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Hussain MS, Gupta G, Mishra R, Patel N, Gupta S, Alzarea SI, Kazmi I, Kumbhar P, Disouza J, Dureja H, Kukreti N, Singh SK, Dua K. Unlocking the secrets: Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and their devastating effects on lung cancer. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 255:155157. [PMID: 38320440 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Lung cancer (LCs) is still a serious health problem globally, with many incidences attributed to environmental triggers such as Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). VOCs are a broad class of compounds that can be released via various sources, including industrial operations, automobile emissions, and indoor air pollution. VOC exposure has been linked to an elevated risk of lung cancer via multiple routes. These chemicals can be chemically converted into hazardous intermediate molecules, resulting in DNA damage and genetic alterations. VOCs can also cause oxidative stress, inflammation, and a breakdown in the cellular protective antioxidant framework, all of which contribute to the growth of lung cancer. Moreover, VOCs have been reported to alter critical biological reactions such as cell growth, apoptosis, and angiogenesis, leading to tumor development and metastasis. Epidemiological investigations have found a link between certain VOCs and a higher probability of LCs. Benzene, formaldehyde, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are some of the most well-researched VOCs, with comprehensive data confirming their cancer-causing potential. Nevertheless, the possible health concerns linked with many more VOCs and their combined use remain unknown, necessitating further research. Identifying the toxicological consequences of VOCs in LCs is critical for establishing focused preventative tactics and therapeutic strategies. Better legislation and monitoring mechanisms can limit VOC contamination in occupational and environmental contexts, possibly reducing the prevalence of LCs. Developing VOC exposure indicators and analyzing their associations with genetic susceptibility characteristics may also aid in early identification and targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sadique Hussain
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jaipur National University, Jagatpura, Jaipur, Rajasthan 302017, India
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- Centre for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, India; Centre of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, 346, United Arab Emirates; School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Mahal Road, Jagatpura, Jaipur, India
| | - Riya Mishra
- School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Mahal Road, Jagatpura, Jaipur, India
| | - Neeraj Patel
- School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Mahal Road, Jagatpura, Jaipur, India
| | - Saurabh Gupta
- Chameli Devi Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Khandwa Road, Village Umrikheda, Near Toll booth, Indore, Madhya Pradesh 452020, India
| | - Sami I Alzarea
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, 72341, Al-Jouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Imran Kazmi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, 21589, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Popat Kumbhar
- Tatyasaheb Kore College of Pharmacy, Warananagar, Tal: Panhala Dist: Kolhapur, Maharashtra 416113, India
| | - John Disouza
- Tatyasaheb Kore College of Pharmacy, Warananagar, Tal: Panhala Dist: Kolhapur, Maharashtra 416113, India
| | - Harish Dureja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 124001, India
| | - Neelima Kukreti
- School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun 248007, India
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India; Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Kamal Dua
- Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia; Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
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Jokipii Krueger CC, Park SL, Patel Y, Stram DO, Aldrich M, Cai Q, Tretyakova NY. Association of Urinary N7-(1-hydroxyl-3-buten-1-yl) Guanine (EB-GII) Adducts and Butadiene-Mercapturic Acids with Lung Cancer Development in Cigarette Smokers. Chem Res Toxicol 2024; 37:374-384. [PMID: 38315500 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.3c00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Approximately 10% of smokers will develop lung cancer. Sensitive predictive biomarkers are needed to identify susceptible individuals. 1,3-Butadiene (BD) is among the most abundant tobacco smoke carcinogens. BD is metabolically activated to 3,4-epoxy-1-butene (EB), which is detoxified via the glutathione conjugation/mercapturic acid pathway to form monohydroxybutenyl mercapturic acid (MHBMA) and dihydroxybutyl mercapturic acid (DHBMA). Alternatively, EB can react with guanine nucleobases of DNA to form N7-(1-hydroxyl-3-buten-1-yl) guanine (EB-GII) adducts. We employed isotope dilution LC/ESI-HRMS/MS methodologies to quantify MHBMA, DHBMA, and EB-GII in urine of smokers who developed lung cancer (N = 260) and matched smoking controls (N = 259) from the Southern Community Cohort (white and African American). The concentrations of all three biomarkers were significantly higher in smokers that subsequently developed lung cancer as compared to matched smoker controls after adjusting for age, sex, and race/ethnicity (p < 0.0001 for EB-GII, p < 0.0001 for MHBMA, and p = 0.0007 for DHBMA). The odds ratio (OR) for lung cancer development was 1.63 for MHBMA, 1.37 for DHBMA, and 1.97 for EB-GII, with a higher OR in African American subjects than in whites. The association of urinary EB-GII, MHBMA, and DHBMA with lung cancer status did not remain upon adjustment for total nicotine equivalents. These findings reveal that urinary MHBMA, DHBMA, and EB-GII are directly correlated with the BD dose delivered via smoking and are associated with lung cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin C Jokipii Krueger
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Sungshim L Park
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Yesha Patel
- Department of Preventative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Daniel O Stram
- Department of Preventative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Melinda Aldrich
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Qiuyin Cai
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Natalia Y Tretyakova
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Vallée M. How Government Health Agencies Obscure the Impact of Environmental Pollution and Perpetuate Reductionist Framings of Disease: The Case of Leukemia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH AND HEALTH SERVICES 2024; 54:28-39. [PMID: 37099622 PMCID: PMC10797827 DOI: 10.1177/27551938231169119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
Since the 1970s, environmental health researchers have documented environmental pollution's impacts on human health, which includes the bioaccumulation of industrial chemicals and how these toxicants contribute to disease. However, the relationship between disease and pollution is often difficult to discern in the disease information provided by dominant institutions. Previous scholarship has identified that print media, television news, online medical publishers, and medical associations consistently obscure the environmental causation frame. However, less has been said about disease information provided by public health agencies. To address this gap, I analyzed the leukemia information provided by Cancer Australia, the United States' National Institutes of Health, and the United Kingdom's National Health Service. My analysis shows that the disease information offered by these health agencies also obscures the environmental causation frame by failing to identify most toxicants that environmental health researchers have linked to leukemia and by emphasizing a biomedical framing of the medical condition. Beyond documenting the problem, this article also discusses the social consequences and sources of the problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Vallée
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Sociology and Criminology, The University of Auckland, 58 Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
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Valdez-Flores C, Erraguntla N, Budinsky R, Cagen S, Kirman CR. An updated lymphohematopoietic and bladder cancers risk evaluation for occupational and environmental exposures to 1,3-butadiene. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 366:110077. [PMID: 36029806 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
EPA designated 1,3-butadiene (BD) as a high priority chemical in December 2019 and is presently performing an evaluation under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). EPA's cancer dose-response assessment for BD was published in 2002 and was primarily based on a study on workers exposed to BD in the North American synthetic Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR) Industry developed by the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB). EPA relied upon a Poisson regression of leukemia mortality data from this cohort (hereinafter referred to as the SBR study) to estimate the cancer potency of BD. At the time, the SBR cohort included more than 15,000 male workers that were followed up through 1991. The SBR cohort has undergone multiple updates over the past two decades. Most recently, Sathiakumar et al. (2021a, b) published an update, with 18 more years of follow up in addition to approximately 5,000 female workers and updated exposure concentration estimates. Recent EPA assessments (e.g., for ethylene oxide, USEPA 2016) based on epidemiological studies use Cox proportional hazards models because they offer better control of the effect of age in cancer development and are less restrictive than Poisson regression models. Here, we develop exposure-response models using standard Cox proportional hazards regression. We explore the relationship between six endpoints (all leukemia, lymphoid leukemia, myeloid leukemia, multiple myeloma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and bladder cancer) and exposures to BD using the most recent exposure metrics and the most recent update of the SBR study. After adjusting for statistically significant covariates, an upper 95% confidence level on the cancer potency based on leukemia derived herein is 0.000086 per ppm, which is approximately 1,000-fold less than EPA's (2002) estimate of 0.08 per ppm and about 10-fold less than TCEQ's (2008) estimate of 0.0011 per ppm.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Valdez-Flores
- Texas A&M University, 4073 Emerging Technologies Building, College Station, TX, 77843-3131, USA.
| | - N Erraguntla
- American Chemistry Council, 700 2nd Street NE, Washington, DC, 20002, USA.
| | | | | | - C R Kirman
- Summit Toxicology, 615 Nikles Drive, Unit 102, Bozeman, MT, 59715, USA.
