer-Related Genes in the Rat Medial Temporal Lobe Cortex Following Transient Global Brain Ischemia. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 51:1023-31. [PMID: 26890784 DOI: 10.3233/jad-151102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Brain ischemia may be causally related with Alzheimer's disease. Presumably, β-secretase and amyloid-β protein precursor gene expression changes may be associated with Alzheimer's disease neuropathology. Consequently, we have examined quantitative changes in both β-secretase and amyloid-β protein precursor genes in the medial temporal lobe cortex with the use of quantitative rtPCR analysis following 10-min global brain ischemia in rats with survival of 2, 7, and 30 days. The greatest significant overexpression of β-secretase gene was noted on the 2nd day, while on days 7-30 the expression of this gene was only modestly downregulated. Amyloid-β protein precursor gene was downregulated on the 2nd day, but on days 7-30 postischemia, there was a significant reverse tendency. Thus, the demonstrated alterations indicate that the considerable changes of expression of β-secretase and amyloid-β protein precursor genes may be connected with a response of neurons in medial temporal lobe cortex to transient global brain ischemia. Finally, the ischemia-induced gene changes may play a key role in a late and slow onset of Alzheimer-type pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryszard Pluta
- Laboratory of Ischemic and Neurodegenerative Brain Research, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Janusz Kocki
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Alicja Petniak
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Paulina Gil-Kulik
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Sławomir Januszewski
- Laboratory of Ischemic and Neurodegenerative Brain Research, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Mirosław Jabłoński
- Department of Rehabilitation and Orthopaedics, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Judyta Brzozowska
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Anna Bogucka-Kocka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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40
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Son SM, Shin HJ, Byun J, Kook SY, Moon M, Chang YJ, Mook-Jung I. Metformin Facilitates Amyloid-β Generation by β- and γ-Secretases via Autophagy Activation. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 51:1197-208. [PMID: 26967226 DOI: 10.3233/jad-151200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The evidence of strong pathological associations between type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer's disease (AD) has increased in recent years. Contrary to suggestions that anti-diabetes drugs may have potential for treating AD, we demonstrate here that the insulin sensitizing anti-diabetes drug metformin (Glucophage®) increased the generation of amyloid-β (Aβ), one of the major pathological hallmarks of AD, by promoting β- and γ-secretase-mediated cleavage of amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) in SH-SY5Y cells. In addition, we show that metformin caused autophagosome accumulation in Tg6799 AD model mice. Extremely high γ-secretase activity was also detected in autophagic vacuoles, apparently a novel site of Aβ peptide generation. Together, these data suggest that metformin-induced accumulation of autophagosomes resulted in increased γ-secretase activity and Aβ generation. Additional experiments indicated that metformin increased phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase, which activates autophagy by suppressing mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). The suppression of mTOR then induces the abnormal accumulation of autophagosomes. We conclude that metformin, an anti-diabetes drug, may exacerbate AD pathogenesis by promoting amyloidogenic AβPP processing in autophagosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Min Son
- Department of Biochemistry & Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hong-Joon Shin
- Department of Biochemistry & Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jayoung Byun
- Department of Biochemistry & Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Young Kook
- Department of Biochemistry & Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Minho Moon
- Department of Biochemistry & Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yu Jin Chang
- Department of Biochemistry & Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Inhee Mook-Jung
- Department of Biochemistry & Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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41
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Laiterä T, Kurki MI, Pursiheimo JP, Zetterberg H, Helisalmi S, Rauramaa T, Alafuzoff I, Remes AM, Soininen H, Haapasalo A, Jääskeläinen JE, Hiltunen M, Leinonen V. The Expression of Transthyretin and Amyloid-β Protein Precursor is Altered in the Brain of Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus Patients. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 48:959-68. [PMID: 26444765 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) is a dementing condition in which Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques are frequently observed in the neocortex. iNPH patients with prominent Aβ pathology show AD-related alterations in amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) processing resulting from increased γ-secretase activity. OBJECTIVES Our goal was to assess potential alterations in the global gene expression profile in the brain of iNPH patients as compared to non-demented controls and to evaluate the levels of the identified targets in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of iNPH patients. METHODS The genome-wide expression profile of ~35,000 probes was assessed in the RNA samples obtained from 22 iNPH patients and eight non-demented control subjects using a microarray chip. The soluble levels of sAβPPα, sAβPPβ, and transthyretin (TTR) were measured from the CSF of 102 iNPH patients using ELISA. RESULTS After correcting the results for multiple testing, significant differences in the expression of TTR and A βPP were observed between iNPH and control subjects. The mRNA levels of TTR were on average 17-fold lower in iNPH samples compared to control samples. Conversely, the expression level of A βPP was on average three times higher in iNPH samples as compared to control samples. Interestingly, the expression of α-secretase (ADAM10) was also increased in iNPH patients. In the lumbar CSF samples, soluble TTR levels showed a significant positive correlation with sAβPPα and sAβPPβ, but TTR levels did not predict the brain pathology or the shunt response. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest differences in the expression profile of key factors involved in AD-related cellular events in the brain of iNPH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiina Laiterä