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Sathiakumar N, Bolaji BE, Brill I, Chen L, Tipre M, Leader M, Arora T, Delzell E. 1,3-Butadiene, styrene and lymphohaematopoietic cancers among North American synthetic rubber polymer workers: exposure-response analyses. Occup Environ Med 2021; 78:859-868. [PMID: 34108254 PMCID: PMC8606437 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2020-107197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate exposure-response between 1,3-butadiene, styrene and lymphohaematopoietic cancers in an updated cohort of workers at six North American plants that made synthetic rubber polymers. METHODS Employees were followed from 1943 through 2009 to determine mortality outcomes. Cox regression analyses estimated rate ratios (RRs) and 95% CIs by quartile of cumulative exposure to butadiene or styrene, measured in parts per million-years (ppm-years), and exposure-response trends for all leukaemia, lymphoid leukaemia, myeloid leukaemia, acute myeloid leukaemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), multiple myeloma and all B-cell malignancies. RESULTS Among 21 087 workers, adjusted RRs for butadiene and all leukaemia (132 deaths) rose with increasing exposure, with an RR of 2.53 (95% CI 1.37 to 4.67) in the highest exposure quartile (≥363.64 ppm-years), and the exposure-response trend was statistically significant for all leukaemia (p=0.014) and for lymphoid leukaemia (52 deaths, p=0.007). Styrene exposure-response trends for all leukaemia and lymphoid leukaemia were less consistent than those for butadiene. Cumulative exposures to butadiene and styrene were not associated consistently with myeloid leukaemias or the B-cell malignancies, NHL and multiple myeloma. CONCLUSIONS We confirmed a positive exposure-response relationship between butadiene and all leukaemia among workers, most of whom had coexposure to styrene. Results supported an association between butadiene and lymphoid leukaemia, but not myeloid leukaemia, and provided little evidence of any association of butadiene or styrene exposures with major subtypes of B-cell malignancies other than lymphoid leukaemia, including NHL and multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalini Sathiakumar
- Epidemiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Public Health, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Bolanle E Bolaji
- Epidemiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Public Health, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Ilene Brill
- Epidemiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Public Health, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Ligong Chen
- Biostatistician, The University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Public Health, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Meghan Tipre
- Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham Department of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Mark Leader
- Epidemiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Public Health, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Tarun Arora
- Epidemiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Public Health, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Elizabeth Delzell
- Epidemiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Public Health, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Erber L, Goodman S, Jokipii Krueger CC, Rusyn I, Tretyakova N. Quantitative NanoLC/NSI +-HRMS Method for 1,3-Butadiene Induced bis-N7-guanine DNA-DNA Cross-Links in Urine. TOXICS 2021; 9:247. [PMID: 34678943 PMCID: PMC8540193 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9100247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
1,3-Butadiene (BD) is a common environmental and industrial chemical widely used in plastic and rubber manufacturing and also present in cigarette smoke and automobile exhaust. BD is classified as a known human carcinogen based on evidence of carcinogenicity in laboratory animals treated with BD by inhalation and epidemiological studies revealing an increased risk of leukemia and lymphohematopoietic cancers in workers occupationally exposed to BD. Upon exposure via inhalation, BD is bioactivated to several toxic epoxides including 3,4-epoxy-1-butene (EB), 3,4-epoxy-1,2-butanediol (EBD), and 1,2,3,4-diepoxybutane (DEB); these are conjugated with glutathione and excreted as 2-(N-acetyl-L-cystein-S-yl)-1-hydroxybut-3-ene/1-(N-acetyl-L-cystein-S-yl)-2-hydroxybut-3-ene (MHBMA), 4-(N-acetyl-L-cystein-S-yl)-1,2-dihydroxybutane (DHBMA), and 1,4-bis-(N-acetyl-L-cystein-S-yl)butane-2,3-diol (bis-BDMA). Exposure to DEB generates monoalkylated DNA adducts, DNA-DNA crosslinks, and DNA-protein crosslinks, which can cause base substitutions, genomic rearrangements, and large genomic deletions. In this study, we developed a quantitative nanoLC/NSI+-HRMS methodology for 1,4-bis-(gua-7-yl)-2,3-butanediol (bis-N7G-BD) adducts in urine (LOD: 0.1 fmol/mL urine, LOQ: 1.0 fmol/mL urine). This novel method was used to quantify bis-N7G-BD in urine of mice treated with 590 ± 150 ppm BD for 2 weeks (6 h/day, 5 days/week). Bis-N7G-BD was detected in urine of male and female BD-exposed mice (574.6 ± 206.0 and 571.1 ± 163.4 pg/mg of creatinine, respectively). In addition, major urinary metabolites of BD, bis-BDMA, MHBMA and DHBMA, were measured in the same samples. Urinary bis-N7G-BD adduct levels correlated with DEB-derived metabolite bis-BDMA (r = 0.80, Pearson correlation), but not with the EB-derived DNA adducts (EB-GII) or EB-derived metabolites MHBMA and DHBMA (r = 0.24, r = 0.14, r = 0.18, respectively, Pearson correlations). Urinary bis-N7G-BD could be employed as a novel non-invasive biomarker of exposure to BD and bioactivation to its most mutagenic metabolite, DEB. This method will be useful for future studies of 1,3-butadiene exposure and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Erber
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (L.E.); (C.C.J.K.)
| | - Samantha Goodman
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Caitlin C. Jokipii Krueger
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (L.E.); (C.C.J.K.)
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Natalia Tretyakova
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (L.E.); (C.C.J.K.)
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1,3-Butadiene, styrene and selected outcomes among synthetic rubber polymer workers: Updated exposure-response analyses. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 347:109600. [PMID: 34324853 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE - To evaluate exposure-response relationships between 1,3-butadiene and styrene and selected diseases among synthetic rubber polymer workers. METHODS - 21,087 workers (16,579 men; 4508 women) were followed from 1943 through 2009 to determine mortality outcomes. Cox regression models estimated rate ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) by quartile of cumulative exposure to butadiene or styrene and exposure-response trends for cancers of the bladder, lung, kidney, esophagus and pancreas, and for all nonmalignant respiratory disease (NMRD), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and pneumonia. RESULTS - Bladder cancer RRs were 2.13 (95% CI = 1.03 to 4.41) and 1.64 (95% CI = 0.76 to 3.54) in the highest quartiles of cumulative exposure to butadiene and styrene, respectively, and exposure-response trends were positive for both monomers (butadiene, trend p = 0.001; styrene, trend p = 0.004). Further analyses indicated that the exposure-response effect of each monomer on bladder cancer was demonstrated clearly only in the subgroup with high cumulative exposure (at or above the median) to the other monomer. Lung cancer was not associated with either monomer among men. Among women, lung cancer RRs were above 1.0 in each quartile of cumulative exposure to each monomer, but exposure-response was not seen for either monomer. Male workers had COPD RRs slightly above 1.0 in each quartile of cumulative exposure to each monomer, but there was no evidence of exposure-response among the exposed. Monomer exposure was not consistently associated with COPD in women or with the other cancer outcomes. CONCLUSIONS - This study found a positive exposure-response relationship between monomer exposures and bladder cancer. The independent effects of butadiene and styrene on this cancer could not be delineated. In some analyses, monomer exposure was associated with lung cancer in women and with COPD in men, but inconsistent exposure-response trends and divergent results by sex do not support a causal interpretation of the isolated positive associations.
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Mundt KA, Dell LD, Boffetta P, Beckett EM, Lynch HN, Desai VJ, Lin CK, Thompson WJ. The importance of evaluating specific myeloid malignancies in epidemiological studies of environmental carcinogens. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:227. [PMID: 33676443 PMCID: PMC7936449 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-07908-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) - including chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) - and myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms (MDS/MPN) are largely clinically distinct myeloid malignancies, epidemiological studies rarely examine them separately and often combine them with lymphoid malignancies, limiting possible etiological interpretations for specific myeloid malignancies. METHODS We systematically evaluated the epidemiological literature on the four chemical agents (1,3-butadiene, formaldehyde, benzene, and tobacco smoking, excluding pharmaceutical, microbial and radioactive agents, and pesticides) classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as having sufficient epidemiological evidence to conclude that each causes "myeloid malignancies." Literature searches of IARC Monographs and PubMed identified 85 studies that we critically assessed, and for appropriate subsets, summarized results using meta-analysis. RESULTS Only two epidemiological studies on 1,3-butadiene were identified, but reported findings were inadequate to evaluate specific myeloid malignancies. Studies on formaldehyde reported results for AML and CML - and not for MDS or MPN - but reported no increased risks. For benzene, several specific myeloid malignancies were evaluated, with consistent associations reported with AML and MDS and mixed results for CML. Studies of tobacco smoking examined all major myeloid malignancies, demonstrating consistent relationships with AML, MDS and MPN, but not with CML. CONCLUSIONS Surprisingly few epidemiological studies present results for specific myeloid malignancies, and those identified were inconsistent across studies of the same exposure, as well as across chemical agents. This exercise illustrates that even for agents classified as having sufficient evidence of causing "myeloid malignancies," the epidemiological evidence for specific myeloid malignancies is generally limited and inconsistent. Future epidemiological studies should report findings for the specific myeloid malignancies, as combining them post hoc - where appropriate - always remains possible, whereas disaggregation may not. Furthermore, combining results across possibly discrete diseases reduces the chances of identifying important malignancy-specific causal associations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - L D Dell
- Ramboll US Consulting Inc., Amherst, MA, USA
| | - P Boffetta
- Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | - V J Desai
- Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - C K Lin
- Cardno ChemRisk, Boston, MA, USA
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Degner A, Arora R, Erber L, Chao C, Peterson LA, Tretyakova NY. Interindividual Differences in DNA Adduct Formation and Detoxification of 1,3-Butadiene-Derived Epoxide in Human HapMap Cell Lines. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:1698-1708. [PMID: 32237725 PMCID: PMC8177104 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Smoking-induced lung cancer is a major cause of cancer mortality in the US and worldwide. While 11-24% of smokers will develop lung cancer, risk varies among individuals and ethnic/racial groups. Specifically, African American and Native Hawaiian cigarette smokers are more likely to get lung cancer as compared to Caucasians, Japanese Americans, and Latinos. It is important to identify smokers who are at the greatest risk of developing lung cancer as they should be candidates for smoking cessation and chemopreventive intervention programs. Among 60+ tobacco smoke carcinogens, 1,3-butadiene (BD) is one of the most potent and abundant (20-75 μg per cigarette in mainstream smoke and 205-361 μg per cigarette in side stream smoke). BD is metabolically activated to 3,4-epoxy-1-butene (EB), which can be detoxified by glutathione S-transferase theta 1 (GSTT1)-mediated conjugation with glutathione, or can react with DNA to form 7-(1-hydroxy-3-buten-2-yl)guanine (EB-GII) adducts. In the present study, we employed EBV-transformed human lymphoblastoid cell lines (HapMap cells) with known GSTT1 genotypes to examine the influence of the GSTT1 gene on interindividual variability in butadiene metabolism, DNA adduct formation/repair, and biological outcomes (apoptosis). We found that GSTT1- HapMap cells treated with EB in culture produced lower levels of glutathione conjugates and were more susceptible to apoptosis but had similar numbers of EB-GII adducts as GSTT1+ cells. Our results suggest that GSTT1 can influence an individual's susceptibility to butadiene-derived epoxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Degner
- University of Minnesota Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Minneapolis, MN 55455
- University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Rashi Arora
- University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Luke Erber
- University of Minnesota Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Minneapolis, MN 55455
- University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Christopher Chao
- University of Minnesota Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Minneapolis, MN 55455
- University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Lisa A. Peterson
- University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN 55455
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of MN, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Natalia Y. Tretyakova
- University of Minnesota Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Minneapolis, MN 55455
- University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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Jokipii Krueger CC, Madugundu G, Degner A, Patel Y, Stram DO, Church TR, Tretyakova N. Urinary N7-(1-hydroxy-3-buten-2-yl) guanine adducts in humans: temporal stability and association with smoking. Mutagenesis 2020; 35:19-26. [PMID: 31702786 PMCID: PMC7016204 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gez030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
1,3-Butadiene (BD) is a known human carcinogen found in cigarette smoke, automobile exhaust, and urban air. Workers occupationally exposed to BD in the workplace have an increased incidence of leukemia and lymphoma. BD undergoes cytochrome P450-mediated metabolic activation to 3,4-epoxy-1-butene (EB), 1,2,3,4-diepoxybutane (DEB) and 1,2-dihydroxy-3,4-epoxybutane (EBD), which form covalent adducts with DNA. We have previously reported a quantitative nanoLC/ESI+-HRMS3 method for urinary N7-(1-hydroxy-3-buten-2-yl) guanine (EB-GII) adducts as a mechanism-based biomarker of BD exposure. In the present study, the method was updated to include high throughput 96-well solid phase extraction (SPE) and employed to establish urinary EB-GII biomarker stability and association with smoking. Urinary EB-GII levels were measured bimonthly for 1 year in 19 smokers to determine whether single adduct measurement provides reliable levels of EB-GII in an individual smoker. In addition, association of EB-GII with smoking was studied in 17 individuals participating in a smoking cessation program. EB-GII levels decreased 34% upon smoking cessation, indicating that it is associated with smoking status, but may also originate from sources other than exposure to cigarette smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin C Jokipii Krueger
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Guru Madugundu
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Amanda Degner
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Yesha Patel
- Department of Preventative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Daniel O Stram
- Department of Preventative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Timothy R Church
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Natalia Tretyakova
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
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Mortality Among Men and Women in the North American Synthetic Rubber Industry, 1943 to 2009. J Occup Environ Med 2019; 61:887-897. [DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000001688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Walker VE, Degner A, Carter EW, Nicklas JA, Walker DM, Tretyakova N, Albertini RJ. 1,3-Butadiene metabolite 1,2,3,4 diepoxybutane induces DNA adducts and micronuclei but not t(9;22) translocations in human cells. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 312:108797. [PMID: 31422076 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.108797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies of 1,3-butadiene (BD) exposures have reported a possible association with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), which is defined by the presence of the t(9;22) translocation (Philadelphia chromosome) creating an oncogenic BCR-ABL fusion gene. Butadiene diepoxide (DEB), the most mutagenic of three epoxides resulting from BD, forms DNA-DNA crosslink adducts that can lead to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Thus, a study was designed to determine if (±)-DEB exposure of HL60 cells, a promyelocytic leukemia cell line lacking the Philadelphia chromosome, can produce t(9;22) translocations. In HL60 cells exposed for 3 h to 0-10 μM DEB, overlapping dose-response curves suggested a direct relationship between 1,4-bis-(guan-7-yl)-2,3-butanediol crosslink adduct formation (R = 0.977, P = 0.03) and cytotoxicity (R = 0.961, P = 0.002). Experiments to define the relationships between cytotoxicity and the induction of micronuclei (MN), a dosimeter of DNA DSBs, showed that 24 h exposures of HL60 cells to 0-5.0 μM DEB caused significant positive correlations between the concentration and (i) the degree of cytotoxicity (R = 0.998, p = 0.002) and (ii) the frequency of MN (R = 0.984, p = 0.016) at 48 h post exposure. To determine the relative induction of MN and t(9;22) translocations following exposures to DEB, or x-rays as a positive control for formation of t(9;22) translocations, HL60 cells were exposed for 24 h to 0, 1, 2.5, or 5 μM DEB or to 0, 2.0, 3.5, or 5.0 Gy x-rays, or treatments demonstrated to yield 0, 20%, 50%, or 80% cytotoxicity. Treatments between 0 and 3.5 Gy x-rays caused significant dose-related increases in both MN (p < 0.001) and t(9;22) translocations (p = 0.01), whereas DEB exposures causing similar cytotoxicity levels did not increase translocations over background. These data indicate that, while DEB induces DNA DSBs required for formation of MN and translocations, acute DEB exposures of HL60 cells did not produce the Philadelphia chromosome obligatory for CML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vernon E Walker
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States.
| | - Amanda Degner
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.
| | - Elizabeth W Carter
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States.
| | - Janice A Nicklas
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States.
| | - Dale M Walker
- The Burlington HC Research Group, Inc., Jericho, VT, United States.
| | - Natalia Tretyakova
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.
| | - Richard J Albertini
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States.