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.,Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurosurgery, University of Eastern Finland and Neurosurgery of NeuroCenter, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mitja I Kurki
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurosurgery, University of Eastern Finland and Neurosurgery of NeuroCenter, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Seppo Helisalmi
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tuomas Rauramaa
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Pathology, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Irina Alafuzoff
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anne M Remes
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hilkka Soininen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Annakaisa Haapasalo
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Neurobiology, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Juha E Jääskeläinen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurosurgery, University of Eastern Finland and Neurosurgery of NeuroCenter, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.,Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ville Leinonen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurosurgery, University of Eastern Finland and Neurosurgery of NeuroCenter, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
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42
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Hartl D, Gu W, Mayhaus M, Pichler S, Schöpe J, Wagenpfeil S, Riemenschneider M. Amyloid-β Protein Precursor Cleavage Products in Postmortem Ventricular Cerebrospinal Fluid of Alzheimer's Disease Patients. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 47:365-72. [PMID: 26401559 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation and aggregation of amyloid-β (Aβ) are considered etiologic processes in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the roles of other AβPP cleavage products in disease pathology remain elusive. Here, we measured levels of the major secreted AβPP processing products sAβPPα, sAβPPβ, and Aβ species in postmortem collected ventricular CSF of 196 AD patients and 74 controls. In AD we identified Aβ₄₂ to decrease continuously with progressing Braak stages, whereas Aβ₄₀ was upregulated in early stages of the disease (Braak stage 4) and down-regulated with progressing pathology. Interestingly, both sAβPPα and sAβPPβ were upregulated in AD as compared to controls (sAβPPα, p = 0.02; sAβPPβ, p = 0.01). Moreover, we observed a strong positive correlation of both alternative AβPP processing products, sAβPPα and sAβPPβ (r²= 0.781; p < 0.0001). Together, our results argue for generally enhanced AβPP processing in AD patients and emphasize the necessity of analyzing the roles of all AβPP processing products in AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Hartl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Saarland University Hospital, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.,Institute for Human Genetics and Medical Genetics, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wei Gu
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Saarland University Hospital, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.,Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Manuel Mayhaus
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Saarland University Hospital, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Pichler
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Saarland University Hospital, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Jakob Schöpe
- Institute for Biometrics, Epidemiology and Medical Informatics, Saarland University Hospital, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Wagenpfeil
- Institute for Biometrics, Epidemiology and Medical Informatics, Saarland University Hospital, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Riemenschneider
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Saarland University Hospital, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
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43
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Savage MJ, Holder DJ, Wu G, Kaplow J, Siuciak JA, Potter WZ. Soluble BACE-1 Activity and sAβPPβ Concentrations in Alzheimer's Disease and Age-Matched Healthy Control Cerebrospinal Fluid from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative-1 Baseline Cohort. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 46:431-40. [PMID: 25790831 DOI: 10.3233/jad-142778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