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13
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Styrene Exposure and Risk of Lymphohematopoietic Malignancies in 73,036 Reinforced Plastics Workers. Epidemiology 2018. [DOI: 10.1097/ede.0000000000000819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Collins JJ, Delzell E. A systematic review of epidemiologic studies of styrene and cancer. Crit Rev Toxicol 2018; 48:443-470. [DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2018.1445700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James J. Collins
- Health and Human Services, Saginaw Valley State University, University Center, Saginaw, MI, USA
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15
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Boldry EJ, Patel YM, Kotapati S, Esades A, Park SL, Tiirikainen M, Stram DO, Le Marchand L, Tretyakova N. Genetic Determinants of 1,3-Butadiene Metabolism and Detoxification in Three Populations of Smokers with Different Risks of Lung Cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2017; 26:1034-1042. [PMID: 28292921 PMCID: PMC5500389 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-16-0838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: 1,3-Butadiene (BD) is an important carcinogen in tobacco smoke that undergoes metabolic activation to DNA-reactive epoxides. These species can be detoxified via glutathione conjugation and excreted in urine as the corresponding N-acetylcysteine conjugates. We hypothesize that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in BD-metabolizing genes may change the balance of BD bioactivation and detoxification in White, Japanese American, and African American smokers, potentially contributing to ethnic differences in lung cancer risk.Methods: We measured the levels of BD metabolites, 1- and 2-(N-acetyl-L-cysteine-S-yl)-1-hydroxybut-3-ene (MHBMA) and N-acetyl-S-(3,4-dihydroxybutyl)-L-cysteine (DHBMA), in urine samples from a total of 1,072 White, Japanese American, and African American smokers and adjusted these values for body mass index, age, batch, and total nicotine equivalents. We also conducted a genome-wide association study to identify genetic determinants of BD metabolism.Results: We found that mean urinary MHBMA concentrations differed significantly by ethnicity (P = 4.0 × 10-25). African Americans excreted the highest levels of MHBMA followed by Whites and Japanese Americans. MHBMA levels were affected by GSTT1 gene copy number (P < 0.0001); conditional on GSTT1, no other polymorphisms showed a significant association. Urinary DHBMA levels also differed between ethnic groups (P = 3.3 × 10-4), but were not affected by GSTT1 copy number (P = 0.226).Conclusions:GSTT1 gene deletion has a strong effect on urinary MHBMA levels, and therefore BD metabolism, in smokers.Impact: Our results show that the order of MHBMA levels among ethnic groups is consistent with their respective lung cancer risk and can be partially explained by GSTT1 genotype. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 26(7); 1034-42. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Boldry
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Yesha M Patel
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Srikanth Kotapati
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Amanda Esades
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Sungshim L Park
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Maarit Tiirikainen
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Epidemiology Program, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Daniel O Stram
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
| | - Loïc Le Marchand
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Epidemiology Program, Honolulu, Hawaii.
| | - Natalia Tretyakova
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
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1,3-Butadiene, CML and the t(9:22) translocation: A reality check. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 241:32-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Sathiakumar N, Brill I, Leader M, Delzell E. 1,3-Butadiene, styrene and lymphohematopoietic cancer among male synthetic rubber industry workers – Preliminary exposure-response analyses. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 241:40-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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18
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Sielken RL, Valdez-Flores C. A comprehensive review of occupational and general population cancer risk: 1,3-Butadiene exposure-response modeling for all leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, myeloid neoplasm and lymphoid neoplasm. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 241:50-8. [PMID: 26070419 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Excess cancer risks associated with 1,3-butadiene (BD) inhalation exposures are calculated using an extensive data set developed by the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) from an epidemiology study of North American workers in the styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) industry. While the UAB study followed SBR workers, risk calculations can be adapted to estimate both occupational and general population risks. The data from the UAB SBR study offer an opportunity to quantitatively evaluate the association between cumulative exposure to BD and different types of cancer, accounting for the number of tasks involving high-intensity exposures to BD as well as confounding associated with the exposures to the multiple other chemicals in the SBR industry. Quantitative associations of BD exposure and cancer, specifically leukemia, can be further characterized by leukemia type, including potential associations with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), and the groups of lymphoid and myeloid neoplasms. Collectively, these multiple evaluations lead to a comprehensive analysis that makes use of all of the available information and is consistent with the risk assessment goals of the USEPA and other regulatory agencies, and in line with the recommendations of the USEPA Science Advisory Board. While a range of cancer risk values can result from these multiple factors, a preferred case for occupational and general population risk is highlighted. Cox proportional hazards models are used to fit exposure-response models to the most recent UAB data. The slope of the model with cumulative BD ppm-years as the predictor variable is not statistically significantly greater than zero for CML, AML, or, when any one of eight exposure covariates is added to the model, for all leukemias combined. The slope for CLL is statistically significantly different from zero. The slope for myeloid neoplasms is not statistically significantly greater than zero while the slope for lymphoid neoplasms is statistically significantly greater than zero. The excess risk for the general population is largest for lymphoid neoplasms. The best estimates of the environmental concentrations (ECs) associated with an excess risk of 1/100,000 by age 70 years for lymphoid neoplasms, all leukemias, and CLL are EC(1/100,000)'s equal to 0.06, 0.16 and 0.38 ppm, respectively. The best estimates of the occupational BD exposure from 20 to 65 years of age associated with an excess risk of 1/10,000 by age 70 years for lymphoid neoplasms, all leukemias, and CLL are the EC(1/10,000)'s of 2.7, 7.3 and 15.1 ppm, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Sielken
- Sielken & Associates Consulting Inc., 1200 Beacon Court, College Station, TX 77845, United States.
| | - Ciriaco Valdez-Flores
- Sielken & Associates Consulting Inc., 1200 Beacon Court, College Station, TX 77845, United States
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Oddone E, Modonesi C, Gatta G. Occupational exposures and colorectal cancers: A quantitative overview of epidemiological evidence. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:12431-12444. [PMID: 25253943 PMCID: PMC4168076 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i35.12431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A traditional belief widespread across the biomedical community was that dietary habits and genetic predisposition were the basic factors causing colorectal cancer. In more recent times, however, a growing evidence has shown that other determinants can be very important in increasing (or reducing) incidence of this malignancy. The hypothesis that environmental and occupational risk factors are associated with colorectal cancer is gaining ground, and high risks of colorectal cancer have been reported among workers in some industrial branches. The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiologic relationship between colorectal cancer and occupational exposures to several industrial activities, by means of a scientific literature review and meta-analysis. This work pointed out increased risks of colorectal cancer for labourers occupied in industries with a wide use of chemical compounds, such as leather (RR = 1.70, 95%CI: 1.24-2.34), basic metals (RR = 1.32, 95%CI: 1.07-1.65), plastic and rubber manufacturing (RR = 1.30, 95%CI: 0.98-1.71 and RR = 1.27, 95%CI: 0.92-1.76, respectively), besides workers in the sector of repair and installation of machinery exposed to asbestos (RR = 1.40, 95%CI: 1.07-1.84). Based on our results, the estimated crude excess risk fraction attributable to occupational exposure ranged from about 11% to about 15%. However, homogeneous pattern of association between colorectal cancer and industrial branches did not emerge from this review.
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20
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Kowal EA, Seneviratne U, Wickramaratne S, Doherty KE, Cao X, Tretyakova N, Stone MP. Structures of exocyclic R,R- and S,S-N(6),N(6)-(2,3-dihydroxybutan-1,4-diyl)-2'-deoxyadenosine adducts induced by 1,2,3,4-diepoxybutane. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:805-17. [PMID: 24741991 PMCID: PMC4027948 DOI: 10.1021/tx400472p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
1,3-Butadiene (BD) is an industrial and environmental chemical present in urban air and cigarette smoke, and is classified as a human carcinogen. It is oxidized by cytochrome P450 to form 1,2,3,4-diepoxybutane (DEB); DEB bis-alkylates the N(6) position of adenine in DNA. Two enantiomers of bis-N(6)-dA adducts of DEB have been identified: R,R-N(6),N(6)-(2,3-dihydroxybutan-1,4-diyl)-2'-deoxyadenosine (R,R-DHB-dA), and S,S-N(6),N(6)-(2,3-dihydroxybutan-1,4-diyl)-2'-deoxyadenosine (S,S-DHB-dA) [ Seneviratne , U. , Antsypovich , S. , Dorr , D. Q. , Dissanayake , T. , Kotapati , S. , and Tretyakova , N. ( 2010 ) Chem. Res. Toxicol. 23 , 1556 -1567 ]. Herein, the R,R-DHB-dA and S,S-DHB-dA adducts have been incorporated into the 5'-d(C(1)G(2)G(3)A(4)C(5)X(6)A(7)G(8)A(9)A(10)G(11))-3':5'-d(C(12)T(13)T(14)C(15)T(16)T(17)G(18)T(19)C(20)C(21)G(22))-3' duplex [X(6) = R,R-DHB-dA (R(6)) or S,S-DHB-dA (S(6))]. The structures of the duplexes were determined by molecular dynamics calculations, which were restrained by experimental distances obtained from NMR data. Both the R,R- and S,S-DHB-dA adducts are positioned in the major groove of DNA. In both instances, the bulky 3,4-dihydroxypyrrolidine rings are accommodated by an out-of-plane rotation about the C6-N(6) bond of the bis-alkylated adenine. In both instances, the directionality of the dihydroxypyrrolidine ring is evidenced by the pattern of NOEs between the 3,4-dihydroxypyrrolidine protons and DNA. Also in both instances, the anti conformation of the glycosyl bond is maintained, which combined with the out-of-plane rotation about the C6-N(6) bond, allows the complementary thymine, T(17), to remain stacked within the duplex, and form one hydrogen bond with the modified base, between the imine nitrogen of the modified base and the T(17) N3H imino proton. The loss of the second Watson-Crick hydrogen bonding interaction at the lesion sites correlates with the lower thermal stabilities of the R,R- and S,S-DHB-dA duplexes, as compared to the corresponding unmodified duplex. The reduced base stacking at the adduct sites may also contribute to the thermal instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa A Kowal
- Department of Chemistry, Center in Molecular Toxicology, and Center for Structural Biology, Stevenson Science Center, Vanderbilt University , 2201 West End Avenue, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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Caciari T, Casale T, Loreti B, Schifano MP, Capozzella A, Scala B, De Sio S, Tomei G, Rosati MV, Tomei F. Peripheral blood counts in workers exposed to synthetic fibres. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2014; 49:146-152. [PMID: 24171413 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2013.838839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Acrylonitrile is an intermediary with possible adverse health effects in the synthesis of organic products, such as acrylic fibres. This investigation was undertaken to determine the possible changes in the peripheral blood counts in workers of a polyacrylic fibres plant. The study involved 218 workers exposed to acrylonitrile at low doses and a control group of 200 unexposed workers. The chosen subjects underwent blood tests in order to check their haematological parameters. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in terms of the red blood cells, haemoglobin and total number of leukocytes. An increase in the neutrophils associated with a reduction of lymphocytes, both statistically significant, was observed. The authors hypothesized that the neutrophils are influenced by the exposure to acrylonitrile at low doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Caciari
- a Department of Anatomy, Histology, Medical-Legal and the Orthopedics, Unit of Occupational Medicine , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
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Nonmalignant Respiratory Disease Mortality in Styrene-Exposed Workers. Epidemiology 2014; 25:161-2. [DOI: 10.1097/ede.0b013e3182a798fa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Sangaraju D, Villalta P, Goggin M, Agunsoye MO, Campbell C, Tretyakova N. Capillary HPLC-accurate mass MS/MS quantitation of N7-(2,3,4-trihydroxybut-1-yl)-guanine adducts of 1,3-butadiene in human leukocyte DNA. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:1486-97. [PMID: 23937706 DOI: 10.1021/tx400213m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
1,3-Butadiene (BD) is a high volume industrial chemical commonly used in polymer and rubber production. It is also present in cigarette smoke, automobile exhaust, and urban air, leading to widespread exposure of human populations. Upon entering the body, BD is metabolized to electrophilic epoxides, 3,4-epoxy-1-butene (EB), diepoxybutane (DEB), and 3,4-epoxy-1,2-diol (EBD), which can alkylate DNA nucleobases. The most abundant BD epoxide, EBD, modifies the N7-guanine positions in DNA to form N7-(2, 3, 4-trihydroxybut-1-yl) guanine (N7-THBG) adducts, which can be useful as biomarkers of BD exposure and metabolic activation to DNA-reactive epoxides. In the present work, a capillary HPLC-high resolution ESI⁺-MS/MS (HPLC-ESI⁺-HRMS/MS) methodology was developed for accurate, sensitive, and reproducible quantification of N7-THBG in cell culture and in human white blood cells. In our approach, DNA is subjected to neutral thermal hydrolysis to release N7-guanine adducts from the DNA backbone, followed by ultrafiltration, solid-phase extraction, and isotope dilution HPLC-ESI⁺-HRMS/MS analysis on an Orbitrap Velos mass spectrometer. Following method validation, N7-THBG was quantified in human fibrosarcoma (HT1080) cells treated with micromolar concentrations of DEB and in DNA isolated from blood of smokers, nonsmokers, individuals participating in a smoking cessation program, and occupationally exposed workers. N7-THBG concentrations increased linearly from 31.4 ± 4.84 to 966.55 ± 128.05 adducts per 10⁹ nucleotides in HT1080 cells treated with 1-100 μM DEB. N7-THBG amounts in leukocyte DNA of nonsmokers, smokers, and occupationally exposed workers were 7.08 ± 5.29, 8.20 ± 5.12, and 9.72 ± 3.80 adducts per 10⁹ nucleotides, respectively, suggesting the presence of an endogenous or environmental source for this adduct. The availability of sensitive HPLC-ESI⁺-HRMS/MS methodology for BD-induced DNA adducts in humans will enable future population studies of interindividual and ethnic differences in BD bioactivation to DNA-reactive epoxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dewakar Sangaraju
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and the Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Saberi Hosnijeh F, Christopher Y, Peeters P, Romieu I, Xun W, Riboli E, Raaschou-Nielsen O, Tjønneland A, Becker N, Nieters A, Trichopoulou A, Bamia C, Orfanos P, Oddone E, Luján-Barroso L, Dorronsoro M, Navarro C, Barricarte A, Molina-Montes E, Wareham N, Vineis P, Vermeulen R. Occupation and risk of lymphoid and myeloid leukaemia in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Occup Environ Med 2013; 70:464-70. [PMID: 23576671 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2012-101135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Established risk factors for leukaemia do not explain the majority of leukaemia cases. Previous studies have suggested the importance of occupation and related exposures in leukaemogenesis. We evaluated possible associations between job title and selected hazardous agents and leukaemia in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. METHODS The mean follow-up time for 241 465 subjects was 11.20 years (SD 2.42 years). During the follow-up period, 477 incident cases of myeloid and lymphoid leukaemia occurred. Data on 52 occupations considered a priori to be at high risk of developing cancer were collected through standardised questionnaires. Occupational exposures were estimated by linking the reported occupations to a job exposure matrix. Cox proportional hazard models were used to explore the association between occupation and related exposures and risk of leukaemia. RESULTS The risk of lymphoid leukaemia significantly increased for working in chemical laboratories (HR 8.35, 95% CI 1.58 to 44.24), while the risk of myeloid leukaemia increased for working in the shoe or other leather goods industry (HR 2.54, 95% CI 1.28 to 5.06). Exposure-specific analyses showed a non-significant increased risk of myeloid leukaemias for exposure to benzene (HR 1.15, 95% CI 0.75 to 1.40; HR=1.60, 95% CI 0.95 to 2.69 for the low and high exposure categories, respectively). This association was present both for acute and chronic myeloid leukaemia at high exposure levels. However, numbers were too small to reach statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest a possible role of occupational exposures in the development of both lymphoid and myeloid leukaemia. Exposure to benzene seemed to be associated with both acute and chronic myeloid leukaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Saberi Hosnijeh
- Division Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Sielken RL, Valdez-Flores C. Quantitative risk assessment of exposures to butadiene in EU occupational settings based on the University of Alabama at Birmingham epidemiological study. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2013; 65:214-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Rhomberg LR, Goodman JE, Prueitt RL. The Weight of Evidence Does Not Support the Listing of Styrene as "Reasonably Anticipated to be a Human Carcinogen" in NTP's Twelfth Report on Carcinogens. HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT : HERA 2013; 19:4-27. [PMID: 23335843 PMCID: PMC3545489 DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2012.650577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Revised: 09/24/2011] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Styrene was listed as "reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen" in the twelfth edition of the National Toxicology Program's Report on Carcinogens based on what we contend are erroneous findings of limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans, sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals, and supporting mechanistic data. The epidemiology studies show no consistent increased incidence of, or mortality from, any type of cancer. In animal studies, increased incidence rates of mostly benign tumors have been observed only in certain strains of one species (mice) and at one tissue site (lung). The lack of concordance of tumor incidence and tumor type among animals (even within the same species) and humans indicates that there has been no particular cancer consistently observed among all available studies. The only plausible mechanism for styrene-induced carcinogenesis-a non-genotoxic mode of action that is specific to the mouse lung-is not relevant to humans. As a whole, the evidence does not support the characterization of styrene as "reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen," and styrene should not be listed in the Report on Carcinogens.