β-site amyloid precursor protein-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) plays an important role in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD), freeing the amyloid-β (Aβ) N-terminus from the amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP), the first step in Aβ formation. Increased BACE1 activity in AD brain or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has been reported. Other studies, however, found either no change or a decrease with AD diagnosis in either BACE1 activity or sAβPPβ, the N-terminal secreted product of BACE1 (sBACE1) activity on AβPP. Here, sBACE1 enzymatic activity and secreted AβPPβ (sAβPPβ) were measured in Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative-1 (ADNI-1) baseline CSF samples and no statistically significant changes were found in either measure comparing healthy control, mild cognitively impaired, or AD individual samples. While CSF sBACE1 activity and sAβPPβ demonstrated a moderate yet significant degree of correlation with each other, there was no correlation of either analyte to CSF Aβ peptide ending at residue 42. Surprisingly, a stronger correlation was demonstrated between CSF sBACE1 activity and tau, which was comparable to that between CSF Aβ₄₂ and tau. Unlike for these latter two analytes, receiver-operator characteristic curves demonstrate that neither CSF sBACE1 activity nor sAβPPβ concentrations can be used to differentiate between healthy elderly and AD individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Guoxin Wu
- Merck and Company, West Point, PA, USA
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44
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Zhan X, Cox C, Ander BP, Liu D, Stamova B, Jin LW, Jickling GC, Sharp FR. Inflammation Combined with Ischemia Produces Myelin Injury and Plaque-Like Aggregates of Myelin, Amyloid-β and AβPP in Adult Rat Brain. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 46:507-23. [PMID: 25790832 PMCID: PMC4878315 DOI: 10.3233/jad-143072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background: Ischemia, white matter injury, and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathologies often co-exist in aging brain. How one condition predisposes to, interacts with, or perhaps causes the others remains unclear. Objectives: To better understand the link between ischemia, white matter injury, and AD, adult rats were administered lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to serve as an inflammatory stimulus, and 24 h later subjected to 20-min focal cerebral ischemia (IS) followed by 30-min hypoxia (H). Methods: Myelin and axonal damage, as well as amyloid-β (Aβ) and amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) deposition were examined by Western blot and immunocytochemistry following LPS/IS/H. Findings were compared to the 5XFAD mouse AD brain. Results: Myelin/axonal injury was observed bilaterally in cortex following LPS/IS/H, along with an increase in IL-1, granzyme B, and LPS. AβPP deposition was present in ischemic striatum in regions of myelin loss. Aβ1-42 and AβPP were deposited in small foci in ischemic cortex that co-localized with myelin aggregates. In the 5XFAD mouse AD model, cortical amyloid plaques also co-localized with myelin aggregates. Conclusions: LPS/IS/H produce myelin injury and plaque-like aggregates of myelin. AβPP and Aβ co-localize with these myelin aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhua Zhan
- Department of Neurology, MIND Institute, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Christopher Cox
- Department of Neurology, MIND Institute, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Bradley P Ander
- Department of Neurology, MIND Institute, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Dazhi Liu
- Department of Neurology, MIND Institute, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Boryana Stamova
- Department of Neurology, MIND Institute, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Lee-Way Jin
- Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Glen C Jickling
- Department of Neurology, MIND Institute, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Frank R Sharp
- Department of Neurology, MIND Institute, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
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45
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Kocki J, Ułamek-Kozioł M, Bogucka-Kocka A, Januszewski S, Jabłoński M, Gil-Kulik P, Brzozowska J, Petniak A, Furmaga-Jabłońska W, Bogucki J, Czuczwar SJ, Pluta R. Dysregulation of Amyloid-β Protein Precursor, β-Secretase, Presenilin 1 and 2 Genes in the Rat Selectively Vulnerable CA1 Subfield of Hippocampus Following Transient Global Brain Ischemia. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 47:1047-56. [PMID: 26401782 PMCID: PMC4923727 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between brain ischemia and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has been intensively investigated recently. Nevertheless, we have not yet understood the nature and mechanisms of the ischemic episodes triggering the onset of AD and how they influence its slow progression. The assumed connection between brain ischemia and the accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide awaits to be clearly explained. In our research, we employed a rat cardiac arrest model to study the changes in gene expression of amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) and its cleaving enzymes, β- and γ-secretases (including presenilins) in hippocampal CA1 sector, following transient 10-min global brain ischemia. The quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR assay demonstrated that the expression of all above genes that contribute to Aβ peptide generation was dysregulated during 30 days in postischemic hippocampal CA1 area. It suggests that studied Aβ peptide generation-related genes can be involved in AβPP metabolism, following global brain ischemia and will be useful to identify the molecular mechanisms underpinning that cerebral ischemia might be an etiological cause of AD via dysregulation of AβPP and its cleaving enzymes, β- and γ-secretases genes, and subsequently, it may increase Aβ peptide production and promote the gradual and slow development of AD neuropathology. Our data demonstrate that brain ischemia activates delayed neuronal death in hippocampus in an AβPP-dependent manner, thus defining a new and important mode of ischemic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janusz Kocki
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Marzena Ułamek-Kozioł
- Laboratory of Ischemic and Neurodegenerative Brain Research, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Bogucka-Kocka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Sławomir Januszewski