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Sangaraju D, Goggin M, Walker V, Swenberg J, Tretyakova N. NanoHPLC-nanoESI(+)-MS/MS quantitation of bis-N7-guanine DNA-DNA cross-links in tissues of B6C3F1 mice exposed to subppm levels of 1,3-butadiene. Anal Chem 2012; 84:1732-9. [PMID: 22220765 PMCID: PMC3298759 DOI: 10.1021/ac203079c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
1,3-Butadiene (BD) is an important industrial chemical and a common environmental pollutant present in urban air. BD is classified as a human carcinogen based on epidemiological evidence for an increased incidence of leukemia in workers occupationally exposed to BD and its potent carcinogenicity in laboratory mice. A diepoxide metabolite of BD, 1,2,3,4-diepoxybutane (DEB), is considered the ultimate carcinogenic species of BD due to its ability to form genotoxic DNA-DNA cross-links. We have previously employed capillary HPLC-ESI(+)-MS/MS (liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry) methods to quantify DEB-induced DNA-DNA conjugates, e.g. 1,4-bis-(guan-7-yl)-2,3-butanediol (bis-N7G-BD), 1-(guan-7-yl)-4-(aden-1-yl)-2,3-butanediol (N7G-N1A-BD), and 1,N(6)-(1-hydroxymethyl-2-hydroxypropan-1,3-diyl)-2'-deoxyadenosine (1,N(6)-HMHP-dA), in tissues of laboratory mice exposed to 6.25-625 ppm BD (Goggin et al. Cancer Res. 2009, 69(6), 2479-2486). However, typical BD human exposure levels are 0.01 to 3.2 ppb in urban air and 1-2.0 ppm in an occupational setting, requiring greater detection sensitivity for these critical lesions. In the present study, a nanoHPLC-nanoESI(+)-MS/MS method was developed for ultrasensitive, accurate, and precise quantitation of bis-N7G-BD in tissues of laboratory mice treated with low ppm and subppm concentrations of BD. The LOD value of the new method is 0.5 fmol/100 μg DNA, and the LOQ is 1.0 fmol/100 μg DNA, making it possible to quantify bis-N7G-BD adducts present at concentrations of 3 per 10(9) nucleotides. Bis-N7G-BD adduct amounts in liver tissues of mice exposed to 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 ppm BD for 2 weeks were 5.7 ± 3.3, 9.2 ± 1.5, and 18.6 ± 6.9 adducts per 10(9) nucleotides, respectively, suggesting that bis-N7G-BD adduct formation is more efficient under low exposure conditions. To our knowledge, this is the first quantitative analysis of DEB specific DNA adducts following low ppm and subppm exposure to BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dewakar Sangaraju
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Melissa Goggin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Vernon Walker
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108
- University of Vermont., Burlington, VT 05405
| | - James Swenberg
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Natalia Tretyakova
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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Kotapati S, Matter BA, Grant AL, Tretyakova NY. Quantitative analysis of trihydroxybutyl mercapturic acid, a urinary metabolite of 1,3-butadiene, in humans. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 24:1516-26. [PMID: 21749114 DOI: 10.1021/tx2001306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
1,3-Butadiene (BD) is a known human carcinogen present in cigarette smoke and in automobile exhaust, leading to widespread exposure of human populations. BD requires cytochrome P450-mediated metabolic activation to electrophilic species, e.g. 3,4-epoxy-1-butene (EB), hydroxymethyl vinyl ketone (HMVK), and 3,4-epoxy-1,2-diol (EBD), which form covalent adducts with DNA. EB, HMVK, and EBD can be conjugated with glutathione and ultimately excreted in urine as monohydroxybutenyl mercapturic acid (MHBMA), dihydroxybutyl mercapturic acid (DHBMA), and trihydroxybutyl mercapturic acid (THBMA), respectively, which can serve as biomarkers of BD exposure and metabolic processing. While MHBMA and DHBMA have been found in smokers and nonsmokers, THBMA has not been previously detected in humans. In the present work, an isotope dilution HPLC-ESI(-)-MS/MS methodology was developed and employed to quantify THBMA in urine of known smokers and nonsmokers (19-27 per group). The new method has excellent sensitivity (LOQ, 1 ng/mL urine) and achieves accurate quantitation using a small sample volume (100 μL). Mean urinary THBMA concentrations in smokers and nonsmokers were found to be 21.6 and 13.7 ng/mg creatinine, respectively, suggesting that there are sources of THBMA other than exposure to tobacco smoke in humans, as is also the case for DHBMA. However, THBMA concentrations are significantly greater in urine of smokers than that of nonsmokers (p < 0.01). Furthermore, THBMA amounts in human urine declined 25-50% following smoking cessation, suggesting that smoking is an important source of this metabolite in humans. The HPLC-ESI(-)-MS/MS methodology developed in the present work will be useful for future epidemiological studies of BD exposure and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikanth Kotapati
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and the Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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Sielken RL, Valdez-Flores C. Butadiene cancer exposure–response modeling: Based on workers in the styrene–butadiene–rubber industry: Total leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and chronic myelogenous leukemia. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2011; 60:332-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Karami S, Boffetta P, Brennan P, Stewart PA, Zaridze D, Matveev V, Janout V, Kollarova H, Bencko V, Navratilova M, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Mates D, Gromiec JP, Sobotka R, Chow WH, Rothman N, Moore LE. Renal cancer risk and occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and plastics. J Occup Environ Med 2011; 53:218-23. [PMID: 21270648 PMCID: PMC3065187 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0b013e31820a40a3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and certain plastic monomers increased renal cell carcinoma (RCC) risk. METHODS Unconditional logistic regression was used to calculate RCC risk in relation to exposure. RESULTS No association between RCC risk and having ever been occupationally exposed to any polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons or plastics was observed. Duration of exposure and average exposure also showed no association with risk. Suggestive positive associations between RCC risk and cumulative exposure to styrene (P-trend = 0.02) and acrylonitrile (P-trend = 0.06) were found. Cumulative exposure to petroleum/gasoline engine emissions was inversely associated with risk (P-trend = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Results indicate a possible association between occupational styrene and acrylonitrile exposure and RCC risk. Additional studies are needed to replicate findings, as this is the first time these associations have been reported and they may be due to chance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Karami
- National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, 6120 Executive Blvd, EPS 8121, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
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Albertini RJ, Carson ML, Kirman CR, Gargas ML. 1,3-Butadiene: II. Genotoxicity profile. Crit Rev Toxicol 2010; 40 Suppl 1:12-73. [PMID: 20868267 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2010.507182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
1,3-Butadiene’s (BD’s) major electrophilic metabolites 1,2-epoxy-3-butene (EB), 1,2-dihydroxy-3,4-epoxybutane (EBD), and 1,2,3,4-diepoxybutane (DEB) are responsible for both its mutagenicity and carcinogenicity. EB, EBD, and DEB are DNA reactive, forming a variety of adducts. All three metabolites are genotoxic in vitro and in vivo, with relative mutagenic potencies of DEB >> EB > EBD. DEB also effectively produces gene deletions and chromosome aberrations. BD’s greater mutagenicity and carcinogenicity in mice over rats as well as its failure to induce chromosome-level mutations in vivo in rats appear to be due to greater production of DEB in mice. Concentrations of EB and DEB in vivo in humans are even lower than in rats. Although most studies of BD-exposed humans have failed to find increases in gene mutations, one group has reported positive findings. Reasons for these discordant results are examined. BD-related chromosome aberrations have never been demonstrated in humans except for the possible production of micronuclei in lymphocytes of workers exposed to extremely high levels of BD in the workplace. The relative potencies of the BD metabolites, their relative abundance in the different species, and the kinds of mutations they can induce are major considerations in BD’s overall genotoxicity profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Albertini
- Pathology Department, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
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Galbraith D, Gross SA, Paustenbach D. Benzene and human health: A historical review and appraisal of associations with various diseases. Crit Rev Toxicol 2010; 40 Suppl 2:1-46. [DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2010.508162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Ward EM, Schulte PA, Straif K, Hopf NB, Caldwell JC, Carreón T, DeMarini DM, Fowler BA, Goldstein BD, Hemminki K, Hines CJ, Pursiainen KH, Kuempel E, Lewtas J, Lunn RM, Lynge E, McElvenny DM, Muhle H, Nakajima T, Robertson LW, Rothman N, Ruder AM, Schubauer-Berigan MK, Siemiatycki J, Silverman D, Smith MT, Sorahan T, Steenland K, Stevens RG, Vineis P, Zahm SH, Zeise L, Cogliano VJ. Research recommendations for selected IARC-classified agents. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2010; 118:1355-62. [PMID: 20562050 PMCID: PMC2957912 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.0901828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 06/18/2010] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There are some common occupational agents and exposure circumstances for which evidence of carcinogenicity is substantial but not yet conclusive for humans. Our objectives were to identify research gaps and needs for 20 agents prioritized for review based on evidence of widespread human exposures and potential carcinogenicity in animals or humans. DATA SOURCES For each chemical agent (or category of agents), a systematic review was conducted of new data published since the most recent pertinent International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Monograph meeting on that agent. DATA EXTRACTION Reviewers were charged with identifying data gaps and general and specific approaches to address them, focusing on research that would be important in resolving classification uncertainties. An expert meeting brought reviewers together to discuss each agent and the identified data gaps and approaches. DATA SYNTHESIS Several overarching issues were identified that pertained to multiple agents; these included the importance of recognizing that carcinogenic agents can act through multiple toxicity pathways and mechanisms, including epigenetic mechanisms, oxidative stress, and immuno- and hormonal modulation. CONCLUSIONS Studies in occupational populations provide important opportunities to understand the mechanisms through which exogenous agents cause cancer and intervene to prevent human exposure and/or prevent or detect cancer among those already exposed. Scientific developments are likely to increase the challenges and complexities of carcinogen testing and evaluation in the future, and epidemiologic studies will be particularly critical to inform carcinogen classification and risk assessment processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Ward
- Epidemiology and Surveillance Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta Georgia 30303, USA.