- Laboratory of Ischemic and Neurodegenerative Brain Research, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mirosław Jabłoński
- Department of Rehabilitation and Orthopaedics, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Paulina Gil-Kulik
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Judyta Brzozowska
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Alicja Petniak
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | | | | | - Stanisław J Czuczwar
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland.,Department of Physiopathology, Institute of Rural Medicine, Lublin, Poland
| | - Ryszard Pluta
- Laboratory of Ischemic and Neurodegenerative Brain Research, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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46
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Abstract
The amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) is subjected to sequential intramembrane proteolysis by α-, β-, andγ-secretases, producing secreted amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides and a cytoplasmically released AβPP Intracellular Domain (AICD). AICD complexes with transcription factors in the nucleus, suggesting that this AβPP fragment serves as an active signaling effector that regulates downstream genes, although its nuclear targets are poorly defined. To further understand this potential signaling mechanism mediated by AβPP, we performed a transcriptomic identification of the Drosophila genome that is regulated by the fly AβPP orthologue in fly mushroom body neurons, which control learning- and memory-based behaviors. We find significant changes in expression of 245 genes, representing approximately 1.6% of the Drosophila genome, with the changes ranging from +6 fold to -40 fold. The largest class of responsive targets corresponds to non-protein coding genes and includes microRNAs that have been previously implicated in Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology. Several genes were identified in our Drosophila microarray analyses that have also emerged as putative AβPP targets in similar mammalian transcriptomic studies. Our results also indicate a role for AβPP in cellular pathways involving the regulation of Drosophila Casein Kinase II, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, RNA processing, and innate immunity. Our findings provide insights into the intracellular events that are regulated by AβPP activity in healthy neurons and that might become dysregulated as a result of abnormal AβPP proteolysis in AD.
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47
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Kärkkäinen E, Lahtinen HM, Närväinen J, Gröhn O, Tanila H. Brain Amyloidosis and BDNF Deficiency Have Opposite Effects on Brain Volumes in AβPP/PS1 Mice Both in vivo and ex vivo. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 46:929-46. [PMID: 26402627 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) volumetry is widely used in Alzheimer's disease (AD) research and diagnostics alongside clinical assessment. Yet few MRI volumetry studies have been conducted in AD model mice with mixed results. We performed in vivo and ex vivo MRI and extensive postmortem histological analysis in transgenic mice derived from crossing amyloid plaque producing AβPP/PS1 mice with brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) +/- mice. This allowed us to compare developmental volumetric changes due to BDNF deficiency with progressive changes due to amyloid accumulation. We found decreased whole brain volume at 3 months and decreased cortical volume at both 3 and 8 months in vivo in BDNF +/- Tg mice but increased whole brain and cortical volumes at 8 months in AβPP/PS1 mice. Consistent with this, the postmortem histological analysis showed decreased brain parenchymal area in BDNF +/- mice but an increase in AβPP/PS1 mice. BDNF gene deficiency did not affect brain amyloid load or astrogliosis, but led to decreased dentate gyrus length, whereas AβPP/PS1 mice had significantly increased amyloid load, astrogliosis, and decreased neurogenesis. Distinct and layer-specific effects were found in the hippocampus of AβPP/PS1 and BDNF +/- mice. In contrast to human AD patients, brain atrophy in amyloid producing mice appears to be masked by volume increase due to amyloid accumulation and especially accompanying astrogliosis. Our results indicate that cortical MRI volumetry can be used to some extent as a proxy to progressive brain amyloidosis in preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Kärkkäinen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Johanna Närväinen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Olli Gröhn
- A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Heikki Tanila
- A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
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48
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Sarajärvi T, Marttinen M, Natunen T, Kauppinen T, Mäkinen P, Helisalmi S, Laitinen M, Rauramaa T, Leinonen V, Petäjä-Repo U, Soininen H, Haapasalo A, Hiltunen M. Genetic Variation in δ-Opioid Receptor Associates with Increased β- and γ-Secretase Activity in the Late Stages of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 48:507-16. [PMID: 26402014 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The agonist-induced activation of human δ-opioid receptor (δOR) has been shown to increase β- (BACE1) and γ-secretase activities leading to increased production of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide. We have recently shown that phenylalanine to cysteine substitution at amino acid 27 in δOR (δOR-Phe27Cys) increases amyloid-β protein precursor processing through altered endocytic trafficking. Also, a genetic meta-analysis of the δOR-Phe27Cys variation (rs1042114) in two independent Alzheimer's disease (AD) patient cohorts indicated that the heterozygosity of δOR-Phe27Cys increases the risk of AD. Here, we investigated α-, β-, and γ-secretase activities in human brain with respect to δOR-Phe27Cys variation in the temporal cortex of 71 subjects with varying degree of AD-related neurofibrillary pathology (Braak stages I-VI). As a result, a significant increase in β- (p = 0.03) and γ- (p = 0.01), but not α-secretase, activities was observed in late stage AD samples (Braak stages V-VI), which were heterozygous for δOR-Phe27Cys as compared to the δOR-Phe27 and δOR-Cys27 homozygotes. The augmented β-secretase activity was not associated with increased mRNA expression or protein levels of BACE1 in the late stage AD patients, who were heterozygous for the δOR-Phe27Cys variation. These findings suggest that δOR-Phe27Cys variation modulates β- and γ-secretase activity in the late stages of AD likely via post-translational mechanisms other than alterations in the mRNA or protein levels of BACE1, or, in the expression of γ-secretase complex components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Sarajärvi