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Hemoglobin adducts in 1,3-butadiene exposed Czech workers: female-male comparisons. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 188:668-76. [PMID: 20619252 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2010] [Revised: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported results of a molecular epidemiological study of female and male 1,3-butadiene (BD) exposed Czech workers showing that females appeared to absorb or metabolize less BD per unit exposure concentration than did males, based on metabolite concentrations in urine (Chem. Biol. Interact. 166 (2007) 63-77). However, that unexpected observation could not be verified at the time because the only additional BD metabolite measurement attempted was for 1,2,3,4-diepoxybutane (DEB) as reflected in specific N,N[2,3-dihydroxy-1,4-butyl]valine (pyr-Val) hemoglobin adduct concentrations, which were not quantifiable in any subject with the method then employed. Neither somatic gene mutations nor chromosome aberrations were associated with BD exposure levels in that study, consistent with findings in an earlier Czech study of males only. We have since measured production and accumulation of the 1,2-dihydroxy-3,4-epoxybutane (EBD) metabolite as reflected in N-[2,3,4-trihydroxy-butyl]valine (THB-Val) hemoglobin adduct concentrations. The mean THB-Val concentration was significantly higher in exposed males than in control males (922.3pmol/g and 275.5pmol/g, respectively), but exposed and control females did not differ significantly (224.5pmol/g and 181.1pmol/g, respectively). In both the control and exposed groups mean THB-Val concentrations were significantly higher for males than females. THB-Val concentrations were significantly correlated with mean 8-h TWA exposures for both males and females, but the rate of increase with increasing BD exposure was significantly lower for females. THB-Val concentrations also increased with increasing urine M2 metabolite [isomeric mixture of 1-hydroxy-2-{N-actylcysteinyl}-3-butene and 2-hydroxy-1-{N-acetylcysteinyl}-3-butene] concentrations in both sexes but the rate of increase was also lower in females than in males. There were no significant correlations between THB-Val concentrations and either somatic gene mutations or chromosome aberrations in either males or females. These results using another biomarker to measure a second metabolite of BD support the original conclusion that females absorb or metabolize less BD than males per unit exposure and indicate that the size of the difference increases with exposure. This observation in humans differs from findings in rodents where at prolonged exposures to high BD levels the females form higher amounts of hemoglobin adducts than do males, a difference that disappears at shorter duration lower exposure levels, while female susceptibility to BD induced mutations and tumorgenesis in rodents appears to persist at all BD exposure levels.
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A follow-up study of mortality among women in the North American synthetic rubber industry. J Occup Environ Med 2010; 51:1314-25. [PMID: 19858743 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0b013e3181bd8972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate mortality from cancer and other diseases among 4863 women employed at eight North American styrene-butadiene rubber plants. Cancers of the lymphohematopoietic tissues, breast, and ovary were of strongest a priori interest. METHODS Cause-specific standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated. RESULTS The observed number of deaths was approximately equal to that expected for leukemia (10 observed/13 expected), Hodgkin lymphoma (1/1.6), multiple myeloma (7/7.9), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (15/14), and cancers of the breast (72/74) and ovary (21/22). Ever-hourly women had more than expected deaths from lung (47/30, SMR = 159, CI = 117 to 211) and bladder (6/1.8, SMR = 332, CI = 122 to 723) cancers. Exposure-response analysis, done only for lung cancer, indicated no trend for butadiene or styrene. CONCLUSIONS The observed excesses of lung and bladder cancers may be attributable to nonoccupational factors rather than to workplace exposures.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the epidemiologic literature on styrene and cancer. METHODS We reviewed studies of workers exposed to styrene in manufacturing and polymerization, in the reinforced plastics industry, and in styrene-butadiene rubber production. We also reviewed studies of workers monitored for styrene exposure, studies of environmental exposure, community-based case-control studies of lymphoma and leukemia, and studies of DNA adducts. Studies of workers in the reinforced plastics industry were considered more informative because of higher worker exposure and less confounding by other carcinogens. RESULTS We found no consistent increased risk of any cancer among workers exposed to styrene. A study of reinforced plastic workers reported an association between average estimated styrene exposure and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL, P = 0.05) but no trend with increasing duration of exposure. Other studies of styrene exposure and NHL found no increased risk. In two US studies of reinforced plastic workers, esophageal cancer mortality was increased, but these findings were generated in a background of multiple comparisons. Results for other cancers were unremarkable. CONCLUSIONS The available epidemiologic evidence does not support a causal relationship between styrene exposure and any type of human cancer.
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Grant RL, Haney J, Curry AL, Honeycutt M. Development of a unit risk factor for 1,3-butadiene based on an updated carcinogenic toxicity assessment. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2009; 29:1726-1742. [PMID: 19878488 DOI: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2009.01302.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ) has developed an inhalation unit risk factor (URF) for 1,3-butadiene based on leukemia mortality in an updated epidemiological study on styrene-butadiene rubber production workers conducted by researchers at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. Exposure estimates were updated and an exposure estimate validation study as well as dose-response modeling were conducted by these researchers. This information was not available to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency when it prepared its health assessment of 1,3-butadiene in 2002. An extensive analysis conducted by TCEQ discusses dose-response modeling, estimating risk for the general population from occupational workers, estimating risk for potentially sensitive subpopulations, effect of occupational exposure estimation error, and use of mortality rates to predict incidence. The URF is 5.0 x 10(-7) per microg/m(3) or 1.1 x 10(-6) per ppb and is based on a Cox regression dose-response model using restricted continuous data with age as a covariate, and a linear low-dose extrapolation default approach using the 95% lower confidence limit as the point of departure. Age-dependent adjustment factors were applied to account for possible increased susceptibility for early life exposure. The air concentration at 1 in 100,000 excess leukemia mortality, the no-significant-risk level, is 20 microg/m(3) (9.1 ppb), which is slightly lower than the TCEQ chronic reference value of 33 microg/m(3) (15 ppb) protective of ovarian atrophy. These values will be used to evaluate ambient air monitoring data so the general public is protected against adverse health effects from chronic exposure to 1,3-butadiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta L Grant
- Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, Toxicology Division, P.O. Box 13087, MC-168 Austin, TX 78711-3087, USA.
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1,3-Butadiene, Styrene and Lung Cancer Among Synthetic Rubber Industry Workers. J Occup Environ Med 2009; 51:1326-32. [DOI: 10.1097/jom.0b013e3181c3c663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Wickliffe JK, Ammenheuser MM, Adler PJ, Abdel-Rahman SZ, Ward JB. Evaluation of frequencies of HPRT mutant lymphocytes in butadiene polymer workers in a Southeast Texas facility. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2009; 50:82-87. [PMID: 19107895 PMCID: PMC2646851 DOI: 10.1002/em.20437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We examined the frequency of mutant lymphocytes (VFs) in workers (n = 30) occupationally exposed to the petrochemical, 1,3-butadiene (BD), using the autoradiographic HPRT mutant lymphocyte assay. Current exposures were determined with organic vapor monitors that had a 12-hr method detection limit (MDL) of 2.5 parts per billion (ppb). HPRT VFs were analyzed with respect to current exposure estimates, age in years, and occupational longevity (OL; defined as years working in the BD industry at this facility). Current exposures were low (mean 93.5 ppb, median 2.5 ppb) with only one individual's estimate (1683.5 ppb) exceeding the Occupational Safety and Health Administration's permissible exposure limit of 1,000 ppb. The majority (>50%) of current exposures were below the MDL. HPRT VFs were not significantly associated with current exposures (n = 29), and they were not significantly associated with age (n = 29). HPRT VFs were, however, significantly associated with OL (n = 29, R(2) = 0.107, P < 0.046). This result suggests that chronic and/or past, high-level exposures might leave a mutagenic signature that is revealed by the HPRT assay, possibly through the retention of mutant, long-term memory T-cells. While it is encouraging that current occupational exposures to BD in this facility do not appear to be increasing the frequency of mutant T-lymphocytes, evidence from workers with a lengthy history in the industry (>or=30 years in this case) indicates that these individuals likely require additional biomonitoring for possible mutagenic effects resulting from chronic, past exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey K Wickliffe
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1110, USA.
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Penn A, Snyder CA. 1,3-Butadiene exposure and cardiovascular disease. Mutat Res 2007; 621:42-9. [PMID: 17420031 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2006.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2006] [Revised: 12/12/2006] [Accepted: 12/13/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes the epidemiologic, biochemical and genetic evidence associating occupational, environmental or experimental exposure to 1,3-butadiene (BD) with subsequent development of cardiovascular disease, with the primary focus on atherosclerosis. The potential role of BD in the known atherosclerotic effects of environmental tobacco smoke as well as correlations between polymorphisms in BD phase II enzymes and development of atherosclerosis are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Penn
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, United States.
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Alexander DD, Mink PJ, Adami HO, Chang ET, Cole P, Mandel JS, Trichopoulos D. The non-Hodgkin lymphomas: a review of the epidemiologic literature. Int J Cancer 2007; 120 Suppl 12:1-39. [PMID: 17405121 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL) are a heterogeneous group of B-cell and T-cell neoplasms that arise primarily in the lymph nodes. NHL incidence rates in the US doubled between about 1970 and 1990, and stabilized during the 1990s. NHL accounts for approximately 3.4% of cancer deaths in the US. Although some of the observed patterns in NHL have been related to HIV/AIDS, these conditions cannot fully explain the magnitude of the changes; neither do changes in classification systems nor improved diagnostic capabilities. Studies of occupational and environmental exposures (e.g., pesticides, solvents) have produced no consistent pattern of significant positive associations. Inverse associations with ultraviolet radiation exposure and alcohol and fish intake, and positive associations with meat and saturated fat intake have been reported in several studies; additional studies are needed to confirm or refute these associations. Family history of NHL or other hematolympho-proliferative cancers and personal history of several autoimmune disorders are associated with increased risk of NHL, but are not likely to account for a large proportion of cases. HIV and other infectious agents, such as human herpesvirus 8 and Epstein-Barr, appear to be associated with differing types of NHL, such as some B-cell lymphomas. Future epidemiologic studies should evaluate associations by NHL type, enhance exposure information collected, and elucidate factors that may identify susceptible (or resistant) subpopulations because of genetic, immunologic or other characteristics. The extent to which the etiology of NHL types may differ is important to resolve in ongoing and future studies.
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Sathiakumar N, Delzell E. A follow-up study of women in the synthetic rubber industry: Study methods. Chem Biol Interact 2007; 166:25-8. [PMID: 17229413 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2006.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2006] [Revised: 11/16/2006] [Accepted: 11/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Concerns about the possible toxic effects of workplace exposures in the synthetic rubber industry have centered on 1,3-butadiene (BD), styrene and dimethyldithiocarbamate (DMDTC). Our previous mortality studies of over 17,000 male synthetic rubber workers found an excess of leukemia that may be due to BD or BD plus other chemicals. Experimental studies have shown that BD produces mammary tumors in female mice and rats and ovarian tumors in female mice. AIM This paper presents the methods of a follow-up study that evaluates the mortality experience of women employed in the North American synthetic rubber industry. METHODS Women employed for at least 1 day at any of eight North American styrene-butadiene rubber plants were followed up from 1943 to 2002. Identifying and work history information were obtained from personnel records. Estimated quantitative exposure to BD, styrene and DMDTC, developed for our previous study of men, were used in this study. External analyses use the standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) to compare the cohort's cause-specific mortality rates to the rates of the female general population of the states or the province where the plants are located. Internal analyses use the Poisson regression and Cox proportional hazards models to examine specific cancer mortality rates in relation to BD, styrene and DMDTC exposure, by comparing an exposed cohort subgroup with the rate of unexposed cohort members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalini Sathiakumar
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA.
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Alexander DD, Mink PJ, Adami HO, Cole P, Mandel JS, Oken MM, Trichopoulos D. Multiple myeloma: A review of the epidemiologic literature. Int J Cancer 2007; 120 Suppl 12:40-61. [PMID: 17405120 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma, a neoplasm of plasma cells, accounts for approximately approximately 15% of lymphatohematopoietic cancers (LHC) and 2% of all cancers in the US. Incidence rates increase with age, particularly after age 40, and are higher in men, particularly African American men. The etiology is unknown with no established lifestyle, occupational or environmental risk factors. Although several factors have been implicated as potentially etiologic, findings are inconsistent. We reviewed epidemiologic studies that evaluated lifestyle, dietary, occupational and environmental factors; immune function, family history and genetic factors; and the hypothesized precursor, monoclonal gammopathies of undetermined significance (MGUS). Because multiple myeloma is an uncommon disease, etiologic assessments can be difficult because of small numbers of cases in occupational cohort studies, and few subjects reporting exposure to specific agents in case-control studies. Elevated risks have been reported consistently among persons with a positive family history of LHC. A few studies have reported a relationship between obesity and multiple myeloma, and this may be a promising area of research. Factors underlying higher incidence rates of multiple myeloma in African Americans are not understood. The progression from MGUS to multiple myeloma has been reported in several studies; however, there are no established risk factors for MGUS. To improve our understanding of the causes of multiple myeloma, future research efforts should seek the causes of MGUS. More research is also needed on the genetic factors of multiple myeloma, given the strong familial clustering of the disease.
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Cheng H, Sathiakumar N, Graff J, Matthews R, Delzell E. 1,3-Butadiene and leukemia among synthetic rubber industry workers: exposure-response relationships. Chem Biol Interact 2006; 166:15-24. [PMID: 17123495 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2006.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2005] [Revised: 09/22/2006] [Accepted: 10/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Previous research updated the mortality experience of North American synthetic rubber industry workers during the period 1944-1998, determined if leukemia and other cancers were associated with several employment factors and carried out Poisson regression analysis to examine exposure-response associations between estimated exposure to 1,3-butadiene (BD) or other chemicals and cancer. The present study used Cox regression procedures to examine further the exposure-response relationship between several unlagged and lagged, continuous, time-dependent BD exposure indices (BD parts per million (ppm)-years, the total number of exposures to BD concentrations >100 ppm ("peaks") and average intensity of BD) and leukemia, lymphoid neoplasms and myeloid neoplasms. All three BD exposure indices were associated positively with leukemia. Using continuous, untransformed BD ppm-years the regression coefficient (beta) from an analysis that controlled only for age was 2.9 x 10(-4) (p<0.01); the regression coefficient adjusted for all covariates (age, year of birth, race, plant, years since hire and dimethyldithiocarbamate) was similar in magnitude (beta=3.0 x 10(-4), p=0.04). Lagging exposure had minimal impact on the results for leukemia for any of the three BD exposure indices. In models that controlled only for age, lymphoid neoplasms were associated with BD ppm-years and myeloid neoplasms, with BD peaks, but neither trend was statistically significant after adjusting for multiple covariates. The present results support the presence of a causal relationship between high cumulative exposure and high intensity of exposure to BD and leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Cheng
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Ryals School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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Abstract
Commentary on the paper by Sathiakumar et al (Occup Environ Med , December 2005)*
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Affiliation(s)
- K Straif
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.
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