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikael Marttinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Teemu Natunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tarja Kauppinen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Petra Mäkinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Seppo Helisalmi
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marjo Laitinen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tuomas Rauramaa
- Department of Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.,Institute of Clinical Medicine - Pathology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ville Leinonen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurosurgery, University of Eastern Finland and Neurosurgery of NeuroCenter, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ulla Petäjä-Repo
- Medical Research Center Oulu and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Hilkka Soininen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Annakaisa Haapasalo
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Neurobiology, A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
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Li S, Geiger NH, Soliman ML, Hui L, Geiger JD, Chen X. Caffeine, Through Adenosine A3 Receptor-Mediated Actions, Suppresses Amyloid-β Protein Precursor Internalization and Amyloid-β Generation. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 47:73-83. [PMID: 26402756 DOI: 10.3233/jad-142223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Intraneuronal accumulation and extracellular deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) protein continues to be implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), be it familial in origin or sporadic in nature. Aβ is generated intracellularly following endocytosis of amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP), and, consequently, factors that suppress AβPP internalization may decrease amyloidogenic processing of AβPP. Here we tested the hypothesis that caffeine decreases Aβ generation by suppressing AβPP internalization in primary cultured neurons. Caffeine concentration-dependently blocked low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol internalization and a specific adenosine A3 receptor (A3R) antagonist as well as siRNA knockdown of A3Rs mimicked the effects of caffeine on neuronal internalization of LDL cholesterol. Further implicating A3Rs were findings that a specific A3R agonist increased neuronal internalization of LDL cholesterol. In addition, caffeine as well as siRNA knockdown of A3Rs blocked the ability of LDL cholesterol to increase Aβ levels. Furthermore, caffeine blocked LDL cholesterol-induced decreases in AβPP protein levels in neuronal plasma membranes, increased surface expression of AβPP on neurons, and the A3R antagonist as well as siRNA knockdown of A3Rs mimicked the effects of caffeine on AβPP surface expression. Moreover, the A3R agonist decreased neuronal surface expression of AβPP. Our findings suggest that caffeine exerts protective effects against amyloidogenic processing of AβPP at least in part by suppressing A3R-mediated internalization of AβPP.
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Abstract
Early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease (EOFAD) and late-onset sporadic AD (LOSAD) both follow a similar pathological and biochemical course that includes: neuron and synapse loss and dysfunction, microvascular damage, microgliosis, extracellular amyloid-β deposition, tau phosphorylation, formation of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, endoreduplication and related cell cycle events in affected brain regions. Any mechanistic explanation of AD must accommodate these biochemical and neuropathological features for both forms of the disease. In this insight paper we provide a unifying hypothesis for EOFAD and LOSAD that proposes that the aberrant re-entry of terminally differentiated, post-mitotic neurons into the cell division cycle is a common pathway that explains both early and late-onset forms of AD. Cell cycle abnormalities appear very early in the disease process, prior to the appearance of plaques and tangles, and explain the biochemical (e.g. tau phosphorylation), neuropathological (e.g. neuron hypertrophy; polypoidy) and cognitive changes observed in EOFAD and LOSAD. Genetic mutations in AβPP, PSEN1, and PSEN2 that alter amyloid-β precursor protein and Notch processing drive reactivation of the cell cycle in EOFAD, while age-related reproductive endocrine dyscrasia that upregulates mitogenic TNF signaling and AβPP processing toward the amyloidogenic pathway drives reactivation of the cell cycle in LOSAD. In essence, AβPP and presenilin mutations initiate early, what endocrine dyscrasia initiates later: aberrant cell cycle re-entry of post-mitotic neurons leading to neurodegeneration and cognitive decline in AD. Inhibition of cell cycle re-entry in post-mitotic neurons may be a useful therapeutic strategy to prevent, slow or halt disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig S Atwood
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.,Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Administration Hospital, Madison, WI, USA.,School of Exercise, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
